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Social ecology examples. Concept, object and subject of social ecology. The conflict of technology and ecology

Social ecology is a scientific discipline that considers the relationship of society with geographic, social and cultural environments, i.e. with the human environment. Communities of people in connection with their environment have a dominant social organization(we consider levels from elementary social groups to humanity as a whole). The history of the emergence of society has long been studied by anthropologists and social scientists-sociologists.
main goal social ecology is the optimization of the coexistence of man and environment on a systemic basis. A person, acting in this case as a society, making the subject of social ecology large contingents of people, breaking up into separate groups depending on their social status, occupation, age. Each of the groups, in turn, is connected with the environment in specific relationships within the framework of housing, recreation areas, garden plots, and so on.
Social ecology is the science of the adaptation of subjects to processes in natural and artificial environments. Object of social ecology: subjective reality of subjects of different levels. Subject of social ecology: adaptation of subjects to processes in natural and artificial environments.
The goal of social ecology as a science is to create a theory of the evolution of the relationship between man and nature, the logic and methodology for transforming the natural environment. Social ecology is designed to clarify and help bridge the gap between man and nature, between humanitarian and natural sciences.
Social ecology reveals patterns of relationships between nature and society, which are just as fundamental as physical patterns.

But the complexity of the subject of research itself, which includes three qualitatively different subsystems - inanimate and living nature and human society, and the short existence of this discipline lead to the fact that social ecology, at least at present, is predominantly an empirical science, and patterns are extremely aphoristic statements.
The concept of law is interpreted by most methodologists in the sense of an unambiguous causal relationship. A wider interpretation of the concept of law as a limitation of diversity is given by cybernetics, and it is more suitable for social ecology, which reveals the fundamental limitations of human activity. The main law can be formulated as follows: the transformation of nature must correspond to its adaptive capabilities.
One way of formulating social environmental patterns is their transfer from sociology and ecology. For example, as the basic law of social ecology, the law of the correspondence of productive forces and production relations to the state of the natural environment is proposed, which is a modification of one of the laws of political economy.
Two directions are subordinated to the fulfillment of the tasks of social ecology: theoretical (fundamental) and applied. Theoretical social ecology is aimed at studying the patterns of interaction between human society and the environment to develop a general theory of their balanced interaction. In this context, the problem of identifying the co-evolutionary patterns of modern industrial society and the nature it changes comes to the fore.

Definition, item, goals And tasks social ecology. Social ecology- a scientific discipline that considers the relationship of society with geographical, social and cultural environments, i.e. with the human environment.

Definition, item, goals And tasks social ecology. Social ecology- a scientific discipline that considers the relationship of society with geographic, social ... more ».

Definition, item, goals And tasks social ecology.
theoretical function social ecology has its purpose first of all, the development of basic conceptual paradigms (examples) that explain the nature of ecological development of society, man and...

If there is a problem. If the application does not run on your phone, please use this form. Item forecasting, goals And tasks forecasting, basic definitions.

No less telling is the comparison definitions social ecology And ecology
It is easy to see that such an interpretation subject ecology actually a person
Main tasks social ecology Based on this, there may be determined...

social ecology
The organization of the environmental management system includes: formation ecological politicians; definition goals, tasks, eco-policy priorities; production...

2. Definition prevalence, symptoms and degree of manifestations of speech disorders.
Data solution tasks defines course of speech therapy.

It is enough to download cheat sheets for social ecology- and you are not afraid of any exam!
Ecological An audit is a systematic, documented process of examining objectively obtained and assessed audit evidence for definitions matching...

Water resources are water reserves of internal and territorial seas, lakes, rivers, reservoirs, Item, target, tasks and a framework for natural resource statistics.

System analysis is designed to solve complex poorly solvable problems. tasks
This definition can be considered a system definition subject area.
Target system analysis- find out these interactions, their potential and "direct them to the service of man."

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The goal of social ecology is to create a theory of the evolution of the relationship between man and nature, the logic and methodology for transforming the natural environment.

Social ecology reveals the patterns of relationships between nature and society, it is designed to understand and help bridge the gap between the humanities and natural sciences.

The laws of social ecology are as fundamental as the laws of physics. However, the subject of social ecology is very complex: three qualitatively different subsystems - inanimate nature, wildlife, human society. At present, social ecology is predominantly an empirical science, and its laws often look like extremely general aphoristic statements (“Commoner's laws”*).

The concept of law is interpreted by most methodologists in the sense of an unambiguous causal relationship. In cybernetics, a broader interpretation has been adopted: the law is the restriction of diversity. This interpretation is more suitable for social ecology.

Social ecology reveals the fundamental limitations of human activity. The adaptive possibilities of the biosphere are not unlimited. Hence the "environmental imperative": human activity should in no case exceed the adaptive capacity of the biosphere.

As the basic law of social ecology, the law of the correspondence of productive forces and production relations to the state of the natural environment is recognized.

12.Functions of social ecology.

Functions of social ecology:

1. theoretical - the development of the main conceptual paradigms that explain the nature of the ecological development of society, man and nature (the concept of the noosphere, the concept of zero growth, the limits of growth, sustainable development, co-evolution);

2. pragmatic - dissemination of environmental knowledge, environmental information, environmental concerns, advanced training of managers and managers;

3. prognostic - determining the immediate and distant prospects for the development of society and changes in the biosphere;

4. environmental - study of the impact of environmental factors on the environment; environmental factors are divided into:

a) abiotic - factors of inanimate nature ( sunlight, radiation, temperature, humidity, relief, climate, soil composition, atmospheric air composition);

c) anthropogenic factors - impact economic activity human and the size of the human population on the environment, manifested in excessive depletion of natural resources and pollution of the natural environment.

13.Methods of social ecology.

Nature is studied by the natural sciences, such as biology, chemistry, physics, geology, etc., using a natural science (nomological) approach. Society studies the humanities - sociology, demography, ethics, economics, etc. - and uses a humanitarian (ideographic) approach. social ecology as an interdisciplinary science, it is based on three types of methods: 1) natural sciences, 2) humanities, and 3) systemic research that combines natural sciences and the humanities.

An important place in the methodology of social ecology is occupied by the methodology of global modeling.

Main stages global simulation come down to the following:

1) a list of causal relationships between variables is compiled and a feedback structure is outlined;

2) after studying the literature and consulting demographers, economists, ecologists, geologists, etc., a general structure is revealed that reflects the main relationships between levels.

After the global model has been created in general terms, work with this model is to be done, which includes the following steps: 1) quantification of each connection - global data are used, and if there are no global data, then characteristic local data are used; 2) with the help of a computer, the effect of the simultaneous action of all these connections in time is determined; 3) the number of changes in the underlying assumptions is checked to find the most critical determinants of the system's behavior.

The global model uses the most important relationships between population, food, investment, resources and output. The model contains dynamic statements about the physical aspects of human activity. It contains assumptions that the nature of social variables (income distribution, family size regulation, etc.) will not change.

The main task is to understand the system in its elementary form. Only then can the model be improved on the basis of other, more detailed data. The model, once it has emerged, is usually constantly criticized and updated with data.

The value of the global model is that it allows you to show the point on the chart where growth is expected to stop and the beginning of a global catastrophe is most likely. To date, various private methods of the global modeling method have been developed. For example, the Meadows group uses the principle of system dynamics. The peculiarity of this technique is that: 1) the state of the system is completely described by a small set of values; 2) the evolution of the system in time is described by differential equations of the 1st order. It should be kept in mind that system dynamics deals only with exponential growth and equilibrium.

Methodological potential of the theory hierarchical systems, applied by Mesarovic and Pestel, is much wider than that of the Meadows group. It becomes possible to create multi-level systems.

Wassily Leontiev's input-output method is a matrix reflecting the structure of intersectoral flows, production, exchange and consumption. Leontiev himself studied the structural relationships in the economy in conditions where "a multitude of seemingly unrelated interdependent flows of production, distribution, consumption and investment constantly influence each other and, ultimately, are determined by a number of basic characteristics of the system" (Leontiev, 1958 , p. 8).

