translation journalistic elliptical

Translation of vocabulary: terms, abbreviations, clichés

The influencing function of the journalistic style determines the expressiveness of this style. Expressiveness is manifested primarily in the evaluation of events and phenomena. Evaluation is expressed by the use of adjectives, nouns, adverbs with the meaning of a positive or negative assessment of the type: wonderful, interesting, important, sufficient, grandiose, unprecedented, grandiose, etc. Evaluation is also expressed by the use of high book vocabulary: daring, Fatherland, Fatherland, mission, inspiration, aspirations, feat of arms, etc. On the other hand, the assessment is expressed by colloquial and even colloquial vocabulary, for example: hype, frenzied, renegades, etc.

A sharp, well-aimed, figurative assessment is expressed with the help of metaphors, personifications, for example: the news is in a hurry, spring has raged, slander and hypocrisy go side by side.

Evaluation can be expressed not only by lexical means. It can also be word-building means, for example, superlative suffixes of adjectives, evaluation suffixes of nouns: the highest, the most interesting, the most important, grouping, hazing, assault.

Often the assessment is already expressed in the headings, so the requirements for expressiveness and catchiness are imposed on the title of the articles.

Expressiveness is thus expressed by a variety of linguistic means, including the structure of the sentence.

The informativeness of the journalistic style is achieved:

a) documentary and factual manner of presentation through the use of special terms, special vocabulary, professional words; b) the generalization of the presentation, its analyticity; c) “neutrality” of presentation, which is facilitated by non-expressive vocabulary; complex syntactic constructions are used, especially with a subordinating connection.

A characteristic feature of the journalistic style is the presence of special newspaper standards, a special newspaper phraseology, newspaper clichés arise, for example: make a huge contribution, work with a twinkle, hold sacred, increase martial traditions, universal values, etc.

The journalistic style uses linguistic means of different styles, however, the main style features of the journalistic style stand out very clearly, and the journalistic style is a special phenomenon, combining such features as expressiveness and standard, informativeness and popularization.

In addition to the features characteristic of the language of each genre of media texts and distinguishing, for example, the text of an analytical article from the text of a political commentary or sports news, it is possible to outline a range of features inherent in the language of the media as a whole. Since these features largely determine the specifics of translation in the field of mass communication, the translator must have an idea about them even before he starts the actual translation.

One of the important features of media texts of almost all genres is the combination of message and impact elements in them. Although the main function of mass communication is considered to be the transfer of information, this transfer is quite rarely completely neutral, i.e. absolutely free from elements of impact on the audience. In most cases, the transmission of information is accompanied by a direct or veiled expression of evaluation, language means and speech techniques that encourage the audience to a certain reaction to the information being transmitted, means of drawing attention to information or to the point of view expressed in the message.

Different genres of media texts are characterized by a different ratio and embodiment of the elements of communication and impact, different proportions of the actual information and expressive means. A truly professional translator must not only be aware of this correlation in every text he translates, but also be able to adequately convey it in translation.

Among the actual linguistic and stylistic features of the media language, the totality of which distinguishes it from the language of other functional styles, we can name:

A high degree of standardization of the means used: a large percentage of stable and cliched expressions, various journalistic clichés, lexicalized metaphors, standard terms and names, etc. (this feature is primarily characteristic of news materials and reflects the desire of their authors to create an impression of absolute objectivity and impartiality).

Significant event; as follows from competent sources: practice shows that; undesirable consequences; the working visit started/ended; during a working visit; summing up the results of the working visit; mutually beneficial cooperation; bilateral agreement; state armament program; Committee for Migration Affairs; significant date etc.

Tangible results; an invitation to visit Moscow I London I etc.; nuclear tension; UN Security Council; restricted information; a statement issued by; talks are underway between; the discussions are still in their early stages; some observers say I according to some observers; backbench pressure; negotiations are expected to begin... etc.

The expressiveness of the language as a way of attracting the reader's attention, expressing the attitude to the transmitted information, placing evaluative accents, etc. (among expressive, i.e., expressions with special connotations, one can also find speech clichés and clichés); the presence of evaluative epithets; direct appeals to the reader (these features most often characterize copyright, subscription materials).

Examples from the Russian-language press:

Sparkling response; fortunately/unfortunately; peacock narcissism; cloudless future; airport "Sheremetyevo", hated by foreigners; bombshell effect; how much time has passed since then!; with bitterness I note that; with the blessing of the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Air Force; Russian journalism is dead; you probably already know what we're talking about etc.

Examples from the English-language press:

A rather pretentious restaurant devoted to the consumption of caviar; his initial reserve began to disappear; his politeness was extraordinary; keeping marauding publishers at bay; he was hilarious as the title character in...; a speech of valiant lucidity; the Government has decided to weather the storm of business opposition; the volume of complaints is enormous; the business sector will have to swallow the pill of...; So don't be surprised to hear... etc.

Saturation with a wide variety of realities (social, political and cultural life), allusions (to literature, history, cinema, etc.) and quotations (realities are typical for both "anonymous", including news materials, and for copyright, allusions and especially quotes - primarily for copyright journalism).

Examples from the Russian-language press:

All-Russian population census; residents of Zamoskvorechye; panel houses; "Khrushchev's five-story buildings"; Union of Writers; fixed-route taxi; "dormitory area"; Communal apartment; "samizdat"; "revision tales"; "male souls"; land chiefs; "godless five-year plan"; Berne Convention; Lev Tolstoy-a genius, a classic, and something else a mirror; Annushka from a communal apartment who spilled oil...; these are not Manilov projects; "The connection of times was interrupted..."; mission Impossible; Looks like Uncle "Oscar"-yet "the most honest rules" etc.

