Of the total amount of water on Earth, fresh water so necessary for humanity is a little more than 2% of the total volume of the hydrosphere, or approximately 28.25 million km 3 (Table 1).

Table 15.2

Fresh waters of the hydrosphere (according to M. I. Lvovich, 1974)

It should be taken into account that the main part of fresh water (about 70%) is frozen in polar ice, permafrost, and on mountain peaks. The waters in rivers and lakes make up only 3% of the land, or 0.016% of the total volume of the hydrosphere. Thus, waters suitable for all kinds of uses constitute an insignificant part of the total water reserves on Earth. The problem is further complicated by the fact that the distribution of fresh water across the globe is extremely uneven. In Europe and Asia, where 70% of the world's population lives, only 39% of river waters are concentrated.

In terms of surface water resources, Russia occupies a leading position in the world. Only in the unique Lake Baikal is concentrated about 1/5 of the world's fresh water reserves and more than 4/5 of Russia's reserves.

With a total volume of 23 thousand km 3, about 60 km 3 of rare natural water is reproduced in the lake annually.

The average annual total runoff of the rivers of the Russian Federation in the 90s. The 20th century is 4270 km 3 per year, including 230 kmE per year from adjacent territories to Russia.

Potential operational groundwater resources in Russia are about 230 km 3 per year.

In general, in Russia there are 31.9 thousand m 3 of fresh water per inhabitant per year. However, the distribution of fresh water, primarily river runoff, across the territory is extremely uneven and does not correspond to the population and the location of industrial enterprises (Table 15.3).

Table 15.3

Distribution of river runoff in some economic regions of Russia (according to N.

F. Vinokurova and others, 1994)

90% of the total annual river runoff falls on the basins of the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. The basins of the Caspian and Azov Seas, where over 80% of Russia's population lives and where its main industrial and agricultural potential is located, account for less than 8% of the total annual river runoff. Water supply per 1 km 2 of the territory ranges from 130 thousand m 3 in the Central Black Earth region to 610 thousand m 3 in the Volga-Vyatsky region, and per inhabitant - from 2.8 thousand km 3 in the Central Black Earth region to 307, 5 thousand km 3 in the Far East. The Rostov, Astrakhan, Lipetsk, Voronezh, Belgorod, Kurgan regions, the Republic of Kalmykia and some other territories are insufficiently provided with their own water resources.

In the Kurgan region, on average, 1.15 thousand m 3 of water resources fall per person per year, which is 6.6 times less than in the Ural region, and 27.7 times less than in the Russian Federation as a whole.

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Water reserves on Earth

The main volume of water is concentrated in the World Ocean - 96.5% of the total reserves, 1338000 thousand km 3. Thus, fresh water accounts for about 3.5%.

Again, most of the fresh water is concentrated in glaciers (68.7% of the volume of fresh water or 24064.10 thousand km 3 - 1.74% of the total reserves) and underground (groundwater is divided into fresh and salty). Fresh water - 10530 thousand km 3 or 30.1% of the total fresh water supply and 300 thousand km 3 - is ground ice or 0.86% of the total fresh water supply. Fresh underground waters, as a rule, lie at a depth of 150-200 m, their use is 100 times greater than the use of water on the surface.

The waters of fresh lakes contain only 91 thousand km 3 or 0.26% of the volume of fresh water.

Water in the atmosphere - 12.9 thousand km 3 - 0.04%;

water in swamps - 11.47 thousand km 3 - 0.03%;

water in rivers - 2.12 thousand km 3 - 0.006%;

biological water - 1.12 thousand km 3 - 0.003%.

The largest freshwater body of water in the world (82680 km 2) in terms of mirror area is Lake. Upper. However, in terms of water volume (11,600 km 3) and maximum depth (406 m), it is significantly inferior to Lake. Baikal (24000 km 3 and 1741 m, respectively) and Lake. Tanganyika (18900 km 3 and 1435 m, respectively).

The largest fresh water reservoir in Europe is Lake. Ladoga. The area of ​​Ladoga is 17700 km 2, the volume of water is 908 km 3, the maximum depth is 230 m. The total area of ​​swamps on the globe is ~ 3 million km 2 or 2% of the land. Almost 60% of the bits are located in Russia, and the least in Australia (~ 0.05% of its area). The water in the atmosphere is water vapor and its condensate (droplets and ice crystals). The higher the temperature, the more water vapor in the air. Biological water is the water of living organisms, in which on average it is about 80%. The total mass of living matter is estimated at 1400 billion tons. Hence the mass of water is 1120 billion tons or 1120 km3.

Water consumption (water as a resource)

Water, the most important component of the natural environment, has always been subjected to anthropogenic impact, which has especially intensified in the last century. Water consumption by industry and agriculture has now reached enormous proportions.

According to experts, irretrievable water consumption is ~ 150 km 3 per year, i.e. 1% sustainable freshwater runoff.

The demand for water is increasing all the time, and recently the acceleration of this increase is about 3.1% per year, i.e. in 10 years, water consumption can increase by ⅓.

The average total resources of river waters of the globe are 46.8 thousand km 3 per year, of which in Russia - 4.3 thousand km 3 per year (9.1%) with an area of ​​​​17.08 million km 2 ( 11.5%) and the population in 2002 - 145.2 million people. (~2.6%). The average water supply of 1 inhabitant of Russia is 80 m 3 per day, while on average in the world this value is 22.5 m 3 per day.

However, 90% of Russia's river flow falls on the basins of the Arctic and Pacific Oceans. The basins of the Caspian and Azov Seas, where the main industrial and agricultural potential of Russia is concentrated and over 80% of the population lives, account for less than 8% of the total annual river runoff. This leads to tension in the water management balances in these river basins.

World fresh water reserves in lakes are 91 thousand km 3, of which more than 25% (24.5 thousand km 3) are in the lakes of Russia, including Lake Baikal - 23 thousand km 3 and Ladoga - 908 km 3 (the largest lake in Europe).

The operational groundwater reserves of explored deposits in Russia are estimated at 29.1 km 3 per year, potential - 230 km 3 per year, with general estimates in the world - 23,400 km 3 (slightly less than 10% - in Russia). Currently, according to the UN, over 400 million people live in regions where there is not enough water, and according to estimates in 2050, their number will increase to 2 billion people. More than 1 billion people do not have safe drinking water. In developing countries, up to 75% of diseases are associated with the consumption of undrinkable water.

