Continuously rotating around its axis and around the Sun, together with other planets, our Earth moves in the vastness of the Universe. The Universe is boundless, and the Earth is only a small particle of it, on which a thin shell of life has formed over billions of years. In the process of evolution of life on Earth, a person has been formed who is trying to comprehend, to understand the world around him, to preserve it for future generations.
The nature of the Earth and humanity form a single whole and at the same time represent a great diversity.
In order to understand the reasons for the extraordinary diversity of the nature of the Earth, we will continue to study the main features of the device and the interaction of its shells, natural complexes, as well as the history of human settlement on the continents.
Lithosphere and relief of the Earth
Here you will get acquainted with the structure of the lithosphere, with the scientific assumptions of its development, with the peculiarities of the location on the Earth of large mountain ranges, plains, seismic belts; learn about the reasons for the diversity of the Earth's relief, get acquainted with the map of the structure of the earth's crust.
Remember from the 6th grade geography course:
- What is internal structure Earth?
- What is called the lithosphere? What movements take place in it?
- What groups are rocks divided by origin? Give examples.
The main features of the nature of the Earth
(Test)
Goals:
Repeat, consolidate, summarize and systematize the knowledge gained in the section "The main features of the nature of the Earth."
Continue to develop skills: apply the acquired knowledge in practice; use various sources of geographical knowledge and information in the process of finding a solution; identify causal relationships; express your thoughts; defend your point of view; listen to the interlocutor; justify and justify your position.
Develop memory, spatial thinking and logic.
Cultivate a geographical culture and a culture of communication.
Equipment: map "Physical map of the world", atlases for grade 7, didactic materials made by the teacher.
Lesson type: lesson of generalization and control of students.
DURING THE CLASSES
1. Organizing moment
2. Generalization, systematization, correction and control of knowledge
Exercise 1 You need to define the following terms.
Platform;
– Climate;
– Isotherms;
– Water masses;
– Natural complex;
– Latitudinal zonality;
- Ethnos.
Task 2. "Find an extra word"
Monsoons, breezes, trade winds, tsunamis, westerlies.
Chinese, Japanese, Mongols, granites, Turkmens.
River, sea, bay, strait, ocean.
Washington, Moscow, Sydney, London, Paris.
Caucasus, Altai, Cordillera, Himalayas, Sahara, Andes.
Task 3 "Test"
1. The earth's surface is correctly depicted on:
a) a globe b) a physical map; in) political map.
2. Later than all the continents were discovered:
a) Africa and Australia; b) Australia and Antarctica; c) America and Antarctica.
3. Winds blow from the high pressure belts towards the equator:
a) monsoons b) trade winds; c) breezes.
4. At the base of the East European Plain lies:
a) platform b) folded belts.
5. The boundary areas between the lithospheric plates are called:
a) platforms b) seismic belts; c) tiles.
a) equatorial; b) arctic; c) tropical.
7. The greatest amount of precipitation falls:
a) at the equator b) at the poles; c) the tropics.
8. When moving from the poles to the equator, the temperature of the surface waters of the World Ocean: a) decreases; b) does not change; c) rises.
Task 4 "The Most-Most"
Earth's largest ocean?(Quiet)
Most high mountains peace?(Himalayas)
The longest river in the world?(Nile)
The largest peninsula in the world?(peninsula of Arabia)
World's tallest waterfall?(angel)
The deepest lake in the world?(Baikal)
The saltiest sea in the world?(Red)
The smallest ocean on Earth?(Arctic)
The largest island on earth?(Greenland)
What is the largest continent by area?(Eurasia)
Task 5. match instruments and weather elements.
A) Barometer 1. Temperature.
B) Rain gauge 2. Wind speed.
C) Thermometer 3. Precipitation.
D) Weather vane 4. Wind direction.
E) Hygrometer 5. Atmospheric pressure.
6. Air humidity.
Section 1. The main features of the nature of the Earth
Lesson #1 Composition and structure of the lithosphere
Lesson Objectives:
Deepen knowledge about the structure of the lithosphere;
To acquaint students with hypotheses of the origin of continents and oceans,
the main provisions of the theory of lithospheric plates;
To teach how to work with a map of the structure of the earth's crust.
DURING THE CLASSES
Examination homework.
Checking homework is carried out in the form of a frontal survey of students:
What are the methods of geographical research?
Which of the methods is most widely used in school geography? Why?
Give examples of the application of methods of geographical research.
STUDY OF NEW MATERIAL.
The teacher's explanation of new material is based on a map, drawings
on the blackboard, textbook illustration. In addition, there is a heuristic conversation
based on map analysis.
To the features that distinguish the Earth from other planets of the solar
system, is the structure of its lithosphere.
Questions for the class:
What is the internal structure of the Earth?
What is called the lithosphere? What are the movements in it
happen?
Analysis of fig. 8 on page 22, answers to questions.