The real system can be used as a model. So, for example, agrocenosis is an experimental model of biocenosis.

All activities to transform nature are modeling, which accelerates the formation of theory. Since the organization of production must take into account the risk, the simulation allows you to calculate the likelihood and severity of the risk. Thus, modeling contributes to optimization, i.e. choosing the best ways to transform the natural environment.

14.The structure of social ecology.

The term "ecology" (from the Greek oikos- home, dwelling, habitat and logos- science) was introduced into scientific circulation by the German scientist E. Haeckel in 1869. He also gave one of the first definitions of ecology as a science, although some of its elements are contained in the works of many scientists, starting with thinkers Ancient Greece. The biologist E. Haeckel considered the relationship of the animal with the environment as a subject of ecology, and, initially, ecology developed as a biological science. However, the ever-increasing anthropogenic factor, the sharp aggravation of relations between nature and human society, the emergence of the need to protect the environment immeasurably expanded the scope of the subject of ecology.

At the moment, ecology must be considered as a complex scientific direction that generalizes, synthesizes data from natural and social sciences about the natural environment and its interaction with man and human society. It has indeed become the science of "home", where "home" (oikos) is our entire planet Earth.

Among the environmental sciences, a special place is occupied by social Ecology, considering the relationship in the global system "human society-environment" and studying the interaction of human society with the natural and man-made environment created by it. Social ecology develops the scientific foundations of nature management, which involves improving the quality of human life in its environment while ensuring the conservation of nature.

human ecology includes the ecology of the city, the ecology of population, the ecology of the human personality, the ecology of human populations (the doctrine of ethnic groups), etc.

At the intersection of human ecology and building ecology, a architectural Ecology, which studies methods of creating a comfortable, durable and expressive environment for people. It is ecologically unacceptable to destroy the architectural environment of the city, which often occurs in the absence of a compositional and artistic connection between new and old objects, etc., since architectural disharmony causes a decrease in working capacity and deterioration in human health.

A new scientific direction is directly adjacent to architectural ecology - videoecology, studying the interaction of man with the visible environment. Video ecologists consider the so-called homogeneous and aggressive visual fields dangerous for humans at the physiological level. The first are bare walls, glass showcases, blank fences, flat roofs of buildings, etc., the second are all kinds of surfaces, dotted with identical, evenly spaced elements, from which ripples in the eyes (flat facades of houses with identical windows, large surfaces lined with rectangular tiles , etc.).

15.Man and society as subjects of socio-ecological interaction.

Human ecology and social ecology have as their subject the study of man (society) as a central object at the heart of a large, multi-level system called the environment.

modern science sees in Man, first of all, a biosocial being who has gone through a long path of evolution in his development and developed a complex social organization.

Coming out of the animal kingdom, Man still remains one of its members. Kingdom Animals, subkingdom Multicellular, section Bilaterally symmetrical, phylum Chordata, subtype Vertebrates, group Jaws, class Mammals, detachment Primates, suborder Monkeys, section Narrow-nosed, superfamily Higher narrow-nosed (hominoids), family Hominidae, genus Man, species Homo sapiens - such its position in the system of the organic world.

According to the ideas prevailing in science, modern man descended from an ape-like ancestor. The reason for the departure of human ancestors from the general line of evolution, which predetermined an unprecedented leap in improving its physical organization and expanding the possibilities of functioning, was the changes in the conditions of existence that occurred as a result of the development of natural processes. The general cooling, which caused a reduction in the areas of forests - natural ecological niches inhabited by human ancestors, made it necessary for him to adapt to new, extremely unfavorable circumstances of life. One of the features of the specific strategy of adaptation of human ancestors to new conditions was that they "stake" mainly on the mechanisms of behavioral rather than morphophysiological adaptation. This made it possible to respond more flexibly to current changes in the external environment and thus more successfully adapt to them.

The most important factor that determined the survival and subsequent progressive development of man was his ability to create viable, extremely functional social communities. Gradually, as a person mastered the skills of creating and using tools, creating a developed material culture, and, most importantly, developing intellect, he actually moved from passive adaptation to the conditions of existence to their active and conscious transformation. Thus, the origin and evolution of man not only depended on the evolution of living nature, but also largely predetermined serious environmental changes on Earth.

The level (individual, population, society, etc.) corresponds to its own environment and its own ways of adapting to it.

This model-matrix emphasizes the complexity of man and the diversity of human communities. Even at the level of an individual person, an individual in each of the subsystems, one has to deal with an innumerable variety of traits, signs, properties, because there are no two genetically identical people. Also, obviously, no two personalities are the same, etc. and so on. This is also true for associations of people, the diversity of which increases with the growth of the hierarchical level, up to the unique - humanity, represented by an infinite variety of people and human communities.

The most important characteristics of a person are his properties, among which are the presence of needs and the ability to adapt.

One of the first positions in this series of properties is occupied by needs, considered as a need for something necessary for human life and development. Reflecting his dependence on environmental conditions, they at the same time act as a source of human activity in his relations with the environment, a regulator of his behavior, direction of thinking, feelings and will.

One of the key properties of a person in his relationship with the environment is adaptability, ability to active device to the environment and its changes.

concept adaptation mechanisms reflects ideas about how a person and society adapt to changes in the environment. The entire set of such mechanisms can be conditionally divided into two large groups: biological and extrabiological mechanisms. The first can be attributed to the mechanisms of morphological, physiological, immunological, genetic and behavioral adaptation, to the second - social behavior and mechanisms of cultural adaptation.

As indicators of the degree of human adaptation to specific conditions of existence, studies on human ecology and social ecology use such characteristics as social and labor potential And health.

16.The human environment and its elements as subjects of socio-ecological interaction.

The human environment is a complex formation that integrates many different components, which makes it possible to talk about a large number of environments, in relation to which the “human environment” acts as a generic concept. The diversity, the multiplicity of heterogeneous environments that make up a single human environment, ultimately determine the diversity of its influence on him.
The human environment in its most general form can be defined as a set of natural and artificial conditions in which a person realizes himself as a natural and social being. The human environment consists of two interrelated parts: natural and social.

1. The natural component of the environment is the total space directly or indirectly accessible to a person. This is, first of all, the planet Earth with its diverse shells. The social part of the human environment is made up of society and social relations, thanks to which a person realizes himself as a social active being.
The atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, plants, animals and microorganisms are considered as elements of the natural environment.
The atmosphere is called the gas, air shell that surrounds the globe and the force of gravity associated with it.

The hydrosphere is the water shell of the Earth, which includes the World Ocean, land waters (rivers, lakes, glaciers), as well as The groundwater

The lithosphere (or the earth's crust) is the upper solid stone shell of the Earth, bounded from above by the atmosphere and hydrosphere, and from below by the surface of the mantle substrate, established by seismic data.
Plants, animals and microorganisms make up the living natural environment of man.

2. The natural environment transformed by people (“second nature”), otherwise the environment is quasi-natural (from Latin quasi - “as if”). She is incapable of self-maintenance for a long time. These are various types of "cultural landscapes" (pastures, gardens, arable land, vineyards, parks, lawns, domestic animals, indoor and cultivated plants).

3. Man-made environment ("third nature"), artenatural environment (from Latin arte - "artificial"). It includes residential premises, industrial complexes, urban developments, etc. This environment can only exist if it is constantly maintained by a person. Otherwise, it is inevitably doomed to destruction. Within its boundaries, the cycles of substances are sharply disturbed. This environment is characterized by the accumulation of waste and pollution.

4. Social environment. It has a great influence on a person. This environment includes the relationship between people, the degree of material security, the psychological climate, health care, general cultural values, etc.

17.Socio-environmental consequences of population growth.

The interaction of society and nature is the key problem of the political and socio-economic development of society. Expanding and strengthening anthropogenic and technogenic pressure on nature, society is faced with a repeatedly reproduced "boomerang effect": the destruction of nature turns into economic damage and social damage. The processes of ecological degradation acquire the character of a deep ecological crisis. The question of the conservation of nature is turning into a question of the survival of mankind. And there is no political system in the world that in itself would guarantee the ecological well-being of the country.