Examples from the English-language press:

"new universities"; "redbrick universities"; the Ivy League; the Oxbridge colleges; independent I public schools; the Shadow Education Secretary; across-the-board increase; discount outlet; the Grape State[“Grape State” is about California]; the Cuban missile crisis; graduate recruiters; the Premiership; TV showdown/face-to-face; the hunting Bill; the Upper House; Knightsbridge and Mohammed Al Fayed's Harrods; a bright yellow carrier bag (in context: a Selfridges carrier bag); Cromwellian ruthlessness; the Suffragette movement; in the event of war with the Soviet Bloc during early Cold War tensions; Dr Doolittie's Pushme-Pullyu; a new Hadrian's Wall has been erected; the "divide-and-rule" policy; "Business of America is business"; "What's in a name" etc.

The use of colloquial, reduced, slang and profanity (the latter is more typical for the written texts of the Russian media and is used to express a certain attitude, for example, ironic, the author of the material, to create a certain image and stylistic (for example, humorous) effect, and in the so-called "tabloid" press" - also to shock the audience and / or attract a certain category of readers).

Examples from the Russian-language press:

It smelled of a sensational defeat of the favorite; you can, of course, snort at the blunders that are in Onegin (about the film); with books now, thank God, there are no problems; if you run your eyes over the shelves, your eyes will ache from the covers of cheerful colors; ... a generation that was brought up for one life, but was thrown into a completely different one; “It’s easy to reproach me: well, you messed around with your favorite journalism, played with words and what happened?”; “Since I sincerely don’t give a damn about politicians, I’ll talk about society”; “Well, what are you, a fucking writer? Did you do something? etc.

Examples from the English-language press:

was jetting off on a holiday and wanted an agreement before he hit the beach; Murdoch's group must juggle these factors while ensuring it does not take its eyes off the main prize; Tony Blair was accused of running scared last night...; Tony Blair has again given us all the slip; for all the media hoo- ha about hunting; he trotted fluffily into the Chamber for Questions yesterday, cocky as you please; Hands up anyone who has ever put the decimal point in the wrong place; Rubbish? Oh, really?; he was something of a heart-throb in the days of silent movies; he was quickly spotted by the passers-by, all of whom gave him the thumbs-up, etc.

Wide use of figurative phraseology and idiomatic vocabulary (both literary and colloquial and colloquial), including "deformed" idioms, wordplay, puns, proverbs and sayings (often also in a "deformed" form) (characterizes both signed and "anonymous" journalism).

Examples from the Russian-language press:

You cannot hide such an awl from the ubiquitous paparazzi; serial directors found untrodden detective trails behind the scenes of the theatre; her new film was pulverized; spice girls(about the Spice Girls group) in full financial order; tulips "new Dutch" were useless; then all three move to the sidelines of the historical process; to “eat” his many fears, Hitchcock needed sweet pills in the form of awards and bonuses; our motto-to every healthy spirit-healthy body" etc.

Examples from the English-language press:

Daniel Bouton is licking his wounds; the human face of globalisation; the minister is barking up the wrong tree; Bush finally gets to follow in his father's footsteps; ENIC(name of company) has fingers in many pies; his son Charles, who cut his teeth opening franchises...; English Heritage took the plunge and bought the lease; not only they were powerful managers, but they played their cards close to their chests; this is one scenario where history is unlikely to repeat itself; the traditional summerhouse is dead, long live the twenty-first century summer-house! etc.

Widespread use of other stylistic means, techniques and figures of speech - such as hyperbole, litotes, figurative comparisons, metaphors (including expanded and "frozen", lexicalized), metonymy, paronymic attraction (especially in advertising texts), allegories, euphemisms, etc. (more often characterizes author's materials, comments, articles and notes on various topics, etc.).

Examples from the Russian-language press:

Bet on fresh faces; this super popular actor is also stunningly handsome; extensive estates went under the hammer; a piece of New York that came to us for next to nothing; a conscientious reader who does not want to break into someone else's life; "documentary" man of his era; hard weaving of music into the fabric of the film; who still opens this window to Europe?(about "Radio Monte Carlo"), the troubled economy of the early nineties; The White House issued a statement; The Kremlin's reaction was not long in coming etc.

Examples from the English-language press:

She is a typical field commander(about a Head Gardener) in this new land army; increasingly porous frontiers; Teflon taoiseach(Irish Prime Minister); out of the shadows; snail-paced consolidation; cabinet reshuffle; golden opportunity; fuelling Russia's economy; the masks will eventually slip; Downing Street insisted that...; Number Ten has not interfered...; now they(the gardeners) are attacking perennials, advancing shoulder to shoulder like police finger-searching the scenes of crime; Frankfurt pushed up too high...while Amsterdam edged forward(on banking policies); Kevin's heaven; crisp and crunchy crackers, etc.

A special feature of written media texts (and a special translation problem) are newspaper and magazine headlines, built on puns, puns, quotes, allusions and deformed idioms.

Examples from the Russian-language press:

The Russians sweetened the pill; Who lives on Rublyovka?; Don't tax me unnecessarily(article about taxes); "Oscar" of bad luck; What a wok(a note about the Chinese wok pan); Creation of sushi(material about Japanese cuisine); Whether in the garden in the garden; Deja vu; Roadside Picnic; Measure for measure; American in Paris; Under King Peas; lion hearts; Who is to blame and what to do? etc.

Examples from the English-language press:

Blinking Sphinx; Green Fingers; Lofty Ambition; Stone Alone; A Knight to Remember; Sitting Pretty; Where the Grass Is Greener; Palace Goes Pop for the Jubilee; 1066 and All That Ignorance of History; Face Values; Lock, Stock and Barrow, Much Ado About Nothing, etc.