Scheme of the structure of the earth's lithosphere
EARTH CRUST EARTH CRUST EARTH CRUST
CONTINENTAL TYPE OCEANIC TYPE CONTINENTAL TYPE
The teacher's explanation of the theory of lithospheric plates is carried out in the form of an explanatory story.
Key points:
1. The lithosphere consists of large plates, the boundaries of which approximately coincide with the mid-ocean ridges. (The teacher shows the boundaries of the plates on the wall map "The Structure of the Earth's Crust" and names the seven largest plates.)
2. The plates move horizontally relative to each other. (During the story, the teacher pins cardboard arrows to the wall map, which indicate average speed plate movements. This allows students to visually see the whole picture of the directions of movement.) The most significant processes occur along plate boundaries:
a) in the zones of mid-ocean ridges, there is a divergence of plates; there, the substance of the mantle rises along the faults, freezes, and an oceanic-type earth crust is formed. (Using overhead arrows, the teacher draws students' attention to the rate of stretching of the seabed: in the Atlantic Ocean - 3.5 cm / year, in the Red Sea - 1.5 cm /year.
b) When plates collide, for example, oceanic and continental, the first submerges and goes into the mantle, as a result, deep-sea trenches are formed along the boundaries of the continents (Aleutian, Kuril-Kamchatsky, Mariana, Philippine). Parallel to them, volcanic island arcs (the Aleutian and Kuril Islands) or volcanic ridges of the continents stretch
(coastal ranges of the Andes). When continental plates collide, planetary compression belts are formed (mountain arcs of the Alps, Himalayas, etc.) (The teacher uses overhead arrows to show examples of compression areas on the map.)
c) There are faults along which the plates slide without significant displacement, for example, the faults of East Africa
Next, the teacher invites schoolchildren, using the world map and the map "The structure of the earth's crust", to determine which processes are confined to the lateral boundaries of the lithospheric plates. He reports that the zones of distribution of volcanoes and earthquakes are called seismic belts. Most active volcanoes and earthquake zones are located here.
Summing up the explanatory story, the teacher emphasizes that the final creation of the theory of lithospheric plates has yet to be decided by scientists. Knowledge about
structure and history of the development of the lithosphere are of great practical importance for economic activity person.
Checking the assimilation of new material
- Why are there more faults in the ocean? (In the ocean, the crust is thinner and more easily fractured.)
Why are we not seeing breaks? (Because lava hardens and heals "wounds".)
US scientists have found that in the MOR region, the earth's crust is younger. Explain this fact. (The diverging sections of the lithospheric plates in the MOR zones cause the expansion of the ocean floor and contribute to the formation of a young crust.)
Give examples of the divergence of lithospheric plates on land and in the ocean. (In the ocean, the African and South American, Pacific and Nazca plates diverge; on land, there are zones of divergence in eastern Africa.)
Implementation of practical work No. 3 Determination of the directions of movement of lithospheric plates from maps and the assumption of the location of continents and oceans in millions of years.
Solving geographic problems
Task 1
Taking advantage physical card world and a map of the structure of the earth's crust, give examples of mountainous countries that are located in the region modern borders lithospheric plates.
1. What type of mountains in height do they belong to?
2. What natural phenomena occur in these mountains?
Task 2
The oceanic plate is sinking under the mantle. How does the state of matter of the rocks that make up the plate change, and what processes take place?
Fixing the material.
Compare two types of earth's crust and complete the table:
Type of the earth's crust
Number of layers
Composition and order of occurrence (from bottom to top)
Homework: pp. 22 - 27. Mark the seismic zones of the planet on the contour map.
LESSON # 2. landform
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
To form an idea of the placement of large landforms on the surface of the Earth;
Substantiate the reasons for the diversity of the relief as a result of the interaction of internal and external forces.
Improve the ability to establish connections, compare objects and phenomena, work with a map.
DURING THE CLASSES:
Organization of students for the lesson.
homework check:
Card work.
Card number 1
How was the earth's crust formed?
Name the layers that make up the earth's crust.
Card number 2
What is the lithosphere?
Explain why the thickness of the lithosphere in the oceanic part (no more than 50 km) is significantly inferior in thickness to the lithosphere in the mainland (150 - 200 km).
Card #3
What is the essence of the continental drift hypothesis?
What is the name of the two continents on which PANGEA was originally located?
Card№4
What are lithospheric plates? Where are the plate boundaries, and what processes are typical for these territories?
What lithospheric plate is Russia on?
oral questioning.
What are the differences in the structure of the earth's crust, which makes up the continents and the depressions of the oceans?
What are lithospheric plates, and what are the features of their boundaries?
Explain the location of seismic belts and volcanic regions on the Earth.
THE STUDYnew material :
Explaining the topic of the lesson, the teacher relies on the map; has a conversation
about the diversity of landforms based on the analysis of paintings, comparison of maps in order to identify patterns in the placement of large landforms.
A set of irregularities in the earth's surface, differing in
size, origin and age, are calledrelief.
