The emergence of modern forms in our country social work posed a number of questions for Russian social theory and practice: “Is it possible to use the experience of Western countries to build a system of social protection of the population in Russia?”, “If possible, which country’s social model should be taken as the base one and within what limits should it be used?”, “ What factors limit the application of such experience? ". Finding answers to these questions will help to study the models of social support for the population operating in countries with a developed market economy. And, first of all, it is necessary to find out: what general civilizational sources were the forerunners of modern models of social theory and practice, why did the 20th century become the century of the phenomenon of social work?
When is the origin of social work dated? late XIX- the beginning of the 20th century, and in Russia even 1990, then, most likely, they mean the assertion of her professional status. Such qualities as mutual assistance, the desire to help each other have always been inherent in a civilized human society. Of course, in different periods they were carried out by different means, they did not concern all segments of the population and were evaluated differently by society and its various institutions. First, we are talking about the natural impulse of the soul: to help your neighbor, for only in mutual assistance could a person survive. In each state, the nature of the support provided to the “orphan and the poor” bears the imprint of national culture, established traditions, the level of economic development and many other factors. When considering charity as a harbinger of modern social institutions, the following conclusion is important for us: the desire for mutual assistance is immanent in man.
Over time these value orientations become in one form or another the postulates of all world religions. And religious institutions act not only as ardent preachers of helping the poor, but often provide it themselves. This activity has become traditionally under the patronage of the church. Hence the second conclusion: religion, with its postulates of helping one's neighbor (and sometimes responsibility for him), has determined many of the current forms of social support.
But religious norms eventually become a way of life, a part of culture, traditions, public morality and behavior for individual nations and peoples. There are people who are not occasionally, but constantly engaged in charity. And also disinterestedly. On this basis, various charitable societies arise, which to this day permeate the entire system of social protection of the Western world. Growing, on the one hand, the unity in the understanding of the universal goal - to help one's neighbor, on the other hand - the difference in culture, lifestyle, traditions, etc. predetermined the diversity of models and forms of social theories and actions. And this is the third conclusion.
Finally, it is impossible not to notice that social progress, especially in the economic sphere, as well as major historical facts and events, determined the contours of the social life of the twentieth century.
As a result of theoretical research, three approaches to solving social problems have been developed.
The first is a revolutionary-transformative, Marxist direction, the essence of which is that social problems can be solved only in a revolutionary way, by transforming society itself. In practice, as we know, this approach has found its embodiment in the USSR, the countries of Eastern and Central Europe and some countries of Asia and Latin America in the 20th century.
The second is reformist, whose representatives also looked for the causes of social adversity in society, but saw a way out in its gradual reform. The social development of most countries with a capitalist economic system followed this path. The Scandinavian countries were especially successful in this.
The third is anthropological. Proponents of this approach believed that the causes of a person's social ills lie in himself. The founder of this trend is Mary Richmond, the author of the book “Social Diagnoses”, which has become a classic for the theory of social work, which was published in 1917. Proceeding from the American ideology of individualism, Richmond considered poverty as a disease, as the inability of an individual to independently organize his independent life. The client acted as a kind of patient, and the task of the social worker was reduced to the "social healing" of an individual who was in an unsatisfactory condition, and preparing the ward to be able to independently solve their problems.
Returning to social practice, it should be noted that the separation of social assistance from church charity was gradually taking place. At the beginning of the XX century. charitable public organizations were already replenished with professional cadres of social workers, who began to be trained by many higher and secondary educational establishments.

The main models of social support for the population in the modern world.

The systems of state social support in each country were formed taking into account historical conditions and, despite the similarity and uniformity of the tasks being solved, they have differences in approaches, methods and organizational design.
These differences are especially noticeable when comparing the European and American models. The development of the social security system on the European continent has a longer history. It was formed as communal (intercommunal) ties were interrupted and, accordingly, support for those in need from their immediate environment weakened. A characteristic feature of the American settlers was self-reliance, personal initiative and the desire to minimize the influence of state structures on themselves. Such an individualistic approach also left its mark on the formation of the social policy of the state in the United States, whose role in the social protection of the population, especially before the period of the great crisis of 1928-1933, was relatively small.
social legislation European countries differs from the American in a higher degree of state involvement in determining the direction, planning, financing and implementation of social policy. At the same time, the significant role of local governments in the provision of social services should be emphasized, and, finally, greater coverage of the population with various social services and types of assistance.
The European model of social protection in the post-war years and up to the present day is based on the theory of the welfare state. It is based on the concept of "natural rights" of man.
By this time, European countries had accumulated sufficient economic potential to provide a living wage for the population. The state, in accordance with the Keynesian model of active intervention in the economy, also intervenes in the social sphere, based on the ideas of the welfare state.

The main postulates of this theory are: to create approximately the same starting opportunities for the implementation of life plans, to ensure a decent standard of living, to strive for the growth of social equality and justice. The welfare state forms a developed system of social assistance to all citizens, ensures the availability of medical, educational, psychological, legal and other vital services.
The concept of "welfare state" came into use after the Second World War. Of course, the models of such a state in each country are different and differ both in the way and in the result of solving the problems of achieving general prosperity. But the process of redistribution of responsibility for the life path of the individual from the individual, family, community, church, charitable organizations to state institutions is universal for these countries.
Opponents of the state social security system argue that the welfare state is expensive, wasteful, besides, social support services are provided today not only by state, but also by private organizations, while people have the opportunity to choose who and for what services to pay. The technology of active state intervention in the market economy, developed in the post-war years, does not seem to work anymore.
The social security system in Western countries post-war period expanded and improved. By the end of the 80s. the share of spending on social needs in GDP reached 25% (in 1960 - 12%). The fastest rates of their growth were noted in the 60s - the first half of the 70s. Since the second half of the 70s. up to the present, in the context of a slowdown in economic growth rates, increasing deficits in state budgets and social insurance funds, the growth rate of social spending in real prices has decreased.
Not only the economic difficulties experienced by Western European countries in the early 1990s caused the crisis of the "welfare state", the curtailment of a number of state social programs. The economic recession, the growing budget deficit and public debt (in 1996, the German budget deficit reached about $ 90 billion; the public debt of Belgium and Italy exceeds their GDP), the aging of the population, the rise in the cost of medical equipment and other factors contributed to changes in state social policy.
However, these changes also have a deeper basis, related to the fact that, according to Western experts, the ideals of the "welfare state" are outdated to a certain extent, having come into conflict with reality.
As noted in the UK Department of Social Services report, the welfare system, designed on the basis of the needs of previous generations, does not quite meet modern conditions.
The economic crisis of the 70-80s. showed that the absolutization of the idea of ​​a "welfare state" (however, as well as the absolutization of any social idea) leads many, even the most developed countries of the West, to economic stagnation and social stagnation.
At the end of the 20th century, the model of the “welfare state” was undergoing a radical reconstruction based on the theory of neoconservatism, the most ardent supporters of which, R. Reagan and M. Thatcher, not without reason believed that a permanent budget deficit leads to an economic catastrophe and proposed to significantly reduce public funding social sphere. In the early 1990s, many governments took steps to reduce public social spending.
In 1993 The French government has reduced payments under the state health insurance program and increased the share of patients in paying for medical services. The share of the state in paying for doctor visits decreased from 75% to 70%. In 1993 French health insurance payments fell by $5 billion
The UK is reforming the public health system in order to increase competition in this area. As a result, “inefficient” hospitals are closed and medical staff are fired.
In Sweden, there is a "sale" of public hospitals in private hands.
In Germany, among all industrialized countries, the shortest working week (it does not exceed 35 hours) and the duration of the period of employment, while the longest holidays (30 working days). The cost of social security in Germany is 50% higher than in France, and 5 times higher than in Portugal. Their share in hourly labor measurements reaches almost 50%. According to former German Chancellor Helmut Kohl, people in Germany live beyond their means. The time has come, in his opinion, to change this situation.
At the heart of the crisis of the "welfare state" in the Netherlands - a sharp increase in spending on the assistance program for the disabled. Almost 1 million people receive assistance under this program (out of a total workforce of 7 million people). It is 70% of the earnings received before the onset of disability, and is paid until the age of 65, when the old-age pension is assigned. It is planned to toughen the conditions for receiving these benefits and make permanent means testing in their receipt.
In Belgium, the government, employers and trade unions are trying to find ways to reduce the huge social security budget deficit.
The measures taken by the governments of Western European countries to reform the "welfare state" are aimed at establishing tighter control over the spending of public funds on social security, reducing financial losses in this area associated with corruption and excessive bureaucratization. Tax incentives are being introduced to stimulate the creation of non-state pension funds. When assigning benefits in almost all countries, a means test is carried out for applicants for their receipt. Some social services that were previously provided to the population free of charge are becoming paid. Some countries are considering raising the retirement age. State scholarships are in many cases replaced by loans.
Of course, none of the Western European countries is going to completely abandon the "welfare state": the idea that the state should take care of the needy is too ingrained in people's minds, and the population's resistance to any attempts to reduce the state's social spending is too great. But even centre-left politicians recognize the need to continue reforming the welfare system in Western countries.
The experience accumulated over decades of social support for the population has made it possible to identify the general and particular in the practice of social activity in market economy countries. It was noted that almost all countries use social insurance for the majority of the population in case of social risk: old age, illness, disability, unemployment, etc. and provide social assistance to the poor who are below the poverty line.
In the works of Richard Titmus and his followers Pinker and Esping-Anderson in the 70s and 80s. a typology of social welfare models in the West is being developed. According to this theory, social practice has given rise to three basic models of social development: paternalistic, corporatist, etatic.
The first model is typical for the USA, Japan, to a lesser extent, for those European countries where the position of the Catholic Church is strong. It is distinguished (in comparison with other models) by the low level of state participation in solving social problems, hence the relatively low costs of social services, the main burden of which falls on the family and private benefactors. Social programs to maintain income are mostly aimed at the poorest, social policy is built on the basis of neoconservative theories.
The second model is based on liberal theories. Social security is aimed at maintaining status differences, including the orientation of society towards the acceptance of the traditional family and the traditional role of women. Social policy is designed not so much to support the poor, but to protect a stable standard of living for workers, for the complicity of state and social structures in periods of life crises (illness, unemployment, etc.) of individual individuals. Such complicity is ensured by relevant legislative acts. The main functions of social security belong to industrial corporations and trade unions. At the regional and local levels, local business associations, trade unions and the state are responsible for social security. The state participates mainly in the organization of social assistance to those in need and in the organization of services for families and children. A similar model is typical for social security in Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and Belgium.
Finally, the Scandinavian states adopted the third model, where the principles of universalism of social rights coexist with the inviolability of individual autonomy, so this model is a combination of liberalism and socialism. Social policy in these countries is oriented towards an extensive and costly system of social security, which is centralized. Control over the implementation of state social policy is carried out by local authorities accountable to the central government.
Of interest is the system of social protection in the leading capitalist country - the United States.
As in Western European countries, the US social security system is being reformed, adapting to modern conditions, but relying on solid material resources and the established system of values. The National Social Security System was founded in the 1930s and dates back to the signing of the Social Security Act by President Franklin Roosevelt in August 1935. It was based on the orientation of Americans to success, to personal responsibility for their well-being and the well-being of their families .
The American social safety net has two distinct branches: the social security system and the social assistance system.

Social security programs have a high status of social respectability, since all wage earners regularly pay taxes to the respective funds. The social insurance system is mainly used by the middle and upper strata of society. This system protects the economically actively employed population from the main socio-economic risks: old age, loss of a breadwinner, disability, illness, industrial injuries, unemployment.
In the article of social expenditures of the US budget, this section of social protection accounts for about 75%. The size of social insurance pensions is 2.5 times higher than cash benefits for poverty.
It should be noted that both social insurance and social assistance in the United States are not abstract, but have a number of basic and auxiliary programs.
One of the most important is the basis of the pension system - the General Federal Program (OFP). To receive a full pension, you must reach the age of 65 and have at least 3 months of work experience for each year between the ages of 21 and 65. With a decrease in the length of service, the pension decreases, the minimum required length of service is 10 years.
The Pension Fund tax (including the Medicare portion of health care) is 15.3% of income, with half of the tax paid by the employer and the other half by the employee. The fund's spending is strictly regulated: out of every dollar that goes into the fund, 69 cents goes to trust funds that pay monthly old-age pensions to the insured, their family members, and widows; 19 cents - to trust funds that pay the bills of the insured under the Medicare program; 12 cents - to trust funds for the payment of pensions to the disabled and their families; and 1 cent for administrative expenses.
In the United States, the size of a full pension is strictly differentiated and depends on contributions to the insurance fund and on the level of income (from 58% of wages for low-paid workers to 29% for highly paid workers). Americans whose income is above the marginal (in 1995 - $ 61,200 a year) do not accrue a pension at all.
For all that Americans criticize their pension system, there are proportionately fewer old people among the poor now.
The most important component of the social insurance system is the Medicare retiree health program, which was created in 1965, covers more than 30 million Americans and is of the greatest social importance in the life of the country. Insurance is divided into basic and additional. For the main pensioners, treatment in general hospital conditions, additional treatment and medical services at home are paid. Additional insurance provides for voluntary insurance with the payment of an insurance premium, as well as payment for the services of doctors and services in polyclinics. The Medicare program provides health insurance for people aged 65 years and older and some other population groups.
A compensatory function similar to the social insurance system is performed by the federal-state unemployment insurance system, introduced in the mid-1930s. The unemployment insurance system is compensated by the tax on entrepreneurs, employees do not make deductions for this purpose.
The second direction of the system of social protection in the United States is social assistance.
Unlike social insurance programs for social assistance to the poor do not enjoy prestige and support in American society, because the poor do not pay social taxes and represent a much smaller part of the population.
Actually, the assistance system in the United States includes several large and many small programs. Through these programs, people living in poverty receive cash transfers, food assistance, subsidized housing, assistance for education, training, etc. Those who live below the officially established poverty line are eligible to receive social assistance under various programs. .

