Who won the Nobel Prize.

Physics:
Igor Evgen'evich Tamm "For the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect."
Ilya Mikhailovich Frank "For the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect."
Cherenkov Pavel Alekseevich "For the discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect."
Landau Lev Davydovich "For pioneering theories of condensed matter, especially liquid helium."
Basov Nikolai Gennadievich "For fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of emitters and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle."
Prokhorov Alexander Mikhailovich "For fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which led to the creation of emitters and amplifiers based on the laser-maser principle."
Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich "For his basic research and discoveries in low temperature physics."
Alferov Zhores Ivanovich "For the development of semiconductor heterostructures for high-speed optoelectronics."
Abrikosov Aleksey Alekseevich "For the development of the theory of superconductivity of the second kind and the theory of superfluidity of liquid helium-3".
Ginzburg Vitaly Lazarevich "For the development of the theory of superconductivity of the second kind and the theory of superfluidity of liquid helium-3".
Konstantin Novosyolov, University of Manchester Fellow (Chemistry) "for pioneering experiments on the two-dimensional graphene material."
Andrey Konstantinovich Geim, Head of the Manchester Center for "Meso-Science and Nanotechnology", Head of the Department of Condensed Matter Physics "for pioneering experiments on the study of two-dimensional graphene material". True, at the time of the Nobel Prize, he did not have Russian citizenship, and when he was invited by the director of the department international cooperation Fund "Skolkovo" Alex Sitnikov Game refused.
Literature:
Bunin Ivan Alekseevich "For the strict skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose."
Pasternak Boris Leonidovich "For significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for the continuation of the traditions of the great Russian epic novel."
Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich "For the artistic power and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia."
Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich "For the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature."
Brodsky Iosif Alexandrovich "For comprehensive creativity, saturated with clarity of thought and passion of poetry."
Physiology and Medicine:
Pavlov Ivan Petrovich "For work on the physiology of digestion."
Mechnikov Ilya Ilyich "For his work on immunity."
Chemistry:
Semyonov Nikolai Nikolaevich "For research in the field of the mechanism chemical reactions».
Prigogine Ilya Romanovich "For his work on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, especially for the theory of dissipative structures."
Economy:
Kantorovich Leonid Vitalievich "For his contribution to the theory of optimal allocation of resources."
Peace Prize
Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich "For the fearless support of the fundamental principles of peace between people and the courageous struggle against the abuse of power and any form of suppression of human dignity."
Gorbachev Mikhail Sergeevich "In recognition of his leading role in the peace process, which today characterizes an important component of the life of the international community."

* The list does not include people who were born in the territory Russian Empire or the USSR, but at the time of the award did not have Russian citizenship or Soviet citizenship and, according to the Nobel Committee, were not included in the list of laureates from Russia or were not included there for ideological reasons, as well as laureates born in the family of Russian citizens or Soviet citizens on the territory of other countries. Krorme Andrey Konstantinovich Geim, who was educated at the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, received a PhD in Physics and Mathematics from the Institute of Solid State Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He worked as a researcher at the Institute of Solid State Physics of the USSR Academy of Sciences and at the Institute for Problems of Microelectronics Technology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and only in 1990 did he immigrate from the USSR.

** In 2009, Russia was twice deprived of the Nobel Prize in the nomination of chemistry and physiology. The award was given to Western scientists for those discoveries where the priority of Russian scientists is no less. Why did it happen? Is it intentional not to award our scientists a prestigious prize? The answer cannot be unambiguous. Here and human factor- The choice of many applicants is difficult. According to the rules, no more than three applicants are awarded for one nomination. In addition, few of our scientists are engaged in the nomination of nominees for other awards from their ranks. Previous, already recognized merits can be taken into account by the Nobel Committee. Not enough PR - you need to present more, advertise your achievements. How well Western scientists do it. And you must admit that when making a decision to award a particular scientist from Russia, many biases are allowed.

*** From this list, I do not agree with the award of the Nobel Prize to MS Gorbachev. But this is my personal opinion.

Who could receive the award:

Aleksey Starobinsky, Chief Researcher, Institute of Theoretical Physics. L.D. Landau
Andrey Linde, professor at Stanford University
Vyacheslav Mukhanov, professor at the Munich University. Ludwig Maximilian
(Physics) "For his contribution to the theory of the inflationary Universe"
Victor Veselago, professor at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, head of the laboratory and the Institute of General Physics. A.M. Prokhorov RAS. (Physics) "for the discovery of materials with a negative refractive index"
Lidia Gall, head of the laboratory at the Institute of Analytical Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
(Chemistry) "For the development of a method for the identification and analysis of the structure of biological macromolecules"
Yuri Oganesyan, Scientific Director of the Laboratory nuclear reactions named after G.N. Flerov JINR (Dubna)
(physics) "For the synthesis of new chemical elements and approaching the "island of atomic stability"
Alexander Polyakov, professor at Princeton University
(Physics) "For exceptional contributions to string theory and quantum field theory".
Anatoly Buchachenko, Head of the Department of Chemistry, Moscow State University
Yuri Molin, head of the laboratory, Institute of Chemical Kinetics and Combustion, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Renat Sagdeev, Director of the International Tomography Center of the SB RAS.
(Chemistry) "for the discovery of the magnetic isotope effect"
Rashid Sunyaev, Director of the Institute of Astrophysics of the Max Planck Society (Germany)
(Physics) "for explaining the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
Ludwig Faddeev, director of the International Mathematical Institute. Euler (St. Petersburg)
(Physics) "For mathematical justification quantum theory fields".
Tigran Shmaonov Senior Research Fellow, Institute of General Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences
(Physics) "For the discovery of the relic background".
Yuri Bunkov Professor of the Neel Institute (Grenoble, France)
Vladimir Dmitriev, Chief Researcher, Institute for Physical Problems named after V.I. P.L. Kapitsa RAS.
(Physics) "For the discovery of spin superfluidity".
Alexander Spirin until 2001 director of the Institute of Protein RAS.
(Physiology) "For the discovery of messenger RNA", "For the discovery of informosomes - ribonucleoprotein complexes", "For the study of the structure and function of ribosomes".
Garry Abelev, Head of the Oncology Laboratory scientific center RAS and head of the laboratory of Moscow State University (Physiology and Medicine) "for the discovery of the synthesis of embryonic protein fetoprotein by tumors and the development of the fundamentals of immunodiagnostics."
Vladimir Garvin, Head of the Laboratory of the Gallium-Germanium Neutrino Telescope of the Baksan Neutrino Observatory of the Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences
(Physics) "For pioneering work in astrophysics, in particular for the registration of cosmic neutrinos".
Alexander Varshavsky, professor at the California Institute of Technology
(Chemistry) "For the discovery of the role of ubiquitin in protein utilization".

