Theses about ecological safety with arguments. The problem of environmental security in Russia. Environmental issues have no geographic or political boundaries and affect everyone

home » Middle Ages Theses about ecological safety with arguments. The problem of environmental security in Russia. Environmental issues have no geographic or political boundaries and affect everyone

Keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS / ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY / SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT / ECOLOGICAL CULTURE / ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION/ ECOLOGICAL CRISIS / ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY / SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT / ENVIRONMENTAL CULTURE / ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

annotation scientific article on political sciences, author of scientific work - Bashlakova Olga Ivanovna

The relevance of this article is determined by the need to ensure environmental safety Russia in context sustainable development. And this is possible as a result of a change in state policy from economic priorities to environmental ones. The article clarified the definition environmental safety, the role and place of environmental safety in the national security system of the country, some issues of ensuring environmental safety state in the conditions of modern ecological crisis, a mechanism for providing environmental safety, reflects the need to change the worldview of various categories of the population and persons receiving management decisions, by introducing ecological culture, due to the importance environmental education and education to ensure environmental safety countries in the light sustainable development. The author substantiates that sustainable development Russian Federation, the high quality of life and health of its population, as well as national security, can only be ensured if natural systems are preserved and the appropriate quality of the environment is maintained. Therefore, one of the points included in the national security strategy of the Russian Federation environmental Safety as a guarantee of stable development of society and favorable living conditions for the population. The article focuses on the need to develop ways to improve legal regulation in the field of environmental safety countries. The author believes that this mechanism will be aimed at protecting the interests of citizens, their right to live in environmentally friendly environment. And for this it is necessary to economically interest enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership in the use of environmentally friendly technologies and, accordingly, in improving and restoring the environment. The author determined that the provision environmental safety is the most important component of state national security, which could become a national idea that unites the peoples of Russia.

The Problem of Environmental Security of Russia

The theme of the article is essentially relevant. Relevant because Russian environmental safety can be ensured only with a glance to the sustainable development. In order to make this happen the state's priorities should be altered from economic to ecological ones. The article clarifies the definition of environmental safety, identifies the place and role of environmental safety in the country's national security, discusses some of the issues of the environmental security in a state in today's ecological crisis , offers a mechanism to ensure environmental safety, reflects the need for a change in the perspective of decision-makers and different groups of citizens with the instruments of ecologically-oriented policy. Moreover , the author explains the necessity of environmental education for the implementation of the environmental security in Russia in terms of the sustainable development . development in the Russian Federation, the quality of life and health of its population, as well as national secu rity will be ensured. The fact that the National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation includes the issue of environmental safety and defines it as a safeguard of the sustainable development in the society and favorable living conditions, is a reflection of such understandings. The article underlines there is a need to develop a mechanism for improving the legal regulation in the sphere of environmental security in the country. In this regard, the author concludes that such a mechanism will be aimed at protecting the interests of citizens and their right to an ecologically safe environment. That objective implies that enterprises and organization of all forms of ownership should be economically motivated to use the environmentally acceptable technologies and, consequently, to improve the environment"s condition. The author implies that the environmental security is an essential component of the state national security , which can become a nation-binding idea, that can unite the peoples of Russia.

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Problems of environmental security in Russia"

WORLD POLICY

PROBLEMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY IN RUSSIA

O.I. Bashlakov

ANEO VO "Odintsovo Humanitarian University". 143000, Odintsovo, Moscow region, st. Novo-Sportivnaya, 3

The relevance of this article is determined by the need to ensure the environmental security of Russia in the context of sustainable development. And this is possible as a result of a change in state policy from economic priorities to environmental ones.

The article clarifies the definition of environmental security, identifies the role and place of environmental security in the national security system of the country, discusses some issues of ensuring the environmental security of the state in the conditions of the current environmental crisis, proposes a mechanism for ensuring environmental security, reflects the need to change the worldview of various categories of the population and persons taking managerial decision, through the introduction of environmental culture, due to the importance of environmental education and enlightenment to ensure the environmental security of the country in the light of sustainable development.

The author substantiates that the sustainable development of the Russian Federation, the high quality of life and health of its population, as well as national security can only be ensured if natural systems are preserved and the appropriate quality of the environment is maintained. Therefore, one of the points included in the national security strategy of the Russian Federation is environmental security as a guarantee of the stable development of society and favorable living conditions for the population.

The article focuses on the need to develop ways to improve legal regulation in the field of ensuring the country's environmental safety. The author believes that this mechanism will be aimed at protecting the interests of citizens, their right to live in an environmentally safe environment. And for this it is necessary to economically interest enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership in the use of environmentally friendly technologies and, accordingly, in improving and restoring the environment.

The author determined that ensuring environmental safety is the most important component of state national security, which could become a national idea that unites the peoples of Russia.

Key words: ecological crisis, ecological safety, sustainable development, ecological culture, environmental education.

No amount of money can buy a new planet, and we have the only chance left to save our world.

Drunvalo

The topic of environmental safety is becoming very relevant, as evidenced by the articles written in recent times more than two hundred textbooks, about six thousand dissertations and monographs. An urgent problem of the last decades of the XX - early XXI centuries. is the problem of human survival. If the world community cannot switch to a new development model, then, according to scientists, already in the middle of the 21st century. there will be an ecological catastrophe on a planetary scale. In this regard, ensuring environmental security in all its aspects is becoming a priority task for the world community.

The problem of Russia's environmental security is the subject of research by scientists from various scientific fields: philosophy, history, sociology, political science, law, etc.

Scientific research aimed at solving environmental problems began to be actively conducted in the last third of the last century. The essence of the environmental problem in the mid-1960s. considered by the Russian scientist N.V. Timofeev-Resovsky. The scientific reports of the Club of Rome were devoted to the strategies for the development of civilization. A number of foreign authors I. Renders, D. Forrester, A. Peccei, D.Kh. Meadows, D.L. Meadows et al. developed a systems model of "limits to growth". For the first time, the ideal of the Western "consumer society" was criticized from the point of view of ecological development. Thanks to the work of environmental alarmists, the world community was forced to accept the environmental imperative and develop a new development strategy - sustainable development. The problem of substantiating Russia's transition to the path of sustainable development was considered in the works of A.B. Weber, E.I. Glushchenko-howl, V.G. Gorshkova, V.I. Danilova-Danilyana, V.A. Koptyuga, V.K. Levashova, K.S. Loseva, N.N. Moiseeva, A.V. Pozdnyakova, A.D. Ursula and others through the prism of the concept of national security.

The ideas of transformation of the biosphere into the noosphere, which were aimed at the natural-science, technical, economic and political aspects of the development of society, were further developed in the books of V.I. Vernadsky. V.A. Volkov, F.I. Girenok, V.G. Gorshkov, V.P. Kaznacheev, V.I. Kashirin, V.A. Elk, N.N. Moiseev, A.D. Ursul.

The humanitarian aspect of the problem of environmental safety is the subject of numerous studies of domestic and foreign

authors. Among them, we note the works of N.P. Vashche-kina, E.V. Gorelova, E.V. Girusova, V.I. Danilo-va-Danilyana, M.I. Dzlieva, K.Ya Kondratieva, K.S. Loseva, N.M. Mamedova, N.V. Nikanorova, N.F. Reimers, A.S. Shilova, A.N. Yanshin and other authors.

The work of Russian scientists L.S. Akhiezer, A.A. Zinoviev, V.A. Koptyug, S.V. Rogachev and foreign researchers like U Beck, Z. Bzezhinsky, D.Zh. Markovic, S. Huntington, V. Hesle and others.

The issues of ensuring environmental safety within the framework of state environmental policy, the formation of which is influenced by both the international political process in general and global environmental policy (UN activities) in particular, were studied by such scientists as A.V. Vasiliev, E.I. Glushenkova, A.D. Dumnov, G.D. Kulagina, D.S. Lvov, V.O. Mokievsky, A.I. Ants,

A.A. Panfilov, N.G. Rogozhina, O.N. Yanits-kim and others.

The following domestic scientists have made a great contribution to understanding the problems of environmental hazards, as well as the problems of environmental threats to national security, which are both global and regional in nature: L.V. Baranova, V.V. Bratkov, E.V. Girusov,

B.M. Danilov-Danilyan, D.V. Efremenko, A.V. Kokin, A.N. Kosarikov, A.I. Kostin, T.N. Mitrokhina, V.I. Malofeev, N.N. Moiseev, V.I. Nazarov, N.F. Reimers, I.T. Frolov, A.A. Yablokov, O.N. Yanitsky and others.

In this article, the author examines the social and humanitarian aspect of the problem of environmental security in Russia. The specifics of the subject of research led to the use of such general scientific methods as retrospective, institutional, comparative, etc.

The author analyzes in the article various definitions of the concept of environmental safety. Using a descriptive method, the author characterizes the ecological state of the natural environment in Russia, the causes of the unfavorable environmental situation in many regions of the country.

Analyzing the role and place of environmental security in the system of national security, the author substantiates that ensuring environmental security is a guarantee of the stable development of society and favorable living conditions for the population. The latter is the most important component of state national security, which could become a national idea that unites the peoples of Russia.

dangers of the state in the conditions of the modern ecological crisis, which includes humanitarian, economic and legal aspects. At the same time, special emphasis is placed in the article on the need to change the worldview of various categories of the population and persons making managerial decisions through the introduction of environmental culture. The article explains the importance of environmental education and enlightenment to ensure the country's environmental security in the light of sustainable development.

Using a comparative method, the author investigates the problem of economic provision of environmental security in Russia, the USA and France. At the same time, the author proposes to change economic priorities to environmental ones in the sphere of Russian state policy.

The article analyzes the aspect of legal regulation in the field of ensuring the country's environmental safety. In this regard, the author believes that this mechanism will be aimed at protecting the interests of citizens, their right to live in an environmentally safe environment. And for this it is necessary to economically interest enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership in the use of environmentally friendly technologies and, accordingly, in improving and restoring the environment.

Despite the large number of candidate and doctoral dissertations defended on the topic of environmental safety, scientific discussions on the issue of understanding environmental safety do not stop.