Those in America, there are about 12-15% of the population. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the originality of the content of the concept of “American poverty”. Thus, according to statistics, 38% of families officially recognized as poor own their own houses with an average cost of about 40 thousand dollars; 14% of poor households own two or more cars, although not necessarily new or expensive ones.
The poverty level is determined based on the cost of three times the minimum diet for a standard family:
parents and two minor children. This rule is included in almost all federal and state laws relating to social assistance to the poor.
In the early 90s. the cost of annual assistance provided under various programs amounted to about $190 billion (about 4% of GNP). Approximately 40% of the funds go to medical care, almost 50% - to cash transfers, food assistance and housing. Approximately 8% falls on education, vocational training, etc.
One of the major federal social assistance programs is the Dependent Child Assistance Program (FACD).
Funding for this program is provided by the federal government on a parity basis with the states, approximately 50% to 50%. Single mothers or relatives raising children receive benefits within the framework of the SPZD. Family support is complex. Such a family, in addition to cash assistance, is entitled to receive food stamps (Food Stamp Program), school-age children receive free meals (School Breakfast Program), the family receives medical care under the Medicaid program. Approximately a quarter of families receiving child support use subsidized housing.
At the same time, beginning in 1981, a requirement was introduced for the need to work on a gratuitous basis in order to receive benefits under major federal social programs. Two programs require this as a prerequisite for federal welfare assistance: the Dependent Child Assistance Program and the Food Stamp Program.
The Medicaid program, created in 1965, provides medical services to people living below the poverty line. About 23 million people receive assistance under it, it is paid entirely from the budget by the federal government together with the state authorities.
In the American system of social assistance, a special role belongs to children's institutions, their structure includes kindergartens (day and round the clock), after-school groups, orphanages, Help and Headstart program centers, as well as special-type institutions - shelters for " difficult" children and adolescents, schools for the disabled and mentally retarded, correctional institutions. The Help program is designed for mothers under 20 years old. For those of them who for some reason do not have the opportunity to live with their parents, special shelters are being created. Children are provided with care in the amount adopted in kindergartens, so mothers have the opportunity to supplement their education or receive a specialty during the day. The Headstart program is aimed at helping children from poor families who are lagging behind in their development. On a stationary basis, there are shelters for children and adolescents who have experienced an emotional breakdown.
Since 1974, there has been a federal supplementary income program covering more than 4 million people. It provides for the elderly and disabled who do not receive pensions and social insurance benefits.
The United States also has a number of social programs aimed at food and housing, assistance to the homeless and the provision of legal services, assistance in obtaining education and community development programs.
Finally, a few general remarks about the US welfare system. First, the American system of social support (often Americans use the term "social security") has many options related to the characteristics and capabilities of the states. The fact is that 50 states are pursuing an active financial policy in the social sphere and independently determine the forms of assistance and the methodology for implementing social programs. The federal center, also financing the largest and most important social projects, develops a legislative framework, determines the most general requirements and exercises control over the use of financial resources.
Secondly, along with the activities of the state, public and private charity plays a significant role in the social security system. It can be said that social structure The United States is literally permeated with charitable societies, foundations and agencies that not only take part in the financing of many social programs, but also have their own social services.
Thirdly, in recent years, in connection with the growth of the material well-being of US citizens, there has been a trend towards the commercialization of social activities: social services become paid.
Fourthly, the American social security system is aimed, first of all, at helping in self-sufficiency, self-realization, achieving personal success, and not at developing dependency and relying on state assistance.
So, a promising model of social policy must meet the following conditions: first, be based on an original concept that takes into account possible changes in the social situation; secondly, it must contain appropriate "feedback mechanisms" that are sensitive to, catching such changes; thirdly, it must provide for an efficient and well-functioning administrative apparatus capable of receiving “signals” and converting them into appropriate decisions and programs

Literature
Dubinsky V.I. Social work in Germany. -M., 1998.
Kozlov A.A. Social work abroad: state, trends, prospects. -M., 1998.
Reference manual for social work. -M., 1997. Social work. -M., 1992. - Issue. 1-4. Theory and methodology of social work. -M., 1994. 4.2. Fundamentals of social work. Textbook. -M., 1997. Chorbinsky S.I. Social work and social programs in the USA. -M., 1992.
Encyclopedia of social work. / Per. from English. -M., 1994. In 3 volumes.

Scientists, historians of social work deeply study the most important trends in this area of ​​charity.

If you study the constructions in alphabetical order, then you need to start with the social and charitable deeds of the Austrian state. Domestic and foreign researchers note that the first schools of social work appeared in this country before the First World War. Until 1961 in Austria there were mostly private schools of social work.

Since 1962, the Ministry of Education has been creating an extensive system of public and private schools. For example, 350 students are admitted to both schools each year.

In 1984 alone, there were 650 students in Austria studying social work in depth and comprehensively. About 300 graduates annually graduate from the Academy of Social Work. These educational institutions accept persons from 18 to 20 years old.

Two-year courses of social work are being created, in which medical subjects, home economics with elements of child psychology, and the humanities are studied.

Regarding the development of the professional sphere of social charity in Belgium There are the following observations and conclusions. Foreign and domestic researchers note that in 1920-1921 the first schools of social work were established in Brussels and Antwerp. Today there are 23 schools of social workers. Moreover, 12 of them operate in the Flemish and 11 in the French-speaking regions.

It is impossible not to notice that in this state there are two Ministries of National Education. Taking into account the French and Flemish-speaking parts of the country.

There are courses with a three-year term of study. Issued annually like this social institutions charity to thousands of social workers. There are courses with a two-year term of study. The following subjects are studied in the learning process: philosophy, jurisprudence, economics, sociology, psychology, social medicine.

Important forms of training include lectures, seminars and practical exercises that last for seven months.

Foreign and domestic researchers pay attention to the development of social work in Great Britain. They write that in 1896 the first institution of social work in this country was established. In 1903, its own school of sociology was created, taking into account the political, historical, and moral experience of the English kingdom. In 1912, this institute was transformed into the Department of Social Sciences and Administration.

In 1970, the Central Council for Training and Education in Social Work was established.

The Society of Charitable Organizations is created.

Foreign and domestic scientists note that the licensing of courses in this specialization was carried out by professional associations in the field of social work in the 50s and 60s of the XX century.

From 1971 to 1982, annual student enrollment increased from 2,455 to 3,574. The peak of admission to this specialty falls on 1977, when 4039 people became students.

Most of the students are 25 years of age or older. 30% of students aged 35 and over. At the same time, one third of the total number of students are men. One-year and two-year postgraduate courses have been opened for students holding a bachelor's degree or a diploma in an acceptable field corresponding to the given work profile.

Disciplines are studied already at a higher intellectual level: social policy, sociology, psychology.

There are stable four-year social work training courses followed by many months of practice.

At the same time, there is a strict selection procedure for advanced training courses in the field of social work at universities, at the Polytechnic Institute.

Scientists write about the history of the development of this area of ​​charitable activity in Germany.

In 1893, the training of professionals in the field of social work began. Jeanette Schwerin, a remarkable woman-enthusiast, stands at the origins of this charitable activity.

The number of students at her charitable institute ranged from 100 to 1,000.

Today, 37,000 students study at social work colleges and 15,000 at universities.

The total enrollment for this profession is 9,000 people. Each year, colleges and universities graduate 7,000 and 8,000 respectively.

Moreover, students in these institutions to study the most important provisions of social work are accepted after 12 years of schooling.

Domestic and foreign scientists note with satisfaction that the total number of professionals in the field of social work has increased from 40,000 in 1950 to 182,000 in 1986. We are talking about a three-year training of social workers with the inclusion of practical activities or annual practice.

It must be emphasized that universities, colleges associated with social work, are distinguished by a certain independence from the ruling political strata. In particular, there are three different types of study programs in social work and social pedagogy. Moreover, courses in these areas of charitable activities are clearly structured. The following disciplines are studied: history, sociology, social policy, psychology, pedagogy, economics, statistics, therapeutic methods, theory and practice of education, legislation, music, sports, art. At the same time, there are courses for studying foreign languages: English, Spanish, French.

Foreign and domestic scientists note that in Greece social work as a profession and a special independent discipline has existed since 1937. In 1970, the Ministry of National Education and Religion was created. 2680 people have a state license. Most of the social workers are women. The basic curriculum in social work schools is designed for 7 semesters. The main teaching methodology is connected with lectures, seminars, practical exercises, exams.

Domestic and foreign researchers note that in Denmark The beginning of professional social work should be attributed to 1937.

Until 1975, the Department of the Central Council of the Ministry of Public Education dealt with the problems of this sphere of charitable activity.

The annual enrollment in social work schools was 390. At the same time, the average age of students reached 35 years. These were already established personalities, citizens, and not young people with elements of social infantilism. Since 1956, a three-year training program in the field of social work has been introduced. Moreover, the production practice lasts for six months. Scholars write about the creation of Graduate Courses in Social Work. They usually last from one to two weeks. The following disciplines are studied: legislation in the field of social security; civil and family law; management and planning; political economy; economy; sociology; psychology; social medicine; theory and methods of social work.

Domestic and foreign scientists write that in Israel elements of professional social work appeared in 1934. From 1948 to 1950, the Jewish Community was created under the Ministry of Social Security. The Tel Aviv municipality has established its own school with a two-year training for social workers. Internship starts in the second year of study. From 20 to 40 students are admitted to this school annually. 35 - 40 hours a week are provided for the educational process and practical activities and 20 - 25 hours for preparation for these classes.

Educational programs are devoid of dogmatism, scholasticism. Differ in flexibility, dynamism, ability to feel time. Methods of work are associated with individual, group, community activities.

There are sophisticated programs to improve the skills of graduates in the field of social work.

Domestic and foreign scientists note that the beginning of professional social work in Spain should be attributed to 1932. The first school was established in Barcelona, ​​but in 1936, in an era of acute political events and conflicts, it was closed. In 1940, the school of social work resumed its activities.

The Women's Committee on Social Status is being created. In 1964 the Ministry of Education and Science was organized. Starting from the 1982/83 academic year, about 100 to 200 students of different ages (18, 25, 30 years old) studied in social work schools. It should be noted that there were 9 female representatives per male student.

The Barcelona School of Social Work recruited students from the age of 18. The Madrid School of Social Work accepted men and women between the ages of 25 and 30 for study. Students with considerable experience in practical social work were needed.

A national program was developed for all university schools of social work.

At the same time, each school made its own adjustments to the program, looking for its own unique approach. The program is designed for 3200 hours. The subjects in this program are divided, as it were, into four areas: basic sciences; social work; additional items; items of choice.

A three-year study at the University involves advanced training in the field of social work.

Domestic and foreign scientists write that in Iceland in 1982, the first graduation of social workers took place. Prior to this, this profession was mastered only abroad.

The problems of social work are within the competence of the Ministry of Education. By 1970, there were 100 people who received the status of a social worker.

Every year, 160 people enter the institutes in this field of activity. It should be emphasized that young men and women enter this system of charitable institutions after 13 years of schooling.

Educational process It is designed for 3 years with a mandatory 24-week practice.

The main disciplines are: sociology, psychology, pedagogy.

Domestic and foreign researchers write that in Italy The first school of social workers was opened in 1928. But only in 1956, the first specialized school of social workers was created at a high professional level. A centralized management of the education system was created.

Today there are more than 100 schools of social work. Moreover, almost 100% of specialists are women.

As a rule, 50-100 students study in one school. They enter these schools after 12 years of schooling.

In the 1988/89 academic year, the total number of students in social work reached 701.

To date, there has been clear progress in this area. There were 1,183 students in 11 schools alone in the five northern regions of Italy. There were 1302 students in 20 schools in Sicily. Educational programs include: lectures, consultations, industrial practice, seminars, examinations. Training in this specialty lasts 3 years.

The following subjects are studied: history, principles of social work; means and methods of social work; planning; social service policy; civil law; economics and social policy; social hygiene and medicine; sociology and methodology of social scientific research.

There is a graduate school in the specialty "Social work". It enrolls every year 20 best graduates. 12 people enter annual advanced training courses for social workers. Practice takes in this case 50% of the total training time. Disciplines are related to developmental social psychology and psychopathology.

Scientists point out that in Ireland social work acquired its professional status only in 1934. In 1941, the one-year courses became two-year courses until 1970. In 1954, the University of Dublin was opened. In 1966 Kirk College was opened with the assistance of Trinity College. Coordination of the training of specialists in this profession is carried out by the Advisory Committee for the training of social work.

It should be noted that Trinity College trains social workers for two years. University College Dublin for three years. 380 students graduate annually. Moreover, persons not younger than 25 years old are accepted.