Dedicated to the great Russian writers.

From October 21 to November 21, 2015, the Library and Information Complex invites you to an exhibition dedicated to the work of Nobel laureates in literature from Russia and the USSR.

The Nobel Prize in Literature in 2015 was awarded to a Belarusian writer. The award was given to Svetlana Aleksievich with the following wording: "For her many-voiced work - a monument to suffering and courage in our time." At the exhibition, we also presented the works of Svetlana Alexandrovna.

The exposition can be found at the address: Leningradsky Prospekt, 49, 1st floor, room 100.

The prizes established by the Swedish industrialist Alfred Nobel are considered the most honorable in the world. They are awarded annually (since 1901) for outstanding work in the field of medicine or physiology, physics, chemistry, literary works, for his contribution to the strengthening of peace, the economy (since 1969).

The Nobel Prize in Literature is an award for literary achievement presented annually by the Nobel Committee in Stockholm on 10 December. According to the statute of the Nobel Foundation, the following persons can nominate candidates: members of the Swedish Academy, other academies, institutions and societies with similar tasks and goals; professors of the history of literature and linguistics of universities; laureates of the Nobel Prize in Literature; chairmen of authors' unions representing literary creativity in the respective countries.

Unlike the winners of other prizes (for example, in physics and chemistry), the decision to award the Nobel Prize in Literature is made by members of the Swedish Academy. The Swedish Academy brings together 18 figures from Sweden. The Academy is composed of historians, linguists, writers and one lawyer. They are known in the community as "The Eighteen". Membership in the academy is for life. After the death of one of the members, the academicians choose a new academician by secret ballot. The Academy elects from among its members the Nobel Committee. It is he who deals with the issue of awarding the prize.

Nobel laureates in literature from Russia and the USSR :

• I. A. Bunin(1933 "For the rigorous skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose")
• B.L. Parsnip(1958 "For significant achievements in modern lyric poetry, as well as for continuing the traditions of the great Russian epic novel")
• M. A. Sholokhov(1965 "For the artistic power and honesty with which he depicted the historical era in the life of the Russian people in his Don epic")
• A. I. Solzhenitsyn(1970 "For the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature")
• I. A. Brodsky(1987 "For a comprehensive work imbued with the clarity of thought and the passion of poetry")

Russian laureates in literature are people with different, sometimes opposing views. I. A. Bunin and A. I. Solzhenitsyn are staunch opponents Soviet power, and M. A. Sholokhov, on the contrary, is a communist. However, the main thing they have in common is their undoubted talent, for which they were awarded the Nobel Prizes.

Ivan Alekseevich Bunin is a famous Russian writer and poet, an outstanding master of realistic prose, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. In 1920 Bunin emigrated to France.

The most difficult thing for a writer in exile is to remain himself. It happens that, having left the Motherland because of the need to make dubious compromises, he is again forced to kill the spirit in order to survive. Fortunately, this fate passed Bunin. Despite any trials, Bunin always remained true to himself.

In 1922, Ivan Alekseevich's wife, Vera Nikolaevna Muromtseva, wrote in her diary that Romain Rolland nominated Bunin for the Nobel Prize. Since then, Ivan Alekseevich lived in hopes that someday he would be awarded this prize. 1933 All newspapers in Paris on November 10 came out with large headlines: "Bunin - Nobel laureate." Every Russian in Paris, even a loader at the Renault factory, who had never read Bunin, took this as a personal holiday. For the compatriot turned out to be the best, the most talented! In Parisian taverns and restaurants that evening there were Russians who sometimes drank for "their own" for their last pennies.

On the day of awarding the prize on November 9, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin watched "merry stupidity" - "Baby" in the "cinema". Suddenly, a narrow beam of a flashlight cut through the darkness of the hall. They were looking for Bunin. He was called by phone from Stockholm.

“And my whole old life immediately ends. I go home pretty quickly, but feeling nothing but regret that I didn’t manage to watch the film. But no. You can’t not believe it: the whole house is lit up with lights. ... Some kind of turning point in my life," recalled I. A. Bunin.

Exciting days in Sweden. AT concert hall in the presence of the king, after the report of the writer, member of the Swedish Academy Peter Galstrem on the work of Bunin, he was awarded a folder with a Nobel diploma, a medal and a check for 715 thousand French francs.