The lack of water in surface sources and its pollution leads to an ever-increasing abstraction of groundwater. In parts of the US, China, India, Yemen, and other countries, groundwater is being used up faster than it is being replenished and is steadily declining. As a result, even such large rivers as the Colorado in the USA, the Yellow River in China, not to mention small rivers, often dry up and no longer flow into the ocean, as before.

Water consumption is growing year by year, and the water is getting dirtier. One liter of sewage makes 8 liters of fresh water unsuitable for drinking, and the volume of world runoff has already exceeded 1.5 thousand km 3 per year. It is easy to calculate that already ¼ of the waters of the rivers are undrinkable.

Many experts are convinced that the world has entered an era of wars for resources, among which the most important is water (there is simply nothing to replace it). According to forecasts, by the middle of the century, only 3-4 countries in the world will not experience an acute shortage of fresh water.

According to the UN experts, the highest quality of drinking water today is in Finland, Canada and New Zealand. Russia is in 7th place. The lowest quality is in Belgium, Morocco and India.

In terms of reserves per capita, Denmark (at the expense of Greenland), French Guiana and Iceland are in the lead. Russia is not even in the top ten. Kuwait, Palestine and the United Arab Emirates are the worst endowed with water.

Water is one of the most important factors determining the distribution of productive forces, and very often the means of production.

Agriculture consumes the most water. For example, when growing

1 ton of wheat requires 1500 tons of water;

1 ton of rice - 7000 tons of water;

1 ton of cotton - 10,000 tons of water.

The demand for water is also great for industry. For the production of 1 ton of products, water is consumed (in m 3):

steel, cast iron - 15-20 m 3;

soda ash - 10 m 3;

sulfuric acid - 25-80 m 3;

nitric acid - 80-180 m 3;

viscose silk - 300-400 m 3;

synthetic fiber - 500 m 3;

copper - 500 m 3;

plastics - 500-1000 m 3;

synthetic rubber - 2000-3000 m 3.

The operation of a thermal power plant with a capacity of 300 thousand kW requires 300 km 3 of water per year. An average chemical plant annually consumes 1-2 million m 3 of water. In a city with a population of over 3 million people. daily water consumption is more than 2 million m 3, and annual - 1 km 3. Fresh water consumption from 1940 to 2000 in the United States is presented in Table. No. __.

Table __

Fresh water consumption (km 3 /year) in the USA

Read in the same book: Land monitoring | Soil and human health | Receipt of pollutants from the atmosphere | Burial of highly hazardous waste in the oceans | Ecological consequences of marine pollution | Ecological consequences of pollution by chlorinated hydrocarbons | Ecological consequences of pollution of sea waters by heavy metals | Protection of the marine environment from oil pollution | Measures to combat spilled oil | Legal basis for the protection of the seas | mybiblioteka.su - 2015-2018. (0.098 sec)

HYDROSPHERE (from Greek hydor - water and sphaira - ball * a. hydrosphere; n. Hydrosphare, Wasserhulle; f. hydrosphere; and. hidrosfera) - intermittent water shell of the Earth, which is a collection of all types of natural waters (oceans, seas, surface land waters, groundwater and ice sheets). In a broader sense, the composition of the hydrosphere also includes atmospheric water and the water of living organisms. Each of the water groups is divided into subgroups of lower ranks.

Delivery of blue daisies in Moscow (Antananarivo)

For example, in the atmosphere, waters can be distinguished in the troposphere and stratosphere, on the surface of the Earth - the waters of the oceans and seas, as well as rivers, lakes and glaciers; in the lithosphere, the waters of the basement and sedimentary cover (including the waters of artesian basins and hydrogeological massifs).

The bulk of the water of the hydrosphere is concentrated in the World Ocean, the 2nd place in terms of the volume of water masses is occupied by groundwater (waters of the lithosphere), the 3rd place is taken by ice and snow of the Arctic and Antarctic regions (surface waters of land, atmospheric and biologically bound waters make up fractions of a percent of the total volume of water in the hydrosphere, see table).

The surface waters of the land, occupying a relatively small share in the total mass of the hydrosphere, play an important role as the main source of water supply, irrigation and watering. The amount of fresh water in the hydrosphere available for use is about 0.3% (see Water resources), however, river and fresh groundwater in the water exchange zone are intensively renewed in the process of the general water cycle, which makes it possible to use them indefinitely for a rational operation. The modern hydrosphere is the result of the long evolution of the Earth and the differentiation of its matter.

The hydrosphere is an open system, between the waters of which there is a close relationship, which determines the unity of the hydrosphere as a natural system and the interaction of the hydrosphere with other geospheres. The flow of water into the hydrosphere during volcanism, from the atmosphere, the lithosphere (squeezing out of water during the lithification of silts, etc.) occurs continuously, as well as the removal of water from the hydrosphere. The burial of waters in the lithosphere extends over entire geological periods (tens of millions of years). The decomposition and synthesis of water also take place in the hydrosphere. The individual links of the hydrosphere differ both in the properties of the medium containing water and in the properties and composition of the water itself. However, due to the water cycle of various scales and durations (ocean-continent, intracontinental cycle, cycles within individual river basins, lakes, landscapes, etc.), it is a single whole. All forms of the water cycle constitute a single hydrological cycle, during which all types of water are renewed. The most rapidly updated biological waters that are part of plants and living organisms and atmospheric waters. The longest period (thousands, tens and hundreds of thousands of years) falls on the renewal of glaciers, deep groundwater, waters of the World Ocean. Management of the water cycle, its use for the needs of the national economy is an important scientific problem of great economic importance.

The date: 2016-04-07

How much fresh water is left on the planet?

Life on our planet originated from water, the human body is 75% water, so the issue of fresh water reserves on the planet is very important. After all, water is the source and stimulus of our life.

Fresh water is considered to be water that contains no more than 0.1% salt. At what, no matter what state it is in: liquid, solid or gaseous.

World fresh water reserves

97.2% of the water that is on planet earth belongs to salty oceans and seas. And only 2.8% is fresh water. On the planet it is distributed as follows:

• 2.15% of the water reserves are frozen in the mountains, icebergs and ice sheets of Antarctica;
• 0.001% of water reserves are in the atmosphere;
• 0.65% of water reserves are in rivers and lakes. From here it is taken by a person for his consumption.