It is obvious that such headings, like many other expressive elements presented here, cannot be translated literally. As a translation "response" to a pun in the source text, one would ideally like to see a meaningful pun in the translation text. Sometimes this can be achieved. An example of this kind is the translation into English of a note about contemporary collectors of silent film posters. The title of the original Russian text was: “Cadres decide everything,” a play on both the infamous Stalinist slogan of the 1930s and the two meanings of the word “cadres” (“skilled workers” and “cinema/photo frames”). Although there is a little-used word "cadres" (staff, workers) in English, it does not have a parallel meaning associated with cinema. Therefore, a literal translation of this title would not have any connection with the cinema for the English-speaking reader, nor any meaning at all. In this case, it turned out to be possible to put an English-language pun in the headline, based on a play on completely different words, but having a direct bearing on the subject of the note: “Posters for posterity” (literally “Posters / posters for posterity”).

If such a solution to the problem cannot be found (which happens quite often), it is better to change the title completely, making it neutral, but clear in meaning and related to the topic of the text.

The list of such examples could be continued indefinitely, but the illustrations given are quite enough to understand: from the point of view of a translator, all these features of media texts are problems that require professional solutions. In most such cases, a literal, literal translation is not possible, and in addition to the usual professional qualities, an excellent sense of language, ingenuity and resourcefulness are required to select the best equivalent for the translator.

If clichéd combinations of a neutral nature prevail in the translated text, then similar linguistic means should be used in translation. Moreover, for many journalistic clichés used, for example, in the English-language press (and, possibly, in the press in other European languages), it is not difficult to find semantic and stylistic correspondences among the same kind of expressions in the Russian language, which are just as characteristic of media texts. . For example: a significant event -significant event; as follows from reliable sources -as follows from competent sources; restricted information -information for official use / classified information etc. Where there are no “ready-made” correspondences at the linguistic level, the meaning must be conveyed by other means, without violating the genre, stylistic and communicative nature of the text.

The same principle, if possible, should be applied when translating figurative, idiomatic expressions and other expressive elements of the text. Thus, if it is possible to adequately convey an idiom in the source text using an idiom in the target language (similar in structure / lexical composition or in the communicative function that it performs), there is no reason not to do this - but only if the idioms correspond to each other not only in meaning, but also in stylistic and other parameters. For example: to follow in somebody "s footsteps -follow in someone's footsteps to put the cart before the horse -put the cart before the horse; to burn one's boats/bridges -burn (your) ships / (behind) bridges; shadow cabinet -shadow cabinet; to pull the strings -to use/use connections; to give publicity/to make public to publicize etc. Again, in the absence of close matches at the phraseological level, the translation should be carried out by other means - in compliance with all equivalence parameters.

As for the realities, the names of organizations, positions, etc., here the translator has no or very little room for creativity. The names of international organizations, accepted designations of important historical and political events, geographical names and a number of other realities - that any translator working in the field of mass communication simply must know. Therefore, in most such cases, he either does not have a choice of equivalents at all, or he is limited to two or three alternative options. Thus, the only possible equivalent for UN Security Council- this United Nations Security Council; for the Cuban missile crisis -Caribbean crisis(less often Cuban Crisis) for the house of Commons -The House of Commons. It is precisely because many young translators lack the necessary knowledge, not to mention general erudition and outlook, that designations that do not correspond to traditional Russian-language names penetrate into the Russian language. Thus, translators of older generations who worked with English have always known that what we call “Central Asia” is called “Central Asia” in English, the Russian name “Middle East” corresponds to the name “Middle East”, and the city, known to all of us as "Beijing", in the English-speaking tradition it is often called "Beijing". This knowledge did not prevent them from conveying realities in translation exactly as they are designated in Russian. How, besides negligence (at best) or illiteracy of some of the translators who came to replace them, can one explain the replacement of traditional Russian designations with obvious tracing papers from English - “Central Asia”, “Middle East” and, quite anecdotally, “Bejing” ?

For the correct transmission of allusions and quotations in translation, background knowledge and at least minimal erudition are also needed. To find the correct equivalent for the title of an article "Much Ado About Nothing" or for a phrase from a magazine note: "What"s in a name, you might ask?", you need to at least recognize them as quotations and refer to the classic translations of the primary sources. And then the equivalents will appear "by themselves". Of course, there are cases much more complicated than the Shakespearean phrases given here, and not always even the most experienced translator can recognize a veiled ("unquoted") quotation in the source text. Where intuition or context suggests that a quote is hidden in the text, English-language quotation dictionaries (for example, the famous Oxford Dictionary of Quotations and Penguin Dictionary of Modern Quotations) can help an English translator. all texts all world literature, titles all films, etc., but the translator must compensate for the lack of such knowledge with intuition, linguistic instinct and constant reference to dictionaries and other reference books (and, of course, by expanding his erudition).

Of course, there are no ready-made recipes and universal techniques suitable for any situation. But if the translator is prepared in advance for such problems, if he is aware of the essence, content, communicative function and stylistic effect of these and other features of the translated text, if he is able to recognize metaphors and allusions, irony and puns, etc., if he has the necessary background knowledge and understanding of the reality to which the text is devoted, there is a hope that its translation will be adequate enough. Of course, provided that the translator has the necessary professional skills and the relevant working languages.

Although the foregoing can be attributed to one degree or another to the translation of other types of texts, nevertheless, outside the sphere of fiction, there is probably nowhere such a variety and richness of expressive means as texts from the sphere of mass communication possess.

Publications perform many functions:

informational

educational,

influencing,

Propaganda or agitation-propaganda,

educational,

popularization,

organizational,

Hedonistic (entertainment), etc.