Many environmental problems of relationships in the "society-nature" system have now stepped over the boundaries of national economies and have acquired a global dimension. Soon, not ideological, but ecological problems will come to the fore all over the world, not relations between nations, but relations between nations and nature will dominate.

The only way to survive is to maximize the strategy of frugality in relation to the outside world. All members of the world community must participate in this process.

Factors contributing to the emergence and exacerbation of global problems were:

· a sharp increase in the consumption of natural resources;

negative anthropogenic impact on the natural environment, the deterioration of the environmental conditions of people's lives;

· increased unevenness in the levels of socio-economic development between industrialized and developing countries;

creation of weapons of mass destruction.

Already now there is a threat of irreversible changes in the ecological properties of the geo-environment, a threat of violation of the emerging integrity of the world community and a threat of self-destruction of civilization.

Now man is facing two major problems: the prevention of nuclear war and environmental catastrophe. The comparison is not accidental: anthropogenic pressure on the natural environment threatens the same as the use of atomic weapons - the destruction of life on Earth.

A feature of our time is the intensive and global human impact on the environment, which is accompanied by intense and global negative consequences. The contradictions between man and nature can become aggravated due to the fact that there is no limit to the growth of human material needs, while the ability of the natural environment to satisfy them is limited. Contradictions in the system "man - society - nature" have acquired a planetary character.

There are two aspects of the environmental problem:

– environmental crises arising as a result of natural processes;

– crises caused by anthropogenic impact and irrational nature management.

The main problem is the inability of the planet to cope with the waste of human activity, with the function of self-purification and repair. The biosphere is being destroyed. Therefore, the risk of self-destruction of humanity as a result of its own life activity is great.

Nature is influenced in the following ways:

– use of environmental components as a resource base for production;

– the impact of human production activities on the environment;

– demographic pressure on nature (agricultural land use, population growth, growth of large cities).

Here, many global problems of mankind are intertwined - resource, food, demographic - all of them have access to environmental issues.

The current situation on the planet is characterized by a sharp deterioration in the quality of the environment - air pollution, rivers, lakes, seas, unification and even complete disappearance of many species of flora and fauna, soil degradation, desertification, etc. This conflict creates a threat of irreversible changes in natural systems, undermining the natural conditions and resources of the existence of generations of the inhabitants of the planet. The growth of the productive forces of society, population growth, urbanization, scientific and technological progress are the catalysts for these processes.

The depletion of the ozone layer is a much more dangerous reality for all life on Earth than the fall of some super-large meteorite. Ozone prevents dangerous cosmic radiation from reaching the Earth's surface. If not for ozone, these rays would destroy all life. Studies of the causes of the depletion of the ozone layer of the planet have not yet given definitive answers to all questions. Observations from artificial satellites showed a reduction in ozone levels. With an increase in the intensity of ultraviolet radiation, scientists associate an increase in the incidence of eye diseases and oncological diseases, the occurrence of mutations. Man, the oceans, climate, flora and fauna were under attack.

18. Socio-ecological consequences of the resource crisis.

Energy resource problem. Fast growth industry, accompanied by global pollution of the natural environment, has raised the problem of raw materials as acute as ever. Now a person in his economic activity has mastered almost all types of resources available and known to him, both renewable and non-renewable.

Until the beginning of the 20th century, wood was the main energy resource, followed by coal. It was replaced by the extraction and consumption of other types of fuel - oil and gas. The era of oil gave impetus to the intensive development of the economy, which in turn required an increase in the production and consumption of fossil fuels. If we follow the forecasts of optimists, then the world's oil reserves should be enough for 2-3 centuries. Pessimists, on the other hand, believe that the available oil reserves can meet the needs of civilization for only a few decades.

The main directions of the economy of energy resources are: improvement technological processes, improving equipment, reducing direct losses of fuel and energy processes, improving equipment, reducing direct losses of fuel and energy resources, structural changes in production technology, structural changes in manufactured products, improving the quality of fuel and energy, organizational and technical measures. Carrying out these activities is caused not only by the need to save energy resources, but also by the importance of taking into account environmental issues when solving energy problems. Great importance has the replacement of fossil fuels with other sources (solar energy, wave energy, tide energy, earth energy, wind energy). These sources of energy resources are environmentally friendly. By replacing fossil fuels with them, we reduce the harmful impact on nature and save organic energy resources. .

Land resources, soil cover is the basis of all living nature. Only 30% of the land fund of the world is agricultural land used by mankind for food production, the rest of the territory is mountains, deserts, glaciers, swamps, forests, etc.

Throughout the history of civilization, population growth has been accompanied by an expansion of cultivated land. Over the past 100 years, more have been cleared land areas for settled agriculture than in all previous centuries.

Now in the world there is practically no land left for agricultural development, only forests and extreme territories. In addition, in many countries of the world, land resources are rapidly declining (growth of cities, industry, etc.).

Land degradation is a serious problem. Fighting downsizing land resources – the most important task humanity.

Of all types of resources, fresh water is in the first place in terms of the growth of demand for it and the increase in the deficit. 71% of the entire surface of the planet is occupied by water, but fresh water makes up only 2% total, and almost 80% fresh water are in the ice cover of the Earth. About 60% of the total land area is in areas where there is not enough fresh water. A quarter of humanity feels the lack of it, and more than 500 million people suffer from lack and poor quality.

The situation is complicated by the fact that a large amount of natural water is polluted by industrial and household waste. All this eventually ends up in the ocean, which is already heavily polluted.

Water is a prerequisite for the existence of all living organisms on Earth.

The ocean is the main reservoir of the most valuable and increasingly scarce resource - water (the production of which by desalination is increasing every year). Scientists believe that biological resources ocean is enough to feed 30 billion people.

The main reasons for the depletion of biological resources include: irrational management of the world's fisheries, pollution of ocean waters.

In the future, things are worrying with other natural resource, previously considered inexhaustible, is the oxygen of the atmosphere. When the products of photosynthesis of past eras - combustible fossils - are burned, free oxygen is bound into compounds. Long before fossil fuels are depleted, people must stop burning them, so as not to suffocate themselves and destroy all life.

The population explosion and the scientific and technological revolution have led to a colossal increase in the consumption of natural resources. At such a rate of consumption, it became obvious that many natural resources would be depleted in the near future. At the same time, waste from giant industries began to pollute the environment more and more, destroying the health of the population.

The danger of an ecological - resource crisis with the scientific and technological revolution is not accidental. The scientific and technological revolution creates conditions for the removal of technical restrictions on the development of production. A new contradiction has taken an exceptionally sharp form - between the internally unlimited possibilities for the development of production and the naturally limited possibilities of the natural environment.

19.Socio-ecological consequences of changes in the gene pool.

Habitat change resulting from human activities has an impact on human populations that is mostly harmful, resulting in increased morbidity and reduced life expectancy. However, in developed countries, life expectancy is steadily - by about 2.5 years per decade - approaching its biological limit (95 years), within which a specific cause of death is of no fundamental importance. Impacts that do not seem to lead to premature death, however, often reduce the quality of life, but the deeper problem lies in the imperceptible gradual change in the gene pool, which is becoming global.

The gene pool is usually defined as the totality of genes present in individuals of a given population, group of populations or species, within which they are characterized by a certain frequency of occurrence.

The impact on the gene pool is most often talked about in connection with radiation pollution, although this is by no means the only factor affecting the gene pool. According to VA Krasilov, there is a big gap between everyday and scientific ideas about the effect of radiation on the gene pool. For example, they often talk about the loss of the gene pool, although it is quite clear that the gene pool of the human species can be lost only if people are practically completely destroyed. The loss of genes or their variants in the foreseeable time scale is likely only in relation to very rare variants. In any case, the emergence of new gene variants, changes in gene frequencies and, accordingly, the frequencies of heterozygous and homozygous genotypes are no less possible.