Scientists write that in the state Luxembourg social work as a profession was introduced by the Law in 1935. This area of ​​activity is supervised by the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health. In 1986 there were already 137 practicing social workers. Most of the professionals were women. The training lasted 4 years. It took 2 years to become an assistant. To obtain the latter specialization, the study of social disciplines was required. In particular, social hygiene. Since 1969, advanced training courses for social workers have been opened. At the same time, the following disciplines are studied: medicine; social medicine; methods of social work.

Scientists, historians of the sphere of activity studied by us write that in Norway The first school of social work opened in 1920.

In 1949, the first college for this profession was opened. Today there are 4 colleges and a private religious school in Norway. The Ministry of Culture and Science, the Norwegian Council for Education and Training supervise the college and schools of social work.

260 students are admitted to 5 educational institutions in Norway every year. The total number of students is 700 people. Until 1966, the training period for this profession was 2 years. Today he has reached the age of 3 with compulsory practical activities. The main subjects are: psychology, sociology, political economy, social therapy, public and municipal government, law, criminology, criminal law, psychiatry, social policy.

Each College has approximately 100-150 students. More than 4100 people have diplomas. Moreover, the majority of graduates are female.

Scientists and historians of the sphere of activity we are studying write that in Netherlands in 1896 the first school of social work opened.

Since 1963, courses for the training of social workers began to operate. Over time, these institutions merged into the Academy of Social Work.

Moreover, all academies are private. To date, 36 educational institutions train social workers. This includes 21 academies, 2 training centers with evening and correspondence courses; 4 youth training centers and 9 institutes.

300 people are engaged in academies. 600 in day and evening departments in centers and institutes.

Mainly school graduates enter these educational institutions. One of the important subjects is occupational therapy. Other disciplines are not named.

Foreign and domestic scientists pay attention and Portugal. The first school of social work was opened in Lisbon in 1935.

In 1937, 2 schools of social work were opened. In 1956, 3 private schools of social work were opened in the city of Porto.

To date, 1,150 people are studying social work in the country. Every year 330 people graduate in this profession. 90% of specialists are women. Students are admitted to these schools from the age of 18. The courses have been running for 4 years. The structure of training is as follows: in the first year of social work 22 hours are given, in the second year 27 hours, in the third year 22 hours, in the fourth year 18 hours.

In Portugal, there is a short course in the field of social work for obtaining special knowledge and skills. (The so-called intensive course).

If we talk about fundamental, basic education, which lasts 4 years, then in the first and second years the emphasis is on social sciences: sociology, economics, law, social history, sociological research, statistics. The following subjects are studied in the third and fourth years: social movement, economics, social planning, social policy, psychosociology.

AT Turkey, as domestic and foreign scientists write, in 1959 the Institute of Social Work was opened. In 1983, it was reorganized into the institute of "social work and child protection services".

In 1961, the Academy of Social Work was established in Ankara. It is overseen by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. 160 people are admitted to this institution annually. There are 979 professional workers in the country. Of these, 485 are women and 494 are males.

The program is divided into trimesters. The first year is associated with a simple review. In the second year of study, students are engaged in the theory and practice of group work. The third year is similar to the second, but includes a detailed set of disciplines: individual work; community work; politics and administrative work in social services.

Psychology, sociology, politics, legislation, management, economics, statistics, anthropology are studied. English and Turkish languages, the history of the Turkish revolution are studied as additional subjects. Introduced sports and applied arts.

AT Finland, as scientists and historians of this field of activity write, in 1942 a school of social sciences was opened in Helsinki, which began to train social workers. There are three levels of leadership in this process. These are the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs; the National Board of Social Security; district and local authorities. By 1988, the number of students exceeded 200 people. 90% of them are women. Enter these institutions after graduating from high school.

Annual admission to the institutes of social work is 232 - 239 people. There are two levels of training: working with clients within the community; training in the field of management, planning; pedagogical and research activities.

Micro and macro practice. The point is that each school has the right to its own curriculum. There are also in-depth, individual courses for writing a dissertation. Included in the scope of improvement are general and special subjects. For example, in the first year of schooling, subject to continuous self-education, subjects such as psychology, sociology, pedagogy, and management are included.

In the second and third years of study, the process of mastering professional social work begins in an experimental, empirical way. Working with groups and communities. Students are engaged in the organization and management of charitable activities, research work. Compulsory work experience reaches 400 hours.

Domestic and foreign scientists write that in France in 1907, a vocational school of social education was established, founded by the remarkable teacher Maria Gehern.

In 1913 a professional school of social service was opened. In 1917, a women's school of social work was opened in one of the factories in Paris. It must be emphasized that social activity is a special concern of all departments of ministries, as well as the People's Government, the Ministry of Education. At the same time, departments, semi-private services, and the private sector oversee 160 social work schools, most of which are privately funded. 11 schools have public and semi-public status. Approximately 100 - 200 students attend each school of social work. There are three-year courses for social service assistants, family counselors, special training experts. Two-year courses have been organized that train teachers of preschool social institutions, kindergarten staff with an emphasis on social work. Two-month course for women housekeepers. In 1932, courses were organized that received social status.

Domestic and foreign scientists write that 6,000 students are involved in social work courses. Moreover, only 5% of students are men. Those who, after graduation, have worked for at least 5 years in the field of social and charitable activities, enter the courses. Those who raised one or two children are also accepted. The minimum age of applicants is 25 years.

Industrial practice in this area of ​​training reaches 14 months.

The following subjects are studied at the advanced training courses of social work: social economics; social environment; relationship between people; health; hygiene; medical and social protection of the population. The central subject, undoubtedly, is the theory and practice of social service, numbering 1400 hours. Teaching methods are related to the study and analysis of texts; observation and knowledge of the social environment; research and analysis of situations; audio-visual means.

Here is the playing of socio-psychological roles, exercises in non-verbal communication. With related controls.

Compulsory subjects are psychology, economics, sociology, law, health care.

Scientists note that the first social work courses were created in Sweden in 1910.

In 1920 they were transformed into a special institute.

This institution trained municipal employees and other specialists in the field of social work. In 1921, the Institute of Politics, Sociology, Self-Government was opened in Stockholm. This area is supervised by a Committee responsible for developing a program of general, compulsory courses that give the right to receive a degree.

Scholars note that the Scandinavian Committee links the social work schools of the five Nordic countries.

In the 1920s, 30 students were enrolled in these institutes annually. At the end of the 1930s, their number increased to 100 people.

In the 80s up to 1200 students. Today there are already 3500 of them.

The annual intake is 1000 people.

In the 1988/89 school year, 41% of students were under 24 years of age. 40% of the students were between the ages of 23 and 34. 22% of the students were over 34 years old. Moreover, 81% of students were women.

The main subjects in these institutes are sociology, civil law; social work like scientific discipline; psychology; jurisprudence; political economy; economics and methods of social work; statistics. All this is connected with a three-year course of study.

In this aspect, scientists note 3 stages of preparation: the main course; practical work during the first semester. Theoretical course in a group of students, numbering 5 - 6 people. This also includes an internship that lasts 5 months and postgraduate research activities. There are 2 programs for assistance, preventive work and exchange of trainees in England and Germany.

Scientists write that Switzerland there has been a school of social workers since the 1960s.

2 universities, 9 schools have been opened. They are supervised by the Swiss Council of Schools of Social Work. Schools are privately owned.

These institutions accept persons after 12 years of schooling. Preference is given to older people. Even after 35 years. Every year 20 new students are accepted. Since 1970, a course has been opened on family therapy, community work, social administration, specialized methods of treating the client. Moreover, each school has its own programs.

AT Yugoslavia According to scientists, from 1953 to 1960 the first higher schools of social work were opened. In 1957, the Institute for Social Policy was established. These institutions were founded by the parliaments of independent republics and their executive bodies. Until the 1980s, all programs were controlled by the higher education system. From 1938 to 1978 the number of students increased by 25 times. 4,000 students study social work. 700 people enter this specialty every year. Most social workers are women. You can take exams externally. There is a four-year program of study. In 1971, the University of Belgrade proposed the establishment of three and four year courses. At higher schools social work there are two-year courses. Four-year courses at universities. You can postpone the exam at your own discretion. The curriculum has three parts: general courses, special course, practice.

Conclusion

Thus, all of the above confirms the greatness, the spiritual moral pathos of social work and charity, which contribute to the rapprochement of peoples, the establishment of humanistic, democratic ideas, overcoming confrontation and antagonistic contradictions between social systems and individuals.

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Introduction................................................. ................................................. ..... 5

1. "Friendly Visitors" and Charitable Societies.................................. 6

2. Individual social work ............................................................... .............. ten

3. Group social work ............................................... ......................... sixteen

4. Community work.............................................. ............................................... 21

5. General structure in social work............................................................... ............ 24

6. Religion and charity (history of the issue in a foreign aspect) 29

7. Some Directions of the American Social Security System (Historical Aspect) 36

8. Social insurance and state assistance (some aspects) 55

9. Organization and management in social work............................................... 67

Planning................................................. ............................................. 70

Administration .................................................................................. ................ 72

Organizational activities of social workers at the macro and micro levels in the territorial community 74

Modern macrosocial practice (some trends).... 76

10. Administrative management in social security (On the role of leading, intellectual groups, "intellectual-moral block")................................................................ ................................................. ...................... 80

Area of ​​practical activity .............................................................. .... 80

Some models of classical scientific theories of "management": M. Weber and other scientists about bureaucratic (or managerial) technology................................................. ......................................... 81

Legitimacy and status of the goals of the organization in society ....................... 82

Garbage box model .............................................................. ......................... 83

System theories .................................................................. .................................... 84

Theories of managerial behavior .................................................................. ............ 85

Activities of the administration and social workers carried out at different levels 86

Personnel in the field of social work .............................................................. ............. 90

Main problems and trends in administration in social security 91

Reduction of resources in the 80s of the 20th century in the USA, allocated from the state budget by the government for social needs................................................................... ................................................. ......................................... 92

A number of political strategies for the administrative apparatus .......... 92

Concerning "informatization of management".................................................. 93

"Participation in management" of various social groups and cultural strata 93

Development of organizations with matrix and parallel structures 94

Interest in alternative models is a backlash against the overbureaucratization of organizations 94

Ethical problems of management .................................................................. ............... 95

The study of the activities of managerial personnel in the social sphere ... 95

Trends and analysis in social work............................................................... 95

Equity in wages .................................................................. ......................... 96

Social Security Services (Forecasts) .......................................................... 96

Administrative management (external aspects) .............................................. 97

Organization (social agency) and external and internal environment 98

Theoretical foundations of the administrative management of social services (the most important component of social work).................................................................... ................................................. ..................................... 100

Figurative examples related to the management strategy 101

Social Work Governance and Outside Influence....................................... 103

Governance Policy and Outside Influence....................................................... 105

Administrator and the process of developing relations between organizations 106

The main problems in the field of social work .................................................... 106

New administrative strategies............................................................... 106

The case of the restructuring of social services .................................................... .. 107

The role of leaders in the field of communication and development of social services and other philanthropic institutions 109

Conclusions for the administration and leading representatives of social services 112

Administrative management: interpersonal aspects .............................. 114

Personnel: Satisfaction and Performance.............................. 114

Social work in the family (mental illness - abstract) 115

Leadership: Theory and Research (Important section of the "intellectual-moral block", professional technical and artistic elites)............................................ ................................................. ...... 115

Behavioral interpretation of the concept of "leadership" from the point of view of American and other researchers 116

Solving urgent social problems and interpersonal relations between the leader and subordinates 117

The specifics of social services .............................................................. .............. 117

Various probabilistic models of the relationship between leaders and employees of the agency 119

The theory of gender roles in the management of social agencies and other philanthropic institutions ................................................. ............................... 119

Participation in the management of employees of various professional orientations 120

Participation of employees in the management of the social charity system 121

Functions of the head and management of entire groups .............................. 122

Group evolution .................................................................. ......................................... 124

Conflict situations............................................................................ 126

Integration Methods for Conflict Resolution .................................. 130

11. Territorial aspect of social work and problems of intellectualization of leisure 132

Settlements and Territorial Centers............................................... 137

Settlements and social actions that meet the needs of the community 140

12. Some trends in lawmaking and social work .............................. 144

Using previous experience in human rights advocacy................................................... 149

13. Social work with the family............................................... ......................... 150

How domestic and foreign scientists answer the question: “What is a family” 151

Historical context (history of the issue related to social work in the family) 153

General Themes of Family Therapy .................................................................. ........... 156

The practice of social work with the family .............................................. 159

Family Therapy and the Current Situation.................................................. 164

Pension Systems for Developed Countries....................................................... 166

Family policy in a united Germany (liberal constitutional state Western European type) 167

Social work with family Russian state................ 168

14. The health care system (health care in the US).................................................. 175

Fundamentals of legislation .................................................................. ................. 176

Fixed reimbursement rates............................................................... 180

The main trends and problems in the health care system in the United States in the 80s and 90s of the XX century 181

Health care in the USA, national minorities and medical care 183

Social work and problems of computerization of the healthcare system in the USA and other highly developed countries ................................................. ................................. 185

The social worker and his activities in the health care system 185

Social worker and problems of health protection and healthy lifestyle at the local level 186

Social worker and client in the healthcare system .......... 186

15. Social work with immigrants .............................................. .............. 188

Modern legislation. Quantitative restrictions and benefits 190

The role of social work in the field of immigration .................................................. 190

Mutual Aid Groups .................................................................. .................... 191

Character traits groups ................................................. .............. 192