When presenting the award, Bunin noted that the Swedish Academy acted very boldly by awarding the émigré writer. Among the contenders for this year's prize was another Russian writer, M. Gorky, however, largely due to the publication of the book "The Life of Arseniev" by that time, the scales still tipped in the direction of Ivan Alekseevich.

Returning to France, Bunin feels rich and, sparing no money, distributes "allowances" to emigrants, donates funds to support various societies. Finally, on the advice of well-wishers, he invests the remaining amount in a "win-win business" and is left with nothing.

Bunin's friend, poetess and prose writer Zinaida Shakhovskaya, in her memoir book "Reflection", noted: "With skill and a small amount of practicality, the prize should have been enough to the end. But the Bunins did not buy either an apartment or a villa ..."

Unlike M. Gorky, A. I. Kuprin, A. N. Tolstoy, Ivan Alekseevich did not return to Russia, despite the exhortations of the Moscow "messengers". He never came to his homeland, even as a tourist.

Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (1890-1960) was born in Moscow in the family of the famous artist Leonid Osipovich Pasternak. Mother, Rosalia Isidorovna, was a talented pianist. Maybe that's why in childhood the future poet dreamed of becoming a composer and even studied music with Alexander Nikolaevich Scriabin. However, the love of poetry won. Glory to B. L. Pasternak was brought by his poetry, and bitter trials - "Doctor Zhivago", a novel about the fate of the Russian intelligentsia.

The editors of the literary magazine, to which Pasternak offered the manuscript, considered the work anti-Soviet and refused to publish it. Then the writer sent the novel abroad, to Italy, where in 1957 it was published. The very fact of publication in the West was sharply condemned by Soviet colleagues in the creative workshop, and Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union. However, it was Doctor Zhivago that made Boris Pasternak a Nobel laureate. The writer was nominated for the Nobel Prize starting in 1946, but was awarded it only in 1958, after the release of the novel. The conclusion of the Nobel Committee says: "... for significant achievements both in modern lyric poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition."

In his homeland, the award of such an honorary prize to an "anti-Soviet novel" aroused the indignation of the authorities, and under the threat of expulsion from the country, the writer was forced to refuse the award. Only 30 years later, his son, Yevgeny Borisovich Pasternak, received a diploma and a Nobel laureate medal for his father.

The fate of another Nobel laureate, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, is no less dramatic. He was born in 1918 in Kislovodsk, and his childhood and youth were spent in Novocherkassk and Rostov-on-Don. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics Rostov University A. I. Solzhenitsyn taught and at the same time studied in absentia at a literary institute in Moscow. When the Great Patriotic War began, the future writer went to the front.

Shortly before the end of the war, Solzhenitsyn was arrested. The reason for the arrest was the critical remarks about Stalin found by military censorship in Solzhenitsyn's letters. He was released after Stalin's death (1953). In 1962, the magazine " New world" published the first story - "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", which tells about the life of prisoners in the camp. Most of the subsequent works were refused to be printed by literary magazines. There was only one explanation: anti-Soviet orientation. However, the writer did not back down and sent the manuscripts abroad, where they were published. Alexander Isaevich was not limited to literary activity - he fought for the freedom of political prisoners in the USSR, spoke out with sharp criticism of the Soviet system.

The literary works and political position of AI Solzhenitsyn were well known abroad, and in 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize. The writer did not go to Stockholm for the award ceremony: he was not allowed to leave the country. Representatives of the Nobel Committee, who wanted to present the prize to the laureate at home, were not allowed into the USSR.

In 1974 A. I. Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the country. He first lived in Switzerland, then moved to the United States, where he was, with a considerable delay, awarded the Nobel Prize. In the West, such works as "In the First Circle", "The Gulag Archipelago", "August 1914", "The Cancer Ward" were printed. In 1994, A. Solzhenitsyn returned to his homeland, having traveled through all of Russia, from Vladivostok to Moscow.

The fate of Mikhail Alexandrovich Sholokhov, the only one of the Russian Nobel Prize winners in literature, who was supported by government agencies, turned out differently. M. A. Sholokhov (1905-1980) was born in the south of Russia, on the Don - in the center of the Russian Cossacks. My small homeland- the farm Kruzhilin of the village of Vyoshenskaya - he later described in many works. Sholokhov graduated from only four classes of the gymnasium. He actively participated in the events civil war, led the food detachment, which selected the so-called surplus grain from wealthy Cossacks.

Already in his youth, the future writer felt a penchant for literary creativity. In 1922, Sholokhov arrived in Moscow, and in 1923 he began to publish his first stories in newspapers and magazines. In 1926, collections " Don stories" and "Azure Steppe". Work on "Quiet Don" - a novel about the life of the Don Cossacks in the era of the Great Break (First World War, revolutions and civil war) - began in 1925. In 1928, the first part of the novel was published, and Sholokhov finished it in the 30s. "Quiet Flows the Don" became the pinnacle of the writer's work, and in 1965 he was awarded the Nobel Prize "for the artistic strength and completeness with which he depicted a historical phase in the life of the Russian people in his epic work about the Don." "Quiet Flows the Don" has been translated into several dozen languages ​​in 45 countries.

By the time of receiving the Nobel Prize in the bibliography of Joseph Brodsky, there were six collections of poems, the poem "Gorbunov and Gorchakov", the play "Marble", many essays (written mainly in English language). However, in the USSR, from where the poet was expelled in 1972, his works were distributed mainly in samizdat, and he received the award, already being a citizen of the United States of America.