Environmental security is currently seen as:

- “the state of protection of the natural environment and vital human interests from the possible negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies, and their consequences”;

- “a system of political, legal, economic, technological and other measures aimed at guaranteeing the protection of the environment and the vital interests of man and citizen from the possible negative impact of economic and other activities and threats of natural and man-made emergencies in the present and future ; the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the natural environment from threats arising from anthropogenic and natural hazardous impacts”;

- "any human activity that excludes harmful effects on the environment";

- “the state of protection of the individual, society, state from potential or real threats created by the consequences of harmful effects on the environment,

caused by everyday pollution of the environment” ;

- "the process of ensuring the protection of the vital interests of the individual, society from real or potential threats created by anthropogenic or natural impact on the environment";

- “a complex of states, phenomena and actions that ensures the ecological balance on the Earth and in any of its regions at a level that humanity is physically, socio-economically, technologically and politically ready for”;

- “the ability to withstand threats to life, health, well-being, basic human rights, livelihoods, resources, social order”;

- "a set of rules aimed at protecting the environment, rational use of natural resources, ensuring human rights to a healthy and favorable environment";

A sustainable state of the socio-techno-natural system, achieved through the optimal integration of human activity into the natural processes of the natural environment”;

- "achieving the conditions and level of balanced coexistence of the environment and human activities, in which the level of load on the environment does not exceed the ability of the environment to self-heal";

- "a complex of states, phenomena and actions that ensures the ecological balance on the Earth and in any of its regions";

- "prevention of the existing threat of a significant deterioration of the ecological parameters of the human habitat and the biosphere as a whole" .

The definitions of environmental safety listed above represent by no means a complete list of definitions that exist today. The author agrees with the point of view of Atamanova G.A. and believes that environmental security is the state of an ecosystem in which the ecosystem does not harm the social or anthropogenic system, i.e. "... does not affect it, leading to its destruction and / or dysfunction" . In our opinion, the subject of environmental safety should be the person himself with his needs in a favorable natural environment. Obviously, for a person there is nothing more valuable than life. Human life as the basis of any socio-ecosystem, as well as any representative of the biosphere ecosystem, is impossible in an unfavorable environment. According to V.I. Vernadsky, living matter, as a phenomenon, simply could not arise and exist for a long time in conditions unfavorable for functioning. Once having arisen living matter constantly adapts to the conditions of its existence, trying to survive. Only a person, unlike

of the rest of the biota, does not adapt to changing environmental conditions, but tries, in the struggle for survival, not to improve itself, but to improve or adjust the environment to its needs.

In this regard, the impact of nature-transforming human activities is increasing annually not only in scale, but also in terms of the impact on the natural environment. The scale of this impact has already reached the level of the threat of an ecological catastrophe for planet Earth. This problem was recognized by the world community already in the late 60s. the last century. United in the Club of Rome, more than a hundred scientists from different scientific fields have prepared a series scientific papers, which identified signs of a growing environmental crisis.

After the publication of the works of the Club of Rome, the topic of environmental safety of mankind has become relevant at various international forums. UNESCO in 1970 introduced international program"Man and the Biosphere". In 1972, the First World Meeting on the Environment was held at the international level in Stockholm. On it, scientists from 113 states determined that main goal inhabitants of the Earth becomes "the protection and improvement of the environment for the present and future generations" . In the same year, the United Nations Environment and Development Program was adopted under the name UNEP. In 1992, the participants of the UN Conference on the Environment and its Development in Rio de Janeiro adopted the document "Agenda for the XXI" century. It formulated the main ways to solve the environmental problems of the planet based on the concept of sustainable development, overcoming poverty and creating a decent lifestyle for the population, including through the development of education and awareness in the field of the environment.

In Russia in 1977, under the leadership of UNEP and UNESCO, the 1st World Intergovernmental Conference on Environmental Education was organized, which was organized by the city of Tbilisi. By decision of the UN, all states, including Russia, have developed and adopted the concepts of transition to sustainable development. In Russia, the "Concept for the transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development" was adopted by the President of Russia in 1996. In 2002, Russian representatives participated in the Johannesburg Summit on Sustainable Development. Thus, Russia does not remain aloof from participation in the international movement aimed at shaping the ecological culture of the inhabitants of the planet.

As is known, Natural resources Russia is a stabilizing factor in the global environmental processes of the planet. On 60% of the territory of Russia there is no economic

naya activity. For example, in the mountains, in the north of the Far East, in the Arctic, in the eastern part of Siberia. The flora and fauna of these territories is necessary for the existence of the developed countries of America, Europe and Asia. The undeveloped territories and natural resources of Russia act as a deterrent to the global environmental crisis. Therefore, it is strategically important to maintain environmental stability in these regions. Undoubtedly, the loss or depletion of these resources will increase the threat to its national interests and the security of citizens.

On the other hand, 40% of Russia's territory is actually a zone of ecological disaster. This figure indicates that more than 60% of the total population of Russia - residents of the central and southern European part of the Russian Federation, the middle and southern Urals, Western Siberia and the Volga region - live in ecologically disadvantaged areas. Intensive economic activity, which has been going on for more than a hundred years, as the reverse side of the scientific and technological revolution, has led Russia to an environmental crisis, which is accompanied today by social and economic problems, a deterioration in the quality of life of the population, an increase in the incidence of the population, a decrease in the birth rate, and a reduction in life expectancy.

There are several reasons for the unfavorable environmental situation in many regions of Russia:

An annual increase in the amount of hazardous industrial and household waste;

Irrational forest management and land use;

Emission into the atmosphere and discharge into water bodies of harmful substances;

Pollution by radiation and chemical wastes of a number of lands;

Destruction of chemical weapons, problems with the disposal of plutonium, radioactive waste from submarines, etc.;

Financing of activities aimed at protecting the environment on a residual basis;

Problems of imperfection of legal normative acts in the field of environmental legislation;

The infantilism of the authorities of different levels in the field of environmental protection.

According to scientists from Yale and Columbia Universities, Russia ranks third in the world in terms of emissions of harmful substances. The first is the United States, and the second is China. According to the same scientists, Russia ranks 74th in the world in terms of environmental cleanliness. The ranking in the rating of the participating countries was based on the assessment of the state of the environment, the degree of exposure of the country's inhabitants to environmental hazards, the ability of the country's government

solve emerging problems of environmental safety, etc. The first place was taken by Finland, the second by Norway, Sweden, Canada, Switzerland, Uruguay, etc. .

The sustainable development of the Russian Federation, the high quality of life and health of its population, as well as national security can only be ensured if natural systems are preserved and the appropriate quality of the environment is maintained. The National Security Strategy of the Russian Federation includes environmental security in one of its points, defining it as a guarantee of the stable development of society and favorable living conditions for the population.

The strategic goal of the state policy in the field of the country's environmental development is to preserve natural systems, maintain their integrity and life-supporting functions for the sustainable development of society, improve the quality of life, improve the health of the population and the demographic situation, and ensure the country's environmental security. The process of formation and implementation of environmental policy must be implemented at all levels of government. Representatives of not only a significant and priority federal level, but also regional authorities should participate in the adoption and implementation of managerial decisions.

The mechanism for ensuring environmental safety, in our opinion, should include humanitarian, economic and legal aspects. The humanitarian direction of ensuring the country's environmental security should be based on the formation of an ecological culture in society. Since the ecological worldview is a natural protective adaptation mechanism of a person and society as a whole, it must be reformatted in the light of sustainable development for the further survival of the nation. Taking into account the latter, environmental education and enlightenment (including upbringing), especially of the younger generation, becomes an extremely important factor in ensuring the country's environmental security. Since this is a problem of the survival or degradation of society, the author believes that environmental education and upbringing is a top-priority important state task.

Ensuring the environmental security of Russia, as a condition for the survival of citizens of the country and the state, in the context of sustainable development, is possible as a result of a change in existing economic priorities for environmental ones in the sphere of state policy. This requires a change in the consciousness of people, the entire system of values of society, understanding the essence of environmental problems and increasing the responsibility of each citizen in the process of solving them. Formation of a responsible attitude of members of society towards

nature is associated with a radical transformation of too long a consumer stereotype of behavior. Unfortunately, the level of ecological culture among the citizens of our country is lower than the level of all developed countries of the world. The author believes that the population of our country is not aware of the scale of the environmental danger and basically remains indifferent to the natural environment due to the low level of environmental education and enlightenment. Ecological illiteracy of citizens leads to impunity for their actions - they pollute, do not clean up abandoned garbage and at the same time consider everyone but themselves, including the authorities, to be guilty of pollution.

The process of introducing environmental consciousness should be long-term and systematic. This can be implemented by raising the ecological culture of citizens of different social strata, professional communities, all ages of Russian society by means of continuous environmental education and enlightenment. Environmental culture and environmental education will contribute to the process of making and implementing environmentally competent management decisions based on scientific knowledge about the environmental consequences of any type of activity, both in a particular area and at the country level. According to the author, it is the lack of environmental knowledge in all sectors of society that is the cause of most of the violations of environmental legislation and the inaction of state and regional authorities.

It is obvious that, having a well-formed ecological culture, a state and municipal employee will be able to manage in a natural and expedient manner in the field of the environment. An environmentally educated civil servant will competently correct the legal field of the environmental sphere of activity. Parents who have an ecological culture and education will bring up a generation with a formed ecological consciousness. An ecologically formed public consciousness will not allow the citizens of Russia to allow an ecological catastrophe.

Currently at the level government controlled The legislature is trying to solve the problem of environmental education by adopting in 2012 the Fundamentals of State Policy in the Field of Environmental Development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030. This document considers the formation of ecological culture, the development of environmental education and upbringing to be one of the important tasks in achieving the strategic goal of the state policy in the field of environmental development.

In the context of the increasingly deteriorating environmental situation in the country, there is a need to develop legal regulation

in the field of ensuring the ecological safety of the country. This is the constitutional right of citizens in accordance with Art. 72, paragraph (e) of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Russian legislation provides for many laws and administrative acts regulating relations in the field of environmental protection, for example, a new version of the law "On Environmental Protection", "Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation" and many other regulatory legal acts. They contribute to the improvement of the regulatory framework in the field of environmental protection, but, unfortunately, do not ensure the environmental safety of the country's citizens. An example of this is the adopted law "On the Use of Atomic Energy", which allows the import of nuclear fuel from other countries into Russia and creates the danger of turning our country into a nuclear waste dump.