Mutual Aid Groups and Refugees .............................................................. ... 192

Functions of self-help groups .............................................................. ............. 194

Professionals and self-help groups............................................................... 194

Social Work and Refugees .......................................................... ............ 195

Medical care and refugees .............................................................. ......... 196

General assistance or social work among the population .............................. 196

Social services .................................................................. ............................. 196

Grant Equalization and Volunteer Services............................................... 197

Types of refugee support services ............................................................. ...... 197

Refugee Health Program .............................................................. ..... 197

Volunteer Agencies and Number of Settled Refugees (Selected for 1984, taking into account the intensive influx of immigrants)............................................................... ................................................. ........... 198

Volunteer agencies and their various operational activities 199

Foreign researchers and Mutual Aid Associations organized by refugees 199

Problems of social work with refugees............................................... 199

Social and cultural adaptation of refugees............................................... 200

Problems of professionalization .................................................................. .......... 200

Working with immigrants. An important section of social activity (Historical aspect) 200

16. Children and social work............................................... ............................... 202

Definition of a child, his social status from a legal point of view 203

The financial situation of children. Problems of health, education 203

Children with special needs .............................................................. ........... 204

Children, Social Work and Welfare Services....................... 207

Child welfare is a bulwark of social work in democratically oriented countries 209

Living Wage Program and Social Security 210

Trends and problems in the field of social services for children....... 211

Social services and problems of commercialization and privatization 212

17. Social work and support for the elderly, elderly, disabled 213

The Administration for the Aged and the General Management of This Work 215

Volunteer structures .................................................................. .............. 215

Services of professionals for the elderly in the community ........ 216

Organizational aspect .............................................................. ................... 216

Theoretical views and trends in the field of social work with the elderly 217

Specialization, methodology, special approach to the elderly....................... 218

Trends and perspectives in social work with the elderly 218

Long-Term Care System............................................................... 219

Department of Human Services associated with long-term care and related programs .................................................................................. ................................................. ................................. 219

District municipal institutions............................................ 219

Home Care (Some Models) .......................................... .220

Psycho-Neurological Service Programs.................................................. 222

Financing issues for the elderly .............................................. 222

Long-term care for the disabled and the role of social workers in this matter 224

Social Work in Homes for the Disabled .......................................... 224

Long-term care at home............................................... 225

18. Social security systems in various countries .............................. 226

Social work and humanitarian services. The system of cultural institutions 226

General and personal social services throughout the industrialized world 226

The health care system of economically developed countries .............. 227

The health care system of the countries of the "third world" .............................. 230

Social work and psychotherapeutic services............................................... 231

Two directions based on the principles of general and selective approach in the field of social security 232

Alignment of income security programs in a number of Western countries 232

19. History of social work abroad. (Concrete materials on a number of states of different political orientation) 234

Conclusion................................................. ................................................. ..... 245

Literature................................................. ................................................. ...... 246

A.Z. Sverdlov

Lecture course

for social work

Part II

(Foreign experience)

Cover by S.A.Vladimirova

Original layout by M.E. Lisovskaya

Social work in the USA.

Social work in Scandinavian countries.

Social work in European countries.

1. The United States is considered the birthplace of social work, where the traditions of social assistance, as in all other countries, were laid down in the charitable and philanthropic activities of the church, individuals and public organizations as early as the 18th-19th centuries. However, gradually the very process of providing concrete assistance to those in need in its various forms was concentrated in the hands of a special category of workers - the so-called social workers who worked in orphanages, hospitals for the poor, distributed different kind allowances, etc. The emergence of social work as a professional activity is directly related to the appearance in 1899 books Mary Richmond"Friendly visit to the poor: a guide for those working in charitable organizations", where evidence-based methods of social work were laid down. Around the same time, the first schools for the training of professional social workers appeared.

The current system of social assistance to the population in this country is flexible and complex. There are government services that provide various types of assistance: the Department of Social Security, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Children's Bureau, the Child Protection Service. In addition, there is an extensive network of private services.

The American model is characterized by the predominance of a liberal orientation in social policy. However, it does not imply such an active influence of the state on the social sphere and corresponding participation in social protection. In addition, the priority place in the organization of social work is given here not to municipalities, but to charitable and non-profit (associative) organizations. All this makes it possible to define the American system of social protection as liberal-associative.

The American model of social work is characterized by a system of signs. Among the most important of them are:

- the presence of a strong liberal component in social policy;

- the predominant role of associations in the field of social assistance and support with funding from government agencies;

- the important role of insurance mechanisms of social protection;

– decentralization of the social work system.

In general, this system is completely decentralized and operates through various kinds of social programs, regulated either by federal or state legislation, or by joint governments. Individual programs are also adopted by local authorities, which makes it possible to take into account the needs for social assistance in each specific region. Today, all US social assistance programs are based on the conceptual and theoretical premises that freedom can only be expanded by increasing social responsibility.

Almost every school in the country has a school social worker. This area of ​​social work has become so widespread that it is now regarded as a separate specialty in social work that focuses on helping students to successfully adjust to school, on coordinating and influencing family and community actions to achieve this goal. . School social workers help students, their families, teachers and the school as a whole with problems such as absenteeism, social exclusion, aggressive behavior, indiscipline and the consequences of various physical, emotional and material problems.

With 1935 In the United States, the Social Security Act established two types of insurance - pensions and health insurance for persons aged 65 and over. This law also applies to workers and employees in the private sector. For railroad workers, federal civil servants, war veterans and military personnel, a special social insurance system has been established. At the same time, agricultural workers, employees of small enterprises, day laborers and some other categories of workers are not covered by state insurance.

Americans, while reforming the pension sector, continue to maintain the pay-as-you-go pension system as the main state pension program. It continues to provide the population of the country with the level of pension payments to which they are entitled by law. Calculations show that as early as 2013 in the United States, receipts to the state insurance pension fund may be lower than the required pension payments made under the pay-as-you-go pension system. Therefore, a course was set ahead of time for the parallel use of other pension schemes, designed primarily for the expansion of private pension insurance, which creates opportunities for a fairly significant increase in the total pension. The American private pension system consists of two main types: private pension systems (plans) at work and personal retirement accounts. In the second half of the 90s. 48% of workers aged 25 to 44 and 56% of those aged 45 to 64 were members of private pension plans. Such large-scale participation of the country's population in private pension insurance has made it possible to secure huge investments. Of the workplace pension plans, the most popular is the defined contribution system, which is usually financed by employers and employees in equal shares. At the same time, each participant in such a plan has his own personal account in the pension fund and the right to choose between various investment programs that are provided by management companies. The system of personal retirement accounts has also been widely developed in the United States. Annual fees are capped at $2,000. Funds from the account cannot be withdrawn until reaching the age of 59.5 years, and after reaching the age of 79.5 years, the account is closed without fail.

The difference between a private pension and a state pension is that it is paid to workers and employees after 10 years of continuous service in the same company, while the state pension is paid regardless of the place of work.

In addition to the general federal program, there are insurance programs at the state level in case of industrial injuries or occupational diseases. Compensation (for injuries at work; death, etc.) reaches up to 2/3 of wages, and basically it (compensation) is paid by private insurance companies.

The course towards the commercialization of the sphere of social services, the development of self-sufficiency is complemented in the field of employment by a strict restrictive policy in the labor market. It manifests itself in an extremely short period of payment of unemployment benefits (6 months), a relatively small amount of the benefit itself, differentiated by different states (in the richest city of San Francisco in the 90s, the monthly unemployment benefit was $ 375). In addition, about a quarter of American workers were not covered by unemployment insurance at all. In the event of the closure of the enterprise, they had to apply for support from state welfare agencies, designed to provide at least minimal social assistance.

With regard to assistance to the poor, it has become widespread since the 1960s and is aimed at providing a guaranteed income, supporting families with children, the elderly, the disabled, large or single-parent families (where the head of the family is a woman or unemployed), in need of food, housing and medical care. Government-guaranteed income in the United States meets the "poverty line". It is systematically adjusted for inflation and may be increased by state budgets. Food assistance is provided primarily through the provision of food stamps to those in need. They are received by individuals or families whose income does not exceed 125% of the income of the "poverty line". Vouchers are provided to them free of charge or at reduced prices. Other forms of food assistance are school breakfasts, assistance to mothers with children under 1 year old, etc.

In the US, additional payments are also quite common (payment for vacations and sick leaves, additional unemployment benefits, subsidies for continuing education and legal services).

US government structures encourage private corporations to participate in solving the problem of unemployment. They, receiving tax and other benefits from the state for the employment of socially vulnerable groups of the population, expand the hiring of persons with limited ability to work, employ the long-term unemployed, introduce flexible work schedules, expand training and retraining programs for personnel, etc. However, such an incentive policy is far from always private companies compensates for the decline in the participation of the state itself in organizing and financing activities in the field of employment. Restrictive measures turn into an aggravation of some problems in the labor market. Thus, for quite a long time in the United States it has not been possible to significantly reduce the level of youth unemployment. Employment of certain categories of disabled people remains a serious problem. The vast majority of American visually impaired people - more than 70% of the able-bodied blind cannot count on state support in resolving the issue of their employment, remaining unemployed.

In the US, a large number of private agencies are involved in social work and the practice of paid social services is widespread. Moreover, the activities of many social institutions are based here on the principles of commercialization. 80% of American homes for the disabled are profitable for the concerns that own them. Depending on the amount of payment in private boarding houses for the disabled and the elderly, services of various levels are provided. Wealthy clients live in luxurious conditions with numerous staff, while low-income individuals receive a minimum of services, living with several tenants in one room.

Paid care is also provided in private family-type nursing homes. Such houses are intended for those who are not able to live independently and are deprived of the opportunity to live in a family. A family-type home for the elderly may be comfortable housing of a private person who has expressed a desire to serve an elderly person for a certain monetary reward. Persons working in family homes are usually paid from the personal funds of clients, from their pensions, benefits.

Thus, government studies in the early 1980s found that a third of nursing homes did not meet the required safety and quality standards. One reason for this is that many nursing homes are privately owned. Therefore, the state is forced to license and inspect their activities. Another problem is that older Americans (12% of the population) account for a third of all national health care spending. At the same time, more than 30 million citizens at a younger age do not have health insurance. Therefore, an attempt to further increase spending on the older generation (and they are really needed) can aggravate the conflict of generations, which cannot be allowed.

Special institutions for social assistance to children provide (for low-income families free of charge) the following services: organization of special vocational training groups for parents, provision of employment assistance; ensuring childcare of parents working in the daytime and in the evening; creation of services for unmarried mothers at city health centers; establishment and support of services for the protection of children subjected to violence; creation and inspection of orphanages, work with foster families, monitoring the adaptation of a child in a new family; development of social services to help children get an education, help parents with housekeeping, etc. In extreme situations, services take care of children, regardless of the level of family income. The task of children's social services also includes the adoption of orphans.

Social work with juvenile delinquents and adolescents at risk in the United States is built on the basis of a number of programs: basic police programs (they provide for the operation of police athletic clubs in order to involve minors in useful cases); basic programs of juvenile courts (they provide mainly for the rehabilitation of these persons); basic school programs. The latter are divided into two groups: programs for normal and special schools designed for "difficult" and convicted teenagers. Established in 1967, youth welfare bureaus act as intermediaries and supervise service organizations to meet the needs of minors.

One of the important problems of American society remains the problem of social protection of the country's racial and ethnic minorities. This includes those in the lower rungs of social life, primarily Black Americans, American Indians, Alaska Natives, Hispanic Americans, and Asian Americans. The practice of social work with ethnic groups in the United States is based, firstly, on the values ​​inherent in social work in general, secondly, on an understanding of ethnic realities, thirdly, on a professional approach, and fourthly, on practical experience. In other words, these concepts imply the need to adapt the general principles and methods of social work to the ethnic realities of the country.

In the 1990s - early 2000s. Attempts were made by the state authorities to reorient assistance programs for various categories of citizens from social payments to stimulating their labor activity. The federal law “On Personal Responsibility and Employment Opportunities”, which came into force in the late 1990s, became a means of realizing this goal. It obligated able-bodied recipients of social assistance to either work or undergo vocational retraining. In accordance with this law, the payment of various social benefits was limited in the United States to a five-year period. Given the tightening of requirements for recipients of benefits, the importance of tax incentives for the working poor may increase significantly. It is believed here that an increase in the amount of income that is not subject to taxation will contribute to the orientation of able-bodied citizens towards self-sufficiency.

To stimulate the activities of private institutions and social agencies, the federal government periodically provides targeted grants, implemented at the state level in the form of specific social programs. Government authorities retain the right to issue licenses to private social services and monitor the compliance of the level of their services with regulatory requirements.

A distinctive feature of the American model of social work is the predominant importance in its implementation of associative organizations that receive the support of state structures. In the last decade, a scheme has been effectively operating in the United States, according to which the state, represented by government bodies, develops and finances social programs, and associative (non-profit) organizations independently or jointly with municipalities implement them locally, controlling the fair distribution of state subsidies.

Today in the world only the United States of America has such an extensive network of association organizations, covering such a large number of people.

2. In the Scandinavian countries, the state model of organizing social protection prevails. As a rule, the concept of "social protection" in these countries is transformed into the concept "social welfare". This model includes a mandatory social policy, a state-regulated income level, as well as an egalitarian, universal nature of social benefits and payments. Despite the largely similar features of social policy, the Scandinavian countries differ somewhat in the nature and organizational forms of the implementation of social policy. In all Scandinavian countries, social policy is strongly associated with the concept of the "welfare state", which in recent times underwent a significant transformation. However, before talking about transformations, it is necessary to turn to the very concept of social welfare. The concept of social welfare can be disclosed in two versions: in the broad sense of the word and in the narrow one.