For him, the spiritual connection with the homeland was important. As a relic, he kept the tie of Boris Pasternak, he even wanted to wear it to the Nobel Prize, but the rules of the protocol did not allow it. Nevertheless, Brodsky still came with Pasternak's tie in his pocket. After perestroika, Brodsky was repeatedly invited to Russia, but he never came to his homeland, which rejected him. "You can't step into the same river twice, even if it's the Neva," he said.

From Brodsky's Nobel Lecture: “A person with taste, in particular literary taste, is less susceptible to repetition and rhythmic incantations, characteristic of any form of political demagogy. It's not so much that virtue is no guarantee of a masterpiece, but that evil, especially political evil, is always a bad stylist. The richer the aesthetic experience of the individual, the firmer his taste, the clearer his moral choice, the freer he is - although perhaps not happier. It is in this rather applied than Platonic sense that Dostoyevsky's remark that "beauty will save the world" or Matthew Arnold's saying that "poetry will save us" should be understood. The world will probably not be saved, but an individual person can always be saved.

Nobel Prizes are awarded annually in Stockholm (Sweden), as well as in Oslo (Norway). They are considered the most prestigious international awards. They were founded by Alfred Nobel, a Swedish inventor, linguist, industrial magnate, humanist and philosopher. He went down in history as a quality (which was patented in 1867), which played a large role in the industrial development of our planet. In his will, it was said that all his savings would form a fund, the purpose of which was to award prizes to those who managed to bring the greatest benefit to humanity.

Nobel Prize

Today, prizes are awarded in the fields of chemistry, physics, medicine, and literature. The Peace Prize is also awarded.

Russian Nobel laureates in literature, physics and economics will be presented in our article. You will get acquainted with their biographies, discoveries, achievements.

The price of the Nobel Prize is high. In 2010, it amounted to approximately $1.5 million.

The Nobel Foundation was founded in 1890.

Russian Nobel Prize winners

Our country can be proud of the names that glorified it in the fields of physics, literature and economics. The Nobel laureates of Russia and the USSR in these areas are as follows:

• Bunin I. A. (literature) - 1933.
• Cherenkov P. A., Frank I. M. and Tamm I. E. (physics) - 1958.
• Pasternak B. L. (literature) - 1958.
• Landau L. D. (physics) - 1962.
• Basov N. G. and Prokhorov A. M. (physics) - 1964.
• Sholokhov M. A. (literature) - 1965.
• Solzhenitsyn A.I. (literature) - 1970.
• Kantorovich L. V. (economics) - 1975.
• Kapitsa P. L. (Physics) - 1978.
• Brodsky I. A. (literature) - 1987.
• Alferov Zh.I. (physics) - 2000.
• Abrikosov A. A. and L. (physics) - 2003;
• Geim Andre and Novoselov Konstantin (physics) - 2010.

The list, we hope, will be continued in the coming years. The Nobel laureates of Russia and the USSR, whose names and surnames we have given above, were not fully represented, but only in such areas as physics, literature and economics. In addition, the leaders of our country also distinguished themselves in medicine and physiology, chemistry, and also received two Peace Prizes. But we will talk about them another time.

Nobel laureates in physics

Many physicists from our country have been awarded this prestigious award. Let's talk more about some of them.

Tamm Igor Evgenievich

Igor Evgenievich Tamm (1895-1971) was born in Vladivostok. He was the son of a civil engineer. During the year he studied in Scotland at the University of Edinburgh, but then returned to his homeland and graduated in 1918 from the Physics Department of Moscow State University. The future scientist went to the front in the First World War, where he served as a brother of mercy. In 1933 he defended his doctoral thesis, and a year later, in 1934, he became a researcher at the Institute of Physics. Lebedev. This scientist worked in areas of science that were little explored. So, he studied relativistic (that is, related to the famous theory of relativity proposed by Albert Einstein) quantum mechanics, as well as the theory atomic nucleus. At the end of the 30s, together with I. M. Frank, he managed to explain the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect - the blue glow of a liquid that occurs under the influence of gamma radiation. It was for these studies that he later received the Nobel Prize. But Igor Evgenievich himself considered his main achievements in science to be works on the study elementary particles and the atomic nucleus.

Davidovich

Landau Lev Davidovich (1908-1968) was born in Baku. His father worked as a petroleum engineer. At the age of thirteen, the future scientist graduated from a technical school with honors, and at nineteen, in 1927, he graduated from Leningrad University. Lev Davidovich continued his education abroad as one of the most gifted graduate students on the ticket of the people's commissar. Here he took part in seminars held by the best European physicists - Paul Dirac and Max Born. Landau continued his studies upon his return to his homeland. At the age of 26, he reached the degree of Doctor of Science, and a year later he became a professor. Together with Evgeny Mikhailovich Lifshitz, one of his students, he developed a course for graduate and undergraduate students in theoretical physics. P. L. Kapitsa invited Lev Davidovich to work at his institute in 1937, but a few months later the scientist was arrested on a false denunciation. For a whole year he spent no hope of salvation in prison, and only Kapitsa's appeal to Stalin saved his life: Landau was released.

The talent of this scientist was multifaceted. He explained such a phenomenon as fluidity, created his theory of quantum fluid, and also studied the oscillations of electron plasma.

Mikhailovich

Prokhorov Alexander Mikhailovich and Gennadievich, Russian Nobel laureates in the field of physics, received this prestigious award for the invention of the laser.

