One of the founders of the former Black Sea (now Kuban) Cossack army.

He was brought up in the Kiev bursa and fled from there to Zaporozhye, where he was a military clerk under the Koshevoy Kalnishevsky.

In 1774, together with Sidor Bely, he vainly defended the rights of the Zaporizhian army to the Novorossiysk lands, which Potemkin settled with various natives.

In 1787, he was one of the members of the Zaporizhia delegation, which presented a loyal address to Catherine II in Kremenchug with an expression of a desire to serve under the banner of Russia.

After that, an army of faithful Cossacks was organized, which took part in the war with the Turks.

In this war, G. repeatedly distinguished himself, being the head of the first foot squad, and then the Black Sea Cossack rowing flotilla.

In 1790, G. was approved as a military judge and, under the illiterate ataman Chepega, traveled to St. Petersburg in 1792, where he applied for a letter to the army for land in the Kuban and the Taman Peninsula.

He was also one of the main figures in the resettlement of the troops from the Bug to the Kuban and its organization in the new region. He died in 1797 during a campaign in Persia.

The personality of G. clearly appears in the story of G. F. Kvitka: "Headed" ("Works", vol. III, Kharkov, 1889), based on the author's memoirs and family traditions.

Material for the biography of G. - in "Kievskaya Starina", 1890, No. 2. Two songs of G., composed by him about the historical events in which he participated, were printed by P. Korolenko: "The first four chieftains of the former Black Sea Cossack army" ( Yekaterinodar, 1892). (Brockhaus) Golovaty, Anton Andreevich - brig-r, second chieftain of Chernomor. Cossack troops; genus. in 1744 and in 1757, having appeared in the Sich, he signed up as a Cossack; being an educated person for that time, G. quickly moved forward and was chosen by kuren. chieftain; in 1764 he took up the post of troops. clerk and was among the deputies from the Cossacks at the coronation of Imp. Catherine II; in 1774 he again entered the deputation from Zaporozhye. troops to the Imp-tse with a request for the restoration of the rights and privileges of the troops.

This petition was not successful, but G.'s stay in St. Petersburg. saved him from exile, which the military foreman underwent after the destruction of the Sich in 1775. Probably, his acquaintance with Potemkin, who showed G. great respect and trust during the 2nd round, also helped him. of the war, together with S. Bely, he entrusted the formation of a Cossack. troops, which later received the name of the Black Sea;

G. was appointed troops. judge and received command of the crest. Cossack flotilla, with which in 1787 he crossed the Bug estuary at night and ruined the tour. villages Adzhichan and Yaselki.

In 1788, Potemkin, who was besieging Ochakov, ordered G. to take the fort. island of Berezan, base tour. the fleet supporting the fortress.

Taking on their "oaks" (boats) 800 Cossacks and easily. guns, G. in the afternoon went up to the rocky. ber. Berezan and, not responding to the fire of the batteries on the island, let the Cossacks off the boats, who, taking their guns on their shoulders, reached the shore through the water and swiftly attacked the fortifications.

After despair. resistance of the island was occupied by the Cossacks, who got 11 banners, 21 pushes. and a lot of fights. and food. stocks.

For this feat G. received George. cross. From under Ochakov, after taking it, G. with a flotilla was moved along the Dniester to the fortress of Bendery, which he guarded from the sea until its surrender (1789). In camp. 1790 G. with a filia contributed to the capture of Chilia, diverting the attention of the tour. fleet stationed in the Sulinsky arm, and then took part in the assault on Izmail by Suvorov from the Danube. "Without extreme need, do not shoot from guns," G. admonished his Cossacks, "saber and pike are the victorious weapons of the brave Russian army and the complete death of the barbarians." Awarded for Ishmael ord. St. Vladimir, G. in 1791 participated with the f-liy in failures. book attempt. Golitsyn to take Brailov, moreover, attacking with a landing force is strong. redoubt, took possession of it, capturing a battery and 4 banners from the Turks.

At the end of the war in 1792, G. went to St. Petersburg for the 3rd time to apply for the grant of Chernomor. the army of the land in the Kuban; the request was respected, and G. himself received a large piece of china from the Imperial "for the road". a mug with her portrait, filled with gold pieces.

In 1796, Mr.. G. took part in the campaign Val. Zubov to Persia, and the entire Casp was subordinated to him. f-lia and landing. troops;

G. took possession of Persian. islands and conquered the adjacent areas to the river. Kura and Arax.

In the same year, G. was promoted to brig-ry, and in January. 1797, when the ataman of Chepega died, was unanimously chosen to take his place; this election was approved by the Imp. Pavel after the death of G., who died on January 29. 1797 (P. P. Korolenko.

Cuban ancestors. Cossacks on the Dnieper and on the Dniester.

Yekaterinodar, 1900). (Military Enc.)

Anton Andreyevich Golovaty actually did not have time to be the ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army and did not even know about this appointment, since on January 28, 1797 he suddenly died of a fever. But his role in the organization of the army, the resettlement of the Cossacks to the Kuban and the arrangement of the region is exceptionally great: it was Golovaty, occupying the second position after the ataman - the military judge, who procured from the queen a charter of June 30, 1792 for the Kuban lands; he conducted countless cases of rescuing former Cossacks from serfdom in Ukraine and delivering military property and archives to the Kuban; he, like Chepega, was responsible for the cordon service, the construction of Yekaterinodar and smoking villages.

Of course, Golovaty was a talented person. “Remarkably smart”, “very educated in his time”, - this is how pre-revolutionary biographers characterized him.

Golovaty was born in 1732 in the family of a Little Russian Cossack foreman, studied in the Kiev bursa, from which in 1757 he fled to the Zaporozhian Sich, where, thanks to his education, outstanding abilities and personal courage, he soon took a prominent position. In the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, commanding a rowing flotilla, he proved himself to be an outstanding military leader. Apparently, he was strict and demanding. One curious document is indicative in this regard: on November 25, 1791, Golovaty took a signature from the gunner Gorb, who was in charge of artillery, that he, under pain of punishment, would not drink alcohol at all "from now on until the end of the Ottoman war with the Port." The humble tone of subsequent reports by Gorb, who reported that "all the artillery is intact and the gunners are in good order," suggests that the subscription worked. Apparently, the military judge did not like to joke ...

Under the command of Golovaty, the Cossacks on boats took the impregnable fortress of Berezan, distinguished themselves during the siege of Bendery, sank and burned 90 Turkish ships during the assault on Izmail. But let us omit here the description of Golovaty's military merits, well known from the historical literature, and turn to the evidence that will help the reader's imagination to better imagine this most colorful figure.

The original portrait of A. Golovaty has not been preserved. According to E. D. Felitsyn, he was “tall, obese, had a large head, constantly shaven, with a fat sedentary, and a red, pockmarked face with a huge mustache.” As for the last detail, it is probably reliable, because the Cossacks, as General I. D. Popko noted, “considered the mustache the best decoration of the Cossack personality, but they didn’t wear beards at all and treated it contemptuously, as a result of which they didn’t go too far with the Don people.” ..."

In general, according to historians of the last century, the appearance of a military judge did not quite harmonize with the internal qualities of its owner, however, it played a certain role in his diplomatic successes. From E. D. Felitsyn we read: “Playing ... a rustic, uneducated Cossack in the circle of Catherine’s nobles, who invited the Cossacks to their evenings as a curiosity, Golovaty amazed some with his eccentricity, told Cossack jokes to others, tried to move others and arouse sympathy for the position of the Cossacks singing and playing the bandura, the fourth simply asked for assistance. And when, thanks to all this, Golovaty finally managed to receive letters of commendation ... to the surprise of the proud nobles, the uncouth Cossack-Cossack suddenly delivered a brilliant speech to the empress for that time! Even scanty archival documents show that, along with economic ingenuity and other material aspirations, poetry was not alien to Golovaty’s soul: many of the songs he composed, in particular those related to the resettlement of the Cossacks to the Kuban, became popular over time. And here are a few excerpts from his letters to Chepege, sent from the Persian campaign and testifying to the author's undoubted curiosity.

“At the request of the khan,” Golovaty told a friend, “we dined with him ... Before dinner, his music was played about one balalaika and a horn and two small kettles, making a sound similar to timpani, then the Persian danced on his head, holding two daggers with his hands to his eyes , exchanged with very good and surprisingly worthy turns ... After dinner, our Cossack music played about two violinists, one bass and cymbals. And further: “The city of Baka is built of stone, the streets in it are so crowded that it is difficult for two people to walk. The inhabitants of Baku are extremely scarce, all the more so since the city is a hundred and twenty miles away from the stone soil, which does not produce anything more than wormwood, and that is not enough.

Describing even minor skirmishes with the enemy, Golovaty invariably emphasized the courage of the Cossacks: “Because, bachu, the Cossack glory has not perished, if ... eight people could make the Persians feel what strength is in the Black Sea coast ... "

In general, Golovaty's correspondence with Chepega is distinguished by some kind of human warmth, which is not very consistent with conventional ideas about that harsh time.

For example, he congratulates the ataman on Easter and sends him a paska and a barrel of wine. Or sends “native” Taman horseradish: “And we will use it with pikes and pork, because I think I will be with you soon. Here, it’s true that there’s enough horseradish, but pikes are occasionally caught, and pork is very rare ... ”Or he says:“ Your words, spoken at the appointment of the city of Ekaterinodar, against Karasun rowing, under an oak standing near your yard, oh I didn’t forget the institution of various fish and crayfish, but fulfilled last year: I let in fish from the Kuban, and crayfish brought from Temryuk ... "

Taking care of his own estate and farms, generously, like other military foremen, measuring out land for himself “to the steppe as much as necessary”, owning two houses “with many things and supplies”, two windmills (built, of course, by the hands of ordinary Cossacks), fish factories, etc., Golovaty did a lot for the common good: he built a church in Taman; bells were cast from old copper cannons "with wounds" on his orders; in every possible way, the military judge took care of the development of trade with the mountain peoples and that “the existing genus garden tree should not only try to protect from devastation, suggesting to everyone that it can serve for the common good, but also use all the forces to divorce it .. .” He owns a lot of various administrative and economic orders aimed at making the remote and uninhabited region viable.

Golovaty did not have a chance to see the fruits of his labors.

On February 26, 1796, on "Butter Tuesday", after mass and blessing with the icon of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, the patron saint of all navigators, Golovaty with two five-hundred regiments departed from Yekaterinodar, first to Astrakhan, and from there along the Volga to the Caspian Sea - on a Persian campaign. This enterprise turned out to be disastrous for the Cossacks, many "died their lives" from the unaccustomed climate, malnutrition and disease. The fever did not spare Golovaty either. His grave remained on the Kamyshevan peninsula, far from the Kuban land, where the old Cossack was going to "... Hold the border, catch fish, drink vodka, We will be rich."

But the majority of the Black Sea people were far from wealth. The hungry and ragged Cossacks who returned to Yekaterinodar (out of a thousand people survived, half), exhausted by the abuses committed during the campaign by the tsarist officers and military foremen, demanded "satisfaction of grievances." The so-called Persian rebellion broke out, one of the main characters of which was the new ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army.

Anton Andreevich Golovaty(Russian doref. Anton Andreevich Golovaty, (1732 ) (according to other sources) - 28 January) - Cossack ataman, military judge, foreman of the Russian army, one of the founders and talented administrator of the Black Sea Cossack army, initiator of the resettlement of the Black Sea Cossacks to the Kuban. Also Ukrainian [ ] poet, author of the first verse printed in a civil font in the opinion of the Ukrainian cultural and educational organization "Prosvita" in pure Ukrainian folk language.

Biography

Birth, childhood and youth

Born in the family of a Little Russian foreman in the village of Novye Sanzhary in the Poltava region. He received a good education at home, which he continued in the Kiev Bursa, where his extraordinary abilities for sciences, languages, literary and musical gifts were manifested - Anton composed poems and songs, sang well and played the bandura.

In Zaporizhzhya Sich

Service in the Army of the Faithful Cossacks (Chernomorsky)

Grigory Potemkin, who favored the Cossacks, decided to organize the former Cossacks into military units. On his advice, during the Journey of Catherine the Great to the Crimea, a deputation of former Cossacks, which included Anton Golovaty, petitioned the Empress in Kremenchug for the organization of the "Troops of Faithful Cossacks" from the former Cossacks. Consent was given. The army recruited "hunters" in two detachments - horse and foot (for service on Cossack boats). Golovaty was appointed head of the foot detachment. On January 22, 1788, he was chosen as a military judge of the entire newly created army - the second figure in the Cossack hierarchy, after the military chieftain. At the same time, Grigory Potemkin allocated new lands for the army - Kerch Kut and Taman.

After the success of this enterprise, the name of Golovaty became extremely popular among the army, and the trip to St. Petersburg and his stay at court became overgrown with colorful legends.

The untimely death of the only daughter Maria at the very beginning of 1792 delayed the resettlement of Golovaty to the Kuban - upon returning to the Black Sea region, Golovaty began to settle personal affairs - he sold his estate, house and built a church over his daughter's grave. In the spring of 1793, he led a land detachment of family Cossacks to the Kuban, arriving in their new homeland in the middle of the summer of that year.

After the death of Grigory Potemkin, Platon Zubov, the last favorite of Catherine the Great, became the new patron of the Cossacks, who was granted that year by the Governor-General of Kharkov, Yekaterinoslavsim and Tauride, that is, he became the immediate head of the Black Sea army.

Service in the Kuban

Even on the campaign, Golovaty used his gift as a diplomat for the benefit of the settlers - during the transition, he stops for several days in Simferopol with the Tauride Governor Zhegulin, who was also entrusted with the newly formed region of the Black Sea Host. Favorable relations were established, which was subsequently reinforced by the regular sending of Kuban caviar and salmon to the governor's table. However, St. Petersburg was not deprived of the Cossacks either - batches of these Kuban delicacies were regularly sent to the capital.

Upon arrival in the Kuban, until the very autumn, Golovaty was engaged in the demarcation of military land and the construction of his own house. In the autumn, together with the military clerk Timofey Kotyarevsky, he compiled the civil code of the Black Sea people - “The Order of the Common Benefit”, according to which the region was divided into 40 kurens. In January 1794, the first military council met in the new homeland. It approved the "Order ...", approved the name of the regional capital - Yekaterinodar, kuren chieftains by casting lots - lyasov- got chicken allotments. On that moment “on this land there are military inhabitants male 12,826 and female 8,967, and all 21,793”.

At the end of May 1794, Holovaty's wife died, not recovering from a difficult pregnancy and childbirth. Anton Golovaty, in memory of his beloved wife, begins to build a church in the name of the Intercession of the Most Holy Mother of God on his wife's grave in Taman. Obtaining permission for the construction of churches for the entire region, the discharge of priests, the construction of military buildings and barracks in the capital and on the cordon line were the main occupations of the military judge at that time.

In 1794, the military ataman Zakhary Chepega was sent with a regiment of Cossacks to suppress the Polish uprising. Golovaty remained the first person in the army. He was engaged in the construction of a military harbor for the Cossack flotilla in the Kiziltash estuary (however, the harbor was later declared unsuitable), and helped the regular Russian army in the construction of the Phanagoria fortress. The year 1795 passed mainly in the inspection of all military lands and in the efforts to improve them. After receiving permission from the synod for the construction of Orthodox churches and a monastery and the need to build military buildings in the capital and a school for the "Cossacks", Golovaty took care of attracting professional builders, artisans, icon painters, teachers, doctors and pharmacists from Little Russia.

Dreaming of returning the southern neighbors - the native mountain peoples - to the Christian faith, he built good-neighborly relations with them and stopped the attempts of the Cossacks to engage in theft and robbery on the right bank of the Kuban.