In the narrow sense of the word, social welfare includes a guaranteed minimum income (material assistance) and social control over the welfare of children, as well as social control in relation to antisocial groups of the population, mainly alcoholics and drug addicts.

In the broad sense of the word, social welfare includes, in addition to the above, various kinds of social services that guarantee social security to citizens (with the exception of social insurance).

Local authorities are empowered to monitor the payment of social benefits, compliance with the minimum guaranteed income (material security), as well as the work of local social services.

The formation and development of the social welfare system is associated with the relevant legislative acts that were adopted in most Scandinavian countries in the 1970s and 80s.

Characteristically, the Social Welfare Laws in all Scandinavian countries are "framework" legislative acts. They do not fix the details of the organization of social services, the range of services and lists of services. By passing such laws, legislators believe that society is now developing at a faster pace than in previous periods, so legislation may lag behind the needs of the day. The Social Welfare Law is the fundamental law that everyone, without exception, must comply with. In addition, in the Scandinavian countries there are special by-laws that supplement the main law, especially in the part that concerns the rights and status of special groups of clients. The Basic Law obliges local authorities to:

1. Provide residents with social services.

2. Guarantee the receipt of a minimum monetary income for people living in the territory of the municipality.

3. Guarantee social benefits to residents.

4. Supervise the spending of the minimum income and social benefits, give advice on their proper use.

5. Inform residents about the system of social welfare and social security.

Local authorities are also responsible for the welfare of children and young people, the organization and maintenance of kindergartens, the maintenance and care of the mentally ill and disabled, and are also responsible for the lives of drug addiction clients. In addition to paying the minimum guaranteed benefit, local authorities are also required to pay social benefits to their clients, which include: childbirth allowance, maternity allowance, military dependency allowance, child maintenance allowance, disability allowance. Parents themselves can choose the form of allowance for a child under 3 years old: in the form of kindergarten services, in cash when keeping a child at home.

Norway (with a population of about 4 million) is often defined as a mixed economy welfare state based on significant income from gasoline production. Funding for the social and health sectors is 1/3 of the total state income, and every tenth worker is employed in the social or health sector.

The health insurance system is financed by taxes from employees, employers, regions and municipalities. This program includes benefits for: pensioners (after age 67), widows, children under 18, disabled, sick, medical and daily benefits during illness and after childbirth, weekly unemployment benefits (up to 80 weeks), for work injuries, mothers and single fathers.

Each municipality must have social offices that can be used. Social offices provide a wide range of services based on relevant legislation. Social protection by act 1964 provides for the provision of social and economic assistance to those who are not entitled to any payments, to the national insurance scheme and who are not able to support their livelihood. Economic assistance can be provided in the form of an allowance, loan or subsidy, for example, for the travel of students on vacation. Information, advice and financial assistance are the main directions in the work on this act.

Municipalities control the consumption of alcohol through its distribution in shops, cafes and restaurants, and carry out basic preventive measures aimed at reducing the use of alcohol and drugs. Youth prevention work, support and subsidies for alcohol-free youth clubs, discotheques and similar establishments can be concrete and effective measures in this area. In addition, so-called "street work" is also carried out among young people who abuse alcohol and drugs.

The aim of basic preventive measures is to improve the living conditions of children. With regard to practical social work, this is done through community work, opening playgrounds, kindergartens, youth clubs or solving transport problems, rebuilding houses, etc. These basic preventive measures go beyond the work of social offices and are included in the overall planning processes of administrative systems in municipalities.

In families where children live in “unfavorable conditions” that negatively affect their health, preventive measures are as follows: family supervision, support and advice to the family, economic support, help in solving any school problems or providing places in a nursery or kindergarten to improve the situation in the family, so that parents have the opportunity to give their children the necessary education. But if parents cannot take care of their children, the child protection department takes responsibility for their protection, education and placement in foster families or orphanages. In most cases, these measures are temporary, so that if the situation changes for the better, the child can return to the family. There are different types of institutions that are used in such situations: mother and child homes, orphanages, youth homes, family homes, institutes for drug addicts, etc. Approximately 0.3% of all children are permanently under municipal supervision.

In social work in Norway There are three professional levels and education:

1) social worker (socionom) - work in urban social offices aimed at ensuring social security;

2) social pedagogue - professionally works with children in children's institutes;

3) a social worker who specializes in working with people with disabilities inside and outside social institutions.

AT Netherlands the first, very limited social law, which concerned the poor, was issued back in 1848. And from that time began the development of social work. However, it became especially intense after the Second World War, when the restoration of the country from the ruins began with the active financial participation of the United States. During this period, American influence was also very strong in the field of social work: the Americans developed methods and forms of providing social assistance and training. Schools of social workers have sprung up all over the country.

AT 1965. was created Ministry of Social Work, which increasingly acquired the status of a profession. With the financial support of the ministry, many institutions, agencies, and organizations appeared on the American model that dealt with various problems of people. Various ideas and projects constantly arose, but in general, all this activity was unsystematic. Then the parliament of the country raised the question of coordinating the activities of all institutions of this profile, and he himself took on the role of a distributor of finances and a coordinator, which largely contributed to streamlining the sphere of social work, giving it the character of a system. At present, the country has an extensive network of social services of various profiles, including those aimed at solving childhood problems, both traditional, found in almost all countries, and those of an innovative nature.

For example, recently in the Netherlands, along with orphanages and shelters for children and adolescents with psychosocial problems, forms of social work have also appeared, such as placing a child in another family living in the same place or day care. The emergence of such forms of socio-pedagogical assistance was associated with the realization that the removal of adolescents from their home environment and familiar environment has many disadvantages.

The Day Care Program was created to work with adolescents aged 12 to 21, who are typically school dropouts with no jobs, minimal social support, and a desire to make a difference. This program is being implemented through a center for providing social assistance to youth, where teenagers who stay with their families work in groups (10 people in a group). During the implementation of the day care program, teaching is temporarily relegated to the background, and the emphasis is shifted to the provision of social assistance. The day care program is funded 100% by the state.

Of interest is such a training and production project as "The Hague Training Workshops". They started work in 1989. initiated by the municipality of The Hague, therefore, entirely within its competence and intended for young people who have been unemployed for a long time. The essence of the project is that young people from among the unemployed are trained in workshops and, after completing a four-five-month course, receive a certificate that guarantees them a job or the opportunity to continue their studies. During their studies, they remain unemployed and thus remain eligible for unemployment benefits. The aim of the project is to increase the motivation of young people and their activity in the labor market. This is done through an individualized approach and a differentiated selection of the educational trajectory for everyone.

The project uses a so-called framework approach designed for young people with different levels of learning and training delays. An example of a new type of social institution created on private initiative is a boarding house. "Zeizicht" to work with homeless youth. It was opened in 1990. and provides assistance when the normal network of social services fails. In a boarding house, homeless teenagers can find shelter for a relatively small fee, which they pay out of the funds received as an allowance (in the Netherlands, all young people over the age of 18 are entitled to an allowance). The conditions of staying in a boarding house are comparable to those of a hotel, but the main feature is that the work here is based on a customer-friendly basis.

AT Finland the first specialized laws on social protection, which dealt with the problems of child protection, alcoholism, vagrancy, and with which the state sought to prevent the development of undesirable trends in the social life of society, were issued in 1936. The professional training of social workers began in 1942 at the School of Social Sciences in Helsinki.

Social policy throughout all these years was developed and implemented by the state and communes. In the 1980s, the idea of ​​municipal social policy arose, and a number of discussions were held on this issue. According to research, among all types of social services, organized day care is developing the fastest in Finland, which is carried out by child care institutions, individual families, as well as through the organization of games and children's amateur activities by social workers. Home service groups have become widespread, providing household services at home to families with small children, the elderly, and working parents.

The state policy of Finland is aimed at equalizing the income of families with children and childless citizens through the redistribution of income. Additional payment for children, allowances for the upbringing of minors, allowances for the birth of a child and its maintenance are the most important part of the redistribution of income in favor of the family. Municipalities can additionally increase the living allowance, the soldier's allowance for the wives and children of military personnel.

Finnish social policy is seeking to change its strategy. Until recently, unemployment problems were solved with the help of income insurance and "active" employment measures. Support for the unemployed was provided in the form of training and rehabilitation using employment funds. If people did not work for a long time, they were simply forced to work, and people of pre-retirement age received unemployment benefits.

In 1990, Finland abandoned the forced labor policy.

In the summer of 1993, WHO held a workshop in Finland on the impact of economic change on health and social well-being. One of the main issues discussed was to prevent the growth of the level of social anxiety, pathological anxiety among the population in connection with the growth of unemployment. It was concluded that, if appropriate social policies were skillfully applied, rising unemployment would not necessarily lead to social instability. Three types of action were recommended: to continue with activities aimed at strengthening incomes in line with wages, to maintain the tactics of diversification or gradation by categories in the unemployed sector in the labor market, and to support actions aimed at mobilizing the unemployed themselves to actively search for work and new areas of employment. These measures can help to avoid social upheavals dangerous to stability.

3. British model social work can be characterized as liberal-traditional. The liberal component of social policy here remains decisive. However, at the same time, in the field of social protection in the UK, state influence traditionally remains. In social services for those in need in the UK, market mechanisms such as paid services and the activities of private social agencies are actively used. Differentiated payments are established for social services here, depending on the place of residence and the means available to the persons who need them. The cost of services in different counties of the country is not the same. To pay less to social services for services, their clients must submit income documents on time.

In England, the number of private social services and agencies serving the elderly and disabled is expanding. After closing in the 1990s 20th century a large number of specialized hospitals that provided inpatient care to such people, these functions were taken over by some private social services. The system of paid social services, the functioning of private agencies in the service sector take place in many countries of the world.

The maximum state pension today is just under £80 a week (about $150), which is less than the required living wage. Corporate professional pension schemes are not mandatory in the UK. Moreover, the rights of their participants during the first two years of insurance are practically not protected. In this regard, a significant part of the British, to ensure a decent standard of living in old age, invests in private insurance funds. The state, in turn, seeks to support this by issuing the necessary subsidies to some private insurance funds.

In England, men are entitled to a pension under the national insurance system upon reaching the age of 65, and women - 60 years of age, subject to payment of insurance premiums to the state National Insurance Fund for 35 years. For those with less work experience, the pension benefit is also reduced. The British can retire a little earlier or later than the established age. In this case, the size of the pension allowance decreases or increases accordingly. And most pensioners do just that. In the early 2000s The average retirement age in the UK was 62.6 for men and 63.4 for women.

Not every Englishwoman can count on receiving a woman's allowance. She is entitled to it only if the woman has worked for at least two years. Young mothers who have not yet had time to acquire such experience, at the turn of the 1990s - 2000s. remained outside the applicable norms, depriving them of the right to receive the appropriate allowance.

A distinctive feature of the British model of social work is the priority social role of municipalities while maintaining the significant influence of the state in social protection. As already noted, private agencies occupy an important place in the social service system in England. However, the main subject in the field of social work here are the municipalities.

Over the past three decades, municipal social institutions have been functioning under city and village councils - departments of individual services to the population, performing the bulk of social work in the field. Most of the British social workers work here.

Municipal social institutions in England provide services at home after a careful assessment of the needs of the client, who is assisted in housekeeping, cleaning of premises, purchasing products, washing clothes, delivering meals to the house. For the most infirm persons, hot meals are delivered by a special service called a "canteen". Innovative technologies are used in the practice of social services at home for the elderly and disabled. One of them is the self-service scheme developed and tested in the second half of the 90s. Hampshire County Department of Human Services. According to this scheme, the served person has the right to hire up to seven people - assistants: one, for example, can help a disabled person get dressed daily for an hour, another can help wash, a third can buy food and cook food, a fourth can regularly clean housing, etc.

A professional social worker involved in the UK in municipal social services most often acts as a manager organizing the provision of services from nurses, volunteers, etc. In addition, he evaluates the quality and volume of their provision. They develop individual customer service programs. They are reviewed several times during the year. Changes in the composition of services are carried out taking into account the condition and wishes of those served.

With 1987, across the UK, qualifications have become a prerequisite for employment as a social worker.

AT Germany, unlike the United States and a number of other European countries, social work and social pedagogy are, although closely related, but still independent areas of science and professional fields of activity. At the same time, it is quite difficult to draw a line between them today.

The 19th century is the century of the beginning of social work in Germany. The industrialization of the country contributed to the formation and development of social work, since the latter is associated with a sharp impoverishment of the families of workers, and, as a result, more people began to use social security. AT 1880 on the initiative German Charity Congress The German Benevolent Association for the Care of the Poor was founded. It was renamed the German Union of Public and Private Guardianship. First he was in Berlin, then in Frankfurt am Main. This is the central union that unites public, private, public institutions, as well as individuals involved in the implementation of social work in Germany.

After the unification of the GDR and the FRG (October 3, 1990), the number of its participants increased to 3,000. From the state side, representatives at the federal level, the level of federal states, free cities and districts were included. From public organizations, the union includes Charity Associations for Workers, the Catholic Caritas, the Parity Union, the German Red Cross, the Mercy Union of the Evangelical Church, etc. It also included social workers, managers, heads of boards and associations, well-known public figures. Educational institutions, research institutes, institutions of practical social work participate in the work of the Union.