Prokhorov was born in Australia in 1916, where his parents had lived since 1911. They were exiled to Siberia by the tsarist government and then fled abroad. In 1923, the whole family of the future scientist returned to the USSR. Alexander Mikhailovich graduated with honors from the Faculty of Physics of the Leningrad University and worked since 1939 at the Institute. Lebedev. His scientific achievements associated with radiophysics. Since 1950, the scientist became interested in radio spectroscopy and, together with Nikolai Gennadievich Basov, developed the so-called masers - molecular generators. Thanks to this invention, they found a way to create concentrated radio emission. Charles Towns, an American physicist, also conducted similar studies, independently of his Soviet colleagues, so the members of the committee decided to share this award between him and the Soviet scientists.

Kapitsa Petr Leonidovich

Let's continue the list of "Nobel laureates of Russia in physics". (1894-1984) was born in Kronstadt. His father was a military man, a lieutenant general, and his mother was a collector of folklore and a famous teacher. P.L. Kapitsa graduated from an institute in St. Petersburg in 1918, where he studied with Ioffe Abram Fedorovich, an outstanding physicist. Under the conditions of the civil war and revolution, it was impossible to engage in science. Kapitza's wife and two of his children died during a typhus epidemic. The scientist moved to England in 1921. Here he worked in the famous Cambridge, a university center, and Ernest Rutherford, a famous physicist, was his supervisor. In 1923, Peter Leonidovich became a doctor of science, and two years later - one of the members of Trinity College - a privileged association of scientists.

Petr Leonidovich was mainly engaged in experimental physics. He was especially interested in the physics of low temperatures. Especially for his research in the UK, with the help of Rutherford, a laboratory was built, and by 1934 the scientist had created an installation designed to liquefy helium. Pyotr Leonidovich often visited his homeland during these years, and during the visits, the leadership Soviet Union persuaded the scientist to stay. In 1930-1934, a laboratory was even built especially for him in our country. In the end, he was simply not allowed out of the USSR during his next visit. Therefore, Kapitsa continued his research already here, and in 1938 he managed to discover the phenomenon of superfluidity. For this he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1978.

Geim Andre and Novoselov Konstantin

Game Andre and Novoselov Konstantin, Russian Nobel laureates in physics, received this honorary prize in 2010 for the discovery of graphene. it new material, which allows you to greatly increase the speed of the Internet. As it turned out, it can capture, as well as convert into electrical energy, an amount of light that is 20 times greater than all previously known materials. This discovery is dated 2004. So the list of "Nobel Laureates of Russia of the 21st century" was replenished.

Literature Prizes

Our country has always been famous for its artistic creativity. People with sometimes opposite ideas and views are Russia's Nobel laureates in literature. So, A. I. Solzhenitsyn and I. A. Bunin were opponents of the Soviet regime. But M. A. Sholokhov was known as a convinced communist. However, all the Russian Nobel Prize winners were united by one thing - talent. For him, they were awarded this prestigious award. "How many Nobel laureates in Russia in literature?" - you ask. Answer: There are five of them. We will now introduce you to some of them.

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich

Pasternak Boris Leonidovich (1890-1960) was born in Moscow in the family of Leonid Osipovich Pasternak, a famous artist. The mother of the future writer, Rosalia Isidorovna, was a talented pianist. Perhaps that is why Boris Leonidovich dreamed of a career as a composer in his childhood, he even studied music with A. N. Scriabin himself. But love for poetry won. Poetry brought glory to Boris Leonidovich, and the novel "Doctor Zhivago", dedicated to the fate of the Russian intelligentsia, doomed him to severe trials. The fact is that the editors of one literary magazine, to which the author offered his manuscript, considered this work anti-Soviet and refused to publish it. Then Boris Leonidovich transferred his creation abroad, to Italy, where it was published in 1957. Soviet colleagues sharply condemned the publication of the novel in the West, and Boris Leonidovich was expelled from the Writers' Union. But it was this novel that made him a Nobel laureate. Starting in 1946, the writer and poet were nominated for this prize, but it was awarded only in 1958.

The awarding of this honorary award to such, in the opinion of many, anti-Soviet work in the homeland caused indignation of the authorities. As a result, Boris Leonidovich, under the threat of expulsion from the USSR, was forced to refuse to receive the Nobel Prize. Only 30 years later, Evgeny Borisovich, the son of the great writer, received a medal and a diploma for his father.

Solzhenitsyn Alexander Isaevich

The fate of Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn was no less dramatic and interesting. He was born in 1918 in the city of Kislovodsk, and childhood and early years future Nobel laureate were held in Rostov-on-Don and Novocherkassk. After graduating from the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the Rostov University, Alexander Isaevich was a teacher and at the same time received an education in absentia in Moscow, at the Literary Institute. After the start of the Great Patriotic War the future winner of the most prestigious peace award went to the front.

Solzhenitsyn was arrested shortly before the end of the war. The reason for this was his critical remarks about Joseph Stalin, found in the writer's letters by military censorship. Only in 1953, after the death of Joseph Vissarionovich, he was released. The Novy Mir magazine in 1962 published the first story by this author, entitled One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, which tells about the life of people in the camp. Literary magazines most of the following refused to print. Their anti-Soviet orientation was cited as the reason. But Alexander Isaevich did not back down. He, like Pasternak, sent his manuscripts abroad, where they were published. In 1970 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The writer did not go to the presentation ceremony in Stockholm, because the Soviet authorities did not allow him to leave the country. Representatives of the Nobel Committee, who were going to present the prize to the laureate in his homeland, were not allowed into the USSR either.

As for the further fate of the writer, in 1974 he was expelled from the country. At first he lived in Switzerland, then moved to the United States, where he was awarded the Nobel Prize very belatedly. In the West, such well-known works of his as "The Gulag Archipelago", "In the First Circle", "The Cancer Ward" were published. Solzhenitsyn returned to Russia in 1994.