On the board, the teacher posts a diagram of flipped cards with terms. Students complete the chart in their notebooks. Then the teacher turns over the cards in the diagram on the board, a check is made.
relief
Continents
depressions of the oceans
Continents
the mountains
plains
hollowsyyyyy
COX
gutters
island arcs
The interaction of internal and external forces is the main reason for the diversity of the relief.
Internal and external processes operate simultaneously. Relief change occurs continuously and quite intensively.
The protrusions of the continents correspond to the continental crust, and in the areas of distribution of the oceanic crust there are depressions filled with ocean water. Extensive plains correspond to ancient areas of lithospheric plates - platforms. Mountain folded areas, deep-sea trenches on the ocean floor are located at the boundaries of the plates of the lithosphere.
On the final stage lesson, it is advisable to once again draw students' attention to the main patterns of placement of large landforms (this will help the diagram, which it is advisable to sketch in a notebook) and to the position that the modern relief is the result of the interaction of internal and external forces of the Earth. All these regularities have yet to be consolidated and concretized in the future on numerous examples in the study of each of the six continents of the Earth.
Patterns of placement
major landforms of the earth
Landforms
Platforms
Folded
Types of the earth's crust
The relief has a great influence on all components of nature.
The life of people is also connected with the relief. Man has long settled on
plains or mountain valleys. Man affects the earth's crust,
changes the topography of the planet.
Fill in the table.
Interaction of internal and external processes
Processes under the influence of which landforms are formed
The reasons
occurrence
processes
The manifestation of the activity of these processes
The result of the actions of processes on landforms
HOMEWORK: pp. 25 - 27, in contour maps indicate large landforms of the planet.
IN THE PIGGET FOR THE INQUISIOUS.
© The highest average height of the mainland above sea level is in Antarctica with ice shelves - 2040 m.
® The average height of land above the oceans is 875 m.
© The average depth of the World Ocean is 3800 m.
® The greatest depth of the World Ocean - Mariana Trench - 11022 m
® Most high point Lands - Mount Chomolungma - 8848 m.
® The lowest point is the coast of the Dead Sea, lying 405 m below sea level.
LESSON #3 CLIMATE FORMING FACTORS
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
To form an idea about the processes taking place in the atmosphere, about the uneven distribution of heat and moisture on the surface of the Earth;
To reveal the importance of climate-forming factors and the reasons for the diversity of the Earth's climates;
To form the ability to analyze the climate map.
DURING THE CLASSES:
Organization of students for the lesson.
homework check:
Test work:
1. In the zone of collision of lithospheric plates are formed:
a) mid-ocean ridges;
b) deep sea trenches.
2. In the zones of contact of lithospheric plates, the following are observed:
a) only earthquakes;
b) earthquakes and volcanism.
3. If the relief of the territory is mountainous, then at its base are:
a) folded area;
b) platform.
4. If at the base of the territory there is an inactive structure, on the surface of which rocks are located horizontally, then the relief will be:
a) flat;
b) mountain.
5. Set the correct sequence in the time of formation of mountains:
a) the Himalayas;
b) Ural; ,
c) Cordillera.
learning new material.
At the beginning of the study of a new topic, a heuristic conversation and a figurative story of the teacher about the role of the atmosphere are held.
The atmosphere is the uppermost and most mobile shell of the Earth.
Its role in the life of the Earth is enormous. The atmosphere has a selective property to pass through itself solar radiation. It delays most of the short-wave radiation, which is fatal to all living things. This role is played by the ozone layer. The amount of ozone fluctuates depending on the season: it increases in spring and decreases in autumn. The emission of harmful chemicals by industry has a particularly large impact on the reduction of the ozone layer. This is how ozone holes are formed.
Highest value The troposphere is essential for life on Earth.
Clouds, rain, snow, etc. form here; weather and climate change.
The teacher invites the class to recall such important concepts as weather and its elements, climate, illumination zones, dependence of air temperature on geographic latitude, cloud formation, types of air masses.
namely, the role of each of the factors that form the Earth's climates.
The teacher asks to fill out the diagram or hangs out cards with terms himself, and the students arrange them in order.
Geographic latitude
The angle of incidence of the sun's rays
The amount of solar heat
Air temperature
Then the students work according to Fig. 20 p. 32 of the textbook "Average annual air temperatures on Earth."
After students have realized that different latitudes receive different amounts of solar heat, they will have to think about the relationship between air temperature, atmospheric pressure and precipitation at different latitudes.
In the teacher's explanation, the elements of the story are combined with the conversation and at the same time a graphic summary of the topic is created on the board and in notebooks. In the process of explanation, it is important to show exactly the relationship between air temperature, atmospheric pressure and precipitation, and, finally, all three links in the chain of these relationships.
By the end of the explanation, students in their notebooks should have a diagram similar to Fig. 21. on page 33.
Next, the teacher proceeds to study the next climate-forming factor - the movement of air masses. Posts a card on the board with the term "air mass" and invites students to formulate a definition. Students are able to determine the types of air masses themselves.