The most important of them are two:

1. The function of influence (agitation and propaganda, influencing or expressive, propaganda function) is persuasion with the help of facts, a system of evidence and images. The task of a journalistic text, reporting information about any event or fact from life, is to influence the beliefs of readers, to make them act as the author of this publication suggests. This function involves the formation of a person's worldview (reader, listener, viewer), including the formation of life (political, social, etc.) attitudes, behavioral motives, and a system of values. Publicistic works touch upon topical problems of our time that are of interest to society (political, economic, philosophical, moral, issues of culture, art, etc.). By exerting its influence on the reader and listener, journalism not only guides in these events, but also seeks to influence his behavior. The ultimate goal is the creation of a certain public opinion regarding individuals, organizations, parties, events, etc.

2. Communicative and informational function of news reporting. It is embodied in the desire of any periodical publication, any media outlet to report fresh news as soon as possible.

It is these two functions that are style-forming. Their implementation finds its concrete expression in the style and language of journalistic works, determines the features of the vocabulary, syntax and structure of journalistic documents, the composition of journalism genres.

In general, as M.S. Kagan, the study of reality by a person occurs in four practical forms: “a subject can reflect objective connections and relationships, i.e. to know the world; he can consider its meaning for himself as a subject, i.e. value it to comprehend; he can construct new ideal objects, i.e. to design non-existent; these are the three possible positions of the subject in relation to the object. The fourth can only be an intersubject relationship - communication in the form of a dialogue. Finally, it is possible - and necessary for culture! - such a form of activity in which all four of its initial practical forms are syncretically merged, mutually identified ... ".

Continuing the thought of the philosopher, we note that journalism is a syncretic form of reflection of reality, combining the features of both scientific and artistic knowledge of reality. As E.P. Prokhorov, journalism (Latin publicus “public, folk, public”) as a type of creativity “accompanies the entire history of mankind (originating in the syncretism of thinking and forms of verbal communication in primitive society), although the word “publicism” itself came into use in the first half of e XIX century in Russia.

The term "journalism" is still interpreted by researchers in different ways. Some of them consider only works of social and political themes to be journalistic; others call publicism mass-political texts; the third - polemically sharp works; fourth - materials written in analytical genres, excluding informational and artistic-journalistic texts.

So, V.V. Uchenova believes that "any appeal to a wide audience with the aim of its political activation can be called journalistic." From the position of today's journalism, one can object to it: one of the trends in the development of the media is the emphasis on entertainment materials, on the contrary, leading the reader away from political battles and social problems. Moreover, the political bias of texts today is often associated not so much with journalism itself, but rather with well-disguised political "PR".

Perhaps it is time to reconsider the criteria of journalism as a natural feature of a journalistic text - such as the presence of a pronounced authorial modality in the text and an orientation towards maximum communicative efficiency - establishing mutually acceptable contact with the audience.

The change in modern practice, the difficulty of isolating journalistic texts proper in it led to the gradual switching of researchers to the use of the term "journalistic text" instead of "journalistic text". In particular, one of the arguments against the use of the term “journalistic text” (and, accordingly, “for” journalistic text) is the interstyle nature of modern materials distributed through mass communication channels: “It seems that the term “journalistic text” itself quickly entered the scientific everyday life and willingly picked up by the journalists themselves precisely because it emphasizes the interstyle nature of modern media texts and there is no binding of the text to a particular style, as was the case in the term "journalistic text". In our opinion, syncretism is a natural property of a journalistic text, and such a dilution of concepts is an unnecessary terminological fragmentation.

Given the above circumstances, we will consider journalism as a type of creative activity, and journalism as a way of its existence. At the same time, the journalistic text, in our opinion, is a kind of a broader concept - the media text.

Let us highlight the specific features of a journalistic text related to its functioning in one of the leading subsystems of mass communication:

1) Focus on reflecting the "panorama of modernity" based on the analysis of individual facts and phenomena captured at a certain moment in their development.

As E.P. Prokhorov, “the panorama of modernity in journalism consists of many works. Each of them has an independent value, but it acquires its true meaning only when it is docked with others on a newspaper page or in a TV program ... ". Reporting the facts of reality, the publicist must comply with the requirement of objectivity in covering the situation and at the same time efficiency, so as not to miss the moment when his message is relevant, i.e. meets the interests and needs of the audience during communication. Thus, the well-known Soviet publicist I. Ehrenburg adhered to the motto “Not a day without a line” in his work, rightly believing that a journalist, unlike a writer, cannot afford to hone his form for a long time, because, unlike a literary text, a journalistic text evaluates first of all, the depicted reality, and not just how the text is created.

In addition to the requirements of objectivity, efficiency and relevance, the publicistic text must be relevant and decoded for the audience (E.P. Prokhorov), adequate and unbiased in the disclosure of the topic.

2) The syncretism of journalism is manifested in several aspects: Firstly, interaction with science and art enriches journalism with the possibility of combining two ways of cognizing reality - rational-conceptual and emotional-figurative. Secondly, syncretism is manifested in the integration in the general sign space of journalism, a single text of a printed publication (as Yu.M. Lotman wrote about it, a “newspaper novel”) of signs of various orders: written and iconic, as well as “media”, which appeared due to development of modern technologies for the functioning of various channels of mass communication. Thirdly, due to the need to reflect the “picture of the day”, the current moment of reality in its various manifestations, the total text of a newspaper issue or television program acquires a mosaic, collage, that is, it combines texts that are quite heterogeneous in their subject matter and genres. Fourthly, the syncretism of journalistic texts, in our opinion, is manifested in the trend noted by E.A. Zhigareva: “starting from the second half of the 19th century, a synthesis of texts built according to different models, which traditionally correlate with different functional styles, takes place in the journalistic text.”