These are the Nobel laureates of Russia. We will supplement the list with one more name, which is impossible not to mention.

Sholokhov Mikhail Alexandrovich

Let's tell you about another great Russian writer - Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov. His fate was different than that of the opponents of Soviet power (Pasternak and Solzhenitsyn), since he was supported by the state. Mikhail Alexandrovich (1905-1980) was born on the Don. He later described the village of Veshenskaya, his small homeland, in many works. Mikhail Sholokhov finished only 4 classes of the school. He took an active part in the civil war, led a sub-detachment that took away surplus grain from wealthy Cossacks. The future writer already in his youth felt his vocation. In 1922 he arrived in Moscow, and a few months later he began publishing his first stories in magazines and newspapers. In 1926, the collections "Azure Steppe", as well as "Don Stories" appeared. In 1925, work began on the novel "Quiet Don", dedicated to the life of the Cossacks in a critical period (civil war, revolution, World War I). In 1928, the first part of this work appeared, and in the 30s it was completed, becoming the pinnacle of Sholokhov's work. In 1965, the writer was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Russian Nobel Laureates in Economics

Our country has shown itself in this area not on such a large scale as in literature and physics, where there are many Russian laureates. So far, only one of our compatriots has received the prize in economics. Let's talk about it in more detail.

Kantorovich Leonid Vitalievich

Russia's Nobel laureates in economics are represented by only one name. Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich (1912-1986) is the only Russian economist to have been awarded this prize. The scientist was born in the family of a doctor in St. Petersburg. His parents fled to Belarus during the civil war, where they lived for a year. Vitaly Kantorovich, father of Leonid Vitalievich, died in 1922. In 1926, the future scientist entered the aforementioned Leningrad University, where he studied, in addition to natural disciplines, modern history, political economy, and mathematics. He graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics at the age of 18, in 1930. After that, Kantorovich remained at the university as a teacher. At the age of 22, Leonid Vitalyevich becomes a professor, and a year later, a doctor. In 1938, he was appointed to the laboratory of a plywood factory as a consultant, where he was given the task of creating a method for allocating various resources to maximize productivity. Thus was founded the method of foundry programming. In 1960, the scientist moved to Novosibirsk, where at that time a computer center was created, the most advanced in the country. Here he continued his research. The scientist lived in Novosibirsk until 1971. During this period he received the Lenin Prize. In 1975, together with T. Koopmans, he was awarded the Nobel Prize, which he received for his contribution to the theory of resource allocation.

These are the main Nobel laureates of Russia. 2014 was marked by the receipt of this award by Patrick Modiano (literature), Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano, Shuji Nakamura (physics). Jean Tirol received an award in the field of economics. Among them there are no Nobel laureates of Russia. 2013 also did not bring this honorary award to our compatriots. All laureates were representatives of other states.

All Russian Nobel Prize Winners

1904 Physiology and Medicine, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov

The great Russian physiologist, who entered the history of medicine as one of the first researchers conditioned reflexes, pioneered a revolutionary experiment, now a classic, with a hungry dog ​​that had to respond to the sound of a bell, which was associated with food. I.P. Pavlov was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his research.

1908 Physiology and Medicine, Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov

Russian embryologist, bacteriologist and immunologist I. I. Mechnikov, together with Paul Ehrlich, was awarded the Nobel Prize "for their work on immunity." After the discoveries of L. Pasteur and R. Koch, the main question of immunology remained unclear: "How does the body manage to defeat pathogenic microbes that, having attacked it, were able to gain a foothold and begin to develop? Trying to find an answer to this question, Mechnikov laid the foundation for modern research in immunology and had a profound influence on the entire course of its development.

1933 Literature, Ivan Alekseevich Bunin

The famous Russian writer Ivan Bunin did not accept the revolution of 1917 and left Russia forever. He got to Paris. Subsequently, this city was called the city of Bunin. There he lived, read his stories to his friends, stories, sometimes poetry. He loved Russia very much and wrote only about it. In 1922, Romain Rolland nominated Bunin for the Nobel Prize. And in 1933, on November 10, all the newspapers of Paris came out with large headlines: "Bunin is a Nobel laureate."

1956 Chemistry, Nikolai Nikolaevich Semyonov
(together with the English chemist S. Hinshelwood)

Russian scientist, academician, one of the founders of chemical physics, founder scientific school, twice Hero of Socialist Labor, created a general quantitative theory of chain reactions, a theory of thermal breakdown of dielectrics, developed a theory of thermal explosion gas mixtures. He was awarded the Lenin Prize and the State Prize of the USSR.

1958 Physics, Pavel Alekseevich Cherenkov

In 1937, P.A. Cherenkov discovered radiation unusual in polarization and wavelength, which was emitted by water if it was irradiated with gamma radiation. Now this radiation and the effect itself is called the Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation (effect). The reason for this radiation was explained by the motion of particles with speeds exceeding the speed of light by I. M. Frank and I. E. Tamm. P. A. Cherenkov was awarded (together with I. E. Tamm and I. M. Frank) the Nobel Prize "for the discovery and explanation of the Cherenkov effect."

1958 Physics, Ilya Mikhailovich Frank

Professor of Moscow State University, head of the Laboratory of Radioactive Emission of the Research Institute of Nuclear Physics, developed the theory of motion at a speed greater than the speed of light in matter, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, laureate of the State Prize, together with P. A. Cherenkov and I. E. Tamm, received the Nobel Prize in Physics " for the discovery and explanation of the Cherenkov effect".