According to the charter, approved by the meeting of the members of the Union on October 2, 1991, in Heilbronn, the main goal of the union is the embodiment of the ideas of social work. Its main tasks are: putting forward initiatives in the field of social policy, developing practical recommendations for the implementation of state, public and private social work; expert activity in the field of social law; creation of an information bank for specialists; advanced training of leading personnel and employees in the social sphere, support for sciences significant for social work; study of experience and evaluation of the development of social work in other countries, development of international cooperation and exchange of experience; publication of works and other publications on social issues.

The Union is headed by a chairman with four deputies. The experts are divided into commissions: 1) social assistance and social policy; 2) youth assistance, youth promotion, youth policy; 3) assistance to the family, the policy of promoting family relations; 4) health care, health policy; 5) assistance to the elderly; 6) assistance to people with disabilities since childhood; 7) assistance to disabled people who became disabled as a result of an accident; 8) social professions; 9) organization of social services; 10) planning in the field of social work.

The realization that social work needs its own personnel led to the opening of social schools. In 1905, the first Christian social women's school appeared. Over the next four years, 13 other social schools began to work, where girls from bourgeois families studied the profession of a trustee of a charitable institution. During the First World War, the baton of caring for the victims of the war in Germany passed from charitable independent organizations to the state. After the war, all social security was consolidated into a charitable department. In the early 1920s, independent charitable unions united into the Imperial Community of the main independent charitable unions. In the mid-1920s, state social security bodies arose in large German cities, which exist to this day. Structurally, social security was divided into a charitable department (the city department of social security) and the city health department and the youth department.

The first steps in developing a methodology for social work were taken in Germany based on the study of experience in the United States. We are talking about the patronage method used in the Weimar Republic in connection with the consequences of the war, unemployment, mass impoverishment of the population. The extended concept of this method included, first of all, the question of the causes of need. The method is based on the principles of respect for the human person; activity and conscious participation of clients in overcoming their difficulties; social worker's knowledge of his own strengths and weaknesses, the responsibility of individuals to society. AT 1926 Alice Salomon published in Germany a work on social work "Social Diagnosis", the ideas of which were drawn from the book of the same name by M. Richmond. With the advent of the Nazis to power in Germany, the democratic development of the country was suspended. Social work was reduced to strict control over the population and became one of the political tools of the Nazis.

Since the mid-1960s, a unified approach has been developed in the social sphere to work with client teams, depending on the type and degree of social defeat. The 1970s were years of rethinking social work in Germany. The scientists came to the conclusion that the use of classical methods of social work is insufficient, as well as the low use of therapeutic agents in cases where it was a question of reaching and solving the problem as a whole. In Germany, they draw a line between social work and social pedagogy. The social worker concentrates on the social problems of clients, on ways and means that will help him solve the client's pressing issues. The social educator participates in the daily life of the client, exerts a pedagogical influence on it.

In Germany, a specialist with a diploma in social work more often finds a job in charitable institutions paid from the budget of the communities, at the expense of the church, less often from public funds. The task of a social worker as a professional is to provide support to people in a socially distressed situation. The social policy of the state is embodied in practice in the activities of a social worker.

The development of social work in the 1960s and early 1970s gave impetus to the formation of large organizations for the provision of social services to the population. It was not until the mid-1990s that some decline in the growth of such institutions was observed.

A social worker in Germany can work as: an assistant social worker for the care of the elderly; social worker for the care of the elderly; psychotherapist for children and youth problems; certified teacher; rural household assistant, family counselor; educator; family life assistant; assistant in the upbringing of children; social worker for the disabled; orphanage teacher; organizer of leisure for children and youth; responsible worker with youth in the field; child and youth worker; rehabilitation consultant; social teacher; social worker for foreigners. In Germany, as in other countries, the profession of a social worker has a predominantly “female” face. She is underpaid, not prestigious enough.

The national system of social protection in the EU countries took shape gradually as the corresponding socio-economic and political prerequisites were formed. These processes were especially turbulent in the post-war period. Over the past 15 years, differences in the nature of EU systems and spending on the social protection of citizens have smoothed out. The southern countries increased these expenditures, while the northern ones (Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands) stabilized, reaching the optimal level. In EU budgets, social spending ranges from 20% in Portugal to 32% in the Netherlands. Payments in connection with unemployment are much more differentiated in European countries. In Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands, unemployment benefits average from 70 to 80% of GNP per capita, and in Italy only 10%. In the latter country, in the event of dismissal, the employee receives other compensation payments and benefits. The lowest level of unemployment benefits in Italy, England and Greece. The reasons for the difference are the number of people receiving benefits; the ratio of benefits to purchasing power. In Greece and Portugal, no allowance is paid to those who are able to work but are not working.

There are also significant differences in sickness benefits. In Belgium, Germany, Greece, Luxembourg, the full salary is paid; in Denmark, Spain, the Netherlands and Portugal only three quarters of the salary, and in England one third. The largest spending on social protection in the Netherlands.

The EU is divided into groups according to the social protection system:

Germany, France, Belgium, Luxembourg are countries where insurance principles dominate, where the amounts of payments and benefits are related to individual insurance premiums, i.e. benefits from the insurance fund depend on the salary. The state undertakes to ensure that the income of a citizen does not fall below a certain guaranteed minimum.

England, Denmark - benefits are tailored to individual needs, and financed from tax funds. Social benefits are distributed evenly.

The Netherlands, Italy - a mixed social security system, but closer to the first.

Spain, Portugal, Greece - a social protection system is being formed, there is no guaranteed minimum income, social services are not available to everyone.

Among the EU there are differences in the payment of family benefits. Greece, Italy, Portugal and Spain spend less than 1% of GNP. Germany and the Netherlands 2%. France, England, Luxembourg more than 2%. Most of the EU is concerned about the declining birth rate. In the past 10 years, countries have made changes to their family policies. In France, laws have been passed to support large families (a family with three children receives an allowance in the amount of a third of the average salary). Ireland increased benefits for a fifth child in 1989 and for a fourth child in 1991. In France, the amount of child benefit increases from the second child onwards. And only in Denmark it is decreasing. Many countries have increased maternity benefits. This was connected not so much with the low birth rate, but with the support of the social status of women, the increase in their role in society. Such a policy aims to create the best conditions for a combination of productive work, social career, and care for home and family. In this regard, maternity leave has been extended in many countries over the past five years. In many countries, for parents who would like to spend more time with their child, social benefits are very low, if not non-existent. Three countries – Germany, Belgium and Italy – have such benefits. In Germany, it is only 22% of wages after the child reaches the age of 2 years, in Belgium - 30-25% up to one year, and 34% within 9 months in Italy. In other countries, assistance may be provided under certain circumstances. So, in France, single mothers are paid 59% of the last salary for 3 years.

The problem of incomplete families in European countries is important. In Greece, not only a mother, but also a single father can receive benefits; in Spain and Portugal, only in some provinces, local authorities generally pay such benefits. In France, this amount is 50% (up to 3 years of age), and in other countries it is much less. Only in Denmark and the Netherlands does this amount exceed 60%.

Thus, in the 20th century, an extensive network of state and public organizations to help those in need developed in the countries of the USA and Europe.

Questions for self-control:

1. What characterizes the decentralization of the social protection system in the United States?

3. What is the influence of the state on the functioning of the social security system in England?

4. How does Germany deal with the problem of unemployment?

5. Conduct a comparative analysis of the main areas of social protection in European countries?

Lecture

Modern stage development of social work abroad

(beginning of the 20th century - until now)

1. The emergence of a new aid paradigm.
2. Social work in the states of continental Western Europe.

3. Features of social work in the UK and the USA.

Literature.

1. Firsov M.V. History of social work. - M., 2004.

2. Volgin N.A., Gritsenko N.N., Sharkov F.I. social state. Textbook. - M., 2003. - S.29-31, 36-37.

3. Osadchaya G.I. Sociology of the social sphere. - M., 2003. - S.37-38.

4. Kurbatov V. I. Social work. - M., 1999.

5. Tsitkilov P.Ya. History of social work. – Rostov-on/Don, 2006.

6. Social work in Europe / Ed. Shmeleva N.B. – Ulyanovsk, 2006

Introduction

This lecture completes the course of study "History of Social Work Abroad". And as often happens at the end of the "path", there is a need to look back, understand and check where and how this "path" began.

So, I want to remind you that social work is seen as three interrelated processes: practice, field of knowledge and educational activity.

The history of social work appears as a process in time. Consequently, we sought to trace the internal logic of development, or rather, transformation: practices, educational activities, areas of knowledge. We emphasize that:

1. The practice of social work begins with a tribal society.

2. social work as a theory originates from the philanthropic and the first "steps" of the communal period (for Russia - the 11th-12th centuries), i.e. from the moment when such social phenomena as poverty, orphanhood, vagrancy, etc. begin to be comprehended theoretically, there is a reflection on these phenomena.

3. social work as a field of education, as a certain type of professional activity, originates in the twentieth century. in connection with the organization of schools of social work.

So, we have come to the consideration of that period in the history of social work abroad, when all three components of "social work" (practice, theory, education) come together. And this connection was the result of a long historical path that began in the III millennium BC. on the territory of Mesopotamia (rivers Tigris and Euphrates).

Obviously, this “connection” marked the onset of a new stage in the history of social work.: the state period was replaced by a period of social work, which continues at the present time. We will try to consider the main economic, political, socio-cultural prerequisites for the formation of this period. This is our first question.

Question 1.

Establishing a New Aid Paradigm.

So, the nineteenth century became a turning point in the development of social assistance to needy segments of the population:

1. there have been changes in the relationship between entrepreneurs and wage workers (economic factor)

2. new priorities were developed in the social policy of states (a factor of political life)

3. activated public, private and church charity (factor of public life)

4. Western countries and the United States were on the verge of creating social work as a professional and scientific view activities (a factor of the internal logic of the development of social assistance and support).

In other words, at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. in the economy, political and public life, as well as in the depths of the very practice of social assistance and support, the necessary prerequisites for the ripening of a qualitatively new stage in the development of social work have developed.

The 20th century was supposed to implement this running mechanism, which happened in the countries of Western Europe and the USA, on the one hand, and was interrupted by the 1917 revolution in Russia, on the other.

Let's take a look at each of these factors.

1. Economic factor. Namely: at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. free market economy is perceived as a value, the main basis and driving force of which is the private entrepreneurial initiative. This gives the entire economic structure maximum efficiency, allows the allocation of rich resources for social programs and is the most important basis for the freedom of the individual in all manifestations of his life.

The market has been one of the factors in strengthening the practice of social work, because social insurance systems, work with organizations, communities, introduced new elements of development into the practice of social work.

2. Factor of political life. Namely: presence of political democracy:

Formation of power institutions through the free expression of the will of citizens in the conditions of political pluralism,

Ensuring effective public control over the activities of these institutions, over the state apparatus and their officials

Political and legal equality of all citizens and their associations

The presence of an order in which decision-making by the majority would be combined with ensuring the rights and interests of minorities

The functioning of the state and all citizens is strictly within the established legal order.

State in the 20th century develops as the main tool and source of wealth, as a guarantor of solving the problem of fair social distribution and redistribution of national wealth in a free market.

3. Factor of social life. Namely: civil society development.

Civil society- the sphere of extensive social relations and public participation as a counterbalance to the more stringent actions of the state or the economy.

Civil society takes on the responsibility of solving many welfare problems. Public initiative, public organizations, foundations and societies are actively developing. Aimed at solving certain social problems and at providing social assistance and support.

At the same time, special attention is family as an institution of assistance and support, as the basis for the well-being of society. Social assistance, social work, social pedagogy consider the individual in the context of family relationships. The problems of interaction between the family and the state are considered from the same positions. State strategies are outlined. approaches to social security.

4. Factor of the internal logic of the development of social assistance and support.

At the end of the XIX - the beginning of the XX centuries. there is an understanding of the need for specialized, professional, social assistance and support.

The system of training social workers owes its origin to the efforts of social services, who cared about improving the quality and systemic nature of providing assistance to the poor and those who were dependents. Many leaders of charitable organizations. Those who had experience in practical work came to the conclusion that it was necessary to gradually replace volunteers in social work with full-time employees. Therefore, there was a need for appropriate education to ensure a sufficiently high level of work of social services.

Formation social education At the same time, it was part of the development of the education system in the 20th century. generally.

Findings:

1. So, in the twentieth century. in the public mind is:

BUT) concept "welfare state"(for the first time this term was introduced at the end of the 19th century by the German scientist L. Von Stein). The welfare state was defined as a state obliged to contribute to the economic and social progress of all its citizens, because in the final analysis the development of one is a condition for the development of another.

Summarizing scientific views, the main characteristics of the welfare state include: the responsibility of state power for a decent life and free development of man and society, all social groups; high level of rights and guarantees of citizens in the social sphere; responsibility of the individual for his social well-being.

The Russian constitutional norms on the social state contain provisions similar to the Constitution of the FRG. The term "welfare state" is also used in the Constitution of France, Spain, Turkey and some other states. The purpose of social policy that meets the ideals of welfare states is indicated by the Constitutions of Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Consonant with the welfare state, the concept of the "welfare state" is being implemented in Great Britain, Austria, and Switzerland.