In general, it is believed that the sources of fresh water are endless. Since the process of self-healing is constantly taking place as a result of the water cycle in nature. Every year, as a result of the evaporation of moisture from the oceans, a huge supply of fresh water (about 525,000 km3) is formed in the form of clouds. A small part of it still ends up in the ocean, but most of it falls on the continents in the form of snow and rain, and then ends up in lakes, rivers and groundwater.

Fresh water consumption in different parts of the world

Even such a small percentage of available fresh water could cover all the needs of mankind if its reserves were evenly distributed over the planet, but this is not so.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has identified several areas whose water consumption exceeds the amount of renewable water resources:

• Arabian Peninsula. For public needs, five times more fresh water is used here than is available in available natural sources. Water is exported here with the help of tankers and pipelines, sea water desalination procedures are carried out.
• Under stress are water resources in Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Almost 100% of renewable water resources are consumed here. More than 70% of renewable water resources are produced by Iran.
• Fresh water problems also exist in North Africa, especially in Libya and Egypt. These countries use almost 50% of water resources.

The greatest need is experienced not by those countries where there are frequent droughts, but by those with a high population density. You can see this using the table below. For example, Asia has the largest area of ​​water resources and Australia the smallest. But, at the same time, every inhabitant of Australia is provided with drinking water 14 times better than any inhabitant of Asia. And all because the population of Asia is 3.7 billion, while only 30 million live in Australia.

Problems in the use of fresh water

Over the past 40 years, the amount of clean fresh water per person has decreased by 60%. Agriculture is the biggest consumer of fresh water.

antananarivo - profile | GOSSIP

Today, this sector of the economy consumes almost 85% of the total volume of fresh water used by humans. Products grown with artificial irrigation are much more expensive than those grown on soil and irrigated by rain.

More than 80 countries of the world are experiencing a shortage of fresh water. And every day this problem is getting worse. Water scarcity even causes humanitarian and state conflicts. Improper use of groundwater leads to a decrease in their volume. These reserves are depleted annually from 0.1% to 0.3%. Moreover, in poor countries, 95% of the water cannot be used for drinking or food at all due to the high level of pollution.

The need for clean drinking water is increasing every year, but its quantity, on the contrary, is only decreasing. Nearly 2 billion people have limited water intake. According to experts, by 2025, almost 50 countries of the world, where the number of inhabitants will exceed 3 billion people, will feel the problem of water shortage.

In China, despite high rainfall, half of the population does not have regular access to sufficient drinking water. Groundwater, like the soil itself, is renewed too slowly (about 1% per year).

The issue of the greenhouse effect remains relevant. The climate of the Earth is constantly deteriorating due to the constant release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This causes an anomalous redistribution of precipitation, the occurrence of droughts in countries where they should not be, snowfall in Africa, high frosts in Italy or Spain.

Such anomalous changes can cause a decrease in crop yields, an increase in plant diseases, and the reproduction of pest populations and various insects. The planet's ecosystem is losing its stability and cannot adapt to such a rapid change in conditions.

Instead of totals

In the end, we can say that there are enough water resources on planet Earth. The main problem of water supply is that these reserves are unevenly distributed on the planet. Moreover, 3/4 of fresh water reserves are in the form of glaciers, which are very difficult to access. Because of this, in some regions there is already a shortage of fresh water.

The second problem is the contamination of existing available water sources with human waste products (heavy metal salts, oil refinery products). Pure water that can be consumed without prior purification can only be found in remote ecologically clean areas. But densely populated regions, on the contrary, suffer from the inability to drink water from their meager reserves.

Date: 2016-04-07

Life on our planet originated from water, the human body is 75% water, so the issue of fresh water reserves on the planet is very important. After all, water is the source and stimulus of our life.

Fresh water is considered to be water that contains no more than 0.1% salt.

At what, no matter what state it is in: liquid, solid or gaseous.

World fresh water reserves

97.2% of the water that is on planet earth belongs to salty oceans and seas. And only 2.8% is fresh water. On the planet it is distributed as follows:

• 2.15% of the water reserves are frozen in the mountains, icebergs and ice sheets of Antarctica;
• 0.001% of water reserves are in the atmosphere;
• 0.65% of water reserves are in rivers and lakes.

  From here it is taken by a person for his consumption.

In general, it is believed that the sources of fresh water are endless. Since the process of self-healing is constantly taking place as a result of the water cycle in nature. Every year, as a result of the evaporation of moisture from the oceans, a huge supply of fresh water (about 525,000 km3) is formed in the form of clouds.

A small part of it still ends up in the ocean, but most of it falls on the continents in the form of snow and rain, and then ends up in lakes, rivers and groundwater.

Fresh water consumption in different parts of the world

Even such a small percentage of available fresh water could cover all the needs of mankind if its reserves were evenly distributed over the planet, but this is not so.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has identified several areas whose water consumption exceeds the amount of renewable water resources:

• Arabian Peninsula.

  For public needs, five times more fresh water is used here than is available in available natural sources. Water is exported here with the help of tankers and pipelines, sea water desalination procedures are carried out.

• Under stress are water resources in Pakistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

  Almost 100% of renewable water resources are consumed here. More than 70% of renewable water resources are produced by Iran.

• Fresh water problems also exist in North Africa, especially in Libya and Egypt. These countries use almost 50% of water resources.

The greatest need is experienced not by those countries where there are frequent droughts, but by those with a high population density.

World fresh water market

You can see this using the table below. For example, Asia has the largest area of ​​water resources and Australia the smallest. But, at the same time, every inhabitant of Australia is provided with drinking water 14 times better than any inhabitant of Asia.

And all because the population of Asia is 3.7 billion, while only 30 million live in Australia.

Problems in the use of fresh water

Over the past 40 years, the amount of clean fresh water per person has decreased by 60%.

Agriculture is the biggest consumer of fresh water. Today, this sector of the economy consumes almost 85% of the total volume of fresh water used by humans. Products grown with artificial irrigation are much more expensive than those grown on soil and irrigated by rain.

More than 80 countries of the world are experiencing a shortage of fresh water.

And every day this problem is getting worse. Water scarcity even causes humanitarian and state conflicts. Improper use of groundwater leads to a decrease in their volume. These reserves are depleted annually from 0.1% to 0.3%. Moreover, in poor countries, 95% of the water cannot be used for drinking or food at all due to the high level of pollution.