1958 Physics, Igor Evgenievich Tamm

Together with the physicists P. A. Cherenkov and I. M. Frank, he received the Nobel Prize “for the discovery and explanation of the Cherenkov effect. The work of Frank and Tamm is a mathematical description of the effect discovered by Cherenkov, which "in addition to simplicity and clarity, also met strict mathematical requirements."

1958 Literature, Boris Leonidovich Pasternak

Poems, magnificent translations of "Hamlet" by W. Shakespeare, "Faust" by Goethe, Sandor Petofi, Schiller. For 10 years he created the novel "Doctor Zhivago". The author considered writing the novel "the fulfillment of his duty" to his compatriots. B. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for outstanding achievements in modern lyric poetry and in the traditional field of great Russian prose." Pasternak was forced to refuse the prize. He sent only a telegram to the Swedish Academy of Sciences, where there were such words: "Infinitely grateful, touched, proud, surprised, embarrassed." He was offered to leave Russia, but the poet replied that he did not think of himself outside the Motherland.

1962 Physics, Lev Davidovich Landau

Laureate of the Stalin Prize, formulated the theory of multiple particle production in the collision of high-energy beams, introduced the concept of combined parity, built the theory of a two-component neutrino, formulated a theory for the "quantum liquid" of the Fermi type. He was awarded the Max Planck Medal and the Fritz London Prize. Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1962 for "revolutionary theories in the field of condensed matter physics, especially liquid helium".

1964 Physics, Nikolai Gennadievich Basov

Professor, Director of the Physical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Lenin Prize winner for research on the creation of molecular oscillators and paramagnetic amplifiers, explored the possibilities of using lasers to produce thermonuclear plasma. Together with A. M. Prokhorov and Charles Townes, he receives the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing the principle of operation of a laser and a maser.

1964 Physics, Alexander Mikhailovich Prokhorov

Active member Russian Academy Nauk, editor-in-chief of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, founder of the Institute of General Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes in science and technology and the Nobel Prize in physics, creator of quantum electronics. Together with N.G. Basov and Charles Townes received the Nobel Prize in Physics for developing the principle of operation of a laser and a maser.

1965 Literature, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

In 1965 Sholokhov M.A. The Nobel Prize is awarded for the novel Quiet Flows the Don.

1970 Literature, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn

For disagreement with official policy, he was expelled from the Writers' Union of the USSR. His works have been published abroad. In 1970 Solzhenitsyn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. In 1973, the first volume of The Gulag Archipelago was published in France. In 1974 he was arrested, accused of "treason", deprived of Soviet citizenship and taken out of the country without trial.

1975 Peace Prize, Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov

Russian physicist and human rights activist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, was engaged in the development of thermonuclear weapons. Together with Tamm, he participated in research on controlled thermonuclear reaction.

1975 Economics, Leonid Vitalievich Kantorovich

L.V. Kantorovich was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics (together with the American economist T. Koopmans) for his work on optimization theory.

1978 Physics, Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa

Russian physicist and engineer, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor. Proceedings in physics magnetic phenomena, physics and technology of low temperatures, quantum physics of condensed matter, electronics and plasma physics, developed a pulse method for creating superstrong magnetic fields, invented and built a machine for adiabatic cooling of helium, discovered the superfluidity of liquid helium. Laureate of the State Prize of the USSR, awarded the Gold Medal. Lomonosov. Faraday medal (England), Franklin (USA), Niels Bohr (Denmark), Rutherford (England), Kamerling-Onnes (Netherlands). Awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics “for fundamental inventions and discoveries in the field of low temperature physics” (together with Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson.

1987 Literature, Joseph Brodsky

The famous poet was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his all-encompassing authorship, full of clarity of thought and poetic depth." I. Brodsky is one of the youngest Nobel Prize winners for all the years of its award. He emigrated to the United States, at the time of the award he had lived abroad for 15 years and was a US citizen.

1990 Peace Prize, Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev.

USSR President.

2000 Physics, Zhores Ivanovich Alferov

Professor, Director of the Physico-Technical Institute named after A. F. Ioffe RAS, one of the largest Russian scientists in the field of physics and technology of semiconductors. Prize winner: Ballantine of the Franklin Institute (USA). Lenin Prize. Hewlett-Packard Prize of the European Physical Society, State Prize. GaAs Symposium award. Prize of A.P. Karpinsky, Prize to them. A. F. Ioffe RAS, national non-governmental Demidov Prize. Awarded the H. Welker medal. Honorary member of many Academies of Sciences. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics, sharing it with American scientists Herbert Kremer and Jack Kilby.

2003 Physics, Alexey Alekseevich Abrikosov

Soviet theoretical physicist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Since 1991, Abrikosov has been working in the USA. Winner of the Lenin and State Prizes, the London Prize, the Nobel Prize, together with V. Ginzburg and Anthony Leggett "for their contribution to the development of the theory of superconductors and superfluidity."

2003 Physics, Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg

Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, laureate of the Lenin and State Prizes, Prizes. Mandelstam and the Lomonosov Prize. He was awarded the medal of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Smoluchovsky, the gold medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of London, the Barden Prize, the Woolf Prize, the gold medal to them. Vavilov, a gold medal to them. Lomonosov Russian Academy of Sciences, the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, the UNESCO medal. Niels Bohr, medal of the American Physical Society. Nicholson, the Triumph Award. Member of nine foreign academies of sciences. The Nobel Prize was awarded jointly with A. Abrikosov and Anthony Leggett "for their contribution to the development of the theory of superconductors and superfluidity."