We will return to the concept of the “welfare state” in more detail in just a couple of minutes. Now I would like to use one more principle, the awareness of which was formed at the beginning of the 20th century, namely:

B) associated with the concept of "welfare state" understanding "the principle of social justice, social equality, ensuring social guarantees" whose motto is: "Social support for those in need and freedom of action for those who most harmoniously fit into market relations."

Thus, a 2-target orientation was set:

On the development of social dynamics;

On social stability and balance.

The subjects of this model are:

The state, on the one hand,

Public structures and

Private initiative, on the other.

2. Given these circumstances comes a new understanding of the essence of social assistance and support. The term "social work" was introduced into the speech circulation. (1900, Simon Patten). And today this concept (social work) is revealed by us as follows:

Social work is an activity aimed at solving social problems of individuals, layers and groups; on the creating conditions conducive to the restoration of people's ability to social functioning(Pavlenok P.D.).

Let's return to the concept of "welfare state".

AT modern world the most social orientation of states and a practically high standard of living and social security characteristic mainly of European countries- for Germany, France and Scandinavian countries, as well as Israel, Canada.

The same paradigm was chosen as the goal of their development China, Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Ukraine and a number of other CIS countries, rapidly developing countries in Latin America, the Arab East.

However, the social orientation of the state with a weak performance of the social functions of the state in the present determines the state as social only by designation. Even a sufficiently strong performance of social functions by the state in violation of other fundamental principles (legal basis, democracy, etc.) does not allow it to be called a truly social state.

Allocate 4 main prerequisites that are most conducive to the social orientation of the state and the formation of a welfare state:

1. The presence of a sufficiently wide economic and social base society.

2. Accelerated development of society on the basis of scientific and technical and social progress.

3. All-round development of democracy, including in production (economic democracy), forms of public self-government, increased participation of citizens in public life.

4. Strengthening the rule of law, the expansion of real rights and freedoms of a person, combined with his responsibility to society and the state.

The practice of social development has shown that a socially oriented state functions most effectively in countries where the state is organized on a democratic, legal basis, where social and market relations are developed, and society is civil.

The concept of "welfare state" first appeared in scientific literature in the middle of the 19th century. in the works of German scientists influenced by Hegel's philosophy and as a result of an analysis of the development of capitalism and the class struggle in Germany.

One of the main developers theory of the welfare state statesman and economist Lorenz von Stein believed that the task of the state is to establish social equality and personal freedom, to raise the lower, disadvantaged classes to the level of the rich and powerful. The state must carry out the economic and social progress of all its members, in which the development of one is a condition and consequence of the development of the other.

The most radical theoretical basis of the welfare state was put forward in 1879 by the German economist, supporter of state and Christian socialism A. Wagner. His concept envisaged the transformation of the bourgeois state into a welfare state(welfare state).

A certain contribution to the development of the problems of the welfare state was made by: A. Abendroth, G. Geller, T. Marshall, F. Neumann.

After World War II, a qualitatively new stage began in the development of the theory of the welfare state, associated with the construction of its provisions into constitutional norms.. In particular, in the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, the French Constitution in 1958, the Spanish Constitution in 1978.

Many foreign and domestic researchers, along with the concept "welfare state" as synonyms often use the terms "welfare state", "welfare state".

AT theoretically the concept of the welfare state incorporates the concept of the English economist J. Keynes who justified in his time the need for active state intervention in the economic life of society.

Adherents of the concept of the welfare state pin their hopes on prospects for the development of a mixed economy, a combination of private and public sectors. In this concept the state is given the role of a neutral, "above-class" force capable of satisfying the interests of all social strata by establishing the principle of fair distribution and ensuring the welfare of all members of society, redistributing income, thus destroying inequality.

The welfare state aims to establish the possibilities for a radical transformation of society, primarily in matters of distribution of property, income, organization of enterprise management, as well as the functions of the state in the interests of all its citizens. The main support all members of society with material and social benefits - the economic growth.

1st point of view . "Welfare state - a legal democratic state pursuing a strong social policy and developing a domestic social market economy aimed at the stable provision of a high standard of living and employment of the population, the real exercise of the rights and freedoms of citizens, the creation of timely and accessible to all citizens systems of education, health care, culture, social security and services, the maintenance of the poor and the needy segments of the population "(Social State: A Brief Dictionary - reference book / Editorial team Ya. N. Gritsepko (head), G. A. Nikolaev (deputy head), F. I. Sharkov (deputy head) and others. M., 2002. P. 191.).

2nd point of view . Social "is called a state that assumes the obligation to take care of social justice, the well-being of its citizens, their social security.

3rd point of view . In the Concept of the welfare state, developed with the participation of the authors of the book, "a social state is a legal democratic state that proclaims social justice as the highest value, the policy of which is aimed at providing citizens with a decent life, social protection, minimizing social risks, creating conditions for self-realization of the creative (labor) potential of the individual.

The welfare state is an independent type of the rule of law, which ensures the establishment of optimal relationships between the individual, the team and the state and also creates the necessary conditions and opportunities for the most complete realization of the inalienable rights and freedoms of a person, including the right of every person to a decent life...

The welfare state is the most expedient way to combine the principles of freedom and power in order to ensure the well-being of the individual and the well-being of society, ensuring social justice in the distribution of labor products.

The idea of ​​a social state with a focus on human development, the creation of decent living conditions for him is the basis of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the UN General Assembly on December 10, 1948. It emphasizes that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and that every human being should enjoy all the rights and freedoms proclaimed in the Declaration, without distinction of any kind.

The functions of the welfare state appear in the course of the evolutionary development of the state and are characterized by a dual process.

One side, there is a quantitative growth of social functions at higher levels of state development;

with another, - there is an inclusion of social functions in complex functional systems along with legal, political and economic functions.

As a result, there is a "socialization" of all the functions of the state.

Public guarantees of survival, support for the poor and the needy have existed since pre-state times, but only the welfare state sets the satisfaction of social needs as its goal, developing a social market economy.

The social state, unlike others, has a number of features:

a) the legal basis of social policy;

b) the existence of a social insurance system;

c) the existence of budgetary social payments;

d) the existence of state systems of social protection, social security and employment;

e) availability of social support to all, without exception, needy members of society;

f) acceptance by the state of responsibility for the level of well-being of citizens;

g) the existence of civil society institutions.

According to these features welfare state pursuing the state social and economic policy, implements the following social functions:

1. ensuring employment and constant growth of incomes of the population;

2. provision of social insurance for all members of society;

3. ensuring the availability of education, healthcare and spiritual and cultural development;

4. social protection of the needy;

5. smoothing out social inequality in society, creating decent living conditions through the redistribution of benefits;

6. provision of social services.

This list is not fixed.

The experience of many European states, which are legal social states according to the constitution, shows that they build their socio-economic policy based on:

1. principle economic freedom rights and recognition of the right of entrepreneurs and their associations, employees and their trade unions to tariff autonomy on the basis of social partnership;

2. principle confidence in the regulatory role of the market through demand, supply, pricing, competition, but at the same time on the principle of state responsibility for the play of market forces and the creation of conditions for streamlining the course of economic and social life aimed at ensuring the well-being of its citizens;

3. principle social justice and solidarity of society, including through the tax redistribution of income from the rich to the poor and the involvement of the able-bodied in the labor process and ensuring the social responsibility of the able-bodied for citizens who are still or no longer working;

4. Principle participation of employees in the management of production and distribution, in public and state life, while developing various forms of economic democracy.

Can be distinguished several models of the welfare state, differing in the type of socio-economic structure of society and the political and ideological basis on which it is based.

1. a model based on the ideology and politics of democratic socialism(earlier in the Scandinavian countries) became historically the first in a democratic system and a market economy.

2. model based on ideology and politics based on liberal or liberal-conservative ideology began to be created later in Germany, other Western European countries, as well as in the USA, Canada, and Japan.

Both of these forms can be considered as varieties (subspecies) of the same democratic model of the welfare state., which received the name in theory and political practice "open society".

Available between them differences appear in:

a) more radical or more moderate system of redistribution of material resources for social needs;

b) setting higher or lower taxes, with the help of which these resources are formed;

in more or less degree government intervention in the economy.

These differences are not antagonistic; democratically the change of power in the parties of liberal, conservative and social democratic orientation does not lead to shocks to the foundations of the welfare state, there are only shifts in its functioning - its intervention in the economy increases or decreases, its social policy weakens (or vice versa), social programs expand or contract.

In modern world practice, two main models of the state with their various modifications are becoming more and more prominent.:

1. liberal (monetarist)) - is based on the minimization of state property and, accordingly, the absolutization of private property, which implies a sharp reduction social function states. The liberal model is based on the principle of self-survival, the formation of an individual - independent, relying only on himself, with a certain system of moral concepts ("If you live in poverty, then you yourself are to blame").

2. socially oriented model- is based on the free coexistence of various forms of ownership, a strong social function of the state.

The social and legal states act as a unity, they are closely interconnected and cannot exist one without the other.. At present, the idea of ​​a rule of law state has received its constitutional enshrinement in many states of the world.

In the second half of the XIX century. in Kaiser Germany, the first attempt was made to implement a number of social reforms. The imperial constitution of 1871 contained the idea of ​​the state's concern for the welfare of the German people. A little later, Otto von Bismarck began the formation of legislation on social issues. Social guarantees began to be introduced further in Great Britain, Sweden, and Italy.

Post-war Germany returned to the idea and values ​​of the welfare state.

1949 - The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany in Art. 20 proclaimed Germany "democratic and social federal state", in Article 28 - "the constitutional order in the lands must comply with the principles of a social legal state."

1948 - in the Constitution Italy in accordance with Art. 2 "Republic recognizes and guarantees the inalienable human rights- as a private individual and as a member of the public associations in which his personality manifests itself - and requires the fulfillment of immutable obligations arising from political, economic and social solidarity.

1958 - according to Art. 1 of the Constitution, " France is indivisible, secular, social, democratic republic";

1975 - Portugal became a sovereign republic, aiming building a free, just and solidary society.

1978 - Spain under the Constitution became "legal, democratic, welfare state" and etc.

Functions and obligations of the state in the field of ensuring Welfare and social rights of citizens are spelled out in the Swedish Constitution.

Romania according to its constitutions - legal democratic and social rocydarstvo,

Republic Poland a democratic, rule of law state, implementing the principle of social justice.

Greece: The constitution states: "Labor is a right and is protected a state that takes care of creating conditions for full employment for all citizens".

Today, many developed countries of the world, regardless of the presence in their constitutions of provisions on belonging to a welfare state, de facto conduct their socio-economic policy as welfare states. The principles of the welfare state are to some extent enshrined in the constitutions of Turkey, the Netherlands, and Denmark.

Question 2.

Question 3.

General provisions

In the beginning, social protection in the US and the UK was carried out mainly at the level of local governments and private social services. Part of the teachers, journalists, lawyers, clergy, etc. moved into the sphere of social work. In the first half of the 1920s. There were about 15 schools of social work in the United States. Around the same time, a professional organization began to operate - the Association of Social Workers.

From the 30s to the early 70s. in the field of social work in the United States and Great Britain the most important role was played by state structures. Federal laws were adopted that guaranteed a minimum wage, limited the length of the working day, regulated the processes of employment, pensions, and health insurance.

In 1955, the National Association of Social Workers was formed in the USA.

In the UK - the Association of Social Workers.

In 1956, the International Federation of Social Workers (IFSD) was re-established, which today continues to make a great contribution to the development and improvement of professional activities in the field of social protection.

From the 2nd half of the 70s - early 80s. 20th century in the British and American systems of social protection, a liberal orientation is beginning to take on a priority character. This is especially true for the United States, where the participation of the state in social support and assistance is decreasing, federal subsidies and financial subsidies for social needs are decreasing.

There is a course towards further individualization of responsibility for personal security and the expansion of the use of market, commercial mechanisms in the social sphere.

3.1. British social safety net

The British model of social work can be described as liberal-traditional. The liberal component of social policy here remains decisive. However, at the same time, in the field of social protection in the UK, state influence traditionally remains.

Its most important features include:

1. the presence of a significant liberal component in social policy;

2. the priority social role of municipalities while maintaining the significant influence of the state in the social sphere and protection;

3. a special place for charitable, non-profit (associative) organizations in the provision of social assistance and support.

The liberal component occupies an important place in social policy. This is manifested in the high proportion of social services provided to those in need by private agencies, in the restrictive role of the state.

In social services for those in need in the UK, such market mechanisms, as:

1. paid services,

2. activities of private social agencies.

3. differentiated payment for social services depending on the place of residence and the means available to persons who need them (the cost of services in different counties of the country is not the same.).

Enlargement in England private social services and agencies serving the elderly and disabled. There are many of them in continental Europe. However, England is distinguished by a high proportion of services provided by private social agencies in the total volume of such assistance. Thus, social home care institutions supported by the state and municipalities provide their clients with about half of the services, and they receive the other half from private social agencies.

The liberal character of the British social service system is also reflected in the absence of uniform state standards for services provided to the population. Their quantity and quality are stipulated only at the level of local norms, which puts, for example, a lonely elderly person in one county in a less convenient position than the same person in another administrative-territorial unit of the country. For comparison, we can cite Germany, where these services are more streamlined.

Great Britain, unlike most continental countries of Western Europe, pursues a restrictive policy in the labor market, limiting the amount of assistance to the unemployed by the state. Thus, the maximum duration of the payment of unemployment benefits in England is 12 months, in Spain - 24 months, in Belgium there is no upper limit for its payment at all.