VA Krasilov notes that not everyone evaluates the change in the gene pool as a negative phenomenon. Supporters of eugenics programs believe that it is possible to get rid of unwanted genes by physical destruction or exclusion of their carriers from the reproduction process. However, the action of a gene depends on its environment, interaction with other genes. At the level of personality, defects are often compensated by the development of special abilities (Homer was blind, Aesop was ugly, Byron and Pasternak were lame). And the methods of gene therapy available today open up the possibility of correcting birth defects without interfering with the gene pool.

The desire of most people to preserve the gene pool as nature created it has quite natural grounds. Historically, the gene pool has developed as a result of a long evolution and has ensured the adaptation of human populations to a wide range of natural conditions. The genetic diversity of people at the population and individual levels is sometimes obviously adaptive (for example, dark skin color in low latitudes associated with resistance to ultraviolet radiation), while in other cases it is neutral with respect to environmental factors. Regardless of this, genetic diversity predetermined the diversity and dynamism of the development of human culture. The highest achievement of this culture - the humanistic principle of the equivalence of all people - translated into biological language means the preservation of the gene pool, which is not subject to artificial selection.

At the same time, the action of natural factors of change in the gene pool continues - mutations, genetic drift and natural selection. Environmental pollution affects each of them. Although these factors act together, it makes sense for analytical purposes to consider them separately.

20.The natural movement of the population.

Vital movement of the population is the change in population due to births and deaths.

The study of natural movement is carried out using absolute and relative indicators.

Absolute indicators

1. Number of births for the period(R)

2. Number of deaths per period(U)

3. Natural increase (decrease) population, which is defined as the difference between the number of births and deaths for the period: SP \u003d P - Y

Relative indicators

Among the indicators of population movement, there are: the birth rate, the death rate, the natural increase rate and the vitality rate.

The subject of study of social ecology

The subject of the study of social ecology is the identification of patterns of development of this system, value-ideological, socio-cultural, legal and other prerequisites and conditions for its sustainable development. That is, the subject of social ecology is the relationship in the system "society-man-technology-environment".

In this system, all elements and subsystems are homogeneous, and the connections between them determine its immutability and structure. The object of social ecology is the "society-nature" system.

The problem of developing a unified approach to understanding the subject of social ecology

One of the most important problems facing researchers in present stage formation of social ecology is the development of a unified approach to understanding its subject. Despite the obvious progress made in the study of various aspects of the relationship between man, society and nature, as well as a significant number of publications on social and environmental issues that have appeared in the last two or three decades in our country and abroad, on the issue of what exactly this branch of scientific knowledge studies, there are still different opinions.

In the school reference book "Ecology" A.P. Oshmarin and V.I. Oshmarina gives two options for defining social ecology: in a narrow sense, it is understood as the science of “the interaction of human society with the environment”. natural environment”, and in a broader sense, the science “on the interaction of an individual and human society with natural, social and cultural environments”. It is quite obvious that in each of the presented cases of interpretation we are talking about different sciences that claim the right to be called “social ecology”. No less revealing is the comparison between the definitions of social ecology and human ecology. According to the same source, the latter is defined as: “1) the science of the interaction of human society with nature; 2) ecology of the human personality; 3) the ecology of human populations, including the doctrine of ethnic groups. One can clearly see the almost complete identity of the definition of social ecology, understood "in the narrow sense", and the first version of the interpretation of human ecology.

The desire for the actual identification of these two branches of scientific knowledge, indeed, is still characteristic of foreign science, but it is quite often subjected to well-reasoned criticism by domestic scientists. S. N. Solomina, in particular, pointing out the expediency of breeding social ecology and human ecology, limits the subject of the latter to consideration of the socio-hygienic and medical-genetic aspects of the relationship between man, society and nature. With a similar interpretation of the subject of human ecology, V.A. Bukhvalov, L.V. Bogdanova and some other researchers, but strongly disagree with N.A. Agadzhanyan, V.P. Kaznacheev and N.F. Reimers, according to whom this discipline covers a much wider range of issues of the interaction of the anthroposystem (considered at all levels of its organization from the individual to humanity as a whole) with the biosphere, as well as with the internal biosocial organization of human society. It is easy to see that such an interpretation of the subject of human ecology actually equates it with social ecology, understood in a broad sense. This situation is largely due to the fact that at present there has been a steady trend of convergence of these two disciplines, when there is an interpenetration of the subjects of the two sciences and their mutual enrichment through the joint use of the empirical material accumulated in each of them, as well as methods and technologies of socio-ecological and anthropoecological research.

Everything today more researchers tend to broaden the interpretation of the subject of social ecology. So, according to D.Zh. Markovich, the subject of study of modern social ecology, understood by him as a particular sociology, is the specific relationship between a person and his environment. Based on this, the main tasks of social ecology can be defined as follows: the study of the influence of the environment as a combination of natural and social factors on a person, as well as the influence of a person on the environment, perceived as the framework of human life.

A somewhat different, but not contradictory, interpretation of the subject of social ecology is given by T.A. Akimov and V.V. Haskin. From their point of view, social ecology as part of human ecology is a complex of scientific branches that study the relationship of social structures (starting with the family and other small social groups), as well as the relationship of man with the natural and social environment of their habitat. This approach seems to us more correct, because it does not limit the subject of social ecology to the framework of sociology or any other separate humanitarian discipline and emphasizes its interdisciplinary nature.

Some researchers, when defining the subject of social ecology, tend to emphasize the role that this young science is called upon to play in harmonizing the relationship of mankind with its environment. According to E. V. Girusov, social ecology should study, first of all, the laws of society and nature, by which he understands the laws of self-regulation of the biosphere, implemented by man in his life.

Principles of social ecology

· Mankind, like any population, cannot grow indefinitely.
· Society in its development must take into account the measure of biospheric phenomena.
· The sustainable development of society depends on the timeliness of the transition to alternative resources and technologies.
Any transformative activity of society should be based on an environmental forecast
· Development of nature should not reduce the diversity of the biosphere and worsen the quality of life of people.
The sustainable development of civilization depends on moral qualities of people.
· Everyone is responsible for their actions before the future.
We must think globally, act locally.
· The unity of nature obliges humanity to cooperate.

WORKSHOP 1 QUESTION 1

The Constitution provides that land and other natural resources shall be used and protected in Russian Federation as the basis of life and activity of the peoples living in the respective territory. This provision is the foundation of the rights and obligations of the state, society and landowners. In addition, it, contrary to the norms of federal laws, gave rise to a number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation to declare land and other natural resources their property, appropriating some of the functions of the Russian Federation in the field of land use and protection.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation in Resolution No. 10-P dated 07.06.2000 "On the case of verifying the constitutionality of certain provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Altai and the Federal Law "On the general principles of organizing legislative (representative) and executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation" considered, in particular , the issue of declaring all natural resources located on its territory as the property (property) of the Altai Republic. It was recognized that the subject of the Russian Federation has no right to declare natural resources on its territory as its property (property) and carry out such regulation that limits their use in the interests of all the peoples of the Russian Federation, since this violates its sovereignty, as well as the delineation of jurisdiction and powers established by the Constitution. .

The protection of lands as the basis of life and activity of peoples was provided for in the Land Code of the RSFSR, the structure of this norm has not lost its significance at the present time. The Land Code provides for the environmental component of the protection of lands, since they are the basis of the life and activities of peoples. The goals of land protection are achieved through the implementation of a system of legal, organizational, economic and other measures aimed at their rational use, prevention of unjustified withdrawals of land from agricultural circulation, protection from harmful effects, as well as restoration of land productivity, including forest fund lands, and for the reproduction and improvement of soil fertility.

The Law on Environmental Protection provides for a number of environmental requirements for landowners, in particular:

- during land reclamation, placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of reclamation systems and separately located hydraulic structures (Article 43);

– production, handling and disposal of potentially hazardous chemicals, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (Article 47);

– use of radioactive substances and nuclear materials (Article 48);

– use of chemicals in agriculture and forestry (art. 49);

– handling of production and consumption waste (Article 51).