Journalistic texts "are the field in which the boundaries between the literary language and non-literary forms of the national language are open." To date, in particular, he has left the rigid system of book styles and actively interacts with colloquial, business speech, as well as with advertising and oratorical texts.

The world does not stand still and everything develops in it, especially in the 21st century in the information age, therefore now informational and informative translation of texts is so popular, therefore we can no longer imagine life without information that we constantly draw from news on television, radio, from newspapers and magazines, and of course from the Internet, probably the fastest way to get information at the moment. The word "information" comes from the Latin word "informatio" (informatio) - clarification, presentation, awareness, that is, information is any information on any topic obtained from various sources, the most important criteria for information are its novelty, relevance, reliability, objectivity , completeness and value.

Informative translation - a type of translation, distinguished on the basis of the nature of the translated texts, their genre and stylistic classification, characterizes the translation of special (scientific, scientific and technical, documents, etc.) texts.

Informational or informative translation is the translation of mainly news, periodicals, that is, newspapers and magazines, as well as journalistic articles from Internet resources. From a scientific point of view, an informative translation can be called a translation of texts, the purpose of which is to convey some information and, in fact, so that such information in its design has an impact on the opinion or emotions of the reader, and the subject matter of informational translation can be completely different. But often such types of informative translation include scientific, business, socio-political, everyday and articles of other areas, this number can also include the translation of detective stories, historical novels, adventure stories, in which the plot tells about what is happening on the pages of the book, which is ordinary information.

Basically, the texts of literary and informative translation are opposed to each other, since the main task of informative translation of scientific, business, journalistic and other texts is to convey information, and the main goal of literary translation is figurative and aesthetic influence on the recipient. By opposing literary and informational translation to each other, we can see only the main function of the original, which should be reproduced in translation, and therefore it is not surprising that in some journalistic texts the reader is also influenced, as well as in literary texts. But at the same time, the actual division of these types of translations is impossible, since literary translation may contain separate parts of the text that carry an exclusively informational function, and vice versa, an informative translation may have elements of literary translation.

Naturally, such an information overloaded world requires a more careful attitude, in connection with which, information translations have taken an important place, often in the business sector - these are translations of office documents. Informative translations usually have a standard form and the use of standard language means, therefore, when translating informational texts, the translator in most cases faces linguistic problems in conveying the content of the original text, which are associated with differences in the semantic structure and peculiarities of the use of certain expressions or words in two language systems. .

At present, today everyone follows the proverb “who owns the information, owns the world”, therefore the problem of informative translation is now very relevant, because the volume of informative translations is growing every day, and in the process of translation there are difficulties that the translator of informative translations constantly faces. texts, because no matter what the subject of the translation, it must be done correctly and in accordance with the original.

Revealing the specifics of a separate subspecies of translation, the special theory of translation studies three series of factors that should be taken into account when describing translations of this type. Firstly, the mere fact that the original belongs to a particular functional style can influence the nature of the translation process and require the translator to use special methods and techniques. Secondly, the focus on a similar original can predetermine the stylistic characteristics of the translation text, and, consequently, the need to choose such language means that characterize a similar functional style already in the TL. And, finally, as a result of the interaction of these two factors, translation features proper can be found, associated both with common features and differences between the linguistic features of similar functional styles in FL and TL, and with the special conditions and tasks of this type of translation process. In other words, the special theory of translation studies the impact on the process of translation of the linguistic features of a certain functional style in the FL, the functional style similar to it in the TL, and the interaction of these two series of linguistic phenomena.

Within each functional style, some linguistic features can be distinguished, the influence of which on the course and result of the translation process is very significant. In the newspaper-information style, along with the important role of political terms, names and titles, this is the special nature of the headlines, the widespread use of newspaper clichés, the presence of elements of colloquial style and jargon, etc. In addition to these common features, in each language a similar functional style has specific linguistic features.

The newspaper-information style also has specific features that affect the translation process. The main task of materials of this style is to communicate certain information from certain positions and thereby achieve the desired effect on the receptor. The content of newspaper information messages differs from scientific and technical information, in particular, in that here we are talking about phenomena that are understandable to a wide range of non-specialists, directly or indirectly related to their lives and interests. Since, however, the task is to communicate some facts, and here it is necessary to accurately designate concepts and phenomena. Hence the important role of terms, names and titles, unambiguously pointing to the subject of thought.

Political terminology, especially characteristic of the newspaper-informational style, has the same basic features that are characteristic of scientific and technical terminology. At the same time, they also reveal some differences related to the less rigor and orderliness of terminological systems in the socio-political sphere, as well as the dependence of the meanings of a number of terms on the corresponding ideological concepts. In newspaper and information materials, there are often polysemantic terms, synonymous terms, abbreviated terms and names. The term state in US political terminology can mean both "state" and "state": Both the state and Federal authorities are bent on establishing a police state. In the first case, the term state is on a par with the definition of "federal" and, of course, refers to state governments, as opposed to the government of the whole country. In the second case, state is used in the meaning of "state". The term Congressman can have a broader meaning - "member of the American Congress" or a narrower one - "member of the House of Representatives (US Congress)": Last year a number of American Senators and Congressmen visited the Soviet Union. Along with Congressman, its synonym Representative is also used in its narrow sense. The charters of various organizations may be referred to in English as Regulations, Rules, Constitution, Statutes or Charter. Well-known terms are often used in the text in an abbreviated form: Youth is also virtually excluded from Congress, the average age of members of the Senate being 56 years and of the House 51 years. Here the abbreviated House is used instead of the full term The House of Representatives.

One and the same term may receive a different meaning depending on the ideological orientation of the text in which it is used. The term idealism can be used in a philosophical sense as the name of a worldview opposed to materialism, and have a positive or negative meaning, depending on the ideological position of the author. But even more often it is used in a positive sense, directly related to the concept of ideals - “ideals” and meaning “service (commitment) to high ideals (or principles)”, for example: The Foreign Secretary "s most elaborate and numerous speeches seem to prove that idealism is his guiding star.