In order to improve environmental legislation, protect the population from environmental hazards and improve the quality of the natural environment, it would be advisable to adopt the law "On Environmental Safety", "The Strategy for Environmental Safety of the Russian Federation" .

The imperfection of the mechanisms for implementing laws in the field of ensuring environmental safety poses the task of creating a sustainable, workable model of their functioning at various levels of government based on the integrated use of central planning mechanisms, incentive regulation and market self-regulation.

The mechanism of legal regulation will be aimed at protecting the interests of citizens, their right to live in an environmentally safe environment. To do this, it is necessary to economically interest enterprises and organizations of all forms of ownership in the use of environmentally friendly technologies and, accordingly, in improving and restoring the environment.

During the transition of the country to a market form of management, there is a more intensive use of natural resources (forests, subsoil, etc.) due to their export by entrepreneurs to other countries. All this is due to the weakening of state regulation of these processes. Government officials need to clearly regulate the use of natural resources, regardless of the form of ownership. It is necessary to determine the balance of interests of the owner (user), individual territories and the entire state in market conditions. It must be understood that the right to own natural resources does not mean uncontrolled disposal of them. Thus, in France, the owner of the forest does not have the right to cut down a tree without the permission of the authorities.

Unfortunately, despite the large decline in industrial production over the past two decades, environmental pollution

in Russia is increasing, and the country's spending on the prevention and elimination of the consequences of illiterate environmental activities decrease. In the last decade, the country stopped paying compensation to victims of environmental accidents and disasters. The system of pollution charges that has existed for more than ten years is inefficient. According to E.L. Egorova, “... the economic damage from accidental environmental pollution in Russia in 1995 amounted to more than 1.5 trillion. rubles, in 1996 - about 2 trillion rubles, by 2015 it may exceed 4 trillion rubles. Losses from environmental accidents are compensated by no more than 7-10%. Unfortunately, both the enterprises that are sources of environmental pollution and the country as a whole do not have funds to prevent and eliminate the negative consequences of environmental pollution and, accordingly, to compensate for losses to the victims.

The ever worsening environmental situation in Russia lowers the degree of environmental safety of citizens and increases the costs of society to eliminate environmental pollution. Under conditions of a chronic federal budget deficit, during the country's transition to market conditions, there is a sharp reduction in budget funds allocated for environmental protection. For example, in 2009 and 2010 only 0.13% of the expenditure part of the budget was allocated to ensure environmental tasks in the field of environmental protection, in 2011 this share was 0.16%, in 2012 - 0.15%, and in 2013 - 0, 14% of the country's total spending. Obviously, these are insignificant figures compared to the United States, where 5% is allocated for ensuring environmental safety.

An analysis of the dynamics of federal budget expenditures under the draft law under the “Environmental Protection” section shows that expenditures in general for the section in 2013 increased by 25.6% compared to 2010, but, despite these figures, the share of expenditures as a percentage of GDP is only 0.03%.

AT modern conditions development of market relations to ensure the environmental safety of Russian regions, the following areas of activity are proposed:

Environmentally sound distribution of productive forces;

Rational use of natural resources;

Introduction of new environmentally "clean" and safe resource-saving technologies;

Implementation of low-waste and non-waste production in all areas of economic activity;

Environmentally safe development of industry, agriculture, energy, transport and public utilities;

Prevention of emerging problems between the development of productive forces and the preservation of ecological balance in ecologically unfavorable regions of the Russian Federation;

Ensuring the natural development of ecosystems, the preservation and restoration of unique natural complexes in solving territorial problems;

Introduction of obligatory, public (and not only state) independent ecological expertise of all construction projects, etc.;

Prevention and elimination of emergency situations, man-made environmental disasters;

Protection of the population from radioactive contamination, especially dangerous toxic substances (pesticides, dioxins, etc.);

Ensuring measures to improve the quality of life of citizens (health, etc.);

Improving management in the field of environmental protection and nature management.

According to E.L. Egorova, 15% of people make management decisions at the global level. The state of 85% of the planet's resources depends on their decisions, two-thirds of which are in Russia. Since the role of Russia in global environmental processes is decisive, it is obvious that ensuring the country's environmental security is necessary for its sustainable development. Therefore it should

recognize the environmental safety of Russia as a priority, vital value category.

Thus, ensuring environmental safety is one of the determining conditions for the sustainable development of any state. The basis for the formation of environmental safety is the awareness of mankind of the essence of environmental problems, which becomes an integral part of the ecological culture of people. Decision makers should understand that when implementing any activity, the environmental imperative should be a priority. In other words, not just achieving your goals, but achieving them with a minimum degree of harm to the natural environment. Man is an integral part of the natural environment, and all negative impacts on the environment ultimately affect him.

It is certainly difficult to change the minds of people, but it is possible with the right approach to the organization of environmental education. However, changing people's consciousness is not enough. It is necessary that all state policy be aimed at ensuring the environmental security of the country. Thus, ensuring environmental security is the most important component of state national security, which could become a national idea that unites the peoples of Russia.

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25. Ecological Doctrine of the Russian Federation, approved by the order of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 31, 2002 N 1225-r // Consultant Plus. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_92097/

26. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. // Explanatory dictionaries. URL: http://www.edudic.ru/eco/1020/#

27. Encyclopedic Dictionary "Constitution of the Russian Federation". // Rubricon. URL: http://www.rubricon.com/konst_1. asp, free

Bashlakova Olga Ivanovna - Ph.D. philosophy Sciences., Associate Professor of the Department of Social Sciences and Humanities. Email: [email protected]

THE PROBLEM OF ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY OF RUSSIA

ANOO VO "Odintsovo University for the Humanities" 143000, Odintsovo, Moscow region, Novosportivnaya st., 3

Abstract: The theme of the article is essentially relevant. Relevant because Russian environmental safety can be ensured only with a glance to the sustainable development. In order to make this happen the state "s priorities should be altered from economic to ecological ones.

The article clarifies the definition of environmental safety, identifies the place and role of environmental safety in the country's national security, discusses some of the issues of the environmental security in a state in today's ecological crisis, offers a mechanism to ensure environmental safety, reflects the need for a change in the perspective of decision-makers and different groups of citizens with the instruments of ecologically-oriented policy. Moreover, the author explains the necessity of environmental education for the implementation of the environmental security in Russia in terms of the sustainable development.

The author points out that if the systems of nature and the appropriate quality of the environment remain in a proper balance, the sustainable development in the Russian Federation, the quality of life and health of its population, as well as national security will be ensured. The fact that the National

The Security Strategy of the Russian Federation includes the issue of environmental safety and defines it as a safeguard of the sustainable development in the society and favorable living conditions, is a reflection of such understandings.

The article underlines there is a need to develop a mechanism for improving the legal regulation in the sphere of environmental security in the country. In this regard, the author concludes that such a mechanism will be aimed at protecting the interests of citizens and their right to an ecologically safe environment. That objective implies that enterprises and organization of all forms of ownership should be economically motivated to use the environmentally acceptable technologies and, consequently, to improve the environment"s condition.

The author implies that the environmental security is an essential component of the state national security, which can become a nation-binding idea, that can unite the peoples of Russia.

Key words: Ecological crisis, environmental security, sustainable development, environmental culture, environmental education.

1. Bezopasnost": teorija, paradigma, koncepcija, kul" tura. Slovar"-spravochnik Ed. by V. F. Pilipenko. Moscow: PER SJe-Press, 2005, p.170 (in russ.).

2. Mamedov, N.M. Osnovy social "noj jekologii. Uchebnoe posobie. Moscow: STUPENI, 2003, p. 251 (in russ.).

3. Mulin, I.B. Filosofsko-metodologicheskie osnovy obespechenija jekologicheskoj bezopasnosti: Dis. cand. filos. nauk : 09.00.08: Moscow, 2004 (in russ.).

4 Rusin, S.N. Konceptual "nye problemy jekologicheskoj bezopasnosti i gosudarstvennaja jekologicheskaja politika (pravovoj aspekt) . Jekologicheskoe pravo. 2010, No 5. pp. 12-18 (in russ.).

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6. Feraru, G.S. Metodicheskie podhody k formirovaniju i realizacii regional "noj jekologicheskoj politiki G.S. Feraru, A.F. Rastvorcev, A.M. Blagadyrjova. Voprosy gosudarstvennogo i municipal" nogo upravlenija. 2011. No1. pp.28-29 (in Russian).

7. Barnett, J. The Meaning of Environmental Security: Ecological Politics and Policy in the New Security Era. London: Zed Books, 2001. 184 p.

8. Barry, J. and Eckersley, R. (eds). The State and the Global Ecological Crisis. Cambridge: MA: MIT Press, 2005. 230 p.

9. Brenton, T. The Greening of Machiavelli: The Evolution of International Environmental Politics. London: Earthscan, 1994. 450 p.

10. O "Neill, K. The Environmental and International Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. 245 p.

11. Atamanov G.A. Jekologicheskaja bezopasnost" i ee mesto v strukture bezopasnosti antropnyh system Nauka XXI. URL: http://naukaxxi.ru/materials/173/ (in russ.).

12. Greshnevikov A.N. Problemy jekologicheskoj bezopasnosti Rossii (Electronic resource). Pravo i bezopasnost". URL: http://dpr.ru/pravo/pravo_16_21.htm/(in russ.).

13. Egorova E.L. Jekologicheskaja bezopasnost "strany - uslovie vyzhivanija nacii. Vneshkol" naja jekologija. URL: http://www. eco.nw.ru/lib/data/10/04/010410.htm, svobodnyj (in russ.).

14. Zakljuchenie Schetnoj palaty na project bjudzheta 2011-2013 gg. (Electronic resource). Federal "nyj portal PROTOWN.RU. URL: http://www.protown.ru/information/hide/6367.html (in russ.).