Expedition to Persia. Death

Family

Married Anton Golovaty in 1771 to Ulyana Grigoryevna Porokhna. Children were born from this marriage: daughter Maria (1774), sons Alexander (1779), Athanasius (1781), Yuri (1780), Matvey (1791), Andrei (1792). Uliana Grigorievna had a hard time enduring her last pregnancy, and in 1794, having given birth to a boy named Konstantin, she died a week after giving birth.

He gave his daughter Mary a good education at home. Maria died unexpectedly in early 1792, sparking rumors that she had been poisoned. The death of his beloved and only daughter plunged Golovaty into despondency.

The Golovaty family also had adopted children - "baptized" Turkish boys - Ivan, Peter, Pavel and girls - Maria, Sofia, Anna. All of them received a good education at home.

The eldest sons received their primary education at the Kharkov Collegium, which was headed by Golovaty's friend Fyodor Kvitka (father of the writer G.F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko), then studied in St. dropped out of school for various reasons.

Patron and cultural figure of his era

Golovaty was a pious man and donated a lot for the church - both in his native village of Novye Sanzhary, and in Novorossia, and in Moldova, and in the Kuban. The Church of the Intercession of the Holy Mother of God, which later became one of the most revered for the Kuban Cossacks, was built on the initiative and in a large share at the expense of Golovaty.

His culture and education were constantly manifested. So, during his stay in St. Petersburg in 1792, Golovaty received permission from the Empress to visit the Hermitage and inspect its collections.

Then, in St. Petersburg, he wrote two of his most famous songs - in the literal sense of the word, they became folk: “We were born in the retinue unfortunate!”- in a difficult period of tedious waiting, when the stay in St. Petersburg was delayed, and the results of the petition for land were not obvious, and joyful - "Oh, come on, let us sneer,"- after receiving a letter of commendation for the Kuban lands.

He made friends (which is confirmed by mutual correspondence) with many eminent figures of his era: the poet Derzhavin, Admirals De Ribas and Mordvinov, Field Marshal Repnin.

During the resettlement to the Kuban, he made sure that the entire military archive was transported (having previously ordered to collect all the kuren archives in Slobodzeya), thanks to which he saved it for future researchers. He was interested in breeding new, outlandish agricultural crops (grapes and Egyptian wheat).

Descendants are indebted to Anton Golovaty for the preservation of the Phanagorian stone. The history of this case is as follows: after learning about this find, the passionate collector of antiquities Musin-Pushkin advertised the find in St. Petersburg and Empress Catherine ordered the stone to be brought to the capital, before copying its inscriptions, which ended up in St. Petersburg rather quickly. There, in 1793, Musin-Pushkin was accused of forgery, the content of the inscription seemed so incredible. At that moment, interest in the stone disappeared, and it was ordered to be left in Taman. But at that moment, the stone was already sailing on the merchant ship Yevtey Klenov to Kherson, for further transportation to the capital. Golovaty instructed the merchant to return the stone, and he, having made a long journey across the Black Sea through many ports, including through Constantinople, returned to Taman. Golovaty instructed to place the stone for viewing at the "fountain", and then moved it to the "beautiful garden", near the church. The stone lay there until 1803, when Academician N.A. Lvov-Nikolsky, who visited Taman, drew attention to it ... in general, now the stone is in the Hermitage, and its research laid the foundation for Russian epigraphy and paleography.

Golovaty first subscribed to the capital's newspapers for the Kuban - in 1795 he subscribed to the Rossiyskiye Vedomosti with the appendix "Pleasant pastime" to them and to the calendars "Ardinar", "Court", "Address".

Negative reviews of biographers about Golovaty

Some historians note his greed and promiscuity in ways of personal enrichment. After the death of Golovaty, a huge inheritance remained - about 200 thousand rubles - not counting real estate and estates, despite the fact that the annual salary of an ordinary Cossack on the cordon line did not exceed a few rubles. Biographers convict Golovaty of the fact that for personal enrichment he did not disdain by any means - he used the military treasury for his own purposes, gave government money even to his relatives, robbed ordinary Cossacks.

Memory of Holovaty

In the Russian Imperial Army

In literature

The first literary work in which Anton Golovaty was mentioned was the work "Essays on Russia" by the Russian writer and historian V. V. Passek. The well-known Ukrainian writer G.F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko (who personally remembered visits by a military judge to their house both on the way to St. Petersburg in 1792, and on the way back after receiving the Kuban lands) decided to supplement the image of Golovaty in these “Essays ...” and in 1839 year wrote his essay “Headed. Materials for the history of Little Russia”, after reading which, the outstanding Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko wrote the poem “To Osnovyanenko”. At the first edition of the collection of his poems - "Kobzar" - 1840, this poem contained such lines.

Anton Andreevich Golovaty not just a Cossack ataman, a judge and an army brigadier, but also a talented administrator of the Black Sea Cossack Host, a man who persuaded his people. He is also the author of the first poem, which is said to have been printed in a civil type in the vernacular Ukrainian language.

Exact date of birth Ataman Anton Golovaty not preserved. According to some sources, he was born in the Poltava region in 1732, according to others - 12 years later. Having received an excellent education at home, he continued his studies at the Kiev Bursa (over time, this educational institution renamed the Theological Academy). The young man turned out to be incredibly capable, both science and science were equally easy for him. foreign languages, he played the guitar, bandura, composed poetry.

In 1757 Anton Golovaty arrived in the Zaporizhzhya Sich, where he proved himself excellently, and after five years he became a kuren ataman. Moreover, as part of the Cossack delegation, he went to St. Petersburg for the coronation, where he was personally introduced to the Empress, and also honored to play the bandura for her.

Anton Golovaty - judge and shipbuilder

The excellent education, diplomatic skills and sharp mind of Golovaty were appreciated by the authorities and he was increasingly entrusted with litigation, including land disputes.

In addition, Anton Andreevich participated in the Cossack sea campaigns and devoted a lot of time to the construction of the fleet.

However, the wars ended, and the government decided to abolish the Zaporozhian Sich. Even the delegation, which included Anton Golovaty, could not convince the queen to change her mind. True, the Cossack foremen received an offer to go to serve in the Russian army, which Anton Andreevich took advantage of with pleasure.

It is not known how Golovaty's fate would have developed if not for Grigory Potemkin, a favorite of Catherine II and a prominent statesman. Having a great attitude towards the Cossacks, he advised them to gather a delegation headed by Anton Andreevich and go to the Empress with a request: to create an “Army of Faithful Cossacks” from the former Cossacks. Mother Catherine gave the go-ahead.

The Cossacks formed two detachments, cavalry and foot, for service on boats (presumably, the prototype of the marines). Anton Golovaty became a military judge - the second person after the ataman. And Potemkin singled out new lands for Kerch Kut and Taman.

Anton Holovaty in command of the Black Sea Cossack flotilla

In Russian- Turkish war Cossacks took an active part. They also distinguished themselves during the siege of Ochakov - a large-scale battle, during which our troops defeated Hasan Pasha's fleet. It was following the results of the Amman battle that the boat detachment of the Cossacks was transformed into the Black Sea Cossack flotilla, the command of which was entrusted to Golovaty, and soon his wards successfully stormed the island of Berezan. For these victories, Anton Golovaty was awarded the Order of St. George.

Then there were a number of successful military operations with the participation of the Cossacks: the assault on the Hadzhibey fortress (future Odessa), the capture of the Akkerman and Bendery fortresses, the capture of several Turkish fortifications and the assault on Izmail.

New lands

After Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791 the Cossacks were given lands between the Dniester and the Bug. The army itself became known as the Black Sea Cossack. But it seemed to the Cossacks that the new territories were not enough, and they sent another delegation to St. Petersburg. As before, it was headed by Anton Golovaty. The Cossacks handed over to the Empress a petition for the allocation of land in the Taman region and its environs, as well as land on the right bank of the Kuban River, which were empty at that time.

The capital's officials did not believe in the success of the enterprise, but Golovaty spoke with Catherine II in Latin (!) And was able to convince her that everyone would only benefit from this. As a result, the Taman and Kuban lands were granted to the Cossacks "in perpetual and hereditary possession."

Resettlement of the Cossacks to the Kuban

In 1793, Anton Golovaty led a detachment of family Cossacks for the land. During the transition, Holovaty the diplomat became friends with the Taurida governor, since then Kuban caviar and salmon have not been translated on the table.

Arriving in the Kuban, Golovaty took up land surveying and drafting the civil code of the Black Sea people, called the “Order of the Common Benefit”. At the same time, Anton Andreevich obtained permission to build temples and monasteries throughout the region and took care to send architects, builders, icon painters and priests from the capital. After all, it was necessary to build not only churches, but also barracks and military buildings in the villages and on the cordon line.

Golovaty - Kuban philanthropist

A. A. Golovaty also made a lot of donations for the construction of churches in the Kuban, and already operating churches also received generous contributions. True, some biographers claim that Golovaty amassed his fabulous wealth far from honestly: they say, he did not disdain to use the military treasury for personal purposes.

Often visiting St. Petersburg, at court and attending dinner parties, Golovaty became friends with such prominent personalities as the poet G. R. Derzhavin, admirals O. M. de Ribas and N.S. Mordvin, Field Marshal N.V. Repin, with some of them Golovaty was in regular correspondence.

By the way, it was thanks to Anton Andreyevich Golovaty that the entire archive of the Cossack army was preserved: before moving to the Kuban, Golovaty ordered to collect smoking documents and transport them to the new place of residence of the Cossacks.

And the ataman literally saved the famous Tmutarakan ("Fanagoria") stone. It is known that at one time the collector of antiquities A. I. Musin-Pushkin found out about the stone and informed Catherine II about it, who ordered to copy the inscription and then deliver the stone to the capital. Inscription text: “In the summer of 6576 Indict 6, Prince Gleb measured the sea on ice from Tmutorokan to Kornev 14,000 sazhens” , ended up in St. Petersburg earlier, scientists did not believe its content and accused Musin-Pushkin of forgery. I lost interest in the stone. So, it was Golovaty who gave the order not to get rid of the stone, but to carefully return it to its place. In Taman, it has been put on display for many years. At the beginning of the 19th century, academician N.A. Lvov-Nikolsky and appreciated the find at its true worth.

Golovaty's trace in literature

It is interesting that the image of Anton Andreevich Golovaty is captured ... in poetry. The Cossack was familiar with the family of the Ukrainian poet G. F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko. When biographical sketches about Golovaty appeared in the press in the 19th century, Osnovyanenko also wrote his memoirs about him. The text came to the poet Taras Shevchenko, who, in turn, composed the following lines:

Our inveterate Golovaty Do not die,
don't die
From de, people, our glory,
Glory to Ukraine!

They were included in the poem "To Osnovyanenko", which appeared in Shevchenko's first collection of poems "Kobzar". However, later the poet nevertheless replaced the line about "the inveterate Golovaty" with "Our thought, our writing." So he seemed larger.

MILITARY JUDGE ANTON HOLOVATY

Historical outline

Ternavsky N.A.
© N.A. Ternavsky, 2009

Anton Golovaty
in the works of historians and writers

Most of all, Anton Andreevich Golovaty is struck by his energy, unstoppable will, adherence to the Zaporizhzhya Cossack traditions, the ability to be one's own in the secular society of that time and in the Cossack fraternal community. Mind, combined with diplomacy and tact, extraordinary erudition, administrative abilities earned him the respect of prominent figures in Russia at the end of the 18th century. It is amazing how all these qualities, to which literary and musical talents should be added, could be combined in one person and manifest themselves with such force.
Despite the fact that A. Golovaty occupied the second most important position in the Black Sea Army, he was always in the foreground, playing a leading role in almost all military enterprises, both military and administrative. The decisions of many, if not all, of the problems that arose before the army depended on his opinion. The authority of the Military Judge was unusually high not only in the Black Sea army, but also at court, among prominent military leaders. Without the participation of A. Golovaty, without his advice, Koshevoi Zakhary Chepiga did not dare to take any serious steps, and the advice of Anton Andreevich was perceived by the foremen and Cossacks as orders subject to unquestioning execution. For his approval in the next high position, Golovaty did not have to resort to cruel measures in relation to his subordinates, like other Cossack foremen. However, A. Golovaty also sometimes severely punished the offending Cossack, especially in the case when the latter's misconduct caused damage to the army, stained his glory. He constantly inspired his subordinates to remember the glory of the army and try to increase it.
References to Anton Andreevich Golovat, a judge of the Chernomorsky army, are often found in collections of documents of outstanding generals, prominent statesmen and public figures of Russia in the second half of the 18th century. Modern historians sometimes confuse him with the last judge of the Zaporizhian army, Pavel Frolovich Golovaty, attributing to him the deeds of the latter.
Often the figure of Anton Golovaty is found in fiction and journalistic publications, much less attention is paid to him in scientific historical research.
One of the first attempts to reveal the image of A.A. Golovaty and highlight the biography of this Cossack figure is a historical essay by V.V. Passek, published in 1-5 books of "Essays on Russia". G.F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko considered his essay about Anton Golovaty to be a kind of addition and refinement to the work of V. Passek. However, in my opinion, in it, devoid of scientific dryness, among other things, there are many artistic merits. The reader is captivated not only by the simple and accessible style, but also by the fact that G.F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, who more than once personally saw and listened to the stories of Anton Andreevich, who came to his father, the director of the Kharkov Collegium, to arrange for his eldest sons to study, acts as an eyewitness.
A. Golovaty stopped at Kvitok during his deputation in 1792 to the royal court and when returning from there with a letter and royal gifts. So, to a large extent, the essay by G.F. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko “Heady. Material for the history of Little Russia”, first published in the journal “Otechestvennye Zapiski” in the sixth volume for 1839, is evidence of very important events for the Black Sea people.
Then the personality of the military judge A. Golovaty devoted his essay to P.P. Korolenko, already at the beginning of the 20th century, M. Komar. However, in my opinion, there is still no solid biographical essay dedicated to this Cossack figure. Little attention was paid to the Black Sea judge by the Kuban historian F.A. Shcherbina on the pages of his "History of the Kuban Cossack Army"; practically nothing was written about him by I.D. Popko, E.D. Felitsyn. And only P.P. Korolenko prepared and published in the Kuban collection for 1905. essay "Anton Golovaty, ataman of the Black Sea Cossack army." It largely contains a retelling of the famous pages of the biography of the military judge, gleaned from the works of Kvitka-Osnovyanenko, Passek, Migrin, supplemented by his own research on genealogical connections and archival documents. In this, no doubt valuable work, there is practically no assessment of the activities of the Cossack leader, his image is not disclosed. P.P. Korolenko failed to move away from the established tradition - the mythologization of A.A. Golovaty, which is quite understandable, since the judge himself in his stories often grotesquely portrayed the events of the Turkish war, the participation of the Cossacks in them and his stay with the Cossack deputation at the court of Catherine II.
After the publication of an essay about A. Golovaty, F.G. Kvitka-Osnovyanenka, the attention of some writers was drawn to his personality. So, for example, T.G. Shevchenko devoted several poetic lines to him, trying to rethink the role and significance of this Cossack figure for Ukraine, its history and culture. From the enthusiastic exclamation after reading the essay by Kvitka-Osnovyanenko in 1839 - “Our inveterate Golovaty Do not die, do not die, From de, people, our glory, Glory to Ukraine” - to his depiction by a dark and elemental gang of Cossack haidamaks in the poem “Holy in Chigirin - this was the attitude of T. Shevchenko towards him. The last mention refers to 1841; The commentator of Kobzar notes that there were two Golovatykhs - Pavel Frolovich, the last judge of the Zaporizhzhya army and Anton Andreevich, but there is no news about their participation in Koliyivshchyna. Who knows, if the Zaporizhzhya Sich had survived for a few more years, perhaps Anton Golovaty, given his character and abilities, would have become a ataman. But it was judged in such a way that he became a reformer of the Zaporizhzhya army, a conductor of the tsarist policy and the main figure of the Black Sea Cossack army, who brought and equipped it in the Kuban. Here, in Chernomorie, he most of all showed himself as an administrator, legislator and diplomat. During the two years of his activity in the Kuban, Anton Golovaty managed to do as much as other chieftains of the Black Sea army failed during their many years of rule.
In Odessa, the former Turkish fortress of Gadzhibey, taken by Z. Chepiga with a detachment of Cossacks, where A. Golovaty had a chance to visit only a few times, a monument was erected to him. There is a modest bust of a military judge in Ochakovo on a high bank, from which a view of the sea and the island of Berezan opens, remembering the military prowess and courage of the Cossack leader. In our region and its capital, where he put so much effort and effort into the cause of settlement, setting the right course and rhythm for Cossack colonization, friendly relations with the highlanders, his name is not imprinted on the map of Ekaterinodar, Taman and the region. It is only among the people that the legend about him is transmitted and the songs he composed have been preserved. Why such an attitude to history, cultural heritage, figures of the past remains to be clarified by scientists.
This essay, which is far from complete, I hope, at least to some extent, will serve to establish a fair attitude towards the memory of A.A. Golovaty.