The need for clean drinking water is increasing every year, but its quantity, on the contrary, is only decreasing.

Nearly 2 billion people have limited water intake. According to experts, by 2025, almost 50 countries of the world, where the number of inhabitants will exceed 3 billion people, will feel the problem of water shortage.

In China, despite high rainfall, half of the population does not have regular access to sufficient drinking water.

Groundwater, like the soil itself, is renewed too slowly (about 1% per year).

The issue of the greenhouse effect remains relevant. The climate of the Earth is constantly deteriorating due to the constant release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. This causes an anomalous redistribution of precipitation, the occurrence of droughts in countries where they should not be, snowfall in Africa, high frosts in Italy or Spain.

Such anomalous changes can cause a decrease in crop yields, an increase in plant diseases, and the reproduction of pest populations and various insects.

The planet's ecosystem is losing its stability and cannot adapt to such a rapid change in conditions.

Instead of totals

In the end, we can say that there are enough water resources on planet Earth. The main problem of water supply is that these reserves are unevenly distributed on the planet. Moreover, 3/4 of fresh water reserves are in the form of glaciers, which are very difficult to access.

Because of this, in some regions there is already a shortage of fresh water.

The second problem is the contamination of existing available water sources with human waste products (heavy metal salts, oil refinery products). Pure water that can be consumed without prior purification can only be found in remote ecologically clean areas. But densely populated regions, on the contrary, suffer from the inability to drink water from their meager reserves.

Back to Water Resources

The countries of the world are provided with water resources extremely unevenly.

The following countries are the most endowed with water resources: Brazil (8,233 km3), Russia (4,508 km3), USA (3,051 km3), Canada (2,902 km3), Indonesia (2,838 km3), China (2,830 km3), Colombia (2,132 km3), Peru (1,913 km3), India (1,880 km3), Congo (1,283 km3), Venezuela (1,233 km3), Bangladesh (1,211 km3), Burma (1,046 km3).

Most water resources per capita are in French Guiana (609,091 m3), Iceland (539,638 m3), Guyana (315,858 m3), Suriname (236,893 m3), Congo (230,125 m3), Papua New Guinea (121 788 m3), Gabon (113,260 m3), Bhutan (113,157 m3), Canada (87,255 m3), Norway (80,134 m3), New Zealand (77,305 m3), Peru (66,338 m3), Bolivia (64,215 m3), Liberia (61,165 m3), Chile (54,868 m3), Paraguay (53,863 m3), Laos (53,747 m3), Colombia (47,365 m3), Venezuela (43,8463), Panama (43,502 m3) , Brazil (42,866 m3), Uruguay (41,505 m3), Nicaragua (34,710 m3), Fiji (33,827 m3), Central African Republic (33,280 m3), Russia (31,833 m3).

The least per capita water resources are in Kuwait (6.85 m3), the United Arab Emirates (33.44 m3), Qatar (45.28 m3), the Bahamas (59.17 m3), Oman (91.63 m3), Saudi Arabia (95.23 m3), Libya (3,366.19 ft).

On average on Earth, each person has 24,646 m3 (24,650,000 liters) of water per year.

Few countries in the world rich in water resources can boast of having "at their disposal" river basins that are not separated by territorial boundaries. Why is it so important? Let's take for example the largest tributary of the Ob - the Irtysh (part of the flow of which they wanted to transfer to the Aral Sea). The source of the Irtysh is located on the border of Mongolia and China, then the river flows through the territory of China for more than 500 km, crosses the state border and flows through the territory of Kazakhstan for about 1800 km, then the Irtysh flows for about 2000 km through the territory of Russia until it flows into the Ob.

Which country owns 20% of all fresh water on earth?

Let's see how things stand with the strategic "water independence" in the world.

The map presented to your attention above illustrates the percentage of the volume of renewable water resources entering the country from the territory of neighboring states, of the total volume of the country's water resources (A country with a value of 0% does not “receive” water resources at all from the territories of neighboring countries; 100% - all water resources come from outside the state).

The map shows that the following states are the most dependent on the “supplies” of water from the territory of neighboring countries: Kuwait (100%), Turkmenistan (97.1%), Egypt (96.9%), Mauritania (96.5%) , Hungary (94.2%), Moldova (91.4%), Bangladesh (91.3%), Niger (89.6%), Netherlands (87.9%).

Now let's try to do some calculations, but first let's rank countries by water resources:

5.

10.

Congo (1,283 km3) - (Share of transboundary flow: 29.9%)
11. Venezuela (1,233 km3) - (Share of transboundary flow: 41.4%)

Now, based on these data, we will compile our rating of countries whose water resources are least dependent on the potential reduction in transboundary flow caused by water withdrawal by countries located upstream:

Brazil (5,417 km3)
2. Russia (4,314 km3)
3. Canada (2,850 km3)
4. Indonesia (2,838 km3)
5. China (2,813 km3)
6. USA (2,801 km3)
7. Colombia (2,113 km3)
8.

Peru (1,617 km3)
9. India (1,252 km3)
10. Burma (881 km3)
11. Congo (834 km3)
12. Venezuela (723 km3)
13.

Bangladesh (105 km3)

Below is a map of the world's fresh groundwater resources. Blue areas on the map are areas rich in groundwater, brown areas are areas where there is a shortage of groundwater.

In arid countries, water is almost completely taken from underground sources (Morocco - 75%, Tunisia - 95%, Saudi Arabia and Malta - 100%).

In Equatorial and South Africa, groundwater is doing much better. Torrential tropical rains contribute to the rapid restoration of groundwater reserves.

Recreational resources
The developed countries
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The countries of the world are provided with water resources extremely unevenly. The following countries are the most endowed with water resources: Brazil (8,233 km3), Russia (4,508 km3), USA (3,051 km3), Canada (2,902 km3), Indonesia (2,838 km3), China (2,830 km3), Colombia (2,132 km3), Peru (1,913 km3), India (1,880 km3), Congo (1,283 km3), Venezuela (1,233 km3), Bangladesh (1,211 km3), Burma (1,046 km3).