15. Johannesburg summit 2002, 26 August - 4 September 2002 (po materialam UN). . URL: http://www.centrecp. narod.ru/summit2002.htm/ (in russ.).

16. Konstitutsiya Rossiyskoy Federatsii (Electronic resource). Konsul "tant pljus. URL: http://www.zakonprost.ru/konstitucija-rf/rtf/ (in russ.).

17. Nikanorov A.M., Horuzhaja T.A. Jekologija: Dlja studentsov vuzov i specialistov jekologov. . Department GPNTB SO RAN - Central "naja biblioteka Novosibirskogo Akademgorodka. URL: http://www.prometeus.nsc.ru/ contents/books/nikanor.ssi/ (in russ.).

18. Osnovy gosudarstvennoj politiki v oblasti jekologicheskogo razvitija Rossijskoj Federacii for the period up to 2030 year. Konsul "tant pljus. URL: http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.129117/ (in russ.).

19. Povestka dnja na XXI century. Prinjata Konferenciej OON po okruzhajushhej srede i razvitiju, Rio-de-Zhanejro, 3-14 June 1992 year. . URL: http://www.spsl.nsc.ru/win/nelbib/agenda21_rus/index-1.htm/ (in russ.).

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22. Ukaz President RF dated May 12, 2009. N 537 "O Strategii nacional" noj bezopasnosti Rossijskoj Federacii do 2020 goda "(s izmenenijami i dopolnenijami). (Electronic resource). Informacionno-pravovoj portal Garant. URL: http://base.garant.ru/195521/tixzz3VrLJzueV/ ( in russ.).

23. Federal "nyj zakon ot 11/21/1995 N 170-FZ (red. 07/02/2013) "Ob ispol" zovanii atomnoj jenergii ". Konsul "tant pljus. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_148639/

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About the author

Olga Bashlakova - PhD., Associate Professor of Social Sciences and Humanities ANOO VO "Odintsovo University"

for the Humanities". E-mail: [email protected]

Detailed solution paragraph § 10 in geography for students in grade 9, authors A.I. Alekseev, S.I. Bolysov, V.V. Nikolina 2011

Gdz simulator in Geography for grade 9 can be found

Ensuring environmental safety largely depends on the choice of the path: measures will be taken within the framework of the old tradition (unsustainable development) or the concept and strategy of sustainable development will be chosen for this.

Unsustainable development implies a sharp breakthrough, revolutionary changes in the field of environmental security. Thus, the supporters of this concept believe that a strict and resolute intervention of the state in the regulation of the processes of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere and hydrosphere is necessary.

The most progressive is the position of those who believe that it is necessary to ensure environmental safety through sustainable development.

Sustainable development (eng. Sustainabl development, a more accurate translation is continuously supported development) is a term proposed by the International Commission on Environment and Development (Brundtland Commission) in the report “Our Common Future” (1987; Russian translation 1989) to refer to social development that does not undermine the natural conditions for the existence of the human race. Sustainable development, as defined by the Brundtland Commission, is “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

The principle of sustainable development was supported by the UN. The Second United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (COSD-2, Rio de Janeiro, 1992), which was attended by representatives of 179 countries, translated the idea of sustainable development into concrete international commitments and plans.

The President of the Russian Federation, by Decree No. 440 of April 1, 1996, approved the Concept for the Transition of the Russian Federation to Sustainable Development.

The Concept notes that, following the recommendations and principles set forth in the documents of the UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), guided by them, it seems necessary and possible to implement in the Russian Federation a consistent transition to sustainable development, ensuring a balanced solving socio-economic problems and problems of preserving a favorable environment and natural resource potential in order to meet the needs of present and future generations of people. The concept was adopted on the recommendation of UNCED, in the documents of which it was proposed to the government of each country to approve its national strategy for sustainable development. In the Russian Federation, a sustainable development strategy has not yet been adopted, but work is underway on it. I would especially like to note the role of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly. The State Duma Commission on Sustainable Development prepared and published scientific basis sustainable development strategy of the Russian Federation”.

Initially, sustainable development was considered in the context of finding an answer to the environmental challenge, but such an answer involves a systematic solution to many economic, social, demographic, scientific, technical and other problems of modern civilization.

The following basic principles of sustainable development have been identified in the scientific literature:

− every person has the right to a healthy and fruitful life in harmony with nature, to life in a favorable environment;

- socio-economic development should be aimed at improving the quality of life of people within the acceptable limits of the economic capacity of ecosystems;

- development should be carried out not to the detriment of the natural environment and ensure the ability to meet the basic vital needs of both current and future generations of people;

- preservation of the natural environment should be an integral part of the sustainable development process, economic development, social justice and environmental security should be combined into one whole, which together determine the main criteria for development;

− the survival of mankind and stable socio-economic development should be based on the laws of biotic regulation while maintaining biodiversity in the biosphere;

− rational nature management should be based on the inexhaustible use of renewable and economical use of non-renewable resources, recycling and safe disposal of waste;

- environmentally safe management should be based on strengthening the relationship between the economy and ecology, the formation of a single (conjugated) eco-friendly economic development system;

− the implementation of an appropriate demographic policy should be aimed at stabilizing the population and optimizing the scale of its activities in accordance with the fundamental laws of nature;

- it is necessary to widely use the principle of anticipation, anticipatory adoption of effective measures to prevent the deterioration of the state of the natural environment, the prevention of environmental and man-made disasters;

- an important condition for the transition of society to sustainable development is the eradication of poverty and the prevention of large differences in the standard of living of people;

- the use of a variety of forms of ownership and the mechanism of market relations should be focused on the harmonization of social relations while ensuring public safety;

- in the future, as the ideas of sustainable development are implemented, the importance of issues of rationalizing the scale and structure of personal consumption of the population should increase;

− Preservation of small peoples and ethnic groups, their cultures, traditions, habitat should be one of the priorities of state policy at all stages of the transition to sustainable development;

− development international cooperation and global partnership in order to preserve, protect and restore the integral ecosystem of the Earth should be supported by the adoption by the states of relevant international agreements and other legal acts;

- there is a need for free access to environmental information, the creation of an appropriate database using global and national communications and other informatics tools for this purpose;

− in the course of developing the legislative framework, one should take into account the environmental consequences of the proposed actions, proceed from the need to increase liability for environmental offenses, provide compensation to persons affected by environmental pollution;

− ecologization of consciousness and worldview of a person, reorientation of the system of upbringing and education on the principle of sustainable development should contribute to the promotion of intellectual and spiritual values to a priority place in relation to material and material ones;

− the sovereign rights of each state to develop its own natural resources must be exercised without damage to ecosystems beyond state borders; in international law, it is important to recognize the principle of differentiated responsibility of the state for the violation of global ecosystems;

− economic activities should be carried out with the rejection of projects that can cause irreparable damage to the environment or whose environmental consequences are not well understood.

Undoubtedly, the understanding and implementation of these principles of sustainable development will require serious worldview transformations. The survival and continuity of the development of society on a global scale must be achieved without the quantitative growth of many traditional parameters and, above all, the extensive growth of production.

The colossal changes that have taken place in the world have required the search for new forms of life, the organization of a new world order. As a result of this search, mankind has come to the idea of sustainable development. The concept and strategy of sustainable development is the understanding that meeting the needs of the present generation should not jeopardize the ability of future generations to meet the needs.

The modern world is experiencing threats to environmental security from an acute environmental situation. It is difficult to imagine that in the coming years we will witness a significant reduction in environmental threats, risks, and dangers. Undoubtedly, this practically cannot happen within the framework of the old traditions of instability. A serious improvement in the state of environmental safety in the short term is possible only on the path of sustainable development.

1. Mazur, I.I. Dangerous natural processes. Introductory course. / I.I. Mazur, O.P. Ivanov. - M. : Economics, 2004. - 702 p.

2. Muravykh, A.I. Strategic management of environmental safety / A.I. Muravykh // Security of Eurasia. - 2001. - No. 1. - S. 607-636.

Preparing for the exam: express control.

1. Choose the correct statements that characterize the East European Plain.

a) At the base of the plain lies an ancient Precambrian platform;

b) most of the territory of the plain is located in the region of a sharply continental climate;

c) the northern part of the plain was subjected to ancient glaciation;

d) rivers are mainly fed by snow;

e) natural zones change from north to south from tundra to steppes;

f) the territory of the plain has the highest population density in Russia.

Answer: a, c, d, e

2. Choose the correct answer. The West Siberian Plain is dominated by: a) taiga; b) mixed forests; c) tundra.

3. Choose the correct answer. The Ob River flows through the territory:

a) the East European Plain;

b) the Central Siberian Plateau;

c) West Siberian Plain.

4. Choose the correct statements that characterize the nature of the Urals.

a) The western and eastern slopes are evenly moistened;

b) the Ural Mountains have a small height;

c) The Urals consists of several mountain ranges stretching parallel in the meridional direction;

d) the Urals is rich in minerals;

e) the peaks of the Ural Mountains are covered with glaciers.

Answer: b, c, d

5. Choose the correct answer. The extreme northern continental point of Russia is located on the peninsula: a) Yamal; b) Kola; c) Taimyr; d) Chukotka.

6. Choose the correct statements characterizing North-Eastern Siberia.

a) Here is the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere;

b) this is a territory confined to the area of Cenozoic folding;

c) permafrost is widespread here;

d) natural zones change from north to south from the tundra to the forest zone;

e) it is a gold-bearing province of Russia;

e) This area is sparsely populated.

Answer: a, c, d, e

7. Which of the natural areas are we talking about?

The young mountain structure was formed into alpine folding. Here are the most high peaks in Russia. The altitudinal zonality is pronounced. There are large deposits of polymetallic ores in the mountains.

Answer: North Caucasus

8. Choose the correct answer. There are active volcanoes on the territory of: a) Chukotka; b) Altai; c) the Urals; d) Kamchatka.

9. Establish a correspondence between the objects of the World Natural Heritage of Russia and the territory where they are located.