Zaporozhian Cossack Anton Golovaty

The Cossacks appreciated the mind, education, courtesy and desire for justice of the young Anton Golovaty, almost from the first day of his appearance in the Sich. The exact date of birth of Anton Andreevich has not been finally established. Some historians claim that A.A. Golovaty was born in 1744; others, including F.A. Shcherbina, they call 1732. The second date seems to be more reliable, because otherwise, A. Golovaty came to the Zaporizhzhya Sich as a twelve-year-old teenager, and became an eighteen-year-old kuren ataman, which looks unlikely. His real name has not been established either, it is only known that Anton Golovaty was born in the Poltava region in the village of Novye Sanzhary and came from a Cossack senior family. His father, apparently, was a very wealthy and pious man who generously donated money to the temple. In Novye Sanzhary at the beginning of the 20th century. there were five churches: the wooden Archangel-Mikhailovskaya (1782), Alexander Nevsky (1896), Nikolaevskaya (1784), Trinity (1785) and Uspenskaya (1768). Most likely, the father of Anton Golovaty was the donor of the last church.
The village of Novye Sanzhary has been known since the second quarter of the 17th century; it was located thirty miles from Poltava and stood on the banks of the river. Vorskla. At one time there was a Novosanzharskaya Hundred, and the village itself was the site of a dispute between the Cossack foremen's groups. Probably, the leader of one of them was the ancestor of Anton Andreevich. In 1654, Novye Sanzhary had its own ataman, clerk, voit, 101 Cossacks and 50 townspeople. In 1709, the troops of the Swedish king Charles XII passed through this village. In 1760, when Anton Golovaty was already in the Sich, the hetman of the Left-Bank Ukraine K. Razumovsky gave Novye Sanzhary into the eternal hereditary possession of Count R. Vorontsov. Four years later, the Novosanzhar Hundred, which was part of the Poltava regiment, entered the newly formed pike regiment, and the village was transferred to the rank of a district town of the Novorossiysk province.
Until 1756, Anton Golovaty studied at the Fraternal School or the Kiev-Mohyla Academy, and then fled for an unknown reason to the Zaporozhian Sich. After spending some time as a young man “at the side of the ataman”, that is, a neophyte from Zaporozhye, he was enrolled as a Cossack of Kushchevsky kuren. A.A. Golovaty was repeatedly elected to responsible military positions. Already on June 22, 1762, according to P.P. Korolenko, was elected kurenny ataman, which may serve as confirmation that 1732 is the more probable year of his birth.
In the same year, 1762, Grigory Fedorov, the ataman of the Zaporizhzhya army, going to the coronation of Catherine II, took with him Anton Golovaty along with other foremen. For his quirky mind, courtesy and literacy, Anton Golovaty was repeatedly elected a “capital”, and later a deputy with petitions to solve military problems and litigation for disputed lands. In the Zaporozhye army, he very quickly took one of the most important positions. Probably already in 1768, Anton Golovaty was elected a military clerk (the third most important position in the army, equal to the Minister of Foreign Affairs in a modern state). In the same year, he was sent along with Colonel Parfyonov, Yesaul Vasilyev and 17 Kurenny atamans deputies to the highest court for a military salary and the decision of some military affairs in the Military Collegium and the Senate. The following year, A. Golovaty was elected a military captain. During the war of 1769-1771. Anton Andreevich took part in the battles near Ochakov, Kinburn, on the Dniester. Probably at the same time he met G.A. Potemkin, who through him corresponded with the ataman. In 1773 we again see Anton Golovaty military clerk. In the summer of the same year, he was sent from the Zaporozhye army with a petition (petition) to the royal court. He was instructed to resolve issues related to the seizure of Zaporozhye lands by the Elizavetgrad province, where Serbs were resettled by decree of Catherine II. The Zaporizhzhya army demanded the return of the lands that had long belonged to it, referring to the universals of Bogdan Khmelnitsky. The case was obviously losing, but the Cossacks still counted on a fair resolution of the dispute.
Two years earlier (in 1771), Anton Golovaty was a regimental foreman of one of the palanoks, at which time he was instructed to build three boats in the Samara "tovshcha". But he did not stay in the palanka for long, apparently, he did not like the measured life among the military commonwealths. After that, Anton Golovaty took part in all the great rallies held in the Sich, and probably lived in his kuren. He was either in the Sich, or traveling on controversial military affairs. According to the established tradition, it is generally accepted that Anton Golovaty did not take a vow of celibacy, and married Ulyana Grigoryevna Porokhna, whom he loved very much, allegedly deceiving the military foreman, declaring that he wanted to become a priest. Most likely, Anton Andreevich married in 1771 and lived for about a year in the Samara palanka, arranging his family life. Let us recall that after the destruction of the Sich, following the instructions of the tsarina, the Novorossiysk administration in every way encouraged the former Cossacks to family life.
The Cossacks, who actively participated in the Turkish war, wanted to get part of the former possessions of the Crimean Khanate along the Dnieper and stop the taking away of land from their liberties, on which the Russian government settled foreigners. On September 24, 1774, at the Rada, a petition was drawn up in the name of the Empress for the consolidation of all "liberties", i.e. lands, behind the Zaporizhian army. The Cossacks elected the most deserving and sensible deputies - Colonels Sidor Bely, Login Moshchensky and regimental foreman Anton Golovaty. Apparently, copies of documents about the liberties granted to the Cossacks and new petitions were compiled by A. Golovaty with his assistants. In October of the same year, the deputies left the Sich with a retinue of 21 Cossacks, gifts, supplies and letters, despite the blizzard and slush. They had to stay in the Tsaritsa fortress for three weeks; they set off again on 30 October. They arrived in Moscow only at the beginning of December.
A. Golovaty wrote to the kosh: “On the 7th day of this month, they arrived safely and were lodging, by the grace of the father of the archimandrite, in the Novospassky Monastery. We intended to go to St. Petersburg, and we left this road, because all the presences and the generals had already set off for Moscow, some had already arrived, and the empresses with the whole court were hoping day by day. The Imperial Palace, in which Her Majesty has to live, was built in the street between the All Saints and Prechistensky Gates, where Field Marshal Alexei Mikhailovich Golitsyn's house was. So we have not yet entered into the matter, but as soon as the court arrives, we will do our best to ask Her Imperial Majesty for a useful resolution for the army of the Zaporizhzhya Grassroots. Nowadays in Moscow bread and everything against the old is extremely expensive for sale, but nevertheless you can find everything. The results of this deputation were deplorable. The petition from the Cossacks was accepted by the Prosecutor General A.A. Vyazemsky only at the very beginning of February 1775, but the fate of the Zaporizhzhya army was already a foregone conclusion, nothing could be changed by gifts, among which were a white horse presented to Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich, and a chestnut horse - G.A. Potemkin, no excuse. On the recommendation of the same G.A. Potemkin, Catherine II ordered General Tekeli to occupy troops and destroy the Sich. By her decree, she abolished the Cossack freemen, as it then seemed to her, which had become completely unnecessary and harmful.
This deputation was to be remembered by the Cossacks, including A. Golovaty, by the public execution of Pugachev, carried out in the Swamp on January 16, 1775. A detachment of cuirassiers brought Pugachev on a high sleigh, they gave him two yellow candles in his hands. Together with Perfilyev, he climbed the scaffold, bowing to the people on all sides, crossed himself on the domes of the Kremlin churches, and just before the execution shouted: "Forgive me, Orthodox people!"
Perhaps one of the Cossacks recognized him as the same Don Cossack who had stayed a few years earlier in the Sich.
As weighty arguments in refusing the Cossacks G.A. Potemkin gathered landowners who were especially dissatisfied with the Cossacks to Moscow, collected and wrote out in a special notebook all the sins of Zaporozhye, presenting them at the decisive moment to the Cossacks.
On June 5, 1775, the Zaporizhzhya army Nizovoe ceased to exist, the ataman Peter Kalnishevsky, judge Pavel Golovaty and Yesaul Sutyka were captured and sent into exile. Anton Golovaty and Sidor Bely were saved only by the fact that by that time they had not yet returned to the Sich.
After the ruin of the Zaporozhian Sich, Anton Golovaty, on the orders of G.A. Potemkin, came to Tekeli, and taking his passport, went to Samara as the head of the city, where he stayed until March 26, 1776, after which he went to Kyiv. In December 1777 he was granted the rank of lieutenant by the tsarist government. On January 1, 1778, A. Golovaty was appointed caretaker of the Yekaterinoslav district, where they also allocated a land allotment. By that time, he already had a family, a daughter, Maria, and considerable property. Of course, he could settle somewhere in the Old Kodak or on the river. Samara and become a wealthy landowner or a successful merchant, but his ebullient nature, loyalty to the Cossack brotherhood forced him to choose a different path. Anton Golovaty, already a captain, in 1779 was engaged in the formation of the Poltava pike regiment, and on January 1, 1780, he was appointed by General Chertkov Zemstvo commissar, who was instructed to search for and catch robbers “staggering” along the former Zaporozhye liberties. He also served at that time on various commissions on similar issues.
In 1783, a revolt of the Tatars broke out in the Crimea, the khan asked the Russian government for help. On the order of G.A. Potemkin, the assembled A.A. was sent to pacify the rebels. Golovaty, a thousandth team of former Cossacks under the command of Sidor Bely. In the same year, A. Golovaty and S. Bely filed a petition with the ruler of the Yekaterinoslav governorship, General I.M. Sinelnikov that he granted the army ranks to the Zaporizhzhya foremen, and freed the former Cossacks from serfdom.
With the permission of G.A. Potemkin, Anton Golovaty, together with other foremen, and first of all, with Sidor Bely and Zakhary Chepiga, began to assemble teams of "loyal Zaporizhian Cossacks." In 1787, during the trip of Catherine II to the south, the Cossacks were in the convoy of the Empress, and in
Kremenchug G.A. Potemkin presented to the monarch a deputation of foremen, among whom were S. Bely and A. Holovaty, who filed a petition for the restoration of the former Zaporizhzhya army, for which they received favor. On June 27 of the same year, A. Golovaty was awarded the rank of second major for his diligent service.
On August 12, 1787, the Turkish sultan, hoping for the military support of England, France and Prussia, declared war on Russia. His 150,000-strong army moved from Moldavia to Ukraine; Kyiv was covered by the Ukrainian army under the command of a field marshal, which consisted of only 30 thousand soldiers. The main actions were assigned to the 70,000th Yekaterinoslav army, commanded by Prince G.A. Potemkin.
The Cossacks of the teams of the “loyal army of Zaporozhye, later renamed by Catherine II into the Black Sea army, became under the banner of the army of G.A. Potemkin at the very beginning of hostilities. At the military council, held in the Vasilkovo tract near the Bugsky estuary, Sidor Bely was elected ataman, and Anton Golovaty was elected military judge. Queen in relation to G.A. Potemkin, compiled not without a hint from S. Bely and A. Golovaty, by her rescript of January 14, 1788, recommended that he arrange the fate of the Cossacks at his own discretion. The Prince of Taurida granted a new army under the settlement of Kerch Kut and Taman. Somewhat later, he gave them the land between the Bug and the Dniester. It soon became clear that the former Cossacks were not the only owners on certain lands, since retired officers and landowners also settled there.