Filling in the table "Types of air masses"
air mass
Temperature
Humidity
Atmosphere pressure
Formation of air masses and constant winds. Analysis of fig. 21, p. 33 "Air Flow Diagram" and fig. 22 on page 34 “Belt Distribution Chart atmospheric pressure, the main types of air masses and the formation of constant winds "
The role of the underlying surface in climate formation
Climate maps serve as an assistant in studying the Earth's climate.
Analysis of the climate map of the world. Answers to questions in the textbook, page 35.
FIXING.
Complete the table and prove that these factors interact with each other.
CLIMATE FORMING FACTORS
HOMEWORK: pp. 28 - 34
In the summer of 1904, a strong tornado swept over Moscow. On its way, it uprooted perennial trees, turned out stone blocks, tore off iron roofs, destroyed many buildings and turned telegraph poles into chips. Passing over the Moscow River, he drew in so much water that the bottom was exposed under him. The column of the tornado turned black from dust and from a distance seemed like smoke from a fire. One fire brigade even rushed to put out the "fire". But when the firefighters approached the tornado, he picked up and scattered people and horses, unwound fire hoses, smashed barrels and wagons into chips.
LESSON # 4. CLIMATE ZONES
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
-uncover patterns in selection
climatic zones of the planet;
To form an idea about the placement of belts, about the features of each belt.
DURING THE CLASSES:
Organization of students for the lesson.
Learning new material:
At the beginning of the lesson, a frontal conversation is held, during which the role of each of the factors that shape the climates of the main and transitional climatic zones is revealed.
Uneven heating of the earth's surface
The difference between the Earth's climates
13 climatic zones
Try to formulate a definition of the term "climate zone". Compare the definition of the term with a dictionary. (Latitudinal bands of the earth's surface, differing from each other in the intensity of heating by the rays of the Sun, the features of the circulation of the atmosphere, the seasonal change of air masses.
The role of air masses in climate formation.
The movement of air masses through the seasons, the formation of climatic zones.
Analysis of fig. 23, p. 36 "Scheme of the movement of air masses by season and the formation of climatic zones."
There are 13 climatic zones on the earth's surface: 7 main and 6 transitional.
The main climatic zones: correspond to the distribution of four types of WM;
the names of the climatic zones correspond to their geographic location;
equatorial belt: the predominance of equatorial air and low atmospheric pressure, high air temperatures all year round; high rainfall throughout the year,
tropical belt: high pressure and dominance of tropical air; high air temperature in summer, cool in winter, rains are rare;
temperate zone: the predominance of temperate air and westerly winds; the seasons are clearly expressed: there is a lot of precipitation, but unevenly distributed;
arctic and antarctic belts: the predominance of cold air masses, low air temperatures all year round, low rainfall.
Transitional climatic zones:
in transitional belts, VMs change seasonally; in summer, VMs of the main belt lie under the transitional belt, and in winter - above the transitional belt.
During the conversation, students complete the table:
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN CLIMATIC ZONES
Change to
climate zone
Pressure
VM
Temperature
Precipitation
euClimate change over time:
Natural and anthropogenic change.
Checking understanding of what has been learned:
- What forces cause air masses to move? (Pressure difference.)
- What air masses dominate the tropical zone? (Tropical)
- What air masses prevail in the subequatorial belt? (summer - equatorial, winter - tropical)
FIXING.
What climate zone do you live in?
- What are the patterns of temperature distribution on Earth?
-Determine the type of climate: January temperature -10-15, July temperature 20 ... 25 C. Precipitation falls throughout the year, but with a summer maximum. The annual amount of precipitation is 250-300 mm. What continents have this type of climate?
HOMEWORK: pp. 35 - 38.
Drawing up the characteristics of each belt on a contour map.
ON THE PAGES OF INTERESTING GEOGRAPHY:
Here the sun does not set from an autumn day to a spring day before the action and does not rise above the horizon for half a year, but until mid-May and from the beginning of August, astronomical twilight is observed when dawn appears in the sky. Where does it happen? (At the South Pole of the Earth)
LESSON #5Waters of the World Ocean. surface currents.
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
To form knowledge about the world ocean, its waters, their origin, temperature, features of its nature.
Give an idea of the general scheme of surface currents, their role in the redistribution of heat on the planet.
DURING THE CLASSES:
Organization of students for the lesson.
Checking homework:
Geographic dictation.
Insert gaps:
1. The atmosphere protects the Earth from destructive influences...; from falling...; day from... , night from... ; it is necessary for all living organisms for ...; thanks to the atmosphere happens.. in nature.
2. At an altitude of 20 - 30 km in the atmosphere there is a layer of gas that protects the Earth from ultraviolet radiation harmful to all living things. This layer consists of... .
H. What could happen as a result of a further increase in the amount of water vapor and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
4. In this part of the atmosphere, the bulk of the air is concentrated, clouds and precipitation form here different kind, the temperature decreases with height. This part of the atmosphere is called
5. Based on the climate map, determine the highest temperature recorded in the region of Tripoli (North Africa).
6. Based on the climate map, determine the lowest temperature recorded in the area of Tripoli (North Africa)
7. The geographical latitude of a place is an important climate-forming factor, because the amount of ... entering the surface of the Earth depends on latitude. It decreases from ... to ..., because the Earth has the shape of a ball.