The volume of water resources per capita by country (m3 per year per capita)

Most water resources per capita are in French Guiana (), Iceland (), Guyana (), Suriname (), Congo (), Papua New Guinea (), Gabon (), Bhutan (), Canada (), Norway ( ), New Zealand (), Peru (), Bolivia (), Liberia (), Chile (), Paraguay (), Laos (), Colombia (), Venezuela (43 8463), Panama (), Brazil (), Uruguay (), Nicaragua (), Fiji (), Central African Republic (), Russia ().

Note!!!
The least water resources per capita are in Kuwait (), the United Arab Emirates (), Qatar (), the Bahamas (), Oman (), Saudi Arabia (), Libya ().

On average on Earth, each person has () water per year.

Share of transboundary runoff in the total annual runoff of the rivers of the countries of the world (in %)
Few countries in the world rich in water resources can boast of having "at their disposal" river basins that are not separated by territorial boundaries.

Why is it so important? Let's take for example the largest tributary of the Ob - the Irtysh (part of the flow of which they wanted to transfer to the Aral Sea).

The source of the Irtysh is located on the border of Mongolia and China, then the river flows through the territory of China for more, crosses the state border and flows around the territory of Kazakhstan, then the Irtysh flows around the territory of Russia until it flows into the Ob.

According to international agreements, China can take half of the annual flow of the Irtysh for its own needs, Kazakhstan - half of what remains after China. As a result, this can greatly affect the full flow of the Russian section of the Irtysh (including hydropower resources). At present, China annually deprives Russia of 2 billion km3 of water. Therefore, the water supply of each country in the future may depend on whether the sources of rivers or sections of their channels are outside the country.

Let's see how things stand with the strategic "water independence" in the world.

Share of transboundary runoff in the total annual runoff of rivers in the countries of the world

The map presented to your attention above illustrates the percentage of the volume of renewable water resources entering the country from the territory of neighboring states, of the total volume of the country's water resources (A country with a value of 0% does not "receive" water resources at all from the territories of neighboring countries; 100% - all water resources come from outside the state).

The map shows that the following states are the most dependent on the "supplies" of water from the territory of neighboring countries: Kuwait (100%), Turkmenistan (97.1%), Egypt (96.9%), Mauritania (96.5%) , Hungary (94.2%), Moldova (91.4%), Bangladesh (91.3%), Niger (89.6%), Netherlands (87.9%).

In the post-Soviet space, the situation is as follows: Turkmenistan (97.1%), Moldova (91.4%), Uzbekistan (77.4%), Azerbaijan (76.6%), Ukraine (62%), Latvia (52. 8%), Belarus (35.9%), Lithuania (37.5%), Kazakhstan (31.2%), Tajikistan (16.7%) Armenia (11.7%), Georgia (8.2%) , Russia (4.3%), Estonia (0.8%), Kyrgyzstan (0%).

Now let's try to do some calculations, but first let's make rating of countries by water resources:

Brazil (8,233 km3) - (Share of transboundary flow: 34.2%)
2. Russia (4,508 km3) - (Share of transboundary flow: 4.3%)
3. USA (3,051 km3) - (Share of transboundary flow: 8.2%)
4. Canada (2,902 km3) - (Share of transboundary flow: 1.8%)
5.

Indonesia (2,838 km3) — (Share of transboundary flow: 0%)
6. China (2,830 km3) - (Share of transboundary flow: 0.6%)
7. Colombia (2,132 km3) - (Share of transboundary flow: 0.9%)
8. Peru (1,913 km3) - (Share of transboundary flow: 15.5%)
9. India (1,880 km3) - (Share of transboundary flow: 33.4%)
10. Congo (1,283 km3) - (Share of transboundary flow: 29.9%)
11.

Venezuela (1,233 km3) - (Share of transboundary flow: 41.4%)
12. Bangladesh (1,211 km3) - (Share of transboundary flow: 91.3%)
13. Burma (1,046 km3) - (Share of transboundary flow: 15.8%)

Now, based on these data, we will compile our rating of countries whose water resources are least dependent on the potential reduction in transboundary flow caused by water intake by countries located upstream.

Brazil (5,417 km3)
2. Russia (4,314 km3)
3. Canada (2,850 km3)
4. Indonesia (2,838 km3)
5. China (2,813 km3)
6.

USA (2,801 km3)
7. Colombia (2,113 km3)
8. Peru (1,617 km3)
9. India (1,252 km3)
10. Burma (881 km3)
11. Congo (834 km3)
12. Venezuela (723 km3)
13. Bangladesh (105 km3)

In conclusion, I would like to note that the use of river waters is not limited to water intake alone. We should also not forget about the transboundary transfer of pollutants, which can significantly worsen the quality of river waters in river sections located in the territory of other countries downstream.
Significant changes in river flow are caused by deforestation, agricultural activities, and global climate change.

Below is a map of the world's fresh groundwater resources.

Blue areas on the map are areas rich in groundwater, brown areas are areas where there is a shortage of groundwater.

Countries with large reserves of groundwater include Russia, Brazil, as well as a number of equatorial African countries.

Note!!!
The scarcity of clean, fresh surface water is forcing many countries to make greater use of groundwater.

In the European Union, already 70% of all water used by water users is taken from underground aquifers.
In arid countries, water is almost completely taken from underground sources (Morocco - 75%, Tunisia - 95%, Saudi Arabia and Malta - 100%)

Underground aquifers occur everywhere, but they are not renewable everywhere. So in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, they were filled with water about 10,000 years ago, when the climate here was more humid.
In Equatorial and South Africa, groundwater is doing much better.

Torrential tropical rains contribute to the rapid restoration of groundwater reserves.

19. World water resources

The concept of water resources can be interpreted in two senses - broad and narrow.

In a broad sense, this is the entire volume of hydrosphere water contained in rivers, lakes, glaciers, seas and oceans, as well as in underground horizons and in the atmosphere.

The definitions of huge, inexhaustible are quite applicable to it, and this is not surprising. After all, the World Ocean occupies 361 million km2 (about 71% of the total area of ​​the planet), and glaciers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, rivers account for another 20 million km2 (15%). As a result, the total volume of the hydrosphere is estimated at 1390 million km3. It is easy to calculate that with such a total volume, there is now approximately 210 million m3 of water per inhabitant of the Earth. This amount would be enough to supply a large city for a whole year!

However, it is necessary to take into account the possibilities of using these huge resources.

Indeed, of the total volume of water contained in the hydrosphere, 96.4% falls on the share of the World Ocean, and of the land water bodies, the largest amount of water contains glaciers (1.86%) and groundwater (1.68%), the use of which is possible, but more partly very difficult.