Since the autumn of 1787, A. Golovaty was with the ataman S. Bely, and since May of the following year he already commanded five boats built in Kremenchug and transferred to the Potemkin Cossacks in Kherson. Manned by the Black Sea, although poorly armed, but knowing the sea, the Cossack boats turned out to be very useful in skirmishes and battles on the water in the Dnieper estuary. The boats were not afraid of shallows and contrary winds; Cossack crews boldly boarded, captured or burned Turkish ships. Immediately after the appearance of the Black Sea boats in the estuary, they began to be asked to help the troops of A.V. Suvorov, Admiral Nassau and other generals. In a big battle on June 17 near Ochakov, when the Cossacks boarded Turkish ships, the ataman Sidor Bely was mortally wounded. With great honors, Sidor Bely was buried on the Kinburn Spit, A.V. arrived to say goodbye to the glorious Cossack. Suvorov.
After the death of S. Bely, "which happened on the third day after the injury," Anton Golovaty and Zakhary Chepiga began to apply for the post of ataman. The Rada of Cossacks elected Z. Chepiga as ataman, and A. Golovaty was still re-elected as a judge.
In the first days of May 1788, military judge Golovaty arrived in Kherson, where he accepted five boats built in Kremenchug into the Black Sea Cossack rowing flotilla.
On July 3, 1788, a battle took place near the Serpent Island, and on November 4, the Black Sea Cossacks under the command of Anton Golovaty took Berezan Island with a fortress. The last battle became a glorious page in the history of the Cossacks. There is a half-legendary story about how military judge A. Golovaty allegedly because of the St. George Cross promised by G.A. Potemkin, forced the Black Sea people to dress up as Turks, and thus deceiving the Turkish garrison, he captured the well-fortified island without much difficulty. In fact, the battle was quite fierce and bloody. By order of the Most Serene Prince of Taurida, on a November morning, after several unsuccessful assaults on the fortified island, Russian sailors put out the boats of the Black Sea Rowing Flotilla, heading for Berezan. Seagulls under the command of A. Golovaty approached the island swiftly and openly, just as the Cossacks did, deciding to board the Turkish galleys. The Cossacks usually avoided skirmishes with a superior enemy at sea, but once they got involved in the battle, they went ahead, and as a rule came out victorious. So it was this time; despite heavy cannon fire, the Black Sea men landed on the shore and immediately captured the coastal battery, then, breaking the gates with cannonballs, broke into the fortress, where they killed almost the entire Turkish garrison in hand-to-hand combat. 22 kuren chieftains, 12 foremen and 802 Cossacks took part in the assault. Among the closest associates of Anton Andreevich in this battle were: Colonel Mokiy Gulik, foremen Vasily Tansky, David Bely, Ivan Sinenkov, Semyon Burnos, Nichipor Orlyansky and Yakov Zhivotovsky. During the assault, three Cossacks were killed - Peter Khundurat (Pereyaslavsky Kuren), Timosh Bursuk (Pashkovsky), Ivan Cherny (Vedmedovsky) and seven people were wounded. The Cossacks got big trophies; G.A. Potemkin paid the Black Sea men 20 rubles for each captured Turkish banner, and also allowed them to take guns, pistols, and daggers from the captured booty. The commander-in-chief ordered that flour, cereals and barley be given to General Platov. The prince also showed special concern for the wounded Cossack heroes, demanding that they be immediately sent to an army hospital. On November 7, A. Holovaty with several foremen, on the orders of G.A. Potemkin arrived at his headquarters near Ochakov "to express his pleasure to them and to receive rewards for their good feat." Having received the awards, the military judge returned to the island with orders to strictly guard any movement of the Turks in coastal waters. The order to be vigilant soon followed, as the captured Turks reported that several merchant boats were to follow from Akkerman to Berezan in the near future. The military judge, dressing several Black Sea residents as Turks, ordered to meet the merchants on the shore near the restored battery. Unsuspecting Turkish merchants landed on the shore and were captured by the Black Sea with goods and weapons delivered to Berezan. After that, A.A. Golovaty on Turkish boats with prisoners appeared at G.A. Potemkin, and the Black Sea team, led by Colonel M. Gulik, remained on the island of Berezan until the capture of Ochakov, which took place on December 6 of the same year.
The position of the Black Sea people on the island was difficult. On December 2, M. Gulik reported to the military judge: “The team is well, only the monthly provisions in the Cossacks do not disappear at all and there is absolutely nothing ... there is no firewood at all, there is hardly anything to cook. There is nothing to feed the horses ... There were three trays during the weather, the team is bored without a salary. But the Cossack garrison on Berezan did one more service. After the assault on Ochakov from the city, part of the Turks on boats tried to escape through the strait separating the Kinburn Spit from the fortress. And then the Cossacks of M. Gulik opened artillery fire on them. During the shelling, the Cossack of Kushchevsky kuren Mikhailo Negard was killed by negligence and Ignat Kvitnitsky from Dyadkovsky kuren was wounded.
In 1789, the Black Sea Rowing Flotilla came under the command of Joseph De Ribas. In April, the Black Sea foot team, on the orders of A. Golovaty, began repairing and equipping the flotilla's boats. Black Sea boats and canoes were scattered in different places; some of them wintered on the island of Berezan, another - in Kinburn, near Ochakov, on Dzhedol. Almost all of them, after an unusually severe winter, were in need of repair. Of the 14 boats that stood near Kinburn, half required major repairs. A. Golovaty, having collected all the information about the boats of the Cossack flotilla, ordered to repair and equip them properly and as quickly as possible.
On April 21, when the sea water was just beginning to warm up, the navigator Garyaev wrote, apparently not without a hint from G.A. Potemkin’s report to A. Golovaty, which looked more like an order: “I found the Turkish military barge, carried aground by ice without guns, not far from the Konstantinovsky redoubt, which, before lifting and pulling it closer to the shore, to determine two trays with the number 40 people, and if it is your command, do not leave orders. In addition to this longboat, the Cossacks had to raise other Turkish ships, pull the flooded guns ashore. At this time (since May 28), by order of G.A. Potemkina, A. Golovaty with a flotilla and foot regiments was subordinate to Rear Admiral M.I. Voinovich. For instructions, the military judge had to go to Ochakov.
July 16, 1789 G.A. Potemkin from Olviopol ordered the Cossack flotilla, which already consisted of more than 20 boats, to be at the mouth of the Berezan River, in a place dangerous due to the possible landing of Turkish troops. Therefore, Prince Tauride soon orders "to become all the boats at Ochakov." On July 28 of the same year, through the foreman of Courland, he passes along with guns and pikes "banners, as many as there are ready." On the same day, General De Ribas handed over to A. Golovaty, made on the orders of G.A. Potemkin, according to the descriptions of Anton Andreevich, a gilded silver "club of the judges of the troops of the faithful Cossacks of the Black Sea."
In the summer of the same year, in one of the equestrian skirmishes, Koshevoi Z.A. was wounded in the arm. Chepiga, who, reporting with his inherent irony about his injury, transfers command over the entire Cossack army to A.A. Golovaty, going for a cure. Prince Potemkin orders A. Golovaty to bring the foot and equestrian teams together and report to Lieutenant General I.V. Gudovich.
On September 27, Z.A. returns to the Black Sea army. Chepiga, who on the same day Potemkin orders with an equestrian team to approach Ackerman, "locate near the city, but do not start anything with the enemy." After taking Akkerman under siege, Russian troops and the Black Sea began to occupy the cities up the Dniester. In them, in addition to Moldovans, Turks, Tatars, there were many Ukrainians and former Zaporozhye Cossacks. In early October, G.A. Potemkin confirmed the previous decree, which "allowed the army to receive all free people who wanted to serve in it, observing, however, that there were by no means fugitives and belonging to the army."
On October 15, the Turkish garrison of Akkerman surrendered. Atamanam M.I. Platov, Isaev and Z.A. Chepiga was ordered to escort the Turks, who were following along with the released pasha to the Danube, "to equip one hundred horsemen from each army." The Black Sea Rowing Flotilla also entered the Dniester Estuary. On October 16, Potemkin ordered Golovaty to send the Yaroslavl Infantry Regiment across the river and take up positions with him. On October 26, Black Sea boats began to rise up the Dniester, preparing to storm the Bendery fortress. The flotilla stood “in sight of the fortress”, blocking the Turks from leaving it along the river. In early November, Bendery was occupied by the Russians, and on the 7th in the city, the Black Sea people were given the captured Turkish money as a salary. The military campaign of 1789 was successfully completed, and on November 10, the Prince of Tauride ordered the next day after the prayer service in the church of St. George “to open fire from all the cannons of the serfs; then from siege and field artillery over and over again often. In the evening of the same day, fireworks were arranged, and all the soldiers in the army and the Cossacks were given a glass of wine.
At the beginning of November 1789, G.A. Potemkin ordered General De Ribas to occupy Belgra-Eski and handed over to him the entire Black Sea Cossack army with horse and foot teams, including a flotilla. By his order, De Ribas ordered the Black Sea cavalry detachments to settle down for the winter "below Bender on the left side of the Dniester River, starting from the settlement of Gargash Dezhe to the Rotten Chobruch", the general allowed the foremen and Cossacks to give holidays, however, demanding to send weekly reports on the state of the teams.
There was a lull and the Black Sea residents began to occupy apartments in Pridnestrovian cities and villages, and, apparently, with the permission of the commander-in-chief of the army, they arranged a military kosh in the village of Slobodzeya. There, the Black Sea people met the new year of 1790. The Cossacks took up the arrangement of dwellings, fishing, and hunting. In addition, they were urged on by the military commanders - the koshevoi Z. Chepiga and the judge A. Golovaty, who needed gifts for the nobles, replacing the golden awl that opened all the doors. BEHIND. Chepiga demanded from Colonel L. Tikhovsky, "for the arrival of his lordship (i.e. G.A. Potemkin - N.T.) to catch good fish and keep it in the cage so that it is alive ... get hares and black grouse." The colonel had to take nets from the schismatics, which caused criticism from the same G.A. Potemkin, who ordered not to offend the Old Believers.
A. Golovaty also moved his family to Slobodzeya. His yard, according to Ivan Migrin, was open to the Cossacks. On holidays, Ulyana Grigorievna with her daughter Maria and servants laid tables, treated all the foremen and Cossacks who came to their house with compote. By the royal decree of November 24, Z.A. Chepiga was promoted to foreman and in the winter was sworn in for a new rank by General F.M. Tolstoy in Bendery.
March 8, 1790 by letter to G.A. Potemkin informed the Chernomorians that, by his decree of November 24, the following were granted: ataman, colonel Z.A. Chepiga - to the foreman, and military judge A.A. Golovaty - to the colonels. In Slobodzeya, apparently, before Christmas, a military council was also held, at which Z. Chepiga and A. Golovaty were re-elected to their previous positions, T. Kotlyarevsky became a military clerk, and Sutyka became a military asaul.
G.A. Potemkin, having learned about the renewal of the Zaporizhzhya customs to choose a foreman, decided to throw a bridle on them. On July 2, from Kokoten, he writes an order to the ataman: “To the military foremen Kotlyarevsky and Sutyk, of whom the first was elected to military clerks, and the second to military osauls, I am forwarding open sheets to their new ranks ... Having thus been approved by me in these ranks , they can no longer be changed. But if, for some reason, from among the foremen approved by me, they are unable to present them to me, with details written down.