8. The formation of constant winds in the general circulation of the atmosphere depends primarily on the distribution of low and high pressure belts on the Earth, and they are formed as a result of ... the distribution of the amount ... and under the influence of ... the Earth.
9. Precipitation falls in the Sahara. it is located in a belt ... of pressure, where ... currents of air predominate, which, when ... compressed and heated, ... saturation.
10. Between the temperate and arctic climatic zones is ... a climatic zone.
learning new material
The role of the ocean in the life of the Earth: (in the form of a heuristic conversation)
Scientists single out oceanic waters into an independent shell called the oceanosphere, where 97% of all the planet's water is concentrated;
The ocean maintains the constancy of the gas composition of the atmosphere; the influence of the ocean on the climate, soils, flora and fauna of the land;
the role of the ocean in human economic activity; the ocean's ability to cleanse itself.
The study and development of the ocean by man:
knowledge of the ocean in ancient times; modern research
Salinity
Origin of the waters of the oceans.
Ocean water property:
Many different gases, mineral and organic matter.
Due to the presence of salts, ocean water has special properties: high heat capacity, low freezing point, high boiling point.
The salinity of waters depends on the ratio of atmospheric precipitation and evaporation.
Temperature
The temperature of surface waters varies and depends on latitude.
The temperature also changes with depth. At first, its decrease is very significant, and then it slows down. At a depth of more than 3-4 thousand meters, the temperature usually ranges from + 2°С to 0°С.
Ice in the ocean
Sea water freezes at -2°C
Ice forms only in the arctic and subarctic latitudes (winter is long and very cold), due to the mixing of waters in the rest of the latitudes of the planet, which prevents the formation of ice.
One-year and multi-year ices.
Water masses are large volumes of water formed in certain parts of the ocean, which differ from each other in temperature, salinity, density, transparency, the amount of oxygen dissolved in water, and the presence of a certain organic world.
Surface water masses (up to a depth of 200 m): equatorial, tropical, temperate and polar.
Intermediate.
Deep.
Comparison of water masses, filling in the table
Types of water masses
Temperature
Salinity
Transparency
equatorial
High
Low
High
tropical
High
High
High
Moderate
Changes with the seasons
Low
Low
arctic
Low
Medium
Medium
Interaction of water masses with the atmosphere.
Movement of waters in the ocean:
superficial movements;
wave movements;
vertical movements.
At the next stage of the lesson, students consider the origin of sea currents, the general scheme of their distribution on the surface of the ocean. Here it is most important to reveal to students the system of cause-and-effect relationships by building a diagram on the board:
Cause and effect relationships of education
wind currents
uneven heating of the earth's surface by the sun
Thus, the teacher leads the children to understand that one of the main types of movement of surface water in the ocean is wind currents.
Oceanic surface currents are huge masses of water that constantly move for many thousands of kilometers.
The history of the discovery of surface currents.
Reasons for the existence of surface currents:
a) the movement of the VM of the atmosphere;
b) the deflecting force of the Earth's rotation
around its axis;
c) constant winds;
d) the topography of the ocean floor,
e) the outlines of the continents.
Warm and cold currents. The teacher proposes to consider on the map the area of distribution of the most powerful drift current - the current of the Western winds and the most powerful warm Gulf Stream current, as well as the circular movement of surface waters on the example of the North Atlantic Ocean.
Ocean map analysis.
FIXING. Mark the main ocean currents on a contour map.
HOMEWORK: pp. 38-44
BEHIND THE PAGES OF A GEOGRAPHY TEXTBOOK.
In all the seas of the world, the water temperature decreases with increasing depth. The exception is the Red Sea, where the opposite phenomenon is observed. American oceanographers have found several “hot spots” in this sea at a depth of 1880 m, where the water temperature reaches 60 ° C.
LESSON #6.The ocean as a medium of life. The interaction of the ocean with the atmosphere and land.
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
To reveal the interaction of the ocean with the atmosphere and continents as a result of the water cycle and air movement;
Improve knowledge of the distribution of living organisms in the ocean.
DURING THE CLASSES:
Organization of students for the lesson.
learning new material (in the form of a heuristic conversation).
The study of new material is based on the analysis of a zoogeographic map that systematizes tables on the diversity of marine organisms.
The ocean is the cradle of life on Earth.
Variety of forms of marine organisms.
a) bottom organisms - benthos;
b) nekton;
c) plankton;
The distribution of life in the ocean depends on:
salinity;
Sveta;
The amount of dissolved oxygen;
Water temperatures;
The presence of nutrients.
Life in the ocean is concentrated mainly on the continental shelf - the shelf.
biological wealth of the ocean.
The ocean is the breadwinner of man. Seafood is an important source of protein food.