1. Valley of Geysers. A. Altai.

2. Altai - Golden mountains. B. Primorsky Territory.

3. Lake Baikal. V. Kamchatka.

4. Central Sikhote-Alin. G. South of Eastern Siberia.

10. Establish a correspondence between rivers and the territories through which they flow.

1. Terek. A. East European Plain.

2. Northern Dvina. B. West Siberian Plain.

3. Irtysh. V. Far East.

4. Ussuri. G. North Caucasus.

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Environmental safety of Russiaand

Introduction

Man is an element of the biosphere. All vital resources - air, food, water and a significant part of energy and building resources - he receives from the biosphere. Man also dumps waste into the biosphere - domestic and industrial. For a long time, this type of human activity did not upset the balance of the biosphere. At present, the spontaneous relationship with nature poses a danger to the existence of not only individual objects, territories, countries, etc., but also to all mankind.

This is explained by the fact that a person is closely connected with wildlife, origin, material and spiritual needs, but unlike other organisms, these connections have reached such a scale and forms that this leads to the almost complete involvement of the animal cover of the planet (biosphere) in the life support of modern man. which has brought mankind to the brink of ecological catastrophe.

A person, thanks to the mind given to him by nature, seeks to provide himself with "comfortable" environmental conditions, to be independent of its physical factors, for example, from climate, from lack of food, to get rid of animals and plants harmful to him (but not at all "harmful" to the rest living world), etc. Therefore, man, first of all, differs from other species in that he interacts with nature through the culture he creates. But, as K. Marx noted, "culture, if it develops spontaneously, and is not directed consciously ... leaves behind a desert."

Only knowledge of how to manage them will help to stop the spontaneous development of events, and, in the case of ecology, this knowledge should "take possession of the masses", most of society, which is possible only through the general environmental education of people.

1. Impact of air pollution

The issue of human impact on the atmosphere is in the center of attention of specialists and environmentalists around the world. And this is no coincidence, since the largest global environmental problems of our time - the "greenhouse effect", the violation of the ozone layer, the fallout of acid rain, are associated precisely with anthropogenic pollution of the atmosphere.

Atmospheric air protection is a key problem in the improvement of the natural environment. Atmospheric air occupies a special position among other components of the biosphere.

Its significance for all life on Earth cannot be overestimated. A person can go without food for five weeks, without water for five days, and without air for only five minutes. At the same time, the air must have a certain purity and any deviation from the norm is dangerous to health.

Atmospheric air also performs the most complex protective ecological function, protecting the Earth from absolutely cold Cosmos and the flow of solar radiation. Global meteorological processes take place in the atmosphere, climate and weather are formed, a mass of meteorites is delayed.

The atmosphere has the ability to self-purify. It occurs when aerosols are washed out of the atmosphere by precipitation, turbulent mixing of the surface air layer, deposition of polluted substances on the earth's surface, etc. However, under modern conditions, the possibilities of natural self-purification systems are undermined. Under the massive onslaught of anthropogenic pollution, very undesirable environmental consequences began to appear in the atmosphere. For this reason, atmospheric air no longer fully fulfills its protective, thermoregulatory and life-supporting ecological functions.

2. Omain sources of air pollution

Currently, the main contribution to atmospheric air pollution in Russia is made by the following industries: thermal power engineering (thermal and nuclear power plants, industrial and municipal boiler houses, etc.), then ferrous metallurgy, oil production and petrochemistry, motor transport, non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises and production of building materials.

In the West, the situation is slightly different. So, for example, the main amount of harmful emissions in the USA, Great Britain and Germany falls on motor vehicles (50-60%), while the share of thermal power is much less (16-20%).

3. Impact on human health

Air pollution affects human health and the natural environment in various ways - from a direct and immediate threat (smog, etc.) to a slow and gradual destruction of various life support systems of the body. In many cases, air pollution disrupts the structural components of the ecosystem to such an extent that regulatory processes are unable to return them to their original state, and as a result, the homeostasis mechanism does not work.

The physiological impact on the human body of the main pollutants (pollutants) is fraught with the most serious consequences. So, sulfur dioxide, combining with moisture, forms sulfuric acid, which destroys the lung tissue of humans and animals. This relationship is especially clearly seen in the analysis of childhood pulmonary pathology and the degree of sulfur dioxide concentration in the atmosphere of large cities. According to research by American scientists, at the level of SO? up to 0.049 mg/m³, the incidence rate (in person-days) of the population of Nashville (USA) was 8.1%, at 0.150 - 0.349 mg/m³ - 12% and in areas with air pollution above 0.350 mg/m³ - 43.8%. Sulfur dioxide is especially dangerous when it is deposited on dust particles and in this form penetrates deep into the respiratory tract.

Dust containing silicon dioxide (SiO?) causes severe lung disease - silicosis. Nitrogen oxides irritate, and in severe cases corrode the mucous membranes, such as the eyes, lungs, participate in the formation of poisonous mists, etc. They are especially dangerous if they are contained in polluted air together with sulfur dioxide and other toxic compounds. In these cases, even at low concentrations of pollutants, a synergistic effect occurs, i.e. increased toxicity of the entire gaseous mixture.

The effect of carbon monoxide (carbon monoxide) on the human body is widely known. In acute poisoning, general weakness, dizziness, nausea, drowsiness, loss of consciousness appear, and death is possible (even after 3-7 days). However, due to the low concentration of CO in the atmospheric air, as a rule, it does not cause mass poisoning, although it is very dangerous for people suffering from anemia and cardiovascular diseases. Among the suspended solid particles, the most dangerous particles are less than 5 microns in size, which can penetrate the lymph nodes, linger in the alveoli of the lungs, and clog the mucous membranes.

Very unfavorable consequences that can affect a huge time interval are associated with such insignificant emissions as lead, benzapyrene, phosphorus, cadmium, arsenic, cobalt, etc. They depress the hematopoietic system, cause oncological diseases, reduce the body's resistance to infections, etc. .d. Dust containing a compound of lead and mercury has mutagenic properties and causes genetic changes in the cells of the body. The consequences of exposure to the human body of harmful substances contained in the exhaust gases of cars are very serious and have the widest range of action: from coughing to death.

Table 1. Impact of vehicle exhaust gases on human health

Harm. thing	The consequences of exposure to the human body
carbon monoxide	Prevents the blood from absorbing oxygen, which impairs thinking ability, slows reflexes, causes drowsiness and can cause loss of consciousness and death
	Affects the circulatory, nervous and genitourinary systems; causes a decrease in mental abilities in children, is deposited in bones and other tissues, therefore it is dangerous for a long time
nitrogen oxides	May increase the body's susceptibility to viral diseases, irritate the lungs, cause bronchitis and pneumonia
	Irritates the mucous membrane of the respiratory system, causes coughing, disrupts the functioning of the lungs; reduces resistance to colds; may exacerbate chronic heart disease, cause asthma and bronchitis
Toxic Emissions (heavy metals)	Cause cancer, dysfunction of the reproductive system and defects in newborns

Anthropogenic emissions of pollutants in high concentrations and for a long time cause great harm not only to humans, but also negatively affect animals, the state of plants and the ecosystem as a whole.

4. Deterioration of the ozone layer

The ozone layer covers the entire globe and is located at altitudes of 10-50 km with the maximum ozone concentration at an altitude of 20-25 km. The saturation of the atmosphere with ozone is constantly changing in any part of the planet, reaching a maximum in the spring in the subpolar region. For the first time, the depletion of the ozone layer attracted public attention in 1985, when an area with a low (up to 50%) ozone content, called the "ozone hole", was discovered over Antarctica. Since then, measurements have confirmed the widespread depletion of the ozone layer on almost the entire planet.

Currently, the depletion of the ozone layer is recognized by all as a serious threat to environmental security. A decrease in ozone concentration weakens the ability of the atmosphere to protect all life on Earth from hard ultraviolet radiation (UV radiation). Living organisms are very vulnerable to UV - radiation, because. the energy of even one photon from these beams is enough to destroy the chemical bonds in most organic molecules. It is no coincidence that in areas with a low ozone content, sunburns are numerous, there is an increase in people with skin cancer, etc. In addition to skin diseases, the development of eye diseases (cataracts, etc.), suppression of the immune system, etc. is possible.

5. ATode and its meaning. Water pollution and methods of its purification

The existence of the biosphere and man has always been based on the use of water. Mankind has always sought to increase water consumption, exerting manifold pressure on the hydrosphere. Water pollution manifests itself in a change in physical and organoleptic means (violation of transparency, color, odors, taste), an increase in the content of sulfates, chlorides, nitrates, toxic heavy metals, a reduction in air oxygen dissolved in water, the appearance of radioactive elements, pathogenic bacteria and other pollutants.

Russia has one of the highest water potentials in the world - each inhabitant of Russia has over 30,000 m3/year of water. However, at present, due to pollution or clogging, about 70% of the rivers and lakes in Russia have lost their qualities as a source of drinking water supply, as a result, about half of the population consumes polluted poor-quality water.

6 .Major water pollutants

It has been established that more than 400 types of substances can cause water pollution. If the permissible norm is exceeded by at least one of the three indicators of harmfulness: sanitary-toxicological, general sanitary or organoleptic, the water is considered contaminated. There are chemical, biological and physical pollutants. Among the chemical pollutants, the most common ones include oil and oil products, surfactants (synthetic surfactants), pesticides, heavy metals, dioxins, etc. Biological pollutants pollute water very dangerously: viruses and other pathogens; and physical - radioactive substances, heat, etc. The processes of surface water pollution are caused by various factors. The main ones include:

1. Discharge of untreated wastewater into reservoirs.

2. Washing out pesticides with rainfall.

3. Gas and smoke emissions.

4. Leaks of oil and oil products.

Table 2. Priority pollutants of aquatic ecosystems by industry

Industry	Dominant type of pollutants
Oil and gas production, oil refining	Petroleum products, surfactants, phenols, ammonium salts, sulfides
Pulp and paper complex timber industry	Sulfates, organics, lignins, resinous and fatty substances, nitrogen
Mechanical engineering, metalworking, metallurgy	Heavy metals, suspended solids, fluorides, cyanides, ammonium nitrogen, petroleum products, phenols, resins
Chemical industry	Phenols, petroleum products, surfactants, aromatic hydrocarbons, inorganics

In addition to surface water, groundwater is also constantly polluted, primarily in areas of large industrial centers. Pollutants can penetrate to groundwater in various ways: by seepage of industrial and domestic wastewater from storage facilities, storage ponds, settling tanks, etc., through the annulus of faulty wells, through absorbing wells, sinkholes, etc.