Danube campaign of 1790

The military operations of the 1790 campaign on the Black Sea coast developed sluggishly. The Cossacks were busy with home improvement, repairing boats, "captured by ice" at Kinburn, on about. Berezan and in Ajider. In the upper reaches of the Dniester, new canoes were built, provisions were brought to army units.
The main military events in the first half of the year developed in Romania, where the Russian troops were forced to act without the participation of the Austrians, who had signed an armistice with Turkey. In the spring and summer of 1790, A.V. Suvorov was in Moldova. From Berlad and Yalomitsa, he informed G.A. Potemkin about the movements of the vizier's Turkish troops on the Danube, about the events in Bucharest, received from "friends there."
On September 3, from Kalien, the commander thanked G.A. Potemkin, probably for the plan and intention to storm Izmail. “Ah, father, Prince Grigory Alexandrovich, revive me,” he wrote to his Serene Highness in a letter. The hopes of the Russian commander for being in demand in this campaign, conceived and lobbied by the ambitious De Ribas, were quite natural. G.A. Potemkin, who initially entrusted the leadership of the Danube campaign to De Ribas, began to incline towards entrusting A.V. Suvorov. And in fact, the failure of the commander near Ochakov in the light of brilliant victories near Focsani and Rymnik looked like just an unfortunate misunderstanding. Exclusively thanks to the command of A.V. Suvorov, 100,000 Turkish armies were defeated twice by allied 35,000 troops. In the eyes of his Serene Highness, the commander looked like a magician, but for Repnin he remained an accidental darling of Fortune. A swift march from Byrlad to Rymnik to the rescue of the Austrian allies and the defeat of the army of Grand Vizier Yusuf Pasha brought A.V. Suvorov European glory.
On August 29, a “naval battle” with the Turks took place against Hajibey, after which the actions were transferred to the Danube vent. On September 7, General Repnin with his large army withstood the onslaught of Gasan Pasha near Izmail, but he could not defeat him either.
At this time, Joseph De Ribas began to persistently persuade the Prince of Taurida to continue the military campaign on the Danube in autumn and winter, which the Turks clearly did not expect.
G.A. Potemkin, not without hesitation, agreed to the continuation of hostilities on the Danube, with even greater hesitation, he transferred the command of the assault on Izmail to A.V. Suvorov. The expediency of the assault was also disputed by many nobles and generals, and first of all by I.V. Gudovich.
Probably, in a letter dated September 25, the prince informed about decision, as in the response, sent on September 29, A.V. Suvorov writes: “In the presence or assistance of the ground forces, the rowing fleet will take Chilia, Izmail and Brailov ... in due time, the ground army will cross here at Serbanesti.”
At the very beginning of October 1790, the Danube campaign was launched by Russian troops. On October 1, by order from Bender G.A. Potemkin ordered A. Holovaty with the Cossack flotilla to be ready for action, and in the morning of the next day to come to the village of Oleneshty and wait for him there. Almost at the same time De Ribas sent a secret letter to the military judge from the Ochakovsky raid. In it, the general wrote: “With the flotilla entrusted to me, with the help of God, I hope to be at Gadzhibey on the 5th of the month, where Mr. Rear Admiral F.F. will approach with the fleet. Ushakov. I prescribe to your nobility by that time to arrive there for some establishments, in the discussion of the campaign to the Danube Girls, entrust your command over the ships to the elder in your own right. Probably, having received an answer stating that A. Golovaty had already left for Oleneshty to meet with the commander-in-chief, De Ribas asked the judge in writing on October 3, 1790: those who are knowledgeable about the Sunnah? I humbly ask you to look for me and you for the necessary notices concerning you (arrive). G.A. On October 9, Potemkin ordered A.A. Golovaty "be in perfect readiness for the campaign" and as soon as the fleets approach, join them and immediately notify him, who was still in the Bendery fortress. His Serene Highness Prince Tauride entrusted to the military judge in command, in addition to the Black Sea boats, also lansons, chektyrs and all the ships that were in Akkerman. The Black Sea Fleet was delayed, and A. Golovaty with the flotilla had to wait for him in the Dniester estuary for another whole week. The cavalry team was already fighting under the walls of the Danube fortresses, and the Cossacks of the foot team were still languishing on the shore, waiting for the order to march. Z. Chepiga, in a letter dated October 15, informed A. Golovaty: and the first people spit on you, and now they are impatiently waiting for your arrival from the stalls, so that every day I eat ten times, and you will soon sleep with them, annoying. Why do I humbly ask you to notify me through these messengers on purpose why you are not to be seen from the trays to this time to Kiliya. Success for bad weather, whether or not there is a command, so that I can know what to answer the question.
By order of De Ribas, six lansons under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Castano Scarabelli were transferred to the subordination of A. Golovaty, who closed the entrance of Turkish ships to the Danube girls with the boats of the Cossack flotilla.
After a mutual short but fierce shelling, the Turkish garrison of Chilia surrendered to the mercy of the winners. General I.V. Gudovich, who led the siege and capture of this fortress, on October 19 warned A. Golovaty that "the fortress of Kiliya submitted to us" and that he and the flotilla could "approach and stand near it without hindrance", and he warned that the Cossacks should not touch those released by capitulation from the Turkish fortress boats and ships. And on October 24, without waiting for the Black Sea boats, the general asked the judge if he could not allocate up to ten boats, “in order to get rid of the Kilian Turks as soon as possible,” which should have been transported “to the island where Staraya Kiliya is,” for their further passage to Tulcha already on Turkish courts.
The Cossacks, standing idle in the lower reaches of the Danube, were impatiently waiting for the order to proceed to Kiliya, closer to the main military operations. In a report on the 23rd, Sergeant I. Chernyshev wrote to A. Golovaty that De Ribas had passed through the Sulinsky arm, “hence,” he continued, “the arm on which I hold the caution is not dangerous for couriers.” The military judge placed at the disposal of Z. Chepiga 20 boats for the export of the Turks from Chilia. The transfer was not without incident. De Ribas in one of the warrants reported to A. Golovaty: "... from the inhabitants of Old Kiliya, from the herds lying near that Kiliya, 135 oxen, 245 horses were stolen." In addition, money, things, weapons were taken from the Turks, who were traveling on the Black Sea boats. Suspicion fell on the Cossacks of the Black Sea Flotilla, which is why the general ordered to make a "decent investigation". The search was carried out, nothing of the cattle was found, but the suspicion of the Cossacks did not dissipate. Shortly after the intervention in the case of A. Holovaty, Pasha of Kiliya, Megemet Agir, received back all the things and thanked De Ribas in an oriental ornate manner.
Count De Ribas and G.A. Potemkin A.A. Golovaty with a flotilla was entrusted with an important task - to block the Turkish fleet from entering the Danube, closing the Starostambulsky, Sulinsky and Georgievsk vents with boats. With the fall of Kiliya, which was almost 40 miles away from the sea, most of the flotilla could rise higher, leaving, however, posts on the Sulinsky and St.
October 22 A.V. Suvorov congratulated Potemkin on the capture of Kiliya - "the key to further conquests." It was very important, according to the commander, to close the approaches to Izmail to the Turks both from the sea and from land. The key strategic point for advancing to the Balkans was the city of Brailov.
Being in the Sulinsky arm on October 30, De Ribas asked A. Golovaty to look for a “strait” in this arm “for communication bypassing Ishmael”, and having found one, send a ship and tongues to him. Soldiers of General I.V. Gudovich was captured by the Turks Megmet Delibash, who was heading to the Izmail Seraskir with three Moldovans on a boat. By that time, the advanced units of the Russian army were already standing at Staraya Kiliya, very close to Ishmael.
De Ribas found a narrow canal that connected the Starostambulsky arm with the Sulinsky and on October 31, in an order, he informed the Cossacks “standing at the post office from Sulia to the Kilievsky coast”: “The flotilla now has a navigation from Sulia to Lake Radukal, from where the road to Chilia is much closer. That is why I order couriers and letters following the flotilla to be carried directly to that lake. This lake was located in the middle of the way from the Sulinsky branch to the Starostambulsky. In early November, the de Ribas flotilla, having passed through the channel, unexpectedly for the Turks, appeared almost at the very walls of Ishmael.
Appointed was the head of the Kili garrison A.A. Golovaty did not stay long in this position. Apparently, De Ribas and Potemkin counted on him as a commander, not only able to ensure the transportation of troops and the delivery of provisions, but also able to properly organize and lead the assault on coastal fortifications. In early November, regiments of the Yekaterinoslav army began to move up to Izmail. The soldiers had to be regularly supplied with the necessary products, so the army units were followed by a huge convoy with flour, cereals, crackers. The boats of the Black Sea Flotilla, together with their teams, became in great demand. General I.V. Gudovich demanded them from A. Golovaty to transport food across the Danube, ships were needed to transport troops, mail, and observe the enemy. The general considered it necessary to indicate to the military judge that the Cossacks of his team, standing "in the islands lying near the Kiliya fortress, seeing any enemy movements on the water, immediately let the commander of the Kiliya fortress, Mr. Major General and Cavalier Mekhnob know."
I.V. Gudovich reported on November 3 to A.A. Golovaty that he received a complaint from the two-bunch pasha Begler bek Zair Mohammed, released from Kiliya, stating that “the Zaporoza Cossacks caught up with one of the boats, plundered, killed and injured several people, and the boat itself with their wives (Turks - N.T. ), children and property were taken with them to no one knows where. The general demanded that A. Golovaty investigate, find the perpetrators and punish them. An investigation was conducted in the Black Sea Flotilla. Regimental sergeant major Ivan Chernyshev reported that "he overcame all the boats and found several different Turkish things in the boat of the military captain Osanchuk." How the matter was smoothed out is unknown, but, apparently, Vasily Osanchuk had to return all things; he did not receive any serious punishment. On November 5, Lieutenant Osanchuk reported to the military judge that the day before he had been on the patrol with two boats and, "not reaching seven versts to Smailov, near the fortress, I saw a three-masted ship."
The ferry near Staraya Kiliya was broken and the entire burden of transporting troops, provisions and ammunition fell on the Black Sea. On November 10, De Ribas demanded from A. Golovaty to transport 50 wagons with a hundred pairs of oxen from Staraya Kiliya. The next day, the same De Ribas insisted that A. Golovaty "make assistance to the troops crossing at Chilia from the camp, following to Tulcha." On November 7, Tulcha fell under the blows of the Black Sea, Isakcha - on the 13th. The nearest water approaches to Izmail for the Turks were cut off, but there were still Galati and Brailov, many thousands of Turkish troops remained. Under the walls of Brailov, G.A. himself went with the troops. Potemkin. The plan for the capture of this city was developed by A.V. Suvorov and, together with intelligence data, was sent to the commander in chief. Knowing the ambition of De Ribas, the commander teases him in a letter: “Hurry up, conquer, storm, burn, destroy. Glory, recognition will follow you. Here, as before, play the first role. My hands and I are kissing your hands... I am sending you two lemons - a gift from Brailov. Hugging you. The Lord is with you." In the next one, dated the 29th, A.V. Suvorov writes with irony: “Yes, from the mouth of the Danube on both banks, your flotilla has done too much to say everything, and ends up in inaction and carefree indecision, which there is no urine to endure ... because of too cunning continentals, who do not know the basics of our art ... Hero and my brother! These pampered Franks have made you lose all your glory. But take heart, I am at your disposal.”
Mistakes N.V. Repnin, who in 1789 drove Gasan Pasha with an army to Izmail, had to be corrected by A.V. Suvorov. The Grand Vizier with another army of many thousands rushed to Focsani to take revenge for the victory of A.V. Suvorov and Coburg, first defeat the latter, and then the first and enter Izmail, defeating Repnin, who was trampling under the walls of the fortress.
The city of Brailov was considered the key to the Istanbul gates. G.A. Potemkin with the troops went to the walls of this city, handing over the command of the assault to Izmail A.V. Suvorov. The commander wrote to him on November 24: “... I am fulfilling orders and I know Ribas from a distance. Oh God, give you the weather and Brailov!” But God did not give a quick victory to the Most Serene Prince, and, apparently, he was in no hurry to take possession of the city, waiting for a denouement near Ishmael.
Almost until the very assault, the Chernomorians were engaged in the delivery of provisions, ammunition, tours, fascines, stakes, etc., while participating in skirmishes and battles. Cossack boats, on the orders of the count, cruised from Izmail to Tulcha, delivering guns and supplies for them there.
November 17, 1790 De Ribas, located on Cape Chatal, led the preparations for the assault. He ordered Z. Chepiga with an equestrian team to come closer to the flotilla and place couriers along the shore.
On November 20, on the Danube near Izmail, a battle took place between the Black Sea flotilla and the Turkish one. The battle was long and bloody. The victory of the Chernomorians, led by A. Golovaty, cost 28 lives. The military judge reported to Colonel Porokhna that “in the destruction of enemy ships near the fortress itself, God rewarded with victory. Three enemy ships were lifted into the air, the rest were beaten. Golovaty, reporting the same to Ataman Chepiga, put in a list of the dead Cossacks "to include the dead in the letter and send memorial services for them by Hieromonk Anthony."
On November 27, the five-hundred cavalry team of Z. Chepiga was instructed to cover the batteries and "be ready to repel the enemy who could cross over to the left bank." His Cossacks should also forward the flotilla to Cape Chatal, and the hundred, located in the redant near Tulcha, go with guns to Chatal. And two days later, De Ribas ordered A. Golovaty to deliver shells to the troops, which was a very dangerous undertaking in view of the powerful batteries on the Izmail bastions, which the boats had to pass by. To the indication of danger and risk made by the military judge, the count answered him: “With your bravest Cossacks, and with caution, I do not foresee any risk in delivering charges. Our coast, and strongly protected; you just need to wait for perfect darkness, and then go with a whip and without noise. It was easy to say, much more difficult to execute - pulling boats loaded with artillery charges in pitch darkness and without noise is not an easy task. The Chernomorians completed this task as well. On November 29, General Meknib, notifying Golovaty of the imminent arrival of A.V. Suvorov, instructs A. Golovaty to deliver provisions to the troops, and to keep several boats for crossing. “I hope,” he wrote, “that His Excellency Count A.V. has to arrive on this date. Suvorov, so that the water communication does not intersect in the transport from that side to the local one, put the couriers on the cape, comfortable boats, and so that I immediately inform the brigadier and cavalier Chepiga to put 10 horses at that transport.
Letter to A.V. Suvorov De Ribas, sent on November 30 from Galati, begins in a philosophically pompous way: “The truth of glory should not be coveted: it is the result of the sacrifice that you make for the public good.” And then the commander resolutely moves on to everyday affairs and declares: "From now on, I take possession of your inheritance."
G.A. Potemkin was preparing the siege of Brailov, and A.V. Suvorov, not wanting to enter into negotiations and discussions with De Ribas, demanded that he send charges for the guns of both his subordinate corps, "at least from Jassy." Preparing for the assault on Izmail, A.V. Suvorov teased De Ribas with Silistria. He wrote to him: “After the surrender of Ishmael, the siege of Brailov in accordance with all the rules ... What will you do then? Stock up on the necessary provisions ... go up to Silistria. 4-5 days to prepare, lay siege to it and finish the job.
On the same November 30, following the order of G.A. Potemkin, A.V. Suvorov went from Galati to Ishmael. On the evening of December 2, accompanied by several mounted Cossacks, the commander arrived at Izmail, but at that time G.A. Potemkin received the decision of the Military Council to cancel the assault. He himself was not sure of victory, so he ordered the commander to act at his own discretion and decide for himself - to storm or not to storm the impregnable fortress. Before the arrival of A.V. Suvorov, set up for an assault, the main opponent of the operation, General I.V. Gudovich was sent by the Prince of Taurida to the Kuban, where an experienced general was required.
December 7 A.V. Suvorov sent an ultimatum to Ishmael's Turkish authorities, offering to surrender within 24 hours. On December 9, Seraskir Ahmet Pasha asked for a ten-day truce, but Suvorov refused the request, leaving “this day until next morning” for reflection.
On December 8, De Ribas sent a message to A. Golovaty about the upcoming assault. “By order of His Excellency Count Suvorov of Rymnik,” he wrote to the judge, “an attack on the enemy city of Izmail is expected from the side of the water in three columns ...” The command of the 1st column on the right flank was entrusted to Major General Arsenyev. It included more than two thousand Black Sea Cossacks; command of the 2nd column was entrusted to Zakhary Chepiga. It included 650 soldiers of the Aleksapolsky and Dnieper Primorsky Grenadier Regiments and a thousand Cossacks. The 3rd column was commanded by Second Major Markov. At his disposal were more than two thousand huntsmen and a thousand Cossacks.
The first column was supposed to land people ashore between the last battery on the left flank of the fortress and, having driven out the Turks, take all the batteries along the coast to the Kiliev Gates, "turning the cannons against the city." The Black Sea Cossacks formed the vanguard of the right column; they had to quickly approach the shore and, “jumping onto it, hit the enemies”, clearing the way for the grenadiers.
A.A. Golovaty was entrusted with the general "command of the vanguard", for which it was recommended that regular troops be assigned to boats. “Details of the attack” were submitted to the judge’s own “disposition, but referring, however, to Major General Nikolai Dmitrievich Arsenyev.” Thus, A.A. Golovaty commanded the troops that stormed the fortress bastions of Ishmael from the Danube.
The disposition to take possession of the fortress was sent by A.V. Suvorov De Ribas December 8. The count immediately sent it to the troops. Suvorov considered it necessary to add also the “Storm Order”, in which all actions were scheduled almost to the minute: “Two hours before dawn, at the given signal by a rocket, the troops located on boats and rowboats numbering 8 thousand will pull up at the same time to the opposite shore with of these flanks ... the subject of this landing is the occupation of the coast ... When the first rocket is launched, it means readiness; the second is a speech from their places on certain points. Then the columns come out ... Do not sound the alarm, but after giving a signal, beat the campaign ... Do not shout until you have conquered the rampart, but having conquered the rampart, the signal is marching - let's go along the walls. A.V. Suvorov specifically pointed out: “Christians and the unarmed should by no means be deprived of their lives, meaning that of all women and children.”
The attack on the fortress, after duplicated in all columns of rockets and blank cannon shots, was undertaken simultaneously. The assault began at half past six in the morning, and ended at four in the afternoon. Of the 35,000 Turkish garrison, 26,000 were killed and 9,000 were taken prisoner. Of the Russian troops of 30,000, 2,037 people died and 2,933 were wounded. As trophies, Russian troops took 345 banners, 7 bunchuks, 245 guns and 30 river boats.
During the assault, A. Holovaty with the Cossacks walked in the first line of boats and took on heavy fire from the fortress guns. Under incessant shelling, he landed on the shore and, commanding two thousand Black Sea men and soldiers, began to cut down the fortress palisades. The Cossacks arrived in time to help break through the defenses, capture several Turkish fortifications with cannons at the Kiliya Gate. The landing Cossacks, having dragged cannons on the orders of A. Golovaty, began to fire at the concentrations of Turkish soldiers in the city. It should be noted that the army units that stormed the fortress city from land, according to the plan of A.V. Suvorov, performed a distracting maneuver, while the landing from the Danube solved the main task of breaking through the defense. The calculation on the courage and determination of the Cossacks of A. Golovaty was correct. M.I. Kutuzov, who commanded the soldiers who stormed the Kiliya Gates, managed to capture them only in the third attack, when the Black Sea troops were already shelling the city from the guns of Turkish batteries.
December 11, 1790 A.V. Suvorov sent G.A. Potemkin's report: “The walls of Ishmael and the people fell before the feet of the throne of Her Imperial Majesty. The assault was long and bloody. Ishmael is taken, thank God! Our victory ... I have the honor to congratulate Your Grace.
G.A. Potemkin appreciated the feat of A. Golovaty and in his report to Catherine II about the capture of Ishmael wrote about him like this: “Colonel Golovaty, with boundless courage and vigilance, not only won, but also personally went ashore, entered into battle with the enemy and defeated him » . For the assault on this Turkish stronghold, A.A. Golovaty was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, the Izmail Cross. In addition, Empress Catherine presented him with a golden saber adorned with precious stones.
The main stronghold of the Turkish forces on the Danube was crushed, the further path to Constantinople was opened. The significance of this victory was enormous not only for strategic reasons, it showed the power of Russian weapons and fortitude.
During the assault on Izmail, 92 Black Sea Cossacks were killed, 262 people were injured, of which 162 were seriously. For the small Cossack army, the losses were huge. Among the dead was the military captain Vasily Osanchuk, Ivan Kulik and Ivan Chernyshev were seriously wounded.
After the capture of Izmail, all the Black Sea people were gathered on the island near Brailov and were under the command of A. Golovaty. On December 27, Zakhary Chepiga was ordered to appear at M.L. Golenishchev-Kutuzov, and having received all the instructions from him, go to winter quarters to the Dniester. The “Danubian Hero” himself, as Joseph De Ribas called A.V. Suvorov, moved to Galati, where he soon arrived at his request in several boats and A.A. Golovaty.