That is why, when they talk about water resources in the narrow sense of the word, they mean usable fresh waters, which make up only 2.5% of the total volume of all waters in the hydrosphere.

However, significant adjustments have to be made to this indicator. It is impossible not to take into account the fact that almost all fresh water resources are “mothballed” either in the glaciers of Antarctica, Greenland, mountainous regions, in the ice of the Arctic, or in groundwater and ice, the use of which is still very limited.

Lakes and reservoirs are used much more widely, but their geographical distribution is by no means ubiquitous. It follows from this that the main source of meeting the needs of mankind in fresh water has been and remains river (channel) water, the share of which is extremely small, and the total volume is only 2100 km3.

Such an amount of fresh water would already be lacking for people to live.

However, due to the fact that the duration of the conditional moisture cycle for rivers is 16 days, during the year the volume of water in them is renewed on average 23 times and, therefore, the resources of river runoff can be estimated purely arithmetically at 48 thousand m3.

km3/year. However, the figure of 41 thousand km3/year prevails in the literature. It characterizes the “water ration” of the planet, but reservations are also needed here. It should be taken into account that more than half of the channel waters flow into the sea, so that the resources of such waters actually available for use, according to some estimates, do not exceed 15 thousand cubic meters.

If we consider how the total river runoff is distributed among large regions of the world, it turns out that foreign Asia accounts for 11 thousand tons of water.

km3, to South America - 10.5, to North America - 7, to the CIS countries - 5.3, to Africa - 4.2, to Australia and Oceania - 1.6 and to foreign Europe - 1.4 thousand km3 . It is clear that behind these indicators are primarily the largest river systems in terms of runoff: in Asia - the Yangtze, the Ganges and the Brahmaputras, in South America - the Amazon, Orinoco, Parana, in North America - the Mississippi, in the CIS - the Yenisei, Lena, in Africa Kongo, Zambezi.

This fully applies not only to regions, but also to individual countries (Table 23).

Table 23

TOP TEN COUNTRIES BY FRESHWATER RESOURCES

The figures characterizing water resources cannot yet give a complete picture of water availability, since the provision with total runoff is usually expressed in specific indicators - either per 1 km2 of the territory, or per inhabitant.

Such water availability of the world and its regions is shown in Figure 19. An analysis of this figure suggests that with an average world indicator of 8000 m3 / year, Australia and Oceania, South America, the CIS and North America have indicators above this level, and below - Africa, foreign Europe and overseas Asia.

This situation with the water supply of the regions is explained both by the total size of their water resources and by the size of their population. No less interesting is the analysis of differences in the water availability of individual countries (Table 24). Of the ten countries with the highest water availability, seven are within the equatorial, subequatorial and tropical zones, and only Canada, Norway and New Zealand are within the temperate and subarctic.

19. Availability of river runoff resources in major regions of the world, thousand m3/year

Table 24

COUNTRIES WITH THE HIGHEST AND LOWEST SUPPLY OF FRESHWATER RESOURCES

Although, according to the above per capita indicators of the water supply of the whole world, its individual regions and countries, it is quite possible to imagine its general picture, it would still be more correct to call such provision potential.

To imagine the real water supply, it is necessary to take into account the size of water intake, water consumption.

World water consumption in the twentieth century. increased as follows (in km3): 1900 - 580, 1940 - 820, 1950

- 1100, 1960 - 1900, 1970 - 2520, 1980 - 3200, 1990 - 3580, 2005 - 6000.

TOP-20 countries by fresh water reserves!

These general indicators of water consumption are very important: they indicate that during the 20th century. world water consumption increased by 6.8 times.

Already, almost 1.2 billion people do not have access to clean drinking water. According to the UN forecast, universal access to such water can be achieved: in Asia - by 2025, in Africa - by 2050. The structure, i.e. the nature of water consumption, is no less important. Today, 70% of fresh water is consumed by agriculture, 20% by industry, and 10% is used to meet household needs. This ratio is quite understandable and natural, but from the point of view of saving water resources, it is rather unprofitable, primarily because it is in agriculture (especially in irrigated agriculture) that irretrievable water consumption is very high.

According to the available calculations, in 2000 irretrievable water consumption in the world's agriculture amounted to 2.5 thousand km3, while in industry and public utilities, where recycling water supply is more widely used, only 65 and 12 km3, respectively. From all that has been said, it follows, firstly, that today humanity already uses a fairly significant part of the “water ration” of the planet (about 1/10 of the total and more than 1/4 of the actually available) and, secondly, that the irretrievable loss of water is more than 1/2 of its total consumption.

It is no coincidence that the highest rates of per capita water consumption are characteristic of countries with irrigated agriculture.

The record holder here is Turkmenistan (7000 m3 per person per year). It is followed by Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Pakistan and others. All these countries are already experiencing a significant shortage of water resources.

In Russia, the total river flow reaches 4.2 thousand km3/year, and, consequently, the provision of resources for this flow per capita is 29 thousand.

m3/year; This is not a record, but quite a high figure. Total fresh water intake in the second half of the 1990s due to the economic crisis had a tendency to some decrease.

In 2000, it was 80–85 km3.

The structure of water consumption in Russia is as follows: 56% goes to production, 21% to household and drinking needs, 17% to irrigation and agricultural water supply, and 6% to other needs.

The same applies to individual economic regions of the country. Thus, in the Central, Central Black Earth and Volga regions, water supply per inhabitant is only 3000-4000 m3/year, and in the Far East - 300 thousand m3.

The general trend for the whole world and its individual regions is a gradual decrease in water supply, therefore, various ways of saving water resources and new ways of water supply are being sought.

Water plays an exceptional role in maintaining the life of any organism. This substance can be represented in three states of aggregation: solid, liquid and gaseous. But it is the liquid that is the main internal environment of the human body and other organisms, because. all biochemical reactions take place here, and it is in it that all cell structures are located.

What percentage is water on earth?

According to some estimates, about 71% of the total is water. It is represented by oceans, rivers, seas, lakes, swamps, icebergs. Separately, atmospheric air vapors are also considered.

Of this total, only 3% is fresh water. Most of it is found in icebergs, as well as in rivers and lakes on the continents. So how much of the water on Earth is in the seas and oceans? These basins are places of accumulation of saline H2O, which makes up 97% of the total volume.