QUESTION 2 THE CONCEPT OF SOCIAL ECOLOGY AS A SCIENTIFIC AND METHODOLOGICAL BASIS

Social ecology is a scientific discipline that examines the relationship in the "society-nature" system, studying the interaction and relationships of human society with the natural environment (Nikolai Reimers).

But such a definition does not reflect the specifics of this science. Social ecology is currently being formed as a private independent science with a specific subject of study, namely:

the composition and characteristics of the interests of social strata and groups that exploit natural resources;

perception by different social strata and groups environmental issues and measures to regulate nature management;

taking into account and using in the practice of environmental measures the characteristics and interests of social strata and groups

Thus, social ecology is the science of the interests of social groups in the field of nature management.

Tasks of social ecology

The goal of social ecology is to create a theory of the evolution of the relationship between man and nature, the logic and methodology for transforming the natural environment. Social ecology is designed to clarify and help bridge the gap between man and nature, between humanitarian and natural sciences.

Social ecology as a science should establish scientific laws, evidence of objectively existing necessary and significant relationships between phenomena, the features of which are the general nature, constancy and the possibility of their foresight, it is necessary to formulate the main patterns of interaction of elements in the "society - nature" system in such a way that this made it possible to establish a model for the optimal interaction of elements in this system.

When establishing the laws of social ecology, one should first of all point to those that proceeded from the understanding of society as an ecological subsystem. First of all, these are the laws that were formulated in the thirties by Bauer and Vernadsky.

The first law says that the geochemical energy of living matter in the biosphere (including humanity as the highest manifestation of living matter, endowed with reason) tends to maximum expression.

The second law contains a statement that in the course of evolution those species of living beings remain that, by their vital activity, maximize the biogenic geochemical energy.

Social ecology reveals patterns of relationships between nature and society, which are as fundamental as physical patterns. But the complexity of the subject of research itself, which includes three qualitatively different subsystems - inanimate and living nature and human society, and the short existence of this discipline lead to the fact that social ecology, at least at present, is predominantly an empirical science, and patterns are extremely general aphoristic statements (as, for example, Commoner's "laws").

Law 1. Everything is connected with everything. This law postulates the unity of the World, it tells us about the need to look for and study the natural origins of events and phenomena, the emergence of chains connecting them, the stability and variability of these connections, the appearance of gaps and new links in them, stimulates us to learn to heal these gaps, and also to predict the course of events .

Law 2. Everything must go somewhere. It is easy to see that this is, in essence, just a paraphrase of known conservation laws. In its most primitive form, this formula can be interpreted as follows: matter does not disappear. The law should be extended to both information and the spiritual. This law directs us to study the ecological trajectories of the elements of nature.

Law 3. Nature knows best. Any major human intervention in natural systems is harmful to it. This law, as it were, separates man from nature. Its essence is that everything that was created before man and without man is the product of lengthy trial and error, the result of a complex process based on factors such as abundance, ingenuity, indifference to individuals with an all-encompassing striving for unity. In its formation and development, nature has developed a principle: what is collected, then sorted out. In nature, the essence of this principle is that no substance can be synthesized in a natural way if there is no means to destroy it. The whole mechanism of cyclicity is based on this. A person does not always provide for this in his activity.

Law 4. Nothing is given for free. In other words, you have to pay for everything. In essence, this is the second law of thermodynamics, which speaks of the presence in nature of a fundamental asymmetry, i.e., the unidirectionality of all spontaneous processes occurring in it. When thermodynamic systems interact with the environment, there are only two ways to transfer energy: heat release and work. The law says that in order to increase its internal energy natural systems create the most favorable conditions - they do not take "duties". All the work done without any loss can be converted into heat and replenish the internal energy of the system. But, if we do the opposite, i.e., we want to do work at the expense of the internal energy reserves of the system, i.e., do work through heat, we must pay. All heat cannot be converted into work. Any heat engine(technical device or natural mechanism) has a refrigerator, which, like a tax inspector, collects duty. Thus, the law states that it is impossible to live for free. Even the most general analysis of this truth shows that we live in debt, because we pay less than the real value of the goods. But, as you know, the growth of debt leads to bankruptcy.

The concept of law is interpreted by most methodologists in the sense of an unambiguous causal relationship. A wider interpretation of the concept of law as a limitation of diversity is given by cybernetics, and it is more suitable for social ecology, which reveals the fundamental limitations of human activity. It would be absurd to put forward as a gravitational imperative that a person should not jump from a great height, since death is inevitable in this case. But the adaptive capabilities of the biosphere, which make it possible to compensate for violations of ecological patterns up to a certain threshold, make ecological imperatives necessary. The main one can be formulated as follows: the transformation of nature must correspond to its possibilities of adaptation.

One way to formulate socio-ecological patterns is to transfer them from sociology and ecology. For example, as the basic law of social ecology, the law of the correspondence of productive forces and production relations to the state of the natural environment is proposed, which is a modification of one of the laws of political economy. The laws of social ecology, proposed on the basis of the study of ecosystems, we will consider after getting acquainted with the ecology.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCERUSSIA

federal state budgetary educational institution higher professional education

"RUSSIANSTATEHUMANITARIANUNIVERSITY"(RGGU)

INSTITUTE OF ECONOMY, MANAGEMENT AND LAW

MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT

Essay on ecology

social ecology

2nd year students

full-time education

Potkina Tatyana Nikolaevna

Moscow 2012

Introduction

1. Social ecology, its subject

1.1 Social ecology definitions

1.2 Subject matter

1.3 The problem of developing a common understanding of the approach to understanding the subject of social ecology

1.4 Principles of social ecology

2. Stages of development of social ecology

2.1 First stage

2.2 Second stage

2.3 Third stage

3. Environmental education

3.1 The essence of environmental education

3.2 Three components of environmental education

3.3 The main directions of environmental education

4. Technical process as a source of social and environmental problems

4.1 Conflict of technology and ecology

4.2 Socio-ecological problems of our time

4.3 Ecological content of scientific and technological revolution

Conclusion

List of source and references

Introduction

In the 1960s and 1970s, it became obvious that the range of problems of modern ecology had expanded enormously, that it had long been beyond the scope of traditional biological science - ecology, which was first mentioned back in 1868 by the German biologist E. Haeckel in the book "Natural history of origin. It does not fit, if only because the environmental tension begins in the field of technology. Therefore, both technology and technical sciences are directly related to the environmental problem. But the socio-economic principle is an even broader position, which allows a large-scale and comprehensive outline of the true range of interests and problems of modern ecology.

The priority name was different - social ecology. This term, introduced into scientific circulation by Soviet philosophers, has become quite widespread, both in the USSR - Russia, and in the West. It is understood as an interdisciplinary complex of environmental management, the principles of organizing human activity, taking into account objective environmental laws.

The concept of social ecology is closely related to the essence of the teachings of V. I. Vernadsky and T. de Chardin about the noosphere - the sphere of the mind - the highest stage in the development of the biosphere, associated with the emergence and formation of civilized humanity in it. It is the inseparability of the latter from the biosphere that indicates, according to Vernadsky, main goal in the construction of the noosphere. The task is to preserve the type of biosphere in which man originated and can exist as a species.

So, the question of the term "social ecology" is more or less clear. However, its content and structure continue to be debated. It is clear that social ecology must incorporate the relevant parts of the natural, social and technical sciences. According to this principle, the scheme of G. A. Bachinsky, an ecologist from Lvov, was built.