In the UK, businesses and organizations interacting with them are widely involved in financing social employment enterprises.

Liberalization in British social policy is also manifested in the expansion of the private insurance market, in the existence of restrictive measures for the payment of women's and other benefits. Particular attention in modern England is given to the creation of a large-scale private insurance market. Along with state and corporate pension schemes, private pension insurance is actively developing here. The maximum state pension today is just under £80 a week (about $150).

Not every Englishwoman can count on receiving a woman's allowance. She is entitled to it only if the woman has worked for at least two years. Young mothers who have not yet had time to acquire such experience, at the turn of the 1990s-2000s. remained outside the applicable norms, depriving them of the right to receive the appropriate allowance.

Conclusion. The course towards increasing the importance of the liberal component of social policy is explained by the British authorities by the expediency of limiting social costs by enterprises and firms to enhance their competitiveness, as well as by the need to reduce the growing budgetary spending on social needs. In real life, such a policy does not always give the proper result; it is associated with certain costs in terms of social assistance and support.

Role of municipalities

1. General Provisions. A distinctive feature of the British model of social work is the priority social role of municipalities while maintaining the significant influence of the state in social protection.

Municipal councils in the UK elect their chairmen (mayors), who are also responsible for solving social problems. In many respects, the financial needs of municipalities for social needs are covered by local taxes, and the other part of the costs, the amount of which in a number of counties is quite significant (up to 40% or more), is subsidized by the government.

2. Forms of services. Municipal social services in England provide services at home after a careful assessment of the needs of the client. For the most infirm persons, hot meals are delivered by a special service called mobile dining room.

Social service institutions operating at the municipal level include boarding houses and day hospitals temporary stay for the elderly and disabled. As a rule, these institutions are of small capacity (30-50 seats).

Professional social worker, involved in the UK in municipal social services, most often acts as a manager organizing the provision of services from nurses, volunteers, etc. In addition, he evaluates the quality and volume of their provision.

Charity

A) statistics. Law. Important in the British model of social protection are non-profit association organizations, whose activities are regulated by social legislation. Under the law on charitable activities, adopted at the end of the 20th century, a system of strict obligations of guardians of local philanthropic organizations and strict control over their financial activities was preserved.

In the mid 90s. XX century, in England, there were more than 170 thousand charitable organizations. A significant number of British associations take care of the disabled. Blind, working in the field information technologies or simply interested in computers, the British Computer Association (BACB), which since 1995 has the status of a charitable company, provides assistance.

B) Financing. The activity of associative organizations is largely determined by the stability of their funding. The most important sources of funds for charitable purposes are voluntary donations from various institutions, individuals, commercial firms, and enterprises; government fantas; contributions from members of charitable organizations; income from a variety of activities.

In the 90s. 20th century the current annual turnover of philanthropic activity in England and Wales was £10 billion. The 25 largest charitable foundations received donations and profits from their activities in the amount of more than 800 million pounds, which were directed to the implementation of various social projects.

Social work experience

Social work experience Great Britain has a certain value for Russia as well. We would do well to take a closer look at the British practice of medical provision, where public funding plays a decisive role in the development of healthcare.

Among the innovative forms of social work with the elderly, the organization of centers of reminiscence (memories) should be noted.

Charity

The hallmark of the American model of social work is predominant importance in its conduct of associative organizations receiving support from government agencies. In the last decade, a scheme has been effectively operating in the United States, according to which the state, represented by government bodies, develops and finances social programs, and associative (non-profit) organizations independently or jointly with municipalities implement them on the ground, controlling the fair distribution of state subsidies.

Today, only the USA in the world has such an extensive network of association organizations, covering such a large number of people. About 100 million Americans are involved in this sector, including over 8 million paid workers. The number of non-profit organizations of all types in the United States at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. b

STATE EXAM PROGRAM

Problems of periodization of social work. Periodization of social work abroad: The archaic period of charity (before the formation of the first slave states at the end of the 3rd - beginning of the 2nd millennium BC). Philanthropic period (until the 4th-5th centuries AD). The period of public (community, church) charity (until the 16th century). The period of state charity (until the turn of the 19th–20th centuries). The period of social work (continuing to the present).

Answer:

Archaic period (before the formation of the Kiev principality and the baptism of Russia in the 9th-10th centuries).

Tribal and communal forms of assistance and mutual assistance among the Slavs before X to help members of their community. The most common forms of assistance to poor fellow villagers were house-to-house feeding (prisoners spent the whole day in one house, moving to the next in another) and almsgiving (but in the villages there was little money and most of all they were given food and clothes).

The period of public (community, church) charity (X - early XVI centuries). Characterized by the absence state system social assistance to the population. The predominance of church charity. The most common form of help is giving alms. Uncontrolled begging leads to the formation of professional begging.

The period of church-state charity (XVI - XVII centuries). Gradually, the first closed institutions began to form, and the regulation of work with the poor was being laid.

The period of state charity (XVIII - early XX centuries). Formation of a system of state social assistance to the population. The system of state charity was laid during the reign of Peter 1. In the second half of the 18th century, care for socially unprotected categories of the population was recognized as an indispensable duty of the state. The “City Regulations” adopted in 1785 also contributed to the increase in the public activity of citizens. It established such estates as the clergy, merchants, petty bourgeoisie and peasantry, which were supposed to take care of the disabled representatives of their class. the rapid growth of capitalism causes the development of philanthropy of merchants and entrepreneurs. Explosive growth of charitable motives. At this time, the transition from voluntary to professional assistance is also formalized. The first courses on public charity are being opened, and international relations are being established.

The period of social planning (1917-1991). The welfare system is being reformed. Some forms of private and public charity were taken over by the social security system, others were completely forgotten (social work with prisoners was not carried out at all). The Ministry of Social Security pursued a centralized policy in the field of pensions, support for the disabled, single and large mothers, and children without parents. During this period, it was believed that there were neither parasites nor beggars in the country.

The period of social work (since the 1990s). The destruction of established socio - economic ties, the liberalization of prices, unemployment lead to an aggravation of social problems. There are short-term programs: cash grants to the poor, humanitarian aid. A system of assistance to those in need is being formed, but its work is not debugged and is not clear to many. Therefore, it is important to study how these problems were solved in our country, as well as in other countries.

Christianization of Russia in 988 (Vladimir Saint).

It is sometimes said that the baptism took place in 980. due to chronology.

Peculiarities:

1) Christianity came later than in other countries. There was a clash of two beliefs, the interpenetration of Christianity into paganism. Russian Orthodoxy contains two foundations: faith in God and superstition.

Before the start of the reforms of Peter 1, a man without a beard is a devil. Boris Godunov and False Dmitry 1 were without a beard.

In the 18th century, superstitions disappear and the system swayed, but state power, the synod, came to replace it. Orthodoxy is being reborn.

2) the new faith is perceived at the level of emotions, and not at the level of reason. Attracts beauty, and not a feature of the worldview. Lush decorations, the beauty of worship, the giving of alms.

Begging becomes a professional occupation.

996, a law is issued - 1 document reflecting the ideas of social assistance "The Charter of Prince Vladimir 1". Where 4 categories of those in need stand out: widows, beggars, wanderers (wandering monks), cripples (mentally ill).

The duty to help them is entrusted to the church, the maintenance of those in need is part of the tithe. Public charity can be attributed to a special system of princely power, based on poverty: almsgiving, feeding at the princely court, food delivery.

Features: not state, but private (personal desires) assistance; lack of government assistance. Vladimir Monomakh tried to turn the right to help the needy into the duty of the prince. He creates the image of an ideal ruler as a protector of the weak and the poor.

The duties of the prince were introduced: repentance, tears, compassion, distribution of alms. 2 and 3 must be combined.

THEN. no state aid/charity system was established.

In 1132 Russia entered into feudal fragmentation.

The phenomenon of Russian asceticism.

In the 11-12th century, a special system of social assistance included 2 components: asceticism and begging.

Asceticism from the word feat, feat to the neighbor. Love for one's neighbor turns into a feat of love for one's neighbor. All or nothing is a maximalist formula.

Begging has created fertile ground for the development of a layer of professional beggars. In Europe, God's poor people live near monasteries. A beggar is the best pilgrim (church brothers, pilgrims for peace). They have a special form of clothing, a shirt that exposes the throat like Jesus. They lived in gangs (artels).

1. Palace (honor among the princes),

2. Yard, monastery (stable income),

3. Cemetery, walking (no permanent place),

4. Beds (lying around in public places).

There are many beggars, attitudes towards them are changing. There is a formalization of alms, in 2 manifestations:

1. penny feed (just to throw);

2. church alms.

There were no laws on the provision of social assistance.

Mongol rule upset public administration. The Stoglavy Cathedral of 1551 constructs a system of assistance from the church and from the state. Beggars are divided into 3 categories: disabled, able-bodied, healthy. A census of the poor in the cities was carried out, a church type of social assistance is being formed, and health problems are discussed at the Stoglavy Cathedral. The problems of drunkenness come to the fore. But the decisions of the Stoglavy Cathedral remain on paper. For the first time, the state began to pay attention to social assistance in the 17th century.

Reasons: the great pestilence of 1601-1603, the ban on free trade in bread, the fight against speculation, the ban on distilling and brewing, public works were organized. Charitable institutions of Skudelnitsa appear in the capital. Parishes played a special role in helping.

In the middle of the 17th century, the state turned its attention to the problems of social assistance. The years of the reign of Peter I were marked by a step forward in the implementation of the idea of ​​social charity, he consistently took measures to increase the role of the state in this area of ​​public life, sought to put institutions of all types of charity under his control. The church was ruled by the state. All the income of the monasteries was spent on issuing money and food to the monks, and the rest was used to provide for the poor and the elderly in almshouses and to provide benefits to monasteries that did not have estates and received subsidies from the state. Peter 1 turned part of the monasteries into almshouses and they became an integral part of the network of "closed" charitable institutions, while other monasteries are obliged to accept a certain number of the sick, the elderly and the needy. The monasteries were especially actively used after the Northern War for the care of retired wounded and sick officers and soldiers.

Immediately after Peter's death, there was a period of legislative calm. His immediate successors care little about the full implementation of charity measures in their entirety and only repeat and strengthen the decrees on cruel punishments of the poor.

The successor of the reforms is Catherine II, who creates a whole system of specialized institutions called "Orders of Public Charity" in 1975.

The care and supervision of the establishment and a solid foundation is entrusted to:

1) Folk schools.

2) Establishment and supervision of orphanages for charity and education of orphans left without food after their parents.

3) Establishment and supervision of hospitals for the treatment of the sick.

4) The establishment and supervision of almshouses for the poor, the crippled, the elderly who do not have food.

5) Establishment and supervision of a special home for the terminally ill who have no food.

6) Establishment and supervision of a lunatic asylum.

7) Establishment and supervision of workhouses for both sexes.

8) Restraint houses.

Thus, the legislation of Catherine 2 turned the cause of charity from a public principle, where zemstvo people provided assistance to the poor at public expense, towards centralization on a state bureaucratic basis, where police officers and orders were engaged in the charity of the poor.

During the reign of Nicholas 1 - the bureaucratization of state life, hypertrophied centralism of management, the suppression of any sprouts of public amateur performance - all this could not but be accompanied by an increasing decline in the role of monasteries and churches in the field of charity. Almost until the 60s. In the 19th century, the church and monastic branch of charity was in a state of crisis.

At the beginning of the 2nd floor In the 19th century, the issue of reorganizing the case of social assistance to the needy became extremely acute. The previous experience of organizing a centralized state charity has demonstrated its limitations. The Church was given the opportunity to develop a long-standing tradition of caring for those in need in monastic and parish almshouses, hospices, and hospitals.

The history of charity in the Orthodox Church is inextricably linked with the functioning of the church parish. Church and parish guardianships: social assistance in the form of cash benefits, they maintained almshouses, shelters, and other institutions; parochial schools existed. On their content were the disabled, the elderly, children.

In all major cities in 1915 committees for the care of refugees were created. Creation and maintenance of hospitals for wounded soldiers. The war exacerbated the problem of the disability of their living arrangements and patronage (sisterly mercy).

After the turning political events of October 1917, which led to the establishment Soviet power, the new government immediately began to implement the insurance program. It provided:

1) the extension of insurance to all workers without exception, as well as to the urban and rural poor.

2) extension of insurance for all types of disability, namely in case of illness, injury, disability, old age, motherhood, widowhood and orphanhood, as well as unemployment.

3) the imposition of all insurance costs entirely on entrepreneurs.

4) reimbursement of at least full earnings in case of disability and unemployment.

5) full self-management of the insured in all insurance organizations.

Decree "On increasing pensions" - pensions for all accident pensioners were increased by 100% at the expense of the pension fund.

Insurance funds were financed by insurance contributions from enterprises and persons who used hired labor, with the exemption of the insured from making any contributions.

Social security appeared during the civil war - it was selective and extended only to the socially weakly protected segments of the population.

The following factors testify to serious social tension in post-Soviet Russia:

1. high poverty rate (30% live below the subsistence minimum)

2. mortality exceeded the birth rate

3. The number of orphans and those born out of wedlock is increasing.

4. 4 million abortions per year.

5. the problem of childhood disability, the problem of criminalization of adolescents.

In 1991, the position of “specialist in SR” was introduced.