If it were possible to collect all the water that is on earth into one drop, then the sea water would take up a volume of approximately 1.400 million km 3, and fresh water would collect in a drop of 10 million km 3 . As you can see, there is 140 times less fresh water on Earth than salt water.

What percent does it take on Earth?

About 3% of the total liquid is fresh water. Most of it is concentrated in icebergs, mountain snows and groundwater, and only a small amount is in the rivers and lakes of the continents.

Actually, fresh water is divided into accessible and inaccessible. The first group consists of rivers, swamps and lakes, as well as layers of the earth's crust and atmospheric air vapor. All this man has learned to use for his own purposes.

How many percent of fresh water on Earth is inaccessible? First of all, these are large reserves in the form of icebergs and mountain snow covers. They make up the majority of fresh water. Also deep waters of the earth's crust form a significant part of all fresh H2O. People have not yet learned to use either source, but there is great benefit in this, because. a person cannot yet competently dispose of such an expensive resource as water.

in nature

Fluid circulation plays a big role for living organisms, because. water is a universal solvent. This makes it the main internal environment of animals and plants.

Water is concentrated not only in the human body and other creatures, but also in water basins: seas, oceans, rivers, lakes, swamps. The fluid cycle begins with precipitation such as rain or snow. Then the water accumulates and then evaporates under the influence of the environment. This is clearly seen in periods of drought and heat. The circulation of liquid in the atmosphere determines how many percent of the water on earth is concentrated in the solid, liquid and gaseous state.

The cycle is of great ecological importance, because the liquid circulates in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and the earth's crust, and thus self-cleansing. In some reservoirs, where the level of pollution is quite high, this process is of great importance for maintaining the life of the organisms of the ecosystem, but the restoration of the former "purity" takes a long period of time.

Origin of water

The riddle of how the first water appeared has not been solved for a long time. However, several hypotheses have appeared in the scientific community that offer options for the formation of liquid.

One of these conjectures refers to the time when the Earth was still in its infancy. It is associated with the fall of "wet" meteorites, which could bring water with them. It accumulated in the bowels of the Earth, which gave rise to the primary hydration shell. Nevertheless, scientists cannot answer the question of what percentage of the water on Earth was contained at that distant time.

Another theory is based on the terrestrial origin of water. The main impetus for the formation of this hypothesis was the finding of a relatively large concentration of heavy hydrogen deuterium in the seas and oceans. The chemical nature of deuterium is such that it could only be formed on Earth by increasing the atomic mass. Therefore, scientists believe that the liquid was formed on Earth and has no cosmic origin. However, researchers who support this hypothesis still cannot answer the question of what percentage of water on Earth was 4.4 billion years ago.

Until relatively recently, water, like air, was considered one of the free gifts of nature, only in areas of artificial irrigation it always had a high price. Recently, the attitude towards land water resources has changed.

Over the past century, the consumption of fresh water in the world has doubled, and the planet's water resources do not meet such a rapid increase in human needs. According to the World Commission on Water, today every person needs 40 (20 to 50) liters of water daily for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene.

However, about a billion people in 28 countries around the world do not have access to so many vital resources. More than 40% of the world's population (about 2.5 billion people) lives in areas experiencing moderate or severe water scarcity.

It is assumed that by 2025 this number will increase to 5.5 billion and will amount to two-thirds of the world's population.

The vast majority of fresh water is, as it were, conserved in the glaciers of Antarctica, Greenland, in the ice of the Arctic, in mountain glaciers and forms a kind of "emergency reserve" that is not yet available for use.

Different countries differ greatly in fresh water reserves. Below is a ranking of countries with the largest fresh water resources in the world. However, this ranking is based on absolute figures and does not match per capita figures.

We bring to your attention the countries that have the largest reserves of fresh water:

10. Myanmar

Resources - 1080 cubic meters. km

Per capita- 23.3 thousand cubic meters m

The rivers of Myanmar - Burma are subject to the monsoon climate of the country. They originate in the mountains, but do not feed on glaciers, but on precipitation.

More than 80% of the annual river nutrition is rain. In winter, the rivers become shallow, some of them, especially in central Burma, dry up.

There are few lakes in Myanmar; the largest of them is the tectonic lake Indoji in the north of the country with an area of ​​210 sq. km.

Despite the relatively high absolute figures, the inhabitants of some areas of Myanmar suffer from a shortage of fresh water.

9. Venezuela

Resources - 1320 cubic meters. km

Per capita- 60.3 thousand cubic meters. m

Nearly half of Venezuela's more than 1,000 rivers run off the Andes and the Guiana Plateau into the Orinoco, Latin America's third largest river. Its basin covers an area of ​​about 1 million square meters. km. The Orinoco drainage basin occupies approximately four-fifths of the territory of Venezuela.

8. India

Resources - 2085 cubic meters. km

Per capita- 2.2 thousand cubic meters m

India has a large amount of water resources: rivers, glaciers, seas and oceans. The most significant rivers are: Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Godavari, Krishna, Narbada, Mahanadi, Kaveri. Many of them are important as sources of irrigation.

Eternal snows and glaciers in India occupy about 40 thousand square meters. km of territory.

However, given India's huge population, the per capita supply of fresh water is quite low.

7. Bangladesh

Resources - 2360 cubic meters. km

Per capita- 19.6 thousand cubic meters. m

Bangladesh is one of the countries in the world with the highest population density. This is largely due to the extraordinary fertility of the Ganges Delta and regular floods caused by monsoon rains. However, overcrowding and poverty have become a real disaster for Bangladesh.

There are many rivers flowing through Bangladesh, and the floods of large rivers can last for weeks. Bangladesh has 58 transboundary rivers, and issues arising from the use of water resources are very sensitive in discussions with India.

However, despite the relatively high level of water resources, the country faces a problem: the water resources of Bangladesh are often subject to arsenic poisoning due to its high content in the soil. Up to 77 million people are exposed to arsenic poisoning through drinking contaminated water.

6. USA

Resources - 2480 cubic meters. km

Per capita- 2.4 thousand cubic meters. m

The United States occupies a vast territory, on which there are many rivers and lakes.

However, despite the fact that the United States has such fresh water resources, this does not save California from the worst drought in history.

In addition, given the high population of the country, the supply of fresh water per capita is not so high.