Natural sources of pollution include highly mineralized groundwater or sea water, which can be introduced into fresh unpolluted water during the operation of water intake facilities and pumping water from wells.

It is important to emphasize that groundwater pollution is not limited to the area of industrial enterprises, waste storage facilities, etc., but spreads downstream to distances of up to 20-30 km or more from the pollution source. This poses a real threat to the drinking water supply.

Pollution of aquatic ecosystems is a great danger to all living organisms and, in particular, to humans. For human health, adverse effects from the use of contaminated water, as well as from contact with it (bathing, washing, fishing, etc.) are manifested either directly during drinking or as a result of biological accumulation.

Among the water protection problems, one of the most important is the development and implementation effective methods disinfection and purification of surface water used for drinking water supply.

7.Water treatment methods

Starting from 1896 and up to the present time, the method of disinfecting water with chlorine has been the most common method of combating bacterial pollution in our country. However, it turned out that chlorination of water carries a serious danger to human health. It is possible to eliminate this effect hazardous to human health and achieve a reduction in carcinogenic substances in drinking water by replacing primary chlorination with ozonation or ultraviolet treatment, as well as by using reagent-free pre-treatment methods in biological reactors.

It should be noted that water treatment with ozone or ultraviolet rays has almost completely replaced chlorination at water treatment plants in many countries of Western Europe. In our country, these ecologically effective technologies limited due to the high cost of retrofitting wastewater treatment plants. The modern technology of drinking water purification from other environmentally hazardous substances - petroleum products, surfactants, pesticides, organochlorine and other compounds is based on the use of sorption processes using activated carbons or their analogues - graphite-mineral sorbents. All greater value in the protection of surface waters from pollution and clogging, agroforestry and hydrotechnical measures are gaining ground. With their help, it is possible to prevent silting and overgrowing of lakes, reservoirs and small rivers. The implementation of these works will reduce polluted surface runoff and contribute to the cleanliness of water bodies.

Wconclusion

atmospheric environment pollution

Everyone must understand that the preservation and multiplication of the wealth given to us by nature is possible if human society, each person in his own practical activities will come from common task conservation of the biosphere.

Ecological consciousness means understanding that the biosphere, production and society are a single whole, that the biosphere is a system that is easy to break and much more difficult and expensive to restore. Ecological consciousness means a sense of responsibility for nature before society and before nature itself, since man is only one of its elements.

In our time, new thinking is reflected in the attitude towards nature. Saving nature has become one of the categorical conditions for the preservation of life on Earth. We must introduce world standards and actively participate in international environmental cooperation. Legislatively fix the procedure for the strictest scientific expertise and taking into account public opinion when resolving issues related to the location of new industries.

Literature

1. Grinin N. S., Novikov V. N. / Ecological safety. Tutorial. - M.: "Fair-press", 2000.

2. Krivoshein D. A., Muravey L. A., Roeva N. N. / Ecology and life safety. M.: "UNITI - DANA", 2000.

3. Karpenkov S. Kh. / Concepts of modern natural science. Textbook for High Schools. - M.: Culture and sport, "UNITI", 1997.

4. Concepts of modern natural science: Series "Textbooks and study guides". - Rostov n / D: "Phoenix", 1997.

5. Concepts of modern natural science: A textbook for universities / Lavrinenko V. N. et al. _ M .: Culture and sport, "UNITI", 1997.

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Chemical pollution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere

In table. 1 shows the official statistics on chemical pollution of the environment. According to these data for the last 5 years of the XX century. emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere, water intake from natural sources and discharge of polluted wastewater decreased by 5–10%.

Table 1. Anthropogenic impact on the quality of the environment in Russia at the end of the 20th century (according to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation)

Types of impact
Types of impact
Negative consequences of economic activity
Emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary sources, mln t/year
Discharge of polluted wastewater, bcm/year
Water intake from natural sources, bcm/year
Violation of soil quality due to industrial activity, thousand ha/year
Generation of toxic waste, million tons/year
Rehabilitation activities
Utilization and neutralization of waste, mln t/year
Collection of toxic substances from emissions into the atmosphere, mln m 3 /year
Land reclamation, thousand ha/year
Reforestation, ha/year

However, the data in the table is not complete. Considering that the industrial potential for the period under review decreased by 2-3 times, the decrease in negative impacts on the environment should have been much more significant.

In addition, according to statistics, the number of cars in Russia over the last 5 years of the XX century. increased by 2.5 times. This has led to a redistribution of responsibility for air pollution between stationary sources and road transport. It has been established that the latter is the cause of about 80% of the release of toxic substances into the atmosphere. Thus, the anthropogenic impact on air quality due to the combined emissions of pollutants from stationary and mobile sources will significantly exceed the official data.

The decrease in annual wastewater discharge in 2000 compared to 1995 is 2.2 billion m 3 , and the decrease in water intake from natural water sources is 7 billion m 3 . Their ratio is about 3.5, which indicates a relative increase in discharged effluents without treatment. It is obvious that the reduction in wastewater discharge is associated primarily with a synchronous drop in water intake.

This conclusion is confirmed by the data in Table. 2. From 1985 to 1998, the total volume of wastewater has decreased by 1.3 times, while the relative contribution of untreated wastewater has increased by 2.5 times. Consequently, the flow of pollutants into the hydrosphere should have increased at least 2 times.

Table 2. Trends in changes in the total volumes of wastewater discharged into surface water bodies in Russia over the period from 1985 to 1998

	The total volume of wastewater, bcm/year	Share of untreated wastewater in total volume
	The total volume of wastewater, bcm/year	bcm/year

The scale of environmental rehabilitation measures over time either remain at a roughly constant level (waste treatment, collection of toxic substances from atmospheric emissions), or tend to decrease (land reclamation and reforestation) (see Table 1).

And finally, a 1.6-fold increase in the amount of toxic waste indicates the use of outdated technologies in industry to ensure economic growth.

It follows from the above materials that the negative impact of industry on the quality of the environment is exacerbated by a decrease in efforts to rehabilitate it. It can be stated that the scale of the negative consequences of anthropogenic impacts is increasing over time due to the lack of an effective environmental policy in Russia.

The reasons for the current situation, in our opinion, are as follows:

1) ignoring the concept of sustainable development by representatives of all branches of government, the main postulate of which is the equality of the natural and economic factors in the function of increasing the welfare of the population;

2) the absence of an effective system of environmental quality control, which would allow correct planning of preventive environmental measures.

To solve the first task, only the efforts of public environmental organizations are required, while in the second case, it is necessary to apply a new scientific concept based on the methodology of interdisciplinary research, namely, the regulation of chemical pollution of the environment using the magnitude of environmental risk.

New Approach has been developing in recent years within the framework of the theory of environmental screening, or analysis of the magnitude of environmental risk. At the same time, several conflicting definitions of the magnitude of environmental risk are used.

According to our ideas, the magnitude of environmental risk corresponds to the probability of death of a biological system (organism, population, population) over a certain period of time (for example, 1 year).

Below are examples of the use of environmental risk values for the population due to chemical pollution of surface air and drinking water.

Chemical pollution of the environment has a negative impact on human health if the magnitude of the environmental risk exceeds an acceptable level. The latter is taken equal to the reciprocal of the lifetime of a biological system in natural conditions, multiplied by the safety factor (or margin). Thus, with an average biological age of a person of 100 years, the risk of death will be 10–2 people/person-year. As can be seen from Table. 3, this value is consistent with the risks of human death from diseases (Europe, Russia) and from accidents (USA, Europe).

At the same time, with approximately the same natural background level in all countries (5.0x10–5–1.0x10–6), in Russia the maximum permissible level of environmental risk is 2–4 orders of magnitude higher than in “civilized countries”. Obviously, this discrepancy reflects the fact that the magnitude of environmental risk due to anthropogenic impact, in Europe is 5-100 times lower than in Russia.

First of all, this indicates high security European technologies, which is achieved through additional investment. This means that the parameters of technological systems are brought into line with the requirements for compliance with environmental safety standards.

The opposite approach in the implementation of technical policy is carried out in Russia, where the regulatory framework for ensuring the environmental safety of the population is formed on the basis of the current economic situation, with minimal safety factors. Ultimately, such a "conciliatory" approach becomes one of the main reasons for the emergence of zones of ecological disasters, where the life expectancy of the population depends on the intensity of emissions of pollutants into the environment.

As can be seen from Table. 4, under the influence of oil production in Western Siberia, environmentally related diseases will inevitably occur, which will cause a drop in the average life expectancy of people to about 42 years.

Table 3. Average values of environmental risk for the population of different regions of the world (person/person year)

Type of environmental risk
Type of environmental risk
natural background negligible Maximum allowable Anthropogenic cumulative Death from disease Death by accident Death from social stress	1.0x10 -6 1.0x10 -9 -1.0x10 -8 1.0x10 -7 -1.0x10 -6 – – 1.0x10 -2 3.8x10 -4	1.0x10 -6 1.0x10 -8 1.0x10 -6 1.0x10 -3 -5.0x10 -5 1.0x10 -2 1.0x10 -2 5.0x10 -2	5.0x10 -5 -1.0x10 -6 1.0x10 -6 1.0x10 -4 -1.0x10 -3 5.0x10 -3 1.1 10 -2 8.0x10 -4 -1.0x10 -3 2.0x10 -4

Table 4. Environmental risk for the population due to chemical pollution of air and drinking water in certain regions of Russia

Individual environmental risk
(person/person year)

Priority Pollutants

in the air

Moscow region

Western Siberia

North Caspian

3.2x10 -3

1.0x10 -2

1.3x10 -3 -1.3x10 -2

SO 2, hydrocarbons

SO 2 , ozone, hydrocarbons

organic matter

oil, heavy metals

The magnitude of the individual environmental risk, due to the background content of gases and hydrocarbons in the surface air of the Northern Caspian, currently exceeds the permissible level. Due to the fact that in the coming years this region is expected to increase oil and gas production by at least 10 times, the formation of the same environmentally dangerous situation as in Western Siberia is possible.