The links between geography and ecology are traditional and diverse. In the 1920s and 1930s, American geographers called geography human ecology, in the 1930s the famous German geographer K. Troll introduced the term "geoecology" and already in the 1960s and 1970s it became widespread in the West. Finally, in the 70s, Academician V. B. Sochava wrote about "human ecology as a key concept in geography." The term "geoecology" can be explained as follows: geographers deal with the structure and interaction of two main systems: ecological (connecting man and the environment) and spatial (connecting one area to another through a complex volume of flows). The synthesis of these two approaches is the essence of geoecology. Any global problem cannot be solved without its preliminary “regionalization”, without a detailed consideration of the state and regional situation, finding specific ways to solve it in a given place and in given conditions (natural, economic, social). It is no coincidence that the first global models (D. Meadows and others) were criticized precisely for their “total” globality, for the lack of “regionalization”. However, for maximum generalization, identification of universal and most pressing environmental problems, another approach is possible - a global one. The inseparable connection of such approaches is emphasized by the well-known slogan widely used in modern world“think globally, act locally.”

1. Social ecology, its subject, principles and issues

1 .1 Definitionssocialecology

Social ecology (or socioecology) - complex scientific disciplines, considering the relationship in the "society - natural environment" system and developing the scientific foundations for optimizing the human living environment. The terminology in this area is not well established. From the point of view of some scientists, social ecology should study the relationship of society with the geographical, social and cultural environment; according to the position of others, this is a section of human ecology that considers the relationship of social groups of society with nature, etc. At the same time, in some cases, socioecology includes human ecology, in others, socioecology itself is part of human ecology. Nevertheless, social ecology is a scientific direction recognized all over the world. It achieved a similar status in the system of sciences due to the elimination of biological determinism in the definition of its subject. This was facilitated by a change in the understanding that ecology is not only a natural science, but also a human science.

Social ecology analyzes the attitude of a person in its inherent humanistic horizon from the point of view of its correspondence to historical needs. human development, from the perspective of cultural justification and perspective, through the theoretical comprehension of the world in its general definitions, which express the measure of the historical unity of man and nature. Any scientist considers the main concepts of the problem of interaction between society and nature through the prism of his science. The conceptual and categorical apparatus of socioecology is being formed, developed and improved. This process is diverse and covers all aspects of socioecology, not only objectively, but also subjectively, reflecting scientific creativity in a peculiar way and influencing the evolution of scientific interests and searches of both individual scientists and entire teams.

1 .2 Itemstudysocialecology

In this system, all elements and subsystems are homogeneous, and the connections between them determine its immutability and structure. The object of social ecology is the "society-nature" system.

1 .3 ProblemworkingsunifiedapproachTounderstandingsubjectsocialecology

One of the most important problems facing researchers at the present stage of the formation of social ecology is the development of a unified approach to understanding its subject. Despite the obvious progress made in the study of various aspects of the relationship between man, society and nature, as well as a significant number of publications on social and environmental issues that have appeared in the last two or three decades in our country and abroad, on the issue of what exactly this branch of scientific knowledge studies, there are still different opinions.

In the school reference book "Ecology" A.P. Oshmarin and V.I. Oshmarina gives two options for defining social ecology: in the narrow sense, it is understood as the science “on the interaction of human society with the natural environment”, and in the broad sense, the science “on the interaction of an individual and human society with natural, social and cultural environments”. It is quite obvious that in each of the presented cases of interpretation we are talking about different sciences that claim the right to be called “social ecology”. No less revealing is the comparison between the definitions of social ecology and human ecology. According to the same source, the latter is defined as: “1) the science of the interaction of human society with nature; 2) ecology of the human personality; 3) the ecology of human populations, including the doctrine of ethnic groups. One can clearly see the almost complete identity of the definition of social ecology, understood "in the narrow sense", and the first version of the interpretation of human ecology.

Today, an increasing number of researchers tend to broaden the interpretation of the subject of social ecology. So, according to D.Zh. Markovich, the subject of study of modern social ecology, understood by him as a particular sociology, is the specific relationship between a person and his environment. Based on this, the main tasks of social ecology can be defined as follows: the study of the influence of the environment as a combination of natural and social factors on a person, as well as the influence of a person on the environment, perceived as the framework of human life.

1 .4 Principlessocialecology

· Mankind, like any population, cannot grow indefinitely.

· Society in its development must take into account the measure of biospheric phenomena.

· The sustainable development of society depends on the timeliness of the transition to alternative resources and technologies.

Any transformative activity of society should be based on an environmental forecast

· Development of nature should not reduce the diversity of the biosphere and worsen the quality of life of people.

· The sustainable development of civilization depends on the moral qualities of people.

· Everyone is responsible for their actions before the future.

We must think globally, act locally.

· The unity of nature obliges humanity to cooperate.

2. Stages of social ecology development

2 .1 Firststage

The population explosion and the scientific and technological revolution have led to a colossal increase in the consumption of natural resources. Thus, at present, 3.5 billion tons of oil and 4.5 billion tons of hard and brown coal are produced annually in the world. At such a rate of consumption, it became obvious that many natural resources would be depleted in the near future. At the same time, the waste of giant industries began to pollute the environment more and more, destroying the health of the population. In all industrialized countries, cancerous, chronic pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases are widespread. Scientists were the first to sound the alarm.

The starting point of modern social ecology can be called the book by R. Carson “Silent Spring”, published in 1961, dedicated to the negative environmental consequences of the use of DDT. The prehistory of writing this work is very revealing. The transition to growing monocultures required the use of pesticides to combat the so-called agricultural pests. The order received by the chemists was fulfilled and a potent drug with the desired properties was synthesized. The author of the invention, the Swiss scientist Müller, in 1947 received Nobel Prize, but after a very short time it became clear that DDT affects not only harmful species, but, having the ability to accumulate in living tissues, has a detrimental effect on all living things, including the human body. Freely moving over large areas and hardly decomposing, the drug was found even in the liver of penguins of Antarctica. With R. Carson's book, the stage of data accumulation on the negative environmental consequences of scientific and technological revolution began, which showed that an ecological crisis is taking place on our planet.

The first stage of social ecology can be called empirical, since the collection of empirical data obtained through observation prevailed. This line of environmental research subsequently led to global monitoring, i.e. monitoring and collecting data on the environmental situation on our entire planet.

Beginning in 1968, the Italian economist Aurelio Peccei began to annually gather in Rome major specialists from different countries to discuss questions about the future of civilization. These meetings were called the Club of Rome. In the first reports to the Club of Rome, simulation mathematical methods developed by MIT professor Jay Forrester were successfully applied to the study of trends in the development of socio-natural global processes. Forrester used research methods developed and applied in the natural and technical sciences to study the processes of evolution, both in nature and in society, occurring on a global scale. On this basis, the concept of world dynamics was built. For the first time in a social forecast, components that can be called environmental were taken into account: the final nature of mineral resources and limited opportunities natural complexes to absorb and neutralize the waste of human industrial activity.

If the previous forecasts, which took into account only traditional trends (production growth, consumption growth and population growth), were optimistic, taking into account environmental parameters immediately turned the global forecast into a pessimistic version, showing the inevitability of a downward trend in the development of society by the end of the first third of the 21st century due to the possibility of exhaustion of mineral resources and excessive pollution of the natural environment. Thus, for the first time in science, the problem of the possible end of civilization was raised not in the distant future, as various prophets repeatedly warned about, but within a very specific period of time and for very specific and even prosaic reasons. There was a need for such a field of knowledge that would thoroughly investigate the discovered problem and find out the way to prevent the coming catastrophe.

2 .2 SecondthisP

In 1972, the book "Limits to Growth" was published, prepared by the group of D. Meadows, who created the first so-called "models of the world", which marked the beginning of the second model stage of social ecology. The special success of the book "Limits to Growth" is determined by its futurological orientation and sensational conclusions, there and by the fact that for the first time material relating to the most diverse aspects of human activity was assembled into a formal model and studied with the help of a computer. In the "models of the world", the five main trends in world development - rapid population growth, accelerated industrial growth, the widespread zone of malnutrition, the depletion of irreplaceable resources and environmental pollution - were considered in conjunction with each other. The authors of "The Limits to Growth" proposed a cardinal solution to overcome the threat of an ecological catastrophe - to stabilize the population of the planet and at the same time the capital invested in production at a constant level. Such a state of “global equilibrium”, according to the Meadows group, does not mean stagnation, because human activity that does not require a large expenditure of irreplaceable resources and does not lead to environmental degradation (science, art, education, sports) can progress indefinitely. Supporters of "global balance" do not take into account, however, the fact that the growing technical power of man, increasing his ability to withstand natural disasters (earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, sudden climate change, etc.), which he is not yet able to cope with, stimulated precisely by production goals, at least for the present.