Widespread use of names and titles in the newspaper-information style makes the message specific and relates the information transmitted to certain individuals, institutions or areas. This implies significant prior (background) knowledge in the Receptor, allowing it to associate the name with the named object. Thus, the English Receptor out of context is well aware that Park Lane is a street, Piccadilly Circus is a square, and Columbia Pictures is a film company. Names and names are often used in newspaper and information materials in an abbreviated form. Often these abbreviations may be unknown to the general reader and their meaning is immediately deciphered in the note or message itself. But there are many such abbreviated names, which the readers of the newspaper have long been accustomed to and which therefore do not need explanations. The abundance of abbreviations is a characteristic feature of the newspaper-informational style of modern English. Wed names of parties, trade unions, various organizations and positions: AFL-CU = American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations, OOP = Grand Old (Republican) Party, DD = Defense Department, NAACP = National Association for Advancement of Colored People, DA = District Attorney; surnames or familiar nicknames of famous political or public figures: JFK = John F, Kennedy, Rocky = Rockefeller, Ike = Eisenhower, RLS = Robert Louis Stevenson; place names: NJ. = New Jersey, Mo. = Missouri, S.F. = San Francisco, S.P. = South Pacific, E-W = East-West, etc.

A characteristic feature of the English newspaper-information style is the stylistic diversity of vocabulary. Along with book vocabulary, colloquial and poetic words and combinations are widely used here:

Instead of answering the Minister took the line of "you"re another", that other West German Ministries and the police had still more ex-Nazis in them than Ms own ministry.

The Tories hope to get away with it by invoking their old familiar maxim: When in trouble, Wave the Flag.

The much-vaunted the New Frontiers, the Alliance for Progress and other similar programs have joined the snows of the yesteryear.

gf. You "re another (The Fool Himself), to invoke an old maxim and to join the snows of the yesteryear.

In the field of phraseology, the newspaper-information style is distinguished by the widespread use of “ready-made formulas” or clichés. Here we find both numerous introductory phrases indicating the source of information (it is reported, it is claimed, our correspondent reports from, according to well-informed sources), stable combinations with obliterated imagery (to set the tone, to throw light, to lay the corner-stone, to give the lie), as well as a number of political clichés such as: government reshuffle, vested interests, an unnamed Power, generation gap, a foregone conclusion, etc.

Newspaper and information materials also note some features of the syntactic organization of the text: the presence of short independent messages (1-3 statements) consisting of long sentences with a complex structure (Marooned by a gale on a skeleton of a fire-gutted Wyle light-house in Morecombe Bay, with their dingey swamped, nine workmen last night decided to risk the two-mile journey back over the sands to Fleetwood), the maximum fragmentation of the text into paragraphs, when almost every sentence starts on a new line, the presence of subheadings in the body of the text to increase interest readers, frequent use of numerous attribute groups (Paris underground and bus transport services were stopped today by a 24-hour warning strike called by the CGT (French TUC) with the support of other unions). The lexical and grammatical specificity of the newspaper-information style is especially clearly manifested in newspaper headlines.

In the field of vocabulary, English newspaper headlines are characterized by the frequent use of a small number of special words that make up a kind of “headline jargon”: ban, bid, claim, crack, crash, cut, dash, hit, move, pact, plea, probe, quit, quiz , rap, rush, slash, etc. A distinctive feature of such “heading vocabulary” is not only the frequency of their use, but also the universal nature of their semantics. The word pact in the title can mean not only "pact", but also "agreement", "agreement", "deal", etc. The verb hit can be used in connection with any critical speech. Red can mean both "communist", and "socialist", and "progressive"; bid means both "call", and "invitation", and "an attempt to achieve a certain goal", etc.: National Gallery Launches Bid to Buy the Titian - The National Gallery is trying to acquire a painting by Titian; Bid to Stop New Police Powers - A call to prevent police empowerment; Sudan Army Regime's Bid to Crush the Left - An attempt by the Sudanese military regime to suppress the progressive movement. (Compare Soviet Peace Bid - Soviet Peace Initiative.)

Newspaper headlines especially use jargon and other colloquial vocabulary: Report Raps Lack of Law Reform, Hits GOPers Housing Stand, Dief Lends JFK a Helping Hand, etc. Even if the article itself describes a situation in a more restrained style, the title is often more conversational. Wed the beginning of an article in an English newspaper: A leading Chinese diplomat has been accused of responsibility for violence against foreign embassies with its headline: China Blames Diplomat for Embassy Rows.

Newspaper headlines also have a number of grammatical features. English and American newspapers are dominated by verbal headlines like: Floods Hit Scotland, William Faulkner Is Dead, Exports to Russia Are Rising. The verbosity is usually preserved also in headings consisting of an interrogative sentence: Will There Be Another Major Slump Next Year?. A specific feature of the English title is the ability to omit the subject: Hires Teen-Agers as Scabs, Want No War Hysteria in Toronto Schools, Hits Arrests of Peace Campaigners, etc.

Significant differences from other functional styles of modern English are noted in the nature of the use of verb tense forms in headings. English and American newspapers tend to use non-perfect forms of the verb in their headlines. When talking about events that occurred in the recent past, the present historical time is usually used: Russia Condemns West Provocation, Richard Aldington Dies 70, Concorde Lands at Heathrow. This is the most common type of header; the use of present historical time gives them liveliness, brings events closer to the reader, makes him, as it were, a participant in these events, and thereby enhances his interest in the published material. The Past Indefinite Tense is used in headings relating to past events, mainly in cases where the heading contains a time adverb, or if the reader knows that the event described happened at a certain point in the past: Husband Disappeared Two Years Ago, Why Rockefeller Couldn't Buy a Landslide Victory?, Wave of Peace Action Swept the Nation, etc.