Deputation to St. Petersburg and resettlement to the Kuban

The military campaign of 1790 ended; the close victory of Russia over the Ottoman Porte became obvious; Prince Potemkin, not stinting, generously scattered awards and gifts from Iasi "for the conquest of Ishmael." The Black Sea people who took part in the Izmail assault were not bypassed by him.
The ataman Z. Chepiga decided that the moment had come to solve long-standing problems with the land for the settlement of the Black Sea troops. It was impossible to firmly rely on the verbal promises of the brightest to give a new land for the Black Sea Cossacks to settle, and the ataman decided not to leave the most important problem for the future, but to take the bull by the horns. From the very first day of the coming year, he began to fuss about obtaining written documents for the new military land.
January 1, 1791 Z.A. Chepiga, in a letter, addresses A. Golovaty extremely officially: “I have the intention to go to Iasi to the Most Serene Prince and the Grand Hetman, together with your High Nobility, for military reasons, why don’t you leave your High Nobility, entrusting the army entrusted to you from the foremen of the colonels to one reliable, yourself come to me."
On the same date, the military judge, by his warrant, confirms the commander of the flotilla until his return, foreman Ivan Chernyshev, and hurries to Slobodzeya to Z. Chepiga. In the warrant, he informs and orders the foreman:
“Tomorrow I’m leaving for his lordship in Jassy, ​​but I entrust you with the entire Black Sea rowing flotilla at Kiliya, for which, before my arrival, you will have outfits related to service at my apartment.”
Arriving in Iasi Chepiga and Golovaty long time were with Prince Potemkin, negotiating with him. His Serene Highness was in no hurry to solve the most important problem of the Black Sea people, he, apparently, planned to use the Cossacks for his special affairs. In addition, he needed the former Cossacks on the Danube also in order to lure as many as possible of the unfaithful Cossacks who settled beyond the Danube. It is difficult to guess how the talks progressed in January, but, apparently, progressively. The Great Hetman was pleased with the "faithful Black Sea Cossack army", praised the Black Sea people, promised to reward, but was in no hurry with the withdrawal of land to the army.
It is likely that the Black Sea army would have received already then, at the beginning of 1791, a letter to the land, and the deputation of Z. Chepiga and A. Golovaty in Iasi would have been crowned with success, if not for one unforeseen event. The Russian envoy, who was in the city of Babu, informed Prince Potemkin that in the Monastyrishche tract, the Tatars took prisoner 25 out of 50 people who served in the Black Sea Rowing Flotilla, and the rest barely managed to escape by boat.
Appearing at the beginning of February at the apartment of G.A. Potemkin and waiting for the reception, the first officials of the Black Sea learned about the capture of the Cossacks and by an order dated February 3, Z. Chepiga and A. Golovaty demanded from Ivan Chernyshev: went, in what number, by whose command, and which of them was captured by the enemy, in the circumstance of expressing to us to report fairly as soon as possible, to inform his lordship about this, so that for an unfair report about that, the case would not fall into princely wrath. On the same date, by order of Savva Bely and other foremen of the flotilla, they forbade "all sorts of vacillations" and announced "the suspension of the petition from his lordship of our entire welfare society in view of the incident at the Monastery." They probably did not manage to avoid princely scolding, nevertheless, on February 10, Prince Potemkin in an order to Koshevoi Z. Chepiga reported: “The troops of loyal Black Sea officials, during past campaigns, were in various cases, and finally, during the siege and capture of Izmail and distinguished themselves there bravery, courage and labors, I awarded this number with ranks.
Thus, the incident connected with the unsuccessful skirmish of the Black Sea and the captivity of 25 Cossacks did not allow to resolve the issue of land. Not hoping for a successful outcome of the enterprise, Chepiga and Golovaty stopped negotiations with Prince Potemkin and in 1791 decided to settle on the previously allotted lands with a kosh in Slobodzeya. They turned to Archbishop Ambrose, asking for permission to build a new church in Slobodzeya to replace the dilapidated one. The Archbishop of Yekaterinoslav, in a letter to Koshevoi on January 7, already in 1792, said: “In response to the demand of your nobility, to build Rufa in Slobodzeya in place of the dilapidated Church of the Archangel Michael Golovaty in that name, I allow a new one.”
When the new army failed to get land troops free for settlement from Prince G.A. Potemkin, the military government, after the death of the Most Serene Prince of Tauride, decided to turn to the Empress herself to resolve the most important issue for the army. According to the documents, such a decision was preceded by appeals to the State Chancellor A.A. Bezborodko, whom they apparently considered the successor to the great hetman. January 10, 1792 by the report of Z.A. Chepiga asked Count A.A. Bezborodko to send timpani to the army, which G.A. did not have time to give them. Potemkin. On February 12, the ataman in the warrant to the regimental captain Burnos reported: “I’m leaving for Iasi for self-necessary military needs, I entrusted the command of the army entrusted to me with cavalry to Colonel Second Major Tikhovsky.” Apparently, A.A. also went there, to Iasi. Golovaty. We have no information about the negotiations between the Black Sea people and Count A. Bezborodko on this issue, however, most likely, he made it clear to them that the solution of such an issue was not within his competence, and then in Slobodzeya at the council, held on the twentieth of February 1792, it was it was decided to send a deputation to the royal court to request land for the settlement of the Black Sea Host.
On February 21, Ataman Z. Chepiga sent a report to the new Commander-in-Chief of the United Army and the Black Sea Fleet, General-in-Chief M.V. Kakhovsky, who was in Iasi. In it, he wrote: “We, having the intention on behalf of the foremen-colonels, Cossacks and on our own behalf, to request land for the settlement of Taman with us and the surrounding area, sent prozba to the most high name of Her Imperial Majesty; The military judge of the army, Mr. Colonel and Cavalier Golovaty, was elected to the deputies with six people foremen ... We humbly ask your honor to give us permission to supply him, Golovaty, with future foremen for 13 horses with travel and running money, to make a gracious consideration. At M.V. Kakhovsky had his own views on the future of the Black Sea people, whom he represented as guardians of the recaptured shores along the Black Sea, but either the General-in-Chief was satisfied with the reception and gifts given to him, or he wanted to compete with Prince Potemkin in generosity, so the order of February 22 not only allowed send the deputies to the royal court, but also ordered to issue running money for more than 13 horses and handed it over on the same day through a messenger.
Having elected Anton Golovaty as the head of the deputation, the Rada provided him with the most detailed instructions, which indicated what to ask for; necessary reference documents were attached to it. The military judge with the deputies left Slobodzeya on March 2, 1792. In addition to the requests drawn up on behalf of the army and the ataman, he brought with him to St. Petersburg a report to the State Military Collegium. It said: “The late Most Serene Prince and Great Hetman G.A. Potemkin-Tavrichesky, for the excellent service now ended with the Port of the Ottoman War, awarded the faithful Cossacks of the Black Sea foremen with army ranks, but did not have time to deliver to St. Petersburg, about which forwarding written exact copies, I humbly ask for the issuance of certificates to inflict the most merciful consideration.
The road to St. Petersburg was not close, and the matter was not easy and very important, so there was no need to rush. It took up to two weeks to deliver mail from the Black Sea region to the capital of the empire, but the Cossack deputation arrived there only on March 30. "At the door" A. Golovaty was in Kharkov with Kvitka for three days, he saw his son Alexander, who was already studying in the "classes". He reported to his wife Ulyana Grigoryevna and Zakhary Chepiga: “Thank God, I saw Alexander healthy ... he left him one and a half hundred rubles. Upon arrival in St. Petersburg on April 1st, on a clean Thursday, Vasily Stepanovich Popov was introduced to the pen of Her Majesty ...
On the 11th, with a mention of orphanhood, to the Grand Dukes Pavel Petrovich and Konstantin Pavlovich, and everyone received them affectionately with gratitude. Her Majesty said that she assigned us land for settlement, but in which place is unknown; ... and when the return to us from St. Petersburg will be impossible to know.
From St. Petersburg A. Golovaty wrote to Z.A. Chepiga (7, 17 and 21 April), I. De Ribas, M. Kakhovsky and many other officials who gave him any instructions in the capital. In a letter to Archbishop Ambrose, he wrote: “Your Eminence, having set off on March 2, due to a bad journey and frequent river crossings, I arrived in Petersburg on the 30th, where I settled on Millionnaya in Mr. General Vasily Stepanovich Popov, from whom I was delivered to Platon Alexandrovich Zubov and Nikolai Ivanovich Ashtinov, and on April 11 to the hand of Her Majesty, from whom she was graciously received and said that she had already appointed land for us to settle, where exactly it was impossible to know ... Vasily Vasilyevich in the Nevsky Monastery (Lavra) to I delivered all your instructions to Metropolitan Kirill.
On April 21, the military judge informed Zakhary Chepiga that the consideration of requests was being postponed, and on the 20th Tsarina Catherine left for Tsarskoye Selo, followed by the whole court. General V.S. Popov, “reprimanded” Anton Andreevich before that, “you demand a lot of land.” It became known to A. Golovaty that Vasily Vasilyevich Kakhovsky was in Dubossary "for the distribution of land."
To the familiar merchant M.I. On April 29, A. Golovaty wrote to Faleev, apparently in a low spirits: “I arrived in St. Petersburg for another month, where I filed requests where I should have about military needs, but there’s nothing yet, but only hope for new speedy departure, when it will be unknown. I was in your house, I saw my wife Anastasia Ivanovna and my daughters alive and healthy.
Among the letters of the military judge Holovaty, written at that time, one draft attracts attention, testifying to his loyalty to the ideals of the Zaporizhzhya brotherhood. Letter to the former judge of the Zaporizhzhya army P.F. He began Golovaty with the words “Gracious father, Pavel Krolovich!”, Then he crossed out and wrote “My father and benefactor, Pavel Krolovich! I think you are well aware that in the Turkish war, which has already ended; in which we, from the former Cossacks, at the behest of the late Serene Highness Prince and the Great Hetman and with the royal goodwill, having gathered up to 12 thousand, served on boats (on a dry path) on foot and on horseback ... for carrying out an immaculate service through this war, we assign land to our settlement on Taman, for which I came to St. Petersburg with six foremen and are already very encouraging with a speedy dispatch ... Now there are more married people in the army than single ones, only from among your acquaintances, Shkurinsky old men, Vasil Kvasha, Lyashko, was in the army, Lukyan Nedviga and Ostap Spichenko ... From the beginning of the event, Koshov was Sidor Belaya, whom he was killed in a battle on ships near Ochakov, now Kharko Chepiga, I am the judge, the clerk is Leushkovsky Kotlyarevsky, the asaul is Krilevsky Sutyka. If any of our gentlemen still alive are Pyotr Ivanovich Kalnishevsky, Ivan Yakovlevich Globa, then testify from me to them the lowest bow. Do not leave, father, if the case allows us to write about your stories there in writing ... we will be glad to see you alive and healthy.
This letter was written between April 21 and 29, probably at the same time the famous song “Oh, our God, God, merciful God” was composed by Anton Golovaty. The above letter, and even more so the song, its public performance in the secular salons of St. Petersburg are evidence not only of the difficult state of mind of the leader of the Cossack deputation, his abilities, but also of unprecedented courage.
For more than four months there was a deputation in St. Petersburg, "knocking out" land for the Black Sea army. Considerable efforts were made by the military judge in order to obtain from the queen a deed of gift for the right-bank lands of the river that were empty at that time. Kuban.
Tsarina Ekaterina kept postponing the decision to settle the Black Sea in the Kuban, waiting for information about the situation of the region from General I.V. Gudovich. Apparently, at first it was recognized to settle the Black Sea army on Taman and the Kerch Peninsula, to protect the strait from the Turkish landing, therefore, she sent a decree to Admiral N.S. Mordvinov to send to Taman all the boats of the Black Sea rowing flotilla with foot troops, and upon receipt of a certificate from Gudovich, it was decided to allocate the right bank of the Kuban.
Only in May did the tsarina verbally agree to welcome Taman to the Black Sea people with a part of the “surroundings” requested by the Cossacks. There are many legends about the tricks and tricks taken by Anton Golovaty in order to achieve the desired result in St. Petersburg. The stories about the reception of the forelocked Cossacks by Catherine, about the kissing of the feather by which the tsarina ruled the empire by the military judge A. Golovaty, about his campaign with the deputies in Tsarskoye Selo look too colorful and legendary to be true. Omitting many of them, I will dwell only on the reception of the Cossack deputation by the tsarina. Anton Golovaty, who had been at court more than once with the “capitalists”, knew court etiquette and rules well. He also knew the kind heart of a noble woman, he knew how to influence him. I think that there was no kneeling before kissing the hand, but there was a well-thought-out speech that preceded the handing over to the hands of the Empress of the requests of the Black Sea army and the ataman. The military judge reported about his meeting with the queen in letters to Z. Chepiga and other addressees quite calmly and even somewhat casually. There was a song composed by him in his low spirits; A. Golovaty performed it in secular salons. Probably, there were sincere tears, there was also prudent artistry, but if a military judge fell to his knees before the royal pen, then in no way, without leaving “decency”. It is known that Catherine allowed him, at his own request, transmitted through one of the courtiers, to inspect the collections of the Hermitage collections.
Someone, but Anton Andreevich, had ideas about decency, dignity and glory; This is also evidenced by his very even relations with the most distinguished dignitaries, the humor and jokes he makes in conversations with Russian generals. One curious letter from a Russian merchant from Turkey has been preserved, who apologized to A.A. Golovaty for the liberties he once allowed in dealing with the judge, as well as Migrin’s report about how the military judge laughed when he reported the anger of the general, who bought cheap military buildings on the island of Berezan, which turned out to be dugouts with rotten logs.
At the end of June, the Black Sea delegation was finally invited to the court, and its head, military judge Anton Golovaty, was presented with deeds of gift, bread and salt for the granted land, with a parting word from the monarch.
On July 14 of the same 1792, Anton Golovaty happily wrote to the ataman Z. Chepiga: “Glory to the Almighty God, we received everything we wanted from Her Majesty in requests with an unexpected good end. I will follow this departure in two days with the foremen on the road, which is why I ask you, gracious sovereign, from Olviopol to Slobodzeya along the highway to set up posts.
This time, the military judge, it seemed, was flying on wings to the shores of the Black Sea. On the way, he described in detail the ceremonial of the meeting of the letters and gifts of the queen to the army, and, consequently, to him and the deputies.
A. Golovaty stopped for a short time at Kvitka, from where he sent a messenger with instructions to the ataman Chepiga in Slobodzeya, and a letter to Archbishop Ambrose with an invitation and a request to serve a festive prayer service on this occasion. In addition, he composed a new song on the road, “Oh, let us chirp, it’s time to stop.” He ordered the clerk to copy the words of this song and also send it to Slobodzeya and Taman, so that, celebrating the holiday, the Cossacks would sing it. It is rare that a song was learned with such ease, and even more so became a folk song. This one, born at a joyful moment, was destined to become one of the most popular songs of the Black Sea people.
After a successful deputation, the personality of Anton Golovaty became extremely popular in the army. During his lifetime, he was awarded unprecedented honors for a Cossack and gained great fame.
The military judge, of course, did not forget himself, his interests, but all his worries and troubles were somehow connected with the arrangement of the entire Black Sea army, served the military benefit, its good and glory. A. Golovaty, as they say, was a statesman in the army. A thorough, sensible man, a Cossack wise by life experience, he was not only a wonderful commander and reformer, but also, in addition to everything else, remained a zealous host, an excellent bandura player and poet. Only he alone in the army was able to maintain friendly relations with the St. Petersburg authorities and conduct extensive correspondence with them. Quite a few feats of arms made by a military judge, being the head of the Black Sea Rowing Flotilla. There were legends about the assault and capture by the Cossacks under his command of the island of Berezan fortified by the Turks in the army. He distinguished himself with the Cossacks of his team during the capture of Ishmael, however, Anton Golovaty gained the greatest fame by diplomatic exploits, the largest of which was receiving a deed of gift for the possession of the Black Sea people of Taman and the Right Bank of the Kuban. In addition, Anton Andreevich was known as the best administrator in the army. With his most active participation, the Black Sea region was settled and divided into districts, a cordon line across the Kuban was arranged, divided into quarters of the city of Yekaterinodar, the main temples of the army were laid, the military archive was preserved and removed. For all his busyness with military affairs, he managed to manage his large family.
Anton Andreevich was a very energetic and sensible person. From his marriage with Ulyana Grigoryevna Porokhnya, children were born: daughter Maria (b. 1774), Alexander (b. 1779), Afanasy (b. 1781), Yuri (b. 1780), Matvey (b. 1791). b.), Andrey (b. 1792), Konstantin (b. 1794). To his eldest sons A.A. Golovaty gave a good, if not the best education for those times. Alexander and Athanasius studied first at the Kharkov Collegium (Alexander - from 1790 or from the beginning of 1791), and then were assigned to the St. Petersburg gentry corps. Yuri was also sent there to study (in October 1792).
A. Golovaty dreamed of his sons becoming naval officers, but it soon became clear that Alexander was "suffering" from seasickness, and Matvey was burdened by studies, Yuri preferred marriage to her.
A. Golovaty gave his only daughter a home education and tried in every possible way to develop in her an awakened craving for music. On August 21, 1791, from Slobodzeya, Maria Antonovna wrote to her father: “My gracious parent! I heard that you deigned to receive Vladimir of the 3rd degree of the cross, about which I wholeheartedly rejoice and wish you wholeheartedly to receive all the cavalier orders, with this I humbly ask you to send Stepan Nikolayevich Perekhrestik, who will teach me to play the harp, we received it through this letter giver, and in the house are…
Deep respect for the father and love for the mother breathe all the letters of their children.
Apparently, A.A. Golovaty developed with many clergy, including influential, respected and even revered hierarchs in Orthodoxy. And it was not even so much about diplomacy, but about the fact that Anton Andreevich himself was a very pious person. With him, Hieromonk Gerasim, who died in Taman in the autumn of 1792, was constantly in the flotilla. Among his acquaintances was the dean elder Paisiy Velichkovsky, who in the early 1790s was the archbishop of the Nyametsky monastery.
A.A. Golovaty, in a letter dated May 26, 1791, informed Z. Chepiga: “I returned safely from the Neamtsky Monastery. The elder ordered you to bow down, sent you a prosphora ... I will also tell you, the elder asked for our help, and precisely with bread and other things. I gave him my word and left Lieutenant Malaevsky to escort the carts. I boast to you that I have found such a real monastic life, and I will personally retell how they live.
At the end of 1791 or at the beginning of 1792, Maria Antonovna, the beloved daughter of A. Golovaty, died, which deeply saddened the military judge and plunged him into despondency. She died unexpectedly, arousing suspicion of poisoning. Kuban historian P.P. Korolenko tells the legend that was common in the Golovaty family that on the eve of her engagement she was poisoned by a girl who was a servant. Poisoned due to the fact that the hostess did not want to take her with her to St. Petersburg. Apparently, A. Golovaty himself did not know the true cause of his daughter's death and thought about it for a long time, trying to penetrate the mystery with his inquisitive mind.
A letter from Archimandrite of the Neamtsky Monastery Paisius Velichkovsky Z.A. has been preserved. Chepige dated March 9, 1792: “I have read your most venerable letter to Your Highness,” wrote the elder. - I deeply regret and even to tears about such an incident, which happened to his nobility, Mr. Anton Andreevich, and immediately ordered confessor Sophrony, who came to our monastery with the passport of your nobility, Cossack Pavel, to spiritually ask with an attentive note on his answers. And he appeared before him in his words, not at all noticeable in such a case and ready, he says, if it were your honor to take him out of here and endure wounds in interrogation ... God, the all-knowing, may they reveal the message by the fate of the guilty loss of that one and console the spirit of such an occasion grieved ... "
Most likely, the story about the drowning of the girl who poisoned Maria Antonovna, allegedly on the orders of A. Golovaty in the Dniester, is just a speculation. Anton Andreevich, most likely, suspected that the daughter of a certain Cossack Pavel, who was sent to the monastery for confession, was guilty of the death.
A. Golovaty was known among the priests and monks as a generous donor, to whom they very often turned with all sorts of requests for help to the temples. This is also evidenced by the letter of the monk of the Holy Athos Lavra, who reported in a letter dated July 5, 1791: “Due to the zeal of your nobility to the Mount Athos of the Great Holy Athos Lavra, you deigned to promise copper for ringing, for which I was going past Slobodzeya, I asked the gentleman Yesaul and Cavalier Leonty Semenovich. The monk asked, if the promised copper was available, then send it to Iasi to the Three Saints Monastery, where he stayed and where there are masters for casting bells (bells). In addition, he asked to indicate what inscription and whose names should be indicated on the bells "in blessed remembrance, glory and honor." The military judge kept his word firmly, especially when it concerned church and military affairs, therefore, most likely, this copper arrived in Iasi, and then, in the form of a bell ringing, glorified the name of the judge and the entire Black Sea army on Mount Athos.
Corresponded to A.A. Golovaty with Archbishop Ambrose of Yekaterinoslav, the author of a textbook on eloquence, many speeches and words, Prince Alexei Semenovich Volkonsky, with whom, judging by the correspondence, he was on friendly terms. In a letter dated 1792, A. Golovaty told Prince Volkonsky about how, on the way from St. Petersburg, he stopped by the Vorontsovs and dined at the "prince's father" Nikolai Vasilyevich, saw Volkonsky's wife and mother, from whom he conveyed greetings. He called Vorontsov Batko, apparently because he had enrolled in the Zaporozhian army as an honorary Cossack. The military judge had the same warm relationship with Grigory Volkonsky, as evidenced by the prince's letter sent from Golovaty's Slobodzeya house, where he stayed in July 1793. The prince asked the judge to sell him his estate in Slobodzeya for 1500 rubles for their old friendship. Letters preserved
A. Golovaty - to Count A. Bezborodko, written on September 17, 1792,
G. Derzhavin and others.
By the way, the military judge called the father and S.S. Zhegulin, the Tauride governor, in whose administrative jurisdiction Chernomoria was, and who sympathized with the Black Sea people, helping them settle down in the new land. Of course, to a large extent this was facilitated by the caviar, balyks sent by the military judge, and his hospitality.