The assumption that the government of all countries can be forced or persuaded to keep the population at a constant level is clearly unrealistic, and from this, among other things, already follows the impossibility of accepting the proposal to stabilize industrial and agricultural production. You can talk about the limits of growth in certain directions, but not about absolute limits. The task is to foresee the dangers of growth in any direction and to choose ways of flexible reorientation of development for the fullest possible realization of the set goals.

2 . 3 Thirdstage

After the 1992 international conference on the problems of the planet Earth in Rio de Janeiro, which was attended by the heads of 179 states and at which for the first time the world community developed an agreed development strategy, we can talk about the beginning of the third global political stage of social ecology.

3. environmental education

3 .1 essenceecologicaleducation

Environmental education is a purposeful influence on a person at all stages of his life with the help of an expanded system of means and methods, which aims to form environmental consciousness, ecological culture, environmental behavior, environmental responsibility. The need to educate the members of society of certain attitudes of behavior in relation to nature arose in humanity at the earliest stages of its development.

One of the most important tasks of environmental education is the formation in nature users, each citizen and in society as a whole of persistent attitudes towards rational nature management, the ability to see behind the solution of individual problems, the ecological consequences of interference in natural processes, the sense of responsibility to present and future generations for the influence of one's own actions on the ability of nature to be an environment for human existence are distant.

Environmental education is a continuous process of study, upbringing, self-education, accumulation of experience and personal development, aimed at the formation of value orientations, norms of behavior and special knowledge regarding the preservation of the environment and nature management, implemented in environmentally competent activities. Very important for understanding the specifics of environmental education is the thesis that it should not act only as a system of prohibitions on certain actions. In addition to calls that nature should be loved and protected, it is necessary to learn competent and professionally integrated environmental management.

3 .2 Threeconstituentsecologicaleducation

In a more detailed consideration in the process of environmental education, three relatively independent components, both in terms of methods and goals, can be distinguished: environmental education, environmental education and environmental education itself. They represent certain stages in the process of continuous environmental education in the broadest sense.

Environmental education is the first degree in environmental education. It is designed to form the first, elementary knowledge about the features of the relationship between society and nature, about the suitability of the environment for human habitation, about the impact of human production activities on the world around.

Environmental education is a psychological and pedagogical process of influencing a person, the purpose of which is to form theoretical level ecological consciousness, which in a systematic way reflects the various aspects of the unity of the world, the laws of the dialectical unity of society and nature, certain knowledge and practical skills of rational nature management.

aim environmental education is to equip a person with knowledge in the field of natural, technical and social sciences, about the features of the interaction between society and nature, to develop in it the ability to understand and evaluate specific actions and situations.

The highest level is ecological education - a psychological and pedagogical process, the purpose of which is to form in an individual not only scientific knowledge, but also certain beliefs, moral principles that determine his life position and behavior in the field of environmental protection and the rational use of natural resources, ecological culture individual citizens and society as a whole, In the process of environmental education, a certain system of environmental values is formed, which will determine the thrifty attitude of man to nature, will encourage it to solve the problem of the global environmental crisis. Firstly, it provides not only the transfer of knowledge, but also the formation of beliefs, the readiness of the individual for specific actions, and secondly, it includes knowledge and the ability to carry out, along with nature protection, also rational nature management.

The specificity of environmental education lies in the development of an ideological attitude to the complex, integral system "society-nature", the attitude of the individual to which is impossible without effective, direct and indirect participation in its functioning. The complex nature of environmental education emerges from the specifics of the object of reflection of environmental consciousness at the level of both public and personal, its functioning.

The main principle of ecological education is the principle of the material unity of the world, which organically includes the problem of social and ecological education in the system of forming a scientific worldview. Among others, one can also distinguish the principles of complexity, continuity, patriotism, a combination of personal and common interests.

3 .3 Maindirectionsecologicaleducation

In the system of environmental education, the following main areas can be distinguished:

1. Political. Its important methodological principle is the provision on the conformity of the relations between people prevailing in society and the relationship to nature that prevails in it, which emerges from the basic law of social ecology. This direction contributes to the formation of environmental consciousness and environmental culture and a scientific approach to assessing both specific environmental problems in different socio-political systems, and the nature of these systems themselves.

2. Naturally scientific. It is based on scientific understanding inseparable unity of society and nature. Society is inextricably linked with nature, both in its origin and existence. Socially, society is connected with nature through production, without which it cannot exist. Nature creates potential conditions for man to satisfy his material and spiritual needs. These needs are realized only through expedient activity. In the process of production, a person creates his own flows of matter and energy, which disorganized the cycles of energy and matter exchange that exist in nature and have been polished for billions of years. Thus, there is a violation of the mechanisms of self-reproduction of the main qualitative parameters of the biosphere, those objective conditions that ensure the existence of man as a biological being. These violations are generated by the limited knowledge available about the patterns of development of nature, the inability to take into account all the possible consequences of human activity.

3. Legal. Ecological knowledge, developing into convictions and actions, should be closely combined with the active participation of the individual in the observance by himself and others of the norms of environmental legislation, in which general public interests should be reflected. The state, as the main mechanism for regulating and coordinating the common interests of the individual and society in their relationship with nature, has the exclusive right not only to create environmental legislation, but also to enforce actions against individuals or their groups aimed at observing these laws.

This direction is closely connected with the formation of environmental responsibility, and not only legal, but also moral.

4. Morally aesthetic. The current ecological situation requires from mankind a new moral orientation in relations with nature, a revision of certain norms of human behavior in the natural environment. In societies that are at the industrial stage of development, morality directs nature users to the predatory exploitation of natural resources, to meet the needs of members of society, regardless of the environmental consequences of production activities. In the transition to the industrial stage of development, when there is a qualitative leap in the productive forces, the formation of an ecological imperative, which should become the norm of moral regulation of specific ways of developing nature, is one of the most urgent requirements.

5. Worldview. Environmental education cannot be effective without forming the basis of the worldview in an appropriate way. In order for an individual to take part in a real rank in eliminating the threat of an ecological crisis, for this to become his internal need, his ability to give scientifically sound answers to the question of the essence of the world, nature, man, the goals and limits of human knowledge and the transformation of the surrounding natural world, about the meaning of human existence.

The main goal of environmental education is the formation of an environmental culture, which should include an environmental imperative, a system of environmental values and environmental responsibility.

4. Technical process as a source of social and environmental problems

4 .1 ConflicttechnologiesAndecology

If our ancestors had limited their activity only to adapting to nature and appropriating its finished products, then they would never have left the animal state in which they were originally. Only in opposition to nature, in constant struggle with it and transformation in accordance with its needs and goals, could a creature be formed that passed the path from animal to man. Man was not generated by nature alone, as is often claimed. The beginning of a person could only be given by such a not quite natural form of activity as labor, main feature which is the production by the subject of labor of some objects (products) with the help of other objects (tools). It was labor that became the basis of human evolution.

Labor activity, having given man enormous advantages in the struggle for survival over other animals, at the same time put him in danger of becoming in time a force capable of destroying the natural environment of his own life.