The infinitive is widely used in headings to indicate the future tense: America To Resume Testing, Laundry Workers To Vote on New Contract, World Unions To Fight Monopoly, etc.

An important feature of English newspaper headlines is the prevalence of the elliptical form of the passive voice in them with the omission of the auxiliary verb to be to describe events both in the past and in the present tense: Paris Protest March Staged by Students, 8-Year-Old Boy Kidnapped in Miami, All Piers Paralysed on East Coast, etc.

The general features of the newspaper-information style, which have already been mentioned, are clearly manifested in newspaper headlines. Names and political terms, abbreviations and attributive groups, colloquial and slang elements, etc. are widely represented here.

Identification of the language specificity of a particular type of speech or functional style is carried out within the framework of a special theory of translation to determine the impact of this specificity on the translation process, on the nature and methods of achieving equivalence in the translation of materials of this type. The degree of such impact depends not only on the lexical and grammatical features of the original, but also on their relationship with similar phenomena in the target language. The course and result of the translation process is largely determined by the common and distinctive linguistic features of similar types of materials in FL and TL. Therefore, the description of the characteristic features of materials of newspaper-information styles in modern English should be followed by the identification of the language specifics of Russian texts related to these functional styles.

The grammatical specificity of the newspaper-information style in the Russian language is less clearly expressed. In general, the syntax of informational materials is of a bookish nature with frequent use of complex, especially complex sentences, participial and adverbial phrases. The use of passive constructions is also noted (a high harvest was harvested, a new health resort was opened, etc.), as well as generalized-personal forms of verbs of informational semantics (report, inform, transmit). Particular attention should be paid to the nominal nature of newspaper speech, which is expressed, in particular, in the high frequency of denominative prepositions (in the area, in relation, in order, along the line, in accordance), complex denominative unions (due to the fact that, due to the fact that , in order to), verb-nominal combinations with a weakened meaning of the verb (to provide assistance, express satisfaction, find application, pay a visit, take steps), etc.

Thus, the linguistic features of similar styles in FL and TL often do not coincide. Therefore, the belonging of the original and translated texts to a certain functional style imposes special requirements on the translator and affects the course and result of the translation process. The specificity of a certain type of translation depends not only on the linguistic features that are found in the corresponding style of each of the languages ​​involved in the translation, but mainly on how these features relate to each other, how much the stylistic characteristics of this type of material coincide in both languages. If some features are found only in one of the languages, then a kind of stylistic adaptation occurs during translation: specific means of presentation in the original are replaced by linguistic means that meet the requirements of this style in the TL.

When translating English texts belonging to the newspaper-information style into Russian, the opposite phenomenon prevails - the division of a sentence during translation, when two or more correspond to one original sentence in the translation text. In English-Russian scientific and technical translations, division is used relatively rarely:

The limitations of the existing theories must be adequately understood if they are not to be used in places where they are not valid.

The limitations of existing theories must necessarily be understood. This will help to avoid applying these theories in cases where they are unfair.

Similar phenomena are observed in the translation of newspaper and information materials. And here the discrepancies in the linguistic features of the English and Russian texts necessitate stylistic adaptation. If English headings are characterized by the use of verb forms, and Russian headlines are nominal, then the translation has to be restructured accordingly: Floods Hit Scotland - Flood in Scotland, Exports to Russia Are Rising - Increase in exports to the Soviet Union, A Train Driver Dies after Locos Collide - The death of the driver as a result of a collision of trains. More complex transformations involve translating titles that have a verbal predicate in the personal form but no subject: Hires Teen-Agers as Scabs - Using teenagers as scabs, Want No War Hysteria in Toronto Schools - Protests against planting war hysteria in Toronto schools . The same in the translation of headings with participial forms: 2(f Killed in Air Crash - The death of 20 people in a plane crash, Compressors Delivery Ordered by Gov "t - Government order for the supply of compressors, British Railways Hit by National Strike - A nationwide strike by British railway workers.

Special translation theory describes various forms of stylistic adaptation in the translation of texts belonging to a certain functional style. Such adaptation is not only due to the linguistic differences that were discussed. Stylistic adaptation during translation may also be necessary in relation to those stylistic features that are simultaneously found in similar styles of FL and TL. The same stylistic feature may appear to varying degrees in each of the languages, and its presence in the original does not mean that it can simply be reproduced in the translated text.

Stylistic adaptation is also inherent in translations of newspaper and information materials. As already noted, both English and Russian texts of this type are characterized by the inclusion of elements of colloquial style. However, in the English originals, such elements are used more freely, they are sometimes familiar, and even slang. As a result, the translator sometimes has to “smooth” the text of the translation, replacing jargon-familiar words and phrases with more neutral ones:

In another "Let's get cracking" Note, the Soviet Union today proposed next Thursday as the starting date for Ambassadors" talks in Moscow to prepare a Summit conference.

In a new note proposing to proceed directly to the preparations for the summit conference, the Soviet Union today named next Thursday as the date for the start of negotiations between the ambassadors in Moscow.

We observe the same when translating titles: Hip and Square Films - Ultramodernist and traditional films, Putting Pep Into the Palace - The intensification of the work of the Buckingham Palace staff.

In both languages, the newspaper-informational style is characterized by conciseness. However, in English texts this requirement is observed more strictly than in Russian. Therefore, in English-Russian translations, it is often necessary to choose a more lengthy version:

According to W.H.O. statistics, heart diseases were the no. 1 killer.