TASS-DOSIER. On October 2, 2017 in Stockholm (Sweden) the process of announcing the winners of the Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine, Physics, Chemistry, Literature, as well as the State Bank of Sweden Prize in Economics dedicated to the memory of Alfred Nobel begins.

Since 1904, 24 of our compatriots have become laureates of the prizes. Two of them received a prize in physiology or medicine, twelve in physics, one in chemistry, two in economics, five in literature and two in peace.

Chemistry Prize

In 1956, Nikolai Semyonov became the first Soviet Nobel Prize winner in history.

He was awarded the Chemistry Prize jointly with the British chemist Cyril Hinshelwood for research in the field of chemical reactions. Scientists independently developed the theory of chain reactions in the late 1920s.

Academician Nikolai Semenov is one of the founders of chemical physics, the creator of the theory of thermal explosion of gas mixtures. He was among the founders of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (1951). In the USSR, Semyonov's work in the field of chain reactions was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1941. Among other Soviet awards of the Order of Lenin and the Red Banner of Labor, the Lenin Prize. He was a member of the academies of several countries, including the New York Academy of Sciences. He held various positions at the USSR Academy of Sciences, including Vice President (1963-1971).

Prize in Physiology or Medicine

In 1904, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the physiologist Ivan Pavlov, professor, academician, founder of the Russian Society of Physiologists and the Institute of Physiology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, creator of the science of higher education. nervous activity. He was awarded for his work in the field of physiology of digestion. At the award ceremony, a representative of the Karolinska Institute (Sweden), which awards the award, said that, thanks to the work of Pavlov, "we were able to advance in the study of this problem further than in all previous years, now we have a comprehensive understanding of the influence of one part of the digestive system on another" . Pavlov became the first Russian Nobel laureate.

In 1908, Ilya Mechnikov, a biologist, embryologist and pathologist, creator of the theory of immunity and founder of scientific gerontology (a science that studies human aging), became a laureate. He received the award with Paul Ehrlich (Germany) for their work on immunity, which helped to understand how the body manages to defeat diseases.

Physics Prize

In 1958 Russian scientists Pavel Cherenkov, Ilya Frank and Igor Tamm received the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery of the radiation of charged particles moving at superluminal speed.

In 1962, Lev Landau, noted for the theory of condensed matter and liquid helium, became a laureate. Due to the fact that Landau was in the hospital after severe injuries sustained in a car accident, the prize was presented to him in Moscow by the Swedish Ambassador to the USSR.

In 1964, the physicists Nikolai Basov and Alexander Prokhorov were awarded the prize. Their work on the creation of quantum generators (masers and lasers), which marked the beginning of a new branch of physics - quantum electronics, was first published ten years earlier, in 1954. Independently of Soviet scientists, the American physicist Charles Towns came to similar results, as a result, the Nobel Prize was awarded all three.

In 1978, Pyotr Kapitsa was awarded an award for his discoveries in low temperature physics (he began to study this area back in the 1930s.).

In 2000, Zhores Alferov won the Nobel Prize for his developments in semiconductor technology (shared the award with the German physicist Herbert Kremer).

In 2003, Vitaly Ginzburg and Alexei Abrikosov (who became an American citizen in 1999) were awarded the prize for fundamental work on the theory of superconductors and superfluid liquids (British-American physicist Anthony Leggett shared the award with them).

In 2010, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov received the prize for creating graphene, a material with unique properties. Geim left the USSR in 1990 and subsequently received Dutch citizenship. Konstantin Novoselov left for the Netherlands in 1999, and later received British citizenship.

Literature Prize

Ivan Bunin won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1933. He was awarded "for the rigorous skill with which he develops the traditions of Russian classical prose".

In 1958, Boris Pasternak was awarded the prize "for outstanding services in modern lyric poetry and in the field of great Russian prose." However, Pasternak, who was criticized in the USSR for the novel "Doctor Zhivago", published abroad, was forced to refuse the award under pressure from the authorities. The medal and diploma were presented to his son in Stockholm in December 1989.

In 1965, the prize was awarded to Mikhail Sholokhov for his novel "The Quiet Don" ("for the artistic power and integrity of the epic about the Don Cossacks at a turning point for Russia"). Sholokhov is one of nine authors who were awarded not for a set of achievements in the field of literature, but for a specific work.

In 1970, Alexander Solzhenitsyn became a laureate "for the moral strength with which he followed the immutable traditions of Russian literature." By the time the award was given, Solzhenitsyn was in open conflict with the Soviet authorities. Fearing that after participating in the presentation ceremony he would be banned from entering the USSR, he refused to travel to Stockholm. Alexander Solzhenitsyn received the Nobel medal and diploma in 1974, when he was already deprived of citizenship and expelled from the country after the publication of the first volume of The Gulag Archipelago abroad.

In 1987, the award was given to Joseph Brodsky, who emigrated to the United States in 1972, "for his all-encompassing creativity, imbued with clarity of thought and the passion of poetry."

Peace Prize

In 1975, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the Soviet academician Andrei Sakharov for "struggle against the abuse of power and any form of suppression of human dignity."

In 1990, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev received the award in recognition of his role in defusing international tensions.

Alfred Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics

In 1975, the Soviet mathematician and economist Leonid Kantorovich (together with the American Tjalling Koopmans) was awarded the Economics Prize for substantiating the theory of the optimal use of raw materials.

In 1973, the award was given to the Russian-born American economist Wassily Leontiev for his development of the input-output method.