90% of all the biological wealth of the ocean is fish, the rest is marine animals, crustaceans, mollusks, algae;
marine organisms - raw materials for the chemical industry and pharmacology.
The role of VM in the interaction of the ocean with the atmosphere and continents:
1. A large supply of heat in the waters of the ocean has a significant impact on the properties of VMs that form over the territory of the ocean
2. The difference between marine VMs and continental VMs:
a) humidity;
b) temperature.
3. Influence of MWM on the formation of the marine climate on the coasts of the oceans.
The significance of ocean currents in the interaction of the ocean with the atmosphere and land.
The role of the water cycle in the interaction of the ocean and land.
FIXING
Students complete the table.
variety of marine organisms
Forms of marine organisms by way of life
Habitat
animal representatives and flora
Human use and significance in nature
HOMEWORK: pp. 44 - 49 BEHIND THE PAGES OF A GEOGRAPHY TEXTBOOK.
The largest building created on Earth by living beings is the Great Barrier Reef in Australia. Its architects and builders - coral polyps - erected this giant shaft 2000 km long and up to 150 km wide at the bottom of the ocean. The height of the Great Barrier Reef reaches 2 km. According to the German submarine explorer G. Hass, the size of the reef is 2000 times larger than the volume occupied by such a huge city as New York.
LESSON #7Geographical shell of the planet
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
Introduce the concept of a geographic shell, reveal its main properties;
Show the relationship and interaction of all components of nature on the example of a geographical shell.
DURING THE CLASSES:
Organization of students for the lesson.
checking homework.
Work on options for 10 - 15 minutes
i option
1. What is called the World Ocean?
2. Does the average annual temperature of the surface of the waters of the World Ocean change with distance from the equator? If it changes, why?
II option
1. In which zone of the ocean are the warmest waters located? Name the reason for this phenomenon.
2. How does the water temperature change with depth? To what depth does the effect of seasonal changes in water temperature persist?
III option "
1What is the average salinity of the oceans? What is the salinity of water?
2. Explain the reason that the salinity of water in the equatorial zone (34% o) is lower than the average oceanic, in the tropical zone (36% o), on the contrary, it is higher.
learning new material:
The teacher creates in the children an idea of the diversity of the nature of the continents and oceans through verbal descriptions using visual aids.
The role of the biosphere in the transformation of the Earth's shells
In the layer of the closest contact of the outer shells of the Earth, a complex unified geographical shell arose.
The structure of the geographical shell.
The shell of the Earth, within which the lower layers of the atmosphere, the upper parts of the lithosphere, the entire hydrosphere and biosphere mutually penetrate and interact, is called the geographical shell. Geographic boundaries. Its thickness is 55 km.
Geographic Shell Properties:
the formation of organic substances from inorganic by living organisms and plants;
substances that are in all 3 states of aggregation: liquid, solid, gaseous;
All processes in it occur under the influence of solar energy.
Threat to the geographic envelope - large comets
Circulation of matter and energy.
All components of the geographical envelope are connected into a single whole through the circulation of matter and energy. For example, the water cycle, air cycle, biological, etc.
The leading role belongs to the air cycle in the troposphere, which draws the hydrosphere into the global cycle, forming the world water cycle. Biological cycle
The relationship of cycles and the formation of a common global circulation of matter and energy, which forms a geographical shell, ensuring its existence and development.
Stages of development of the geographical envelope:
The first stage is pre-biogenic (3 billion years), there is little oxygen in the atmosphere and a lot of carbon dioxide;
The second stage - about 570 million years, the leading role of living organisms, the appearance of man.
The third stage is modern (began about 40 thousand years ago), large anthropogenic influence on all earthly shells, their change.
FIXING
Making forecasts for the development of civil defense under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors.
HOMEWORK: pp 50 – 54
IN THE PIGGET FOR THE INQUISIOUS.
The droplets that make up fog are a million times smaller than raindrops. In other words, in order to fill a tablespoon with water, you need to collect 7 billion droplets of mist in it; ... one bucket of water is enough to cover 270 km 2 with a layer of fog 15 meters thick.
LESSON #8natural complexes are the constituent parts of the geographic envelope.
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
Show the role of climate in the formation of PC;
Form concepts: "natural complex", "natural zone", "latitudinal zonality and altitudinal zonality".
DURING THE CLASSES:
Organization of students for the lesson.
checking homework.
Oral survey:
Name the boundaries of the distribution of living matter, energy sources that are the driving force of the processes occurring on the surface of the Earth; GO properties.
Using diagrams, describe one of the cycles inherent in GO.
Explain the origin of the various rhythms in GO.
Make an approximate forecast of changes in civil defense under the influence of natural factors and human activities.
learning new material.
The study of new material is carried out in the form of a heuristic conversation based on the characteristics of the PC of the area, using the materials of the excursions.
The structure of the natural complex:
Analysis of fig. 34 (p. 55);
Due to the large landforms and the uneven supply of solar heat to the earth's surface, the geographic envelope is not uniform;
from
- PC formation is a long process.Ocean PC:
It consists of water with gases dissolved in it, plants and animals, rocks and bottom topography. Ocean PC Dimensions:
a) large - oceans;
b) smaller ones - seas, bays, straits, etc.