Resettlement of the Black Sea

A lot of controversy is caused by the description of the appearance of A.A. Golovaty. When researchers touch on this issue, they usually cite an excerpt from a letter from a certain Godlevsky, where he exposes himself as “bald and poorly bodied” “against a healthy large and fat body and against a pockmarked face”, as well as the mention of F.G. Kvitka-Osnovyanenko that Anton Andreevich was short and swarthy. Ivan Migrin, who knew A. Golovaty well, did not notice anything special in his appearance. In his memoirs, he describes his first impression of meeting him in Galati, where he lived without a livelihood: “On the shore I saw a boat with Black Sea Cossacks approaching. A man with a St. George cross on his chest came out of the boat; it was Colonel Golovaty ... In him, fate later showed me my boss, the head of my service, and all the consequences that came from it. No remarks about height, heaviness, etc. I. Migrin does not cite. Apparently, Anton Andreevich was a man of medium height, inclined to be overweight.
Be that as it may, a lifetime portrait of Anton Golovaty, made by a professional artist, has been preserved.
August 24, 1792 General V.S. Popov informed the military judge by letter: "Platon Alexandrovich is sending you your portrait from your presence and a description, which I am forwarding." Where did A.A. get it? Golovaty - in Slobodzeya or on Taman? Apparently, in Slobodzeya, but whether the portrait visited the Kuban is difficult to say. Most likely, it was kept in one of the estates of a military judge in Ukraine and was transferred to the museum by one of his descendants.
The portrait was painted by the artist M.M. Ivanov during the stay of a military judge in St. Petersburg. It depicts A.A. in a very realistic way. Golovaty with a judge's cane. Sending this portrait, V.S. Popov hoped that A. Golovaty would receive it already on Taman, where he advised to hurry. However, the judge decided before his departure to the newly granted land to settle military and personal affairs in Slobodzeya. Among the latter, along with the sale of the house, the dismantling of the mill for its transportation to Taman, one of the most important things was the construction of a church over the grave of his beloved daughter. In September 1792, he sent a letter to Archbishop Ambrose: “... Zakhary Alekseevich, with horse and infantry regiments, took the path to the highest granted land, took with him the military church, and there was one case left, and you are not unknown that I made a promise to build a church over the coffin of my late daughter, and, moreover, a good location, then your Eminence I work with the most humble request, do not leave to give someone the command to transfer the church of St.
The troubles of organizing the church, the unrest associated with bitter memories, affected the health of A. Golovaty, and he could not leave in the fall of 1792 for Taman. On October 20, 1792, he wrote in a letter to Z.A. Chepige: “On September 21, I fell seriously ill with a strong fever mixed with a fever, from which, thank God, it is now easier to eat, through which the disease, and for the most part for the commanders of the generals and other regular troops who meet from the gentlemen of the generals and other regular troops, often minute about various impudence did not leave to this time to Tavrida, because after my departure, all those who remain here will be ruined to the nines, which forced me to decide to leave this departure until the coming spring and deal with some orders that are satisfied here.
On October 23, 1792, Z. Chepiga, with a convoy of family Cossacks, arrived on a new land and stopped "for the winter" on the Yeisk Spit. The transition proved to be very difficult. During the journey, “some on the way threw the exhausted horses and finished them off,” Z. Chepiga wrote to A. Golovaty. He also informed him: "Our land, according to my small review, should be profitable, but you just need to get used to salt water." Immediately upon arrival at the granted land, Z.A. Chepiga sent Grigory Dubchak to Chernaya Protoka to set up a fishing factory, for which the same foreman was assigned as a shapar.
In the fall, Archbishop Ambrose of Ekaterinoslav died, to whose lot in the previous year so many unrest fell: the death of the Most Serene Prince of Tauride, his funeral service and the subsequent transfer of the body to Kherson, the death and funeral service of the daughter of A. Golovaty, the meeting of the Cossack deputation with deeds of gift in Slobodzeya. Consecrated the church of St. Michael, installed over the grave of the daughter of A. Golovaty, already Metropolitan Kirill, who lived in Dubossary.
For administrative and economic affairs, the military judge did not forget about adopted children. On December 8, 1792, Demyan Ponochovny reported to Golovaty about the baptized Turkish boys taken by a military judge for education: “The boys handed over to me were sick, and now, having recovered from it, they are alive and well with me, they are successful in science. Ivan and Petro sentinels are teaching Matins, and Pavlo has completed his literacy, and it's time for him to start learning the local school's horology. Although it was a bula, but as it dispersed, the said boys, upon my arrival, are taught by the regimental cornet Savva Yushka, son Philip. Apparently, it was about the school of the Cossacks in Taman.
In the middle of June 1793 A. Holovaty with a column of settlers was already on Taman. On June 17, he was visited by A.V. Suvorov, who, having dined, again went to Tauris. General Z. Chepiga recalled at dinner; cordiality and hospitality of A. Golovaty contributed to the feast. “Music and dyaks were his amusement, and the conversation at the table was occupied by our circumstances,” wrote military judge Z. Chepige, hinting that here he did not miss the opportunity to unleash some misunderstandings that arose with the construction of the Phanagoria fortress. This is a visit to Taman A.V. Suvorov was already the second in a year. On February 13 of the same year, he came to inspect the place under the fortress. Then the famous commander was pleased with the reception of S. Bely and the Cossacks, he promised to help them in settling in a new place. He spent the night at the Black Sea, and dined with the commander of the Jaeger battalion, Prime Major Rosenberg. On the recommendation of General A.V. Suvorov, “for the palanka in the Yenikol fortress, at the very crossing to Taman, a state yard with 12 chambers was assigned, where the regimental foreman Stankevich was appointed for the commander.” A palanka was arranged, apparently, it was for a more convenient crossing of the party of A. Golovaty through Kerch Strait. The military judge on the way to Taman stopped by to visit A.V. Suvorov in Feodosia. Probably, these two figures had, if not friendly relations, then mutual sympathy.
There, in Taman, the bread and salt of General-in-Chief Mikhail Vasilyevich Kakhovsky arrived in time. Prosperity on the granted land was also wished by Vice Admiral N.S. Mordvinov on August 2, 1793. His letter, sent from the Epiphany ship, was brief but sincere: “... I sincerely wish that you all find there what can make a person prosperous in life.” And the Cossacks were looking for, as evidenced by the postscript on one of the letters of judge A. Golovaty Chepiga (dated March 14, 1793), “golden freedom”.
In a letter dated June 12, Zakhary Chepiga, congratulating him on his arrival in Taman, reported that “having deployed border guards along the Kuban River,” he was with the government “above it at the Karasunsky Kut tract, where he also found a place for a military town” and invited him to come to test the latter. With a letter from Koshevoi Z. Chepiga, foremen Kulik, Chernyshev and Zhivotovsky arrived in Taman. They probably had to wait a little longer for him.
The military judge on the way to Taman did not miss the opportunity to stop by for several days on the way to Simferopol, to visit the Tauride Governor, General S.S. Zhegulin, to whose department the Black Sea army was entrusted, in order to establish friendly relations with him. In July, Anton Golovaty and his family settled in Taman. Somewhat belatedly (July 17, 1793), the military clerk Timofei Kotlyarevsky also congratulated him on his arrival in a letter: “Dear father Anton Andreevich. I was informed about your arrival in Taman with your most gracious surname, I heartily rejoice and congratulate them ... I bow low to Ulyana Grigorievna as a mother. And a little lower, putting a postscript, he attributed, referring to A. Golovaty, according to the Zaporozhye tradition, to you: “Father! Come to us to give order. We already miss you without you; tym that inshoy sobi poradnika not May. That vzhezh would have been an hour and the huts were standing; she won’t kill anything without you. But I won’t tell you anything else: you yourself will know about all the good ... ”On the envelope, T. Kotlyarevsky wrote“ To the gracious Batkovi Golovaty Anton Andreevich in Taman ”, as a return address he indicated:“ Near the Kuban, Zarkuchy Kut ” .
Z. Chepiga also repeated his congratulations in a letter dated July 24. Speaking about the balyks that were supposed to be taken to Petersburg, the ataman pointed out: “This day I sent papers to you on the delimitation of military land and with your request to hurry to me. I hope that you, my dear sir, regardless of any obstacles for the sake of the common good. Toi then abide in protchem with reverence and devotion.” This letter sounded almost like a threat to A. Golovaty. The fact is that the ataman demanded that the military colonel Savva Bely send to Karasunsky Kut artisans with tools that were in the foot team for the construction of “military chambers” and buildings, and the military judge, apparently, did not let them go, using them in Tamani to complete the buildings. A letter dated June 20, 1793 has been preserved, in which A. Golovaty insisted that Z. Chepiga hand over the “balyks of Semyon Gerasimovich Palivoda” to him for shipment to St. Petersburg, for which they were allegedly preparing.
Apparently, A. Holovaty with some foremen arrived in Taman earlier than the main convoy, at the end of June. The rest of the parties approached throughout July. At least, there is evidence that in the last days of July of the same 1793 the convoy was still crossing the strait from Yenikale to Taman. The move was held back by strong winds. With a difficult crossing, A. Golovaty justified his delay in Taman and the impossibility of immediately departing for Karasunsky Kut, where Z. Chepiga decided to arrange a military hail.
While still in Slobodzeya, A.A. Golovaty wrote to Savva Bely about building a house for his family in Taman. He asked to put "two huts in one bundle not far from the water and that there should be a garden," where he, the colonel and the koshevoi "could overheal a cup or two of hot wine." On February 2, 1793, Savva Leontyevich reported to him "about the construction of a pantry and a glacier in the courtyard ... and carts were sent from the infantry regiments for ice."
At the beginning of 1794, the judge and his sons, who were sent to study with Colonel Ivan Yuzbasha, reported on their affairs in St. Petersburg. Alexander wrote on February 13: “I was at sea this summer, and continued my journey to Denmark, and were in Copenhagen. I served on the admiral's ship of Alexander Ivanovich von Krues "John the Baptist", a hundred-gun, but when I was in sea practice, I was always sick from sea weather. And so I ask your parental permission to leave the corps in a year to join the regiment you want. For my part, I would like to be your Black Sea officer, if your parental mercy decides, after the completion of geometry, fortification and artillery. Alexander informed his brother Matvey about the offenses committed by his superiors. A year later, Alexander Antonovich was granted by the tsarina "to lieutenants."
During the years of study of the sons of A. Golovaty in the Kharkov Collegium, its director Fyodor Kvitka was listed as a military foreman in the Black Sea army. At the end of the children's education there, A. Golovaty asked Platon Zubov in writing to dismiss F. Kvitka due to old age and asked "that a colonel's patent be given to the military foreman upon retirement."