According to the World Health Organization, the first place among all causes of death was occupied by heart disease.

1. Translation newspaper-informational materials

   Abstract >> Foreign language

   Between newspaper-informational style English and Russian. 2.2. Peculiarities translation newspaper-information materials 2.3 Peculiarities translation newspaper headings Practical part Lexical changes text ...

2. Peculiarities translation economic texts

   Abstract >> Foreign language

   ... writing translators joined the interpreters written, who translated various texts ... , newspaper information... materials – texts informational character - ... features scientific and technical style... period learning appropriate...

3. Translation transformations in written translation from English into Russian

   Abstract >> Foreign language

   Will achieve practical informational equivalence translation the original... features compared languages ​​and cultures, the era of creation of the original and translation, way translation, the nature of the translated texts... lessons on learning written translation into Russian...

4. Style scientific and technical literature Peculiarities translation maintenance and operation manuals

   Diploma work >> Foreign language

   Scientific and technical text. The purpose of the study is to identify features style scientific and technical texts And features translation guides for...

5. Peculiarities implementation of subtext in film discourse

   Dissertation >> Foreign language

   ... written basis translation ... informational society [ Text] : diss. … cand. philosophy Sciences / E. N. Molchanova. - Stavropol, 2005. - 149 p. Molchanova, N. A. Peculiarities ... learning language of verbal art) [ Text] / V. B. Sosnovskaya // Functional peculiarities ...

Translation of phrases

1. extralinguistic phrases

bombsitter – member of the sit-in against the atomic arms race

millennium development goals - MDGs(goalsdevelopmentmillennium)

2. adj. + noun in Russian Translated Adj. + noun.

matrimonialad - marriage announcement

noun translate adj.

stonewall - stone wall

3. English nouns in preposition are translated into Russian as noun. in postposition

wage freeze - freezingh/P

4. English nouns. in preposition is translated in a descriptive phrase in postposition with a preposition

shadow boxing - shadow boxing

5. prepositional definitions of FL are translated by the Russian application

her millionaire friend - herfriend-millionaire

6. it is often necessary to rearrange and put the components of the phrase and substitute the definition before another noun that is in the phrase or is missing

theninecommonmarketforeignministers - 9 foreign ministers affairs of countries(added) common market

7. English attributive phrases are translated into Russian. adverb phrases

to have a good dinner - goodhave lunch

grab-it-and -run-counter - an eatery where you can have a quick bite to eat

Translation schools of the world

Russian school

Barkhudarov, Komissarov.

Barkhudarov "Translator's Notebooks"

Komissarov - identified 5 levels of equivalence

English School

T. Sevori "The Art of Translation" London 1952

“The translator must consistently answer three questions: “What did he say”, “What did he want to say” and “How to translate it” ”

Hallkey - developed the theory of equivalence; talked about the effectiveness of machine translation.

P. Newmark - denies the theory, believes that it is necessary to teach practical knowledge.

American school

Y. Naida "To the science of translating" 1964

• Showed how to translate the Bible;
• Inadmissibility of literal translation;
• Offers 2 types of equivalence:

Formal, not permissible in his opinion, everything corresponds, word-word, phrase-phrase.

Dynamic - focused on the reaction of the reader, adapted vocabulary.

french school

J.Mounen "Theoretical Problems of Translation" 1963

He calls into question the very possibility of translation, since the readers of the FL (source language) and TL (translated language) do not have the same picture of the world.

Seliskovich and Ledere were engaged in simultaneous translation.

Translation is an interpretation that is best done by a simultaneous interpreter (he does not have time to analyze the linguistic side of the statement, he grasps exactly the meaning that the author intended).

German school

M. Luther "Letters of a translator" - against copying.

Goethe distinguished 2 principles of translation.

3 stages of poetry translation:

1) it can be translated into prose. Poetry aims to acquaint the reader with another country; prose translation is most appropriate for this.

2) we try to express other people's thoughts and feelings in our own thoughts and feelings. This is achieved by free translation.

3) completely identical to the original.

V. Vipse proposed an assessment of the translation on a five-point system. (incorrect - 2, inappropriate - 3, unclear case, correct - 4, appropriate - 5)

Peculiarities of translation of newspaper-informational texts.

The abundance of political terms, newspaper clichés, the presence of jargon and other elements of colloquial style are a distinctive feature of newspaper materials. Abbreviations are common in English texts.

rokky - rockefeller

s.f-sanFrancisco

When translating abbreviations, it is necessary to make explanatory notes.

It is reported

It is claimed

Political Stamps Type:

generation gap

Conclusion

In newspaper texts, especially in headlines, there is a special heading jargon:

Ban

Pact, deal.

English and American newspapers are dominated by verbal headlines:

Fluts hit Scotland

The headings use the non-perfect form of the verb.

In headlines, the elliptical form of the passive voice is common with the omission of the auxiliary verb to be

8 year old boy kidnapped in Miami

In Russian, there is an abundance of clichés, the use of abbreviations, the use of bright headings ..

In Russian texts, solemn words are raised (accomplishment, initiative, steady). Many words with negative evaluation (outrages, intrigues)

The use of words: - china: military; -ism: globalism, imperialism; -ness: strangeness.

Syntax: in Russian, complex sentences are long, while in English they are simpler, more informative.

The translator makes stylistic adaptations.

For example: if the English newspaper style is characterized by the use of verb forms, then in Russian - nominal

Fluts hit Scotland - floodinScotland

20 killed in air crash20 peopleincatastrophe

English texts are rich in colloquial style elements, while Russian ones are more neutral.

hitandsquarefilms - (rude words, jargon used by young people) - ultra-modern modern film.

numberonekiller

The main types of translation of titles into English:

1. Headings like: "On the visit of the President of the United States to Paris ..."