PC sushi:
PCs differ in size and education.
Depending on the geographical latitude of the PC, the land is divided into:
a) equatorial forests;
b) monsoon forests;
c) savannas and woodlands;
d) deserts and semi-deserts;
e) forest-steppe and steppe;
f) temperate forests;
g) tundra and forest-tundra;
h) arctic deserts
Place PC land: ravine, lake, river valley, forest, etc.
Natural zonation:
natural area- this is a large PC, which has a commonality of temperature conditions and moisture, soils, vegetation and wildlife;
The main reason for the diversity of natural areas on Earth is the diversity of climate.
Patterns of placement of natural zones - geographical zoning:
analysis of the map of natural zones of the planet;
latitudinal zonality - a change in natural zones from the equator to the poles as heat and moisture decrease;
latitudinal zonality is the basic law of geography.
Students complete the table.
NATURAL AREAS OF THE WORLD
natural area
Geographical position
Climatic features
Typical representatives of plants and animals
Altitude zonality - a change in natural zones in the mountains, from the foot to the peaks:
Changing climatic conditions with height is the main reason for the existence of altitudinal zonation.
Changing natural zones at different heights are called altitudinal belts.
The lower altitudinal belt of mountains always corresponds to the natural zone in which the mountain is located.
The law of geographical zoning is manifested in the mountains.
FIXING.
Mark the boundaries of natural zones on a contour map.
HOMEWORK: pp. 54 - 60.
BEHIND THE PAGES OF A GEOGRAPHY TEXTBOOK.
Earth, air and water - this is what we see around us from birth and consider it a symbol of permanence, about which we say: "Kingdoms and generations change, but it remains - all this is just a link in a long chain of fundamental transformations."
The lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere develop and change no less than the living beings that inhabit the Earth
The territory of Moscow and the Moscow region was not always the same as we see it now. This area was flooded three times by the seas, tropical forests grew on it, and thick ice covered it. And now, for tens of thousands of years, this territory has had a temperate continental climate, a mixed forest, in which hares, foxes, and elks are found. Will this territory always be the way we see it now? Of course not, we are once again forced to repeat: "Everything flows, everything changes."
All natural elements of Moscow and the Moscow region, as well as any region of the globe, are interconnected and form a single organism, a single natural complex, a change in one component of nature, which will invariably entail changes in the entire PC.
LESSON 9.Earth exploration by man. Countries of the world
LESSON OBJECTIVES:
To give knowledge about the resettlement of man on the continents; on the main types of economic activity of the population;
To acquaint with the position of countries on the political map of the world.
DURING THE CLASSES:
Organization of students for the lesson.
checking homework.
Geographic dictation.
1. The composition of the geographic envelope fully includes ...
2. In the geographical envelope, substances are in three states ...
3. Most of the processes occurring in the geographic shell occur due to energy ....
4.natural areas on Earth are distinguished on the basis of climatic conditions, ..., soils, ....
5. The main reason for the change of natural zones on the plains is the change ....
6. One of the manifestations of latitudinal zonality on Earth is a change ....
7. Natural zones in the mountains change with height, as it changes with height ....
8. The lowest altitudinal belt in the mountain system, located in the natural zone of mixed forests, is ...
learning new material.
The lesson is conducted in the form of an imaginary journey through the map.
Earth is a unique planet. Thanks to the special conditions of the geographical shell, life arose and developed, man appeared.
Humanity is about 6 billion.
The spread of man across the continents.
The ancient homeland of man is Africa and Southwestern Eurasia.
Ways of human settlement. Analysis of fig. 38, p. 62.
main areas of settlement.
a) South Asia:
b) East Asia.
c) Western Europe.
d) Eastern part of North America.
Races.
The main types of economic activity of people.
With a lack of study time, the teacher gives the left column of the table ready-made, and the students determine the impact of economic activity on the PC as they analyze the text of the textbook.
Countries of the world:
№ p/p
Types of economic activity
Features of influence on the PC
1
Agriculture:
a) irrigated;
b) non-irrigated.
2
grazing
3
Forestry (forest development)
4
Mining
5
city building
6
Using a PC to organize recreation for the population.
7
Production of sea animals, sea transport.
Complex map analysis.1. Ethnos - people living in the same territory, speaking the same language and having a common culture.
2. Currently, there are more than 200 countries on the political map of the world.
3.Classification of countries:
a) by the size of the territory;
b) by population;
c) by geographical location;
d) according to the level of economic development.
FIXING
Mark on the outline map:
a) human settlement on the territory of the continents;
b) major countries of the world and their capitals.
HOMEWORK: pp. 61 - 65, reports about travelers, discoverers of Africa.
Think and answer!
Name the largest state in area and the smallest. On what continent and in what parts of the world are they located.
(Russia, Vatican)
Which states are located in various parts Sveta?