5. Indonesia

Resources - 2530 cubic meters. km

Per capita- 12.2 thousand cubic meters. m

The special relief of the territories of Indonesia, combined with a favorable climate, at one time contributed to the formation of a dense river network in these lands.

In the territories of Indonesia, a fairly large amount of precipitation falls all year round, because of this, the rivers are always full-flowing and play a significant role in the irrigation system.

Almost all of them flow from the Maoke Mountains north into the Pacific Ocean.

4. China

Resources - 2800 cubic meters. km

Per capita- 2.3 thousand cubic meters. m

China has 5-6% of the world's water reserves. But China is the most populous country in the world, and its water distribution is highly uneven.

The south of the country has been fighting for thousands of years and today is fighting floods, building and building dams to save crops and people's lives.

The north of the country and the central regions are suffering from lack of water.

3. Canada

Resources - 2900 cubic meters. km

Per capita- 98.5 thousand cubic meters. m

Canada has 7% of the world's renewable freshwater resources and less than 1% of the world's total population. Accordingly, per capita income in Canada is one of the highest in the world.

Most of Canada's rivers belong to the basin of the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, and much fewer rivers flow into the Pacific Ocean.

The rivers and their tributaries flow slowly, during the rainy seasons they often overflow their banks and flood vast areas of tropical forests.

The rivers of the Brazilian Plateau have significant hydropower potential. The largest lakes in the country are Mirim and Patos. Main rivers: Amazon, Madeira, Rio Negro, Parana, Sao Francisco.

The lake contains 1/5 of all fresh water in the world and 3/4 of all fresh water in Russia. It is noteworthy that most of our citizens live in places where fresh water is not enough. In total, about 8-10% of all water reserves in Russia.

Man is 70% water. Can live 3 days without drinking fresh water. Our life activity leads to the gradual destruction of fresh water reserves. There is a lot of fresh water in Russia in lakes. Here are the largest of them: 911.0 cubic kilometers; 292.0 cubic kilometers; Lake Baikal 23,000.0 cubic kilometers; Lake Khanka 18.3 cubic kilometers. Reservoirs: Rybinsk - 26.3 cubic kilometers; Samara - 58.0 cubic kilometers; Volgograd - 31.4 cubic kilometers; Tsimlyanskoye - 23.7 cubic kilometers; Sayano-Shushenskoye - 31.3 cubic kilometers, Krasnoyarsk - 73.3 cubic kilometers and, accordingly, Bratskoye - 170.0. There is fresh water in. In stored, too, its stocks. This is our reserve in case of a shortage of valuable liquid.

Despite such vast reserves of water, it is used ineptly. In our country, fresh water is consumed as follows: 59% of all available fresh water is used for industrial needs, 21% is spent on households. Including for the needs of the household, as well as for drinking. 13% is allocated for irrigation of fields. And 7% remains in reserve for needs that may arise.

The above figures for water consumption could be less. To do this, it is necessary to conserve fresh water. Such high costs are explained by water losses due to the deterioration of water supply networks. Every year, 9 cubic kilometers of fresh water are lost. And the total amount of water lost in public utilities is equal to 16% of 100% of the water used annually. Water is lost and does not reach consumers. In the fields, fresh water is uneconomically consumed. This is due to morally and physically obsolete equipment. It has long needed to be replaced with new, more advanced equipment. The amount of clean fresh water is significantly reduced due to the discharge of waste into it. So in 2002, the total amount of waste water unsuitable for food amounted to 54.7 cubic kilometers. These disappointing figures arise mainly for two reasons: water pollution by enterprises and wastewater discharges from housing and communal services. Although utilities and businesses are required to treat wastewater, they do not. In Europe, waste water is treated to the maximum. In Russia, the total amount of treated wastewater in 2002 was 2.5 cubic kilometers. In other words, only 10% of all wastewater needs to be treated. Such small numbers arose as a result of overloading of treatment facilities or their complete absence.

Waste water can be divided into several types according to its composition. These are, firstly, pollution (clay, particles of ores, acid and alkaline solutions), secondly, organic pollution (particles of wood, paper), thirdly, sewage formed by the vital activity of humans and other animals (fecal matter, animal parts and other waste).

Now in Russia there is no shortage of fresh water. In many world countries, the problem of water shortage is very acute. In fact, this is a serious problem. In connection with the growth of large cities, housing and communal services have to spend more and more water. A lot of water is spent on agriculture. Most of the fresh water is taken by industry. These three industries compete with each other. For fresh water in the near future, a war may begin. Industry, as you know, always receives more income than agriculture. Therefore, the latter industry is less competitive and loses in this fight. As a result, agriculture suffers. Growing different crops becomes unprofitable. Such a country would be better off buying ready-made agricultural products. Scientists give an interesting example. If the trend towards water shortages in the next half century does not change for the better, then in 2050 it will be necessary to irrigate the fields for a full-fledged crop with an amount of water equal to 24 per annum.

Greenpeace monitors clean drinking water on the planet. Water shortages in Russia and in the world are expected in the near future. The researchers cite the following figures. By 2050, fresh water will be provided to people four times less compared to the 20th century. Scientists have found that by the 20 years of the 21st century, one billion people will experience an acute shortage of water. Interaction and the entire land lasted for millions of years. At present, due to the barbaric use of a natural resource - water, the ocean receives less moisture, which evaporates from the land. This is what caused the decrease in the water level in the rivers. Until a few centuries ago, the interaction of water between the ocean and land was 50/50. Our civilization may soon be in danger of extinction precisely because of the lack of water. Humanity can die out because of dirty water. About 20,000 people die in Russia every year. People were poisoned by poisoned chemicals and water discharges. Many people fall ill with dangerous diseases because of bad water.

Today, according to scientists, there are no completely clean people in our country. Thus, a poison, nitrite nitrogen, was recently discovered in the Moscow River. At the same time, the municipal authorities argued with the federal authorities about the permissible concentration of a toxic substance in the river. Although together we could rather clean up. Many water polluting enterprises have done a good job on this. Researchers distinguish three types of dirty water: Moderately polluted, polluted and dirty water. In recent years, Russian reservoirs have been divided precisely according to these three criteria. The dirtiest are, and. These are rivers with poor ecology, which will get worse over the years.

The problem of water shortage is in the first place among others. If the situation does not change, then the person will have nothing to drink. Well, then only three days to survive.