Comments on the Implementation Action Plan
Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation for 2003–2005.

1. Reduce pollution and save resources

All events in 2003–2005 are limited to the development of projects, concepts, laws or regulations. Consequently, in the next few years, specific measures to reduce pollutant emissions are not even planned.

2. Ensuring safety in the implementation of potentially hazardous activities and in emergency situations

Only facilities of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation are classified as potentially hazardous activities, while it is well known that chemical pollution of the environment causes the risk of premature death at least 10 times greater than radiation. In addition, the plan lacks proposals for the prevention of emergencies.
It seems to us that the use of the magnitude of environmental risk as an integral criterion of environmental quality will make it possible to make scientifically based forecasts about the need for preventive environmental measures.
The first studies in this direction were carried out in 2002 within the framework of the Federal Target Program “Risk Reduction and Mitigation of the Consequences of Natural and Technogenic Emergencies”.

3. Development of the system of state management of environmental protection and nature management

Paragraph 3.2 of the plan provides for the development of a national action program for the improvement and development of the water management complex of Russia for the perspective "Water of Russia in the 21st century".
Within the framework of the Agreement on cooperation between the administrations of Moscow and Kaluga regions and the NPR of Russia, the Protva project is already being implemented. This project is aimed at improving the ecological situation in the river basin. Against, and on approbation of the model of movement towards the trajectory of sustainable development of socio-economic systems, while observing the basin principle of water resources management and working out the organizational, economic and legal mechanisms of this movement.
The project can be extended to other regions of Russia in the implementation of the basin principle of movement towards the trajectory of sustainable development in the programs of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Its inclusion in this point of the plan will accelerate the receipt of reliable information that is necessary to improve a rational program for the development of the water management complex in Russia.
In paragraph 3.9. Implementation of the Federal Target Program "Ecology and Natural Resources of Russia (2002-2010)" Sub-programs should include environmental measures that will accompany large-scale oil and gas production and transportation projects in Russia.
Today it is already known that the implementation of the following projects will begin in the near future:

– construction of the Western Siberia–Murmansk oil and gas pipeline;
– construction of the Russia-Europe oil and gas pipeline along the bottom of the Baltic Sea;
– industrial exploitation of oil and gas fields on the shelf of the Caspian, Okhotsk, Barents and Kara seas.

The scale of the impact of these projects on the environment may pose a threat to the sustainability of the biosphere at the global level, so the neglect of environmental issues will cause a negative reaction throughout the world community.

4. Regulatory legal support and law enforcement

It is necessary to bring the national methodology for assessing the extent of environmental damage in line with international practice. The existing system of receiving by the state "conditional" payments for environmental pollution does not encourage enterprises to implement environmental protection measures.
In addition, in this section of the plan there are no proposals for the development of regulations necessary for the implementation of certain provisions of the Russian Environmental Doctrine (such positive legal acts at the regional and municipal levels are being developed as part of the Protva project) at those levels where the issue will be resolved fulfillment or non-fulfillment of assigned tasks.

5. Economic and financial mechanisms

Paragraphs 5.2 and 5.3 again refer to the development of the concept and regulations, while payment systems have been in place for many years. Another thing is that they require revision.
In paragraph 5.4, in our opinion, it is necessary to achieve the adoption of a law on compulsory environmental insurance of all potentially hazardous facilities, and not just hydraulic structures.

conclusions

1. The state in Russia does not fulfill its obligations to provide its citizens with a level of environmental safety that meets international standards.

2. When building a new environmental policy, it is necessary to reduce the permissible level of environmental risk in Russia by 3–4 orders of magnitude.

Literature

1. Anikiev V.V., Zakharova P.V. Integral criterion of ecological safety // Geoinformatics. 2002. No. 1. S. 8–16.

2. Anikiev V.V., Zakharova P.V., Nikolaev V.V. Evaluation of strategic risk in the ecological sphere. // Risk management. 2002. Special issue. pp. 83–88.

3. Berezhnoy A.V., Ostroumov A.A. Influence of vehicles on air pollution in Belarus // Engineering Ecology. 2001. No. 1. S. 43–49.

4. Hydrochemical indicators of the state of the environment: Reference materials. - M .: Publishing House of the Social and Ecological Union, 2000.

5. Fleishman B.S. Criteria for environmental safety under uncertainty (eco-screening approach) // Sat. VINITI. 1995. No. 3401–B95. pp. 3–32.

6. Anikiev V.V., Zakharova P.V. Ecological risk assessment for the population and water ecosystems of oil and gas producing regions // Geoinformatics. 2003.

7. Anikiev V.V., Zakharova P.V., Babaev P.V. and etc. Wastewater treatment facilities of small towns as a basis for an integrated approach to environmental protection // Engineering environmental protection / Ed. Yu.A. Birman, N.G. Vurdov. - M.: Publishing House of the Association of Construction Universities, 2002. S. 6–60.

8. Anikiev V.V., Ishchenko I.G., Kuzmina N.P. Analysis and management of water quality in the oil and gas producing region (basin of the middle Ob) // Ecological adaptation of society in the post-Soviet space / Ed. V.V. Anikieva. – M.: Interbusiness-book, 2000. S. 172–181.

Recently, there has been a huge amount of scientific materials devoted to one of the most acute world problems - the problem of ecology. Scientists (environmental lawyers, biologists, chemists, etc.), as well as journalists in the media mass media constantly point to the likelihood of a global environmental catastrophe that can lead to the most negative consequences for humans.

To solve environmental problems, it is initially necessary to recognize their existence at the state level. In view of this, it seems timely to adopt regulatory legal acts of the federal level relating to the ecology of Russia: Federal Law "On the state strategy of the Russian Federation for environmental protection and sustainable development"(1994) ; The concept of the transition of the Russian Federation to sustainable development(1996) ; The concept of national security of the Russian Federation(2000) ; "Ecology and natural resources of Russia(2002 - 2010) ”, Federal target program(2001) and Ecological Doctrine of the Russian Federation(2002).

In all these documents, among the most important state tasks, one can find “radical improvement of the ecological situation in the country”. They state the urgent need for the country to get out of the current environmental situation and recognize the following as the main directions: the creation of an effective legislative framework; reconstruction of industrial facilities and their provision with modern equipment; stimulation of scientific activity in the field of ecology, environmental education and upbringing of the population, etc.

An analysis of the content of the cited documents reveals the following: despite the publication since 1994 of regulatory legal acts in the field of ensuring environmental safety, in 2002 the Environmental Doctrine again states that a situation is currently developing in Russia, characterized as an environmental crisis. In this regard, it is noted the need to "form and consistently implement a unified state policy in the field of ecology." It remains unclear the purpose of the adoption of previous documents if they were not implemented.

Nevertheless, noting the declarative nature of the above documents, one cannot fail to recognize their positive aspects: the formation of a state policy strategy in the field of ecology is being carried out; indicates the main areas of activity in the implementation of these programs; indicates the need to comply with international environmental treaties; the main reasons for the negative trend in the state of the environment are formulated.

The implementation of the requirements of laws governing environmental and legal relations in the country is not always carried out at the proper level. As a result, the degree of negative anthropogenic impact on the environment is currently quite high. According to some reports, in more than 200 cities of Russia, including Togliatti, Kemerovo, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, St. Petersburg, Moscow, the permissible concentrations in the air of substances hazardous to human health are significantly exceeded. In Moscow alone, about 1600 tons of them are emitted into the atmosphere every year, and each resident of the capital inhales up to 150 kg per year. 51 . A qualitative shift in improving the environmental situation in Moscow can be recognized as the withdrawal of industrial enterprises from the capital (for example, the Moscow Oil Refinery). However, there is no guarantee that the production facilities transferred to the new location will comply with environmental regulations.

One of the world's environmental problems associated with atmospheric pollution is global warming. Many scientists tend to consider the increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the atmosphere as the main reason for this phenomenon. When the concentration of CO 2 doubles, the temperature near the earth's surface will increase, according to various estimates, by 1.5° - 4.5°. The Krasnoyarsk Institute of Biophysics presented an original mathematical model that predicts the irreversible destruction of the biosphere with the dynamics of growth in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that is currently observed. If humanity does not stop burning fossil fuels and cutting down forests, according to scientists, in 2107 a real ecological "end of the world" will come - the temperature will rise sharply, the vast majority of plant and animal species will die. And even the existence of Homo sapiens as a species will be threatened. Moreover, this process can go faster, since the results obtained are correct only within the framework of modern views on the functioning of the biosphere. 52 It is important not only to realize the possibility of such a disaster, but also to understand that inaction today can lead to disaster tomorrow. However, the immediate financial benefit prevails over the fear of a distant environmental catastrophe, which seems rather abstract.

The situation with Russia's water resources is extremely bad. The problem of providing the population with clean water is very acute, despite the many rivers and reservoirs located on the territory of the country. The main problem is the discharge of insufficiently treated and untreated wastewater into water bodies by industrial enterprises and household facilities. As foreign practice shows, the problem can be completely solved if there is sufficient targeted funding. For example, in Finland since the 70s of the XX century. investment in the protection of the aquatic environment has been put on the right level and today in 80% of lakes and 40% of rivers the water quality is assessed as good and the water can be used for supply to the population. In Russia, the situation is somewhat different. Thus, the state strategy of 1994 indicated the need to implement the Volga Revival program, but the 2001 Federal Target Program in section I states that “the state of the natural environment in the Volga river basin is especially unfavorable.” However, in Section III, certain improvements in the environmental situation in the basin of this river are noted: for example, the discharge of polluted wastewater in 2000 compared to 1995 decreased by 843 million m 3 . That is, at the state level it is recognized that the federal target program for the revival of the Volga is not fully implemented, although its budget until 2010 is equal to the annual budget of the entire country.