Russia, Turkey - Asia and Europe;
Egypt - Asia and Africa;
Denmark - Europe and America
1. Which statements about the earth's crust are true:
A) the Earth's crust has the same structure under the continents and oceans
b) oceanic crust is thicker than continental crust
C) Lithospheric plates move slowly over the surface of the mantle
D) Seismic zones are located at the boundaries of lithospheric plates
2. The lithosphere is ...
a) The hard shell of the earth, consisting of the earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle
b) The hard shell of the earth, consisting of the earth's crust
c) The upper part of the mantle.
3. The external forces that form the Earth's relief include:
A) Subsidence of the Earth's crust B) Uplift of the Earth's crust
B) Weathering D) Wind work
4. Match:
A) Platform A) Low and medium mountains
B) Ancient folding area B) Plains
C) Seismic belt C) High mountains
D) Area of new folding D) Boundaries of lithospheric plates
5. The layer of the atmosphere that plays the most important role for life on Earth:
A) Stratosphere B) Mesosphere
B) Troposphere D) Ionosphere
6. What data does the climate map contain?
A) About temperatures B) About precipitation
B) About the direction of the winds D) All answers are correct
7. The trade winds are:
A) Constant winds blowing from 30 latitudes to the equator
B) Winds blowing from the ocean to land in summer
C) Winds that change direction twice a year
8. The main climate-forming factor is:
A) The amount of solar heat B) The amount of precipitation
9. The southernmost climatic zone of the Earth:
A) Arctic B) Equatorial
B) Antarctic D) Tropical
10. The main climatic zones include:
A) Subequatorial B) Tropical
B) Equatorial D) Subtropical
A) The ocean has a strong influence on the Earth's climate
B) Currents in the oceans arise due to the topography of the bottom
C) In the world's oceans, living organisms are distributed unevenly
D) The temperature of the water in the oceans increases from the equator to the poles
12. The change of natural zones from the foot of the mountain to the top is called:
A) Natural complex B) Glaciation
B) Altitudinal zonality D) Biological cycle
13. In conditions of low temperatures, a natural zone is formed:
A) Taiga B) Mixed forests
B) Savannah and light forests D) Equatorial moist forests
14. Match:
A) Mainland country A) Vatican City
B) Most big number inhabitants B) the homeland of mankind
C) "dwarf country" C) Australia
D) Southeast Africa D) China
A) Africa, Australia
B) Turkey, France
B) America, Russia
Test on the section "The main features of the nature of the Earth"
- option
1. Which statement about the lithosphere is true:
A) Earthquakes most often occur on platforms
B) The continental crust is more powerful than the oceanic
C) Mountains rise along the boundaries of the lithospheric plates
D) Most volcanoes are located on the boundaries of lithospheric plates
2. What forces form the relief:
A) internal forces
B) External forces
C) Internal and external forces at the same time
3. The main cause of earthquakes is:
A) The impact of active people
B) The impact of cosmic forces
B) Movement of the Earth's crust
4. Set the correspondence "climatic zone - its characteristics":
A) Equatorial A) Little precipitation, high temperatures
B) Moderate B) Hot, dry and wet seasons alternate
C) Tropical C) All seasons of the year are expressed
D) Subequatorial D) Humid and hot climate
5. A line connecting points on the map with the same temperatures:
A) isotherm B) isobath
B) Isobar D) Isogypsum
6. The air temperature decreases from the equator to the poles, as it changes:
A) The angle of incidence of the sun's rays B) The thickness of the troposphere
B) Composition of air D) Direction of constant winds
7. How many climatic zones stand out on the surface of the Earth:
A) 7 B) 13
B) 10 D) 15
8. The main reason on which the amount of heat and light entering the Earth depends:
A) Geographic latitude B) Wind direction
B) Terrain D) Terrain altitude
9. The northernmost climatic zone of the Earth:
A) Arctic B) Subarctic
B) Antarctic D) Moderate
10. Transitional climatic zones include:
A) Subantarctic B) Tropical
B) Moderate D) Subequatorial
11. Choose the correct statements:
A) The ocean stores and releases heat to the atmosphere
B) Ice forms on the entire surface of the oceans
C) The study of the oceans is not important for mankind, since it is located on land
D) There are no living organisms at very great depths in the oceans.
12. Natural zones replace each other on the surface of the Earth due to:
A) Human activities B) Movement of air masses
B) Different amounts of heat and moisture D) Relief
A) Forest-steppes and steppes B) Mixed forests
B) Moist equatorial forests D) Taiga
14. Match:
A) Buddhism A) Ethnos
B) People B) High population density
C) South Asia C) Comprehensive map
D) Human activities D) Religion
15. Select pairs that are states (countries):
A) Europe, China B) North America, Australia C) UK, Canada
Choose the correct statements:
A) Air masses carry heat, cold, moisture from one latitude to another
B) The distribution of precipitation depends on the distribution of pressure
C) hot and dry weather prevails at the equator
D) Cold air contains a lot of water vapor.