It would be wrong to think that human-induced environmental crises became possible only with the advent of sophisticated technology and strong demographic growth. One of the most severe ecological crises took place already at the beginning of the Neolithic. Having learned to hunt animals well enough, especially large ones, people, by their actions, led to the disappearance of many of them, including mammoths. As a result, the food resources of many human communities were drastically reduced, and this, in turn, led to mass extinction. According to various estimates, the population then decreased by 8-10 times. It was a colossal ecological crisis that turned into a socio-ecological catastrophe. A way out of it was found on the paths of transition to agriculture, and then to cattle breeding, to a settled way of life. Thus, the ecological niche of the existence and development of mankind has significantly expanded, which was decisively promoted by the agrarian and handicraft revolution, which led to the emergence of qualitatively new tools of labor, which made it possible to multiply the impact of man on the natural environment. The era of "animal life" of man turned out to be completed, he began to "actively and purposefully intervene in natural processes, rebuild natural biogeochemical cycles."

Pollution of nature acquired significant dimensions and intensity only during the period of industrialization and urbanization, which led to significant civilizational changes and to a mismatch of economic and environmental development. This discrepancy has taken on dramatic proportions since the 1950s. of our century, when the rapid and hitherto unthinkable development of the productive forces caused such changes in nature that lead to the destruction of the biological prerequisites for the life of man and society. Man has created technologies that deny life forms in nature. The use of these technologies leads to an increase in entropy, a denial of life. The conflict between technology and ecology has its source in man himself, who is both a natural being and a bearer of technological development.

4 .2 Socio-environmentalProblemsmodernity

The environmental problems of our time can be conditionally divided into local, regional and global in terms of their scale and require different means and scientific developments of different nature for their solution. An example of a local environmental problem is a plant that dumps its industrial waste into the river without treatment, which is harmful to human health. This is a violation of the law. The nature protection authorities or the public should fine such a plant through the courts and, under threat of closure, force it to build a sewage treatment plant. It does not require special science.

An example of regional environmental problems is the Kuzbass - a basin almost closed in the mountains, filled with gases from coke ovens and fumes from a metallurgical giant, or the drying up Aral Sea with a sharp deterioration in the environmental situation along its entire periphery, or high radioactivity of soils in areas adjacent to Chernobyl.

To solve such problems, scientific research is already needed. In the first case, the development of rational methods for absorbing smoke and gas aerosols, in the second, accurate hydrological studies to develop recommendations for increasing the flow into the Aral Sea, in the third, elucidation of the impact on public health of long-term exposure to low doses of radiation and the development of soil decontamination methods.

However, the anthropogenic impact on nature has reached such proportions that global problems have arisen that no one could even suspect a few decades ago. Atmospheric pollution is occurring at a rapid pace. So far, the main means of obtaining energy remains the combustion of combustible fuels, therefore, oxygen consumption increases every year, and carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, as well as a huge amount of soot, dust and harmful aerosols enter in its place.

The sharp warming of the climate that began in the second half of the 20th century is a reliable fact. The average temperature of the surface layer of air has increased by 0.7 ° C compared to 1956-1957, when the First International Geophysical Year was held. There is no warming at the equator, but the closer to the poles, the more noticeable it is. Beyond the Arctic Circle, it reaches 2°C. At the North Pole, the water under the ice has warmed by 1°C, and the ice cover has begun to melt from below4. Some scientists believe that warming is the result of burning a huge mass of fossil fuels and releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which is a greenhouse gas, i.e. hinders the transfer of heat from the Earth's surface. Others, referring to climate change in historical time, consider the anthropogenic factor of climate warming negligible and attribute this phenomenon to increased solar activity.

No less complex is the environmental problem of the ozone layer. The depletion of the ozone layer is a much more dangerous reality for all life on Earth than the fall of some super-large meteorite. Ozone prevents dangerous cosmic radiation from reaching the Earth's surface. If not for ozone, these rays would destroy all life. Studies of the causes of the depletion of the ozone layer of the planet have not yet given definitive answers to all questions. The rapid growth of industry, accompanied by global pollution of the natural environment, has posed an unprecedentedly acute problem of raw materials. Of all types of resources, fresh water is in the first place in terms of the growth of demand for it and the increase in the deficit. 71% of the entire surface of the planet is occupied by water, but fresh water makes up only 2% of the total, and almost 80% of fresh water is in the Earth's ice cover. In most industrial areas, there is already a significant shortage of water, and its deficit is growing every year. In the future, the situation is also alarming with another natural resource that was previously considered inexhaustible - the oxygen of the atmosphere. When the products of photosynthesis of past eras - combustible fossils - are burned, free oxygen is bound into compounds.

4 .3 ecologicalcontentscientific and technicalrevolution

The basis for the interaction of the natural environment and human society in the process of production of material goods is the growth of mediation in the production relation of man to nature. Step by step, a person places between himself and nature, first the substance transformed with the help of his energy (tools of labor), then the energy transformed with the help of tools of labor and accumulated knowledge (steam engines, electrical installations, etc.) and, finally, more recently between by man and nature, the third major link of mediation arises - information transformed with the help of electronic computers. Thus, the development of civilization is ensured by the continuous expansion of the sphere of material production, which first embraces the tools of labor, then energy, and, finally, in Lately, information.

The first link of mediation (manufacturing of labor tools) is associated with a leap from the animal world to the social world, with the second (the use of power plants) - a leap into the highest form of class-antagonistic society, with the third (creation and use of information devices) is connected the conditionality of the transition to a society of qualitatively a new state in interpersonal relations, since for the first time there is the possibility of a sharp increase in people's free time for their full and harmonious development. In addition, the scientific and technological revolution necessitates a qualitatively new attitude to nature, since those contradictions between society and nature that previously existed in an implicit form are exacerbated to an extreme degree.

At the same time, the limitation on the part of the energy sources of labor, which remained natural, began to have a stronger effect. A contradiction arose between the new (artificial) means of processing matter and the old (natural) sources of energy. The search for ways to resolve the contradiction that arose led to the discovery and use of artificial energy sources. But the very solution of the energy problem gave rise to a new contradiction between artificial methods of processing matter and obtaining energy, on the one hand, and natural (with the help of nervous system) way of processing information - on the other. The search for ways to remove this limitation was intensified, and the problem was solved with the invention of computing machines. Now, finally, all three natural factors (substance, energy, information) have been covered by artificial means of their use by man. Thus, all natural restrictions on the development of production, inherent in this process, were removed.

Conclusion

Social ecology studies the structure, features and trends in the functioning of objects of a special kind, objects of the so-called "second nature", i.e. objects of an artificially created subject environment interacting with the natural environment. It is the existence of a "second nature" in the overwhelming majority of cases that gives rise to environmental problems that arise at the intersection of ecological and social systems. These problems, socioecological in their essence, act as the object of socioecological research.

Social ecology as a science has its own specific tasks and functions. Its main objectives are: the study of the relationship between human communities and the surrounding geographic-spatial, social and cultural environment, the direct and secondary impact of production activities on the composition and properties of the environment. Social ecology considers the Earth's biosphere as an ecological niche of humanity, linking the environment and human activities into a single system "nature-society", reveals the human impact on the balance of natural ecosystems, studies the management and rationalization of the relationship between man and nature. The task of social ecology as a science is also to offer such effective ways of influencing the environment that would not only prevent catastrophic consequences, but also make it possible to significantly improve the biological and social conditions for the development of man and all life on Earth.

By studying the causes of degradation of the human environment and measures to protect and improve it, social ecology should contribute to the expansion of the sphere of human freedom by creating more humane relations both to nature and to other people.

List of sources and literature

1. Bganba, V.R. Social ecology: textbook / V.R. Bganba - M.: graduate School, 2004. - 310 p.

2. Gorelov Anatoly Alekseevich. Social ecology / A. A. Gorelov. - M.: Mosk. Lyceum, 2005. - 406 p.

3. Malofeev, V.I. Social ecology: Textbook for universities / V.I. Malofeev - M .: "Dashkov and K", 2004.- 260 p.

4. Markov, Yu.G. Social ecology. Interaction between society and nature: Textbook / Yu.G.Markov - Novosibirsk: Siberian University Publishing House, 2004.- 544 p.

5. Sitarov, V.A. Social ecology: tutorial for stud. higher ped. textbook institutions // V.A. Sitarov, V.V. Pustovoitov. - M.: Academy, 2000. - 280 p.

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