In this situation, it is necessary to take into account the fact that it is more profitable for many enterprises to pay fines than to spend considerable sums on installing industrial emission and discharge treatment systems or purchasing new equipment that meets the environmental requirements of the law. So, according to Art. 8.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, non-compliance with environmental requirements, in particular, during the operation of enterprises, entails a fine, including on a legal entity, in the amount of 50 to 100 minimum wages. It seems that such an amount is not so significant for the enterprise and is small compared to the costs necessary to eliminate the causes of the violation.

Experts say that in the coming years, man-made disasters caused by accidents at chemical and metallurgical industries will inevitably occur. This statement is based on a study of the equipment used, which has long and hopelessly become obsolete, as well as as a result of non-compliance with the methods of storage and destruction of production waste. Not the last role is played by the cost of disposal. So, for example, the disposal of 5 kg of chloroform, according to Moscow prices, costs about 4 thousand rubles. From the point of view of an entrepreneur, pouring a chemical into the sewer or just onto the ground is much cheaper, or rather free of charge.

Almost all scientific articles talk about the need for environmental education and education of the population, the introduction of special courses in schools and higher educational institutions, but practice shows the low effectiveness of such training. School programs are structured in such a way that students are not too interested in environmental issues. Special developments of psychologists and teachers are needed to draw up a well-thought-out and effective school curriculum. Some universities train specialists in such specialties as Ecology, Human Radiation Safety, Bioecology, etc. However, further employment of young specialists is problematic, including due to the extremely low wages.

International cooperation is extremely important for solving environmental problems, since it is beyond the power of one state to solve them, given that the combined efforts of all countries are needed to really change the disastrous situation in the field of ecology.

As an example of an international response to violations of human rights in the field of ecology, one can cite the final Declaration of an international conference held in Spain in November 2000, which recognizes the use of depleted uranium in Iraq in 1991 and in Yugoslavia in 1998 as extremely dangerous for humans and decides that its use as a weapon shall be regarded as a war crime against humanity.

Some countries provide financial assistance to other states. For example, Finland finances projects (including Russian ones) on environmental protection, and the allocated amounts exceed 100 million euros.

The opinion is often expressed in the literature that it is necessary to create environmental courts. 53 . The workload of the courts of general jurisdiction is unusually high and the consideration of cases of environmental offenses is given insufficient attention in comparison with the seriousness of the problem. The creation of environmental courts would allow such cases to be dealt with more fully, efficiently and quickly. Environmental legislation is specific and extensive, and its incorrect or incomplete application can lead to environmental degradation. Therefore, one of the conditions for the creation of environmental courts should be considered, as it seems, the specialized training of the judiciary.

To effectively prevent environmental offenses and crimes, it seems necessary to increase the importance of prevention. Among the preventive measures, it should be noted the wide coverage in the literature, the media of the danger of committing environmental offenses and crimes, their consequences for humans, types of responsibility. The impact of television is especially effective, since visual perception, for example, footage of an environmental disaster, will be more effective than reading information about this disaster.

Preventive measures should be developed with the joint participation of environmental and law enforcement as well as public organizations. One of the methods of prevention can be considered tax incentives for enterprises. So, according to Art. 254 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, “expenses associated with the maintenance and operation of treatment facilities, ash collectors, filters and other environmental facilities, expenses for the disposal of environmentally hazardous waste ... and other similar expenses” refer to production expenses, i.e. the taxpaying enterprise reduces the received income by the amount of these expenses.

ON THE CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY *

Since 1992, the implementation of the Federal Program has begun in our country "Ecological safety of Russia". In 1993, the Constitution of the Russian Federation proclaimed that the highest value is a person, his rights and freedoms, and the duty of the state is the recognition, observance and protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen (Article 2). Today, the constitutional right (Article 42) of every citizen - the right to a favorable environment, reliable information about its condition and compensation for damage caused to his health or property by an environmental offense, is implemented in a number of regulations. The phrase "environmental safety and its provision" has become the most common in legal documents and in the media.

On June 4, 2003, a meeting of the Presidium of the State Council of the Russian Federation was held, at which plan to improve environmental doctrine and the Federal Target Program "Ecology and natural resources of Russia (2002 - 2010)". At the meeting, it was noted that for the first time in more than a decade in Russia, a deterioration in a number of the most important indicators of the state of the environment was registered. At present, already 15% of the country's territory can be classified as ecological disaster zones. In more than 40 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, air pollution and drinking water sources significantly exceed sanitary standards. The measures taken do not lead, unfortunately, to the improvement of the ecosystem. 54 . Among the priority measures related to ensuring environmental safety, the participants of the meeting named the restoration of fees for environmental pollution.

One of the main tasks of environmental law is to ensure the environmental safety of the population and natural areas, including the preservation of public health, the maintenance of environmental law and order, the prevention of environmental disasters, etc.

For the first time, the concept of "environmental safety" was used in the list of objects of environmental crimes, along with such as environmental law and order, the environment, human health, etc., in the Law of the RSFSR "On the Protection of the Environment" of December 19, 1991 (art. 85). And from that moment on, this concept has become widely used in legal science, in legislation. But environmental safety has not only legal, but also social significance. The legal regulation of environmental safety is connected with the section that has appeared in environmental law, which regulates issues related to emergency situations. Many authors include the environmental safety of the population and territories in the subject (object) of environmental law (A.K. Golichenkov), some deny the expediency of this (M.M. Brinchuk). I.F. Pankratov believes that the state of protection of the vital interests of a person, society and the environment from threats that may arise as a result of harmful natural and man-made impacts on it, as well as as a result of environmental offenses, and environmental safety should be considered as a system of measures to prevent and eliminate consequences of the impact on the environment of harmful natural phenomena, natural disasters, man-made disasters, environmental pollution. Ecological safety, according to O.L Dubovik, is the state of protection of the environment, population, territories, economic and other objects from various threats arising from negative changes in environmental components as a result of anthropogenic activities, natural phenomena and illegal acts. Environmental security is ensured by a set of legal, organizational, financial, material and informational measures designed to predict, prevent, eliminate real and potential threats to security, and mitigate their consequences. The threat to environmental safety expresses an increased probability of the death of individual natural objects, significant pollution, poisoning or contamination of the environment, the scale of which is determined based on the size of the environmental damage, its stability, the possibility of elimination, and the impact on the life and health of the population 55 .

Environmental security is an important component of the national security of the state. The general concept of security and its objects are formulated in the Law of the Russian Federation "About security" March 5, 1992 (as amended by the Federal Law of July 25, 2002). In Art. 1 of the Law states that security is a state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats, and vital interests are a set of needs, the satisfaction of which reliably ensures the existence and possibilities for the progressive development of the individual, society of the state. Ecological interests, the preservation of the quality of the environment as a necessary condition for human existence, must also be attributed to the number of vital ones.

At the same time, there is still no complete clarity in defining the content of the very concept of "environmental safety" and its essence. In federal law "On Environmental Protection" January 10, 2002 in Art. 1, environmental safety is understood as the state of protection of the natural environment and vital human interests from the possible negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies, and their consequences. In our opinion, this definition requires clarification and amendments to the existing Law.

Environmental safety is a more capacious concept, and, in our opinion, it is more correct to interpret it as a state of protection not only of the “natural environment”, this phrase should be replaced by a more precise concept "environment", which includes both the natural environment and anthropogenic objects. An anthropogenic object is an object created by man to meet his needs and does not have the properties of natural objects. But, speaking of environmental security, linking it with the vital interests of man, it cannot be denied that anthropogenic objects should also be included in the category of the concept of "environmental security".

Ensuring environmental safety is a system of actions to prevent the occurrence, development of environmentally hazardous situations and eliminate their consequences, including remote ones.

From the above definition of environmental safety, three of its objects can be distinguished: a person, society, and the natural environment. It is difficult not to agree with the opinion of M.M. Brinchuk that the issue of environmental safety of a person and society is most appropriate to consider in the context of the environmental rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities, since, firstly, the environmental safety of a person and society can only be ensured within the framework of their environmental rights and interests and, secondly, second, legislation should provide for mechanisms to enforce and protect these rights and interests 56 .

In view of the foregoing, the conceptual apparatus and, in particular, the concept of environmental safety in environmental law, requires a precise definition through the disclosure of its content.

annotation scientific article on political sciences, author of scientific work - Bashlakova Olga Ivanovna

Related Topics scientific works on political sciences, author of scientific work - Bashlakova Olga Ivanovna

The Problem of Environmental Security of Russia

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Problems of environmental security in Russia"

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

Chemical pollution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere

Table 1. Anthropogenic impact on the quality of the environment in Russia at the end of the 20th century (according to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation)

Table 2. Trends in changes in the total volumes of wastewater discharged into surface water bodies in Russia over the period from 1985 to 1998

Table 3. Average values of environmental risk for the population of different regions of the world (person/person year)

Table 4. Environmental risk for the population due to chemical pollution of air and drinking water in certain regions of Russia

Comments on the Implementation Action Plan
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conclusions

Literature

ecosystems

Zoology

Biology

Long 19th century

recent history

Middle Ages

new time

Interwar period

annotation scientific article on political sciences, author of scientific work - Bashlakova Olga Ivanovna

Related Topics scientific works on political sciences, author of scientific work - Bashlakova Olga Ivanovna

The Problem of Environmental Security of Russia

The text of the scientific work on the topic "Problems of environmental security in Russia"

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar Documents

Chemical pollution of the atmosphere and hydrosphere

Table 1. Anthropogenic impact on the quality of the environment in Russia at the end of the 20th century (according to the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation)

Table 2. Trends in changes in the total volumes of wastewater discharged into surface water bodies in Russia over the period from 1985 to 1998

Table 3. Average values ​​of environmental risk for the population of different regions of the world (person/person year)

Table 4. Environmental risk for the population due to chemical pollution of air and drinking water in certain regions of Russia

Comments on the Implementation Action Plan Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation for 2003–2005.

conclusions

Literature

ecosystems

Zoology

Biology

Long 19th century

recent history

Middle Ages

new time

Interwar period

Table 3. Average values of environmental risk for the population of different regions of the world (person/person year)

Comments on the Implementation Action Plan
Environmental Doctrine of the Russian Federation for 2003–2005.