in the Kuban

A. Golovaty was given a lot of trouble by the Black Sea rowing flotilla, which arrived on the shores of Taman in the summer of 1792. Boats under the command of Savva Bely stood in the Taman Bay near the North-Eastern Spit (Chushka), they transported food and mail. There they were left for the winter. The storm that followed in winter sank 18 gunboats in Dinskoy Bay, which were pulled out and “cast” with great difficulty. One can imagine with what mood Colonel Savva Bely, who was the head of the Cossack flotilla, expected the arrival of the military judge. Only his works on arranging huts for the family of A.A. Golovaty could have been mitigated by the judge. Arriving in Taman and having barely settled a family, A.A. Golovaty took up the flotilla. He inspected all the ships, arranged a training voyage for the flotilla in the Taman Bay, and began to look for a harbor for the winter mooring of boats. After a short research, he focused his attention on the Bugaz - the Black Sea mouth of the Kuban, where a harbor was built, named in his honor - Golovaty Harbor. Another matter of paramount importance for the military judge was the organization of church life.
Instead of Hieromonk Gabriel, who died in Taman, Metropolitan Kirill on February 26, 1793, ordained elder Pavel Demeshko to the priesthood, "who served with zeal." Instead of the church, "cleaned" a year earlier from the mosque, A. Golovaty decided to build a real Orthodox church. To do this, he began to collect the necessary building material, ordered a carved wooden iconostasis.
At the same time, Evtikhy Chepiga brought to Taman the dismantled mill of A. Golovaty and the money for the sold farm. Z. Chepiga at the beginning of 1793 informed the judge about the death of his good friend, the merchant Faleev, a very enterprising man.
At this time, A. Golovaty, who held the post, turned to V.V. Kakhovsky about the harassment of the Black Sea people by army officers and the Moldovans who flooded into Pridnestrovie. He quite profitably sold the house of the koshevoi Z. Chepiga, his mill in Gromokley, the house in which the military school was previously located. Chernenko, in his letter, told A. Golovaty how the Cossack Chebants of the village of Korotkoye was “cut out by a society of new settlers”; moreover, the Cossack was persuaded for a long time to be assigned to the villagers.
In mid-February 1793, Z. Chepiga traveled to Simferopol to the Tauride Governor S.S. Zhegulin, who met him very cordially. Koshevoy noted that the governor "seemed to him generally a kind person." Koshevoi stopped by on his way back to A.V. Suvorov in Feodosia. At this time, S.S. Zhegulin went to St. Petersburg and asked the Ataman of the Black Sea to leave the cordons and settlements in their original places until his return and visit to the Kuban.
Z. Chepiga was going to make a detour of the new lands at the end of March "to give decent instructions to the teams stationed there." A. Golovaty probably appeared in Karasunsky Kut only at the very end of July or even the beginning of August 1793. It is difficult to say what he did on his first visit to the military city, probably the arrangement of a dwelling, the most urgent and important issues in the service. Apparently, he had some difficulties with the allotment of land for the estate, and he did not stay here for long, since already on August 20, 1793, T. Kotlyarevsky wrote to him again in Taman: “Dear old man Anton Andreevich! The place appointed for your house with oaks and a grave has been preserved intact.
On August 28 of that year, A.V. Suvorov, together with General Fedor Ivanovich Levashev, again visited A. Golovaty in Taman. The generals inspected the place allotted for the fortress. A.V. Suvorov asked Anton Andreevich to help people during its construction. To this, the military judge replied that there were no people, since “they were dismissed for the factories of their housekeeping and for earnings, and only five privates were left at each kuren for the guard of military needs.” With this answer, although he somewhat upset the future generalissimo, he dotted the and.
A. Golovaty on August 29, 1793 informed Z. Chepiga that S.S. Zhegulin is still in St. Petersburg at the court, where the wedding of Grand Duke Alexander Pavlovich was planned on September 22 and the conclusion of a peace treaty with Turkey was being prepared. P.A. Zubov was granted these days by the governor-general of Kharkov, Yekaterinoslav and Tauride. Holovaty informed that he was going to send another batch of caviar to the count. The commander of the battalion of rangers stationed in the Phanagoria fortress, Rosenberg turned to the military judge with a request to allow his soldiers to "row salt on the lakes." A. Golovaty allowed, but with the condition - "like the Cossacks rowed, so that from every rower 10 pounds per army." The ataman judged in his own way, in a response letter he wrote: “It is not necessary to take the duty from the soldiers and the slightest, because they will not bring benefits so much as condemnation.” He allowed Z. Chepiga A. Golovaty to dismantle "a tavern on the Yeysk Spit for the construction of buildings" at his factories.
To involve the Black Sea people in the construction of the Phanagoria fortress after A.V. Suvorov was also tried by the Tauride vice-governor K. Gablitz. In one of his letters (dated September 13, 1793) he wrote to A. Golovaty about the Pustoshkin stone found on Taman - three and a half cubic fathoms, demanded that it be delivered to the fortress along with 75 wagons of clay, 15 - sand, referring to the command queen Catherine.
A. Golovaty all August and until mid-September was engaged in land surveying of the military Black Sea land. On September 18 of the same year, the military judge informed Z. Chepiga that Vasily Petrovich Kolchigin, "who returned from our demarcations, moved to Tavria." A few more times during the same 1793, A. Golovaty was in Karasun Kut, and, apparently, again his activity was connected more with the construction of his own house than with the arrangement of the army. Upon arrival in Taman at the end of September (on the 28th), the military judge, reporting on Bishop Job’s desire to come to visit, asks Z. Chepiga “to send one Gospel and the whole range of church books from the available at the military church” to Taman. “And if the whole circle is not possible,” wrote A. Golovaty, “then the necessary Gospel, the common Menaion and Oktiochus, is necessary.” Z. Chepiga sent at his request the Menaion, the Triodion, the Apostle, the Psalter, the Molebnik and the old Gospel.
This autumn another misfortune falls on Anton Golovaty. In a letter dated November 14, 1793, he informed the ataman with a contrite heart about the grave condition of the godfather and his beloved wife Ulyana Grigorievna: helps, but I expect one solution out of two; any help now is hopeless, but whatever happens, I will not fail to notify you.
In the same letter, the military judge, not forgetting family affairs, the military, writes: “As I was passing, after parting with you, I found Ponochevny in Temryuk as far as Taman, and his successes, for I traveled by the newly found path, and this path, found by him, against the former, it seems completely advantageous ... "
The poor health of Ulyana Grigorievna was aggravated by a painful pregnancy. Some time after the judge returned home, she felt better, and A. Golovaty returned to his former love of life and wit. On December 7, he wrote to Z. Chepiga: “Thank God, and I thank him, it’s easier for her, and as soon as I raise it even better, as I hope, I myself will be with you by the holiday.” Passing through the priest Vasily Dyachenko “native Taman horseradish”, he wrote, “and you will use it with pike and pork, for I will soon be coming to you; here it is true that there is enough horseradish, but pikes are already occasionally caught, and pork is already very rare.
Z. Chepiga, in a reply message, reported on the distribution of salaries to the cordon Cossacks and the foot team that was with the flotilla through ensign Kudima. A. Golovaty, whom he congratulated on the approaching Christmas, he also sent a salary for the May third - 1066 rubles. 66 kopecks, which, of course, in comparison with 12 rubles of salary to the cordon Cossacks and two rubles of preferential terms, was a colossal amount.
In December (30th) of 1793, A. Golovaty, announcing the possible arrival of the Archbishop of Feodosia and Mariupol, Job, instructed Z. Chepiga to ask him for antimensions to each smoking village for future churches.
BEHIND. Chepiga entrusted A. Golovaty and the clerk T. Kotlyarevsky with compiling a kind of civil code for the inhabitants of the Black Sea coast - the “Order of Common Benefit”.
In January 1794, the foremen of the troops gathered in the military city at the Rada. Among them was the military judge A.A. Golovaty. The Rada approved the "Order of Common Benefit", the name of the city - "Ekaterinodar", elected the mayor. Kurennye chieftains "threw lyasy" (lots) to set up villages. According to the "Order of Common Benefit", the Black Sea army amounted to 40 kurens.
P. Zubov, in his letter dated March 2, informed A. Golovaty in response to his letter sent on January 25 that the Empress ordered to award the ranks of "working during the resettlement of the Black Sea troops" - clerk T. Kotlyarevsky - with the Vladimir Cross, Roman Porokhnya, who is being transferred to the Kuban , - an archpriest and a cross on the Vladimir ribbon. For the construction of the temple in Ekaterinodar, the queen granted three thousand rubles, vestments and church utensils, allowed the troops to trade with the peoples of the Trans-Kuban. The favorite of Catherine the Second asked A. Golovaty to send another of his sons to study in St. Petersburg, along with two others, thanking the military judge for "balyks of Taman fishing, chubuks and pipes."
The letter of Fyodor Kvitka, sent on March 17, 1794, has also been preserved in the archive. In it, Fyodor Kvitka asked A. Golovaty to intercede with A.V. Suvorov about enrolling his relative as an officer in the corps. About the same, as well as about the blessing of Fyodor Kvitka on marrying a foreigner, the mother-in-law of the military judge Ulyana Porokhnya, who lived in Sanzhary, also asked.
Prince Nikolai Repnin thanked Z. Chepiga and A. Golovaty in a letter from Riga sent on April 5, 1794 "for the balyks accepted into the Moscow house" from Colonel Chernyshev.
On April 10 of the same year, A. Golovaty congratulated Z. Chepiga on Easter and reported that on the first day of the holiday, Iosif Mikhailovich De Ribas "accidentally visited him in the house." He arrived in Taman from Kerch by a passing ship. At dinner, A. Golovaty and De Ribas talked like good old friends, inspected the boats, the pier. De Ribas praised the Black Sea people for the fact that all the boats were pulled out onto land, "he was curious at the fountain with a lying stone with an inscription on the deeds of Prince Gleb." Then the military judge with a distinguished guest went to Bugaz, where the organizer of Odessa examined "the position and depth of the girl, and said that in the event of an alarm near the girl, in the bay, military ships stand defenselessly." Former colleagues also traveled to other places in A. Golovaty's wheelchair with an escort. Late in the evening A. Golovaty accompanied De Ribas to the ship; the count also wanted to inspect the "burning grave, but on the occasion of a capable wind, drove back to Kerch." At the end of the letter, the military judge notes that he knows the true reason for De Ribas's arrival, but he can only talk about it with Z. Chepiga orally. De Ribas, among other things, told the judge that in Kherson the largest bell for the Black Sea military church had already been cast and tested during Palm Week. “Not only in Kherson, but even as far as the Deep Pier, a sound was heard, and so loud and pleasant that Count A.V. Suvorov deigned to try it himself with many gentlemen.
Probably, together with caviar and salmon, Ivan Chernyshev delivered at the beginning of 1794 to the court the “Order of Common Benefit”, compiled by A. Golovaty, Z. Chepiga and T. Kotlyarevsky, for its approbation by the higher authorities. On April 22, a letter from Platon Zubov, dated March 2, was delivered to Ataman Z. Chepiga in Ekaterinodar. In this letter, the favorite of the Empress wrote: “Zakhary Alekseevich! The decree of order made in the land of the Black Sea, most mercifully granted to the army, I find corresponding to the general benefit; but so that the administration of this army could be based on firm and unshakable rules, it is necessary, firstly, to provide it with laws, which will soon be sent to the army; and secondly, to understand in all parts the aforementioned decree with the laws, which I instructed the Governor of Taurida to do jointly with you, with whom I ask you, Zakhary Alekseevich, to communicate and advise on how to make that decree most useful for you, so that managing this, you could live happily, for everlasting times, however, doing justice to the prudence of the gentlemen of the chiefs, who were both at this dispensation and at the orders during the relocation of the troops from their former dwellings to the island of Phanagoria, I assure you, Zakhary Alekseevich, and all your Society that in case of your needs I will not leave to intercede for the delivery of everything useful to you. Thus, the people of the Black Sea found in the person of the all-powerful favorite their reliable patron at the highest court.
On April 29, 1794, Z. Chepiga informed A. Golovaty about the arrival from the Tauride vice-governor Gablitz "to delimit the city of Ekaterinodar, a land surveyor - ensign Sambulov", who did not actually survey, but took the area of ​​the future city on the plan, since from P Zubov was instructed to suspend the arrangement of the Black Sea settlements until the final decision, and wait for S.S. to return from St. Petersburg. Zhegulina. Sambulov with the plan was sent to Tavria, and he was ordered to show the plan, if he so desired, to the military judge in Taman. With the same letter, the ataman also informed about the Bishop of Feodosia and Mariupol, Job, who was visiting Ekaterinodar, who served two liturgies and ordained decon Stoyanovsky to the priesthood, Yakov Dyachevsky to deacons, Peter Pismenny to Ponomori.
Bishop Job stayed in Yekaterinodar not by chance; Black Sea residents settled down on the new land, being pious people, began to build churches. The main initiator of the organization of new Orthodox parishes was Anton Golovaty. At least, not without his participation, a request was prepared and sent to the Synod for permission to build Orthodox churches in the Black Sea smoking villages. In the journal of the military government there is an entry made on March 4, 1794. It says that at the suggestion of the Privy Councilor of the Synodal Chief Prosecutor and Chevalier Alexei Ivanovich Musin-Pushkin, made on January 11, it was allowed to build churches in the populated kurens. The Synod demanded to send a reference sheet where and how many Orthodox churches were supposed to be built in Chernomorie. On January 20, the Yekaterinoslav and Taurida governor Platon Zubov allowed the construction of "God's temples on the island of Phanagoria."
Bishop Job was sent a list of priests and proposed churches. In a response note, the Black Sea military government reported: “On this land there are military inhabitants 12,826 male and 8,967 female, and all 21,793 (souls - N.T.), so that these residents are not deprived of Christian requirements, for this necessary government finds to be marching churches - the first in the city of Yekaterinodar; on the island of Phanagoria, where it already exists, the third is in Kopyl, the fourth is at the mouth of the Beisuga River, the fifth is at the mouth of the Yeya River, and the sixth is on the Chelbasy River, in which there are already four churches of priests and two deacons, and two more are needed. Why, on the basis of the Holy Governing Synod of the Decree, having recruited worthy people two people as priests for ordination for consideration, submit his Grace to the Bishop of Feodosia and Mariupol with a petition for four camp churches in churches - Kopylskaya - St. Apostle Michael, Beisugskaya - St. Nicholas, Yeyskaya - Transfiguration of the Lord, in Chelbasskaya - the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George of the Antimins ". This petition was signed by Z. Chepiga, A. Holovaty, T. Kotlyarevsky.
At the end of April, Bishop Job, who arrived in Chernomorie, with a convoy of Cossacks, went to inspect the villages located up the Kuban, where he was met everywhere with bread and salt. In Onofrievka, he spent the night "in a specially cleaned and tidy house", and on April 30, returning to Yekaterinodar, he immediately left for Taman with his retinue.
On the evening of May 3, Job arrived in Taman, stopping along the way to look at the erupting mud volcano. In Taman, the bishop also did not linger, after spending the night, he went on a boat to Kerch the next morning. A. Golovaty was away at that time, and Ivan Yuzbasha from Taman informed him about Job in writing. On May 17, Empress Catherine signed a letter appointing "a priest living in the town of Novoselytsia, Roman Porokhnya, as an archpriest in the Black Sea army." This was done at the request of A. Golovaty, to whom Roman Empty was introduced as a brother-in-law.
In early May, A. Golovaty was going to send his third son Yuri to St. Petersburg to study, and asked P.A. Zubov to be his children "father and patron".
A letter from a military judge to Prince Naryshkin from Yekaterinodar, in which he thanks him for some gift to U.G. Golovataya, testifies that in the first half of May, Anton Andreevich was in the military city of Ekaterinodar. Apparently, Prince Naryshkin was an honorary Cossack in the computer of the Zaporizhzhya Cossack army, since Golovaty, finishing the letter, used the wording common among the Cossacks: “God grant your Excellency a long life, maybe we will not be wasted behind your charitable heads.”
On May 13, 1794, while in Ekaterinodar, Anton Andreevich received a letter from his wife from Taman. In this letter, Ulyana Grigoryevna reported on her serious illness and that, expecting death, she would like to see him, say goodbye, "and at that time already move on to a future life." It is hard to imagine with what feeling A.A. Golovaty from Yekaterinodar to Taman; whether he believed that everything was so serious or considered her words the whim of a sick woman.
At this time, Uliana Grigorievna attracted the attention of many who wanted to alleviate her plight. On May 16, 1794, two handkerchiefs “worn out at a friend’s wedding” were sent from Ekaterinodar to the hotel of a sick mother by his son Yuri, who was preparing to go to study in St. Petersburg. Archimadrite of the Poltava Holy Cross Monastery Zakhary, who was also the godfather of Andrei Golovaty, and, consequently, the godfather of Anton Andreevich, remembered her, sending his cordial greetings.
In the early morning of May 22, Ulyana Grigoryevna was relieved of her burden, giving birth to her son Konstantin, and a week later, on the 28th, she died. Grief-stricken Anton Andreevich wrote to Z.A. Chepige like this: “My Ulyana Grigorievna at noon at 5 o’clock, on the greenest week, for the sake of the holiday, the kingdom of heaven to her, left me, and remained in an extreme bag ... yesterday, a pledge of my loyalty and devotion to God, the Sovereign, the army and comradeship. There is nothing more to boast about, but when I see each other, I will speak.
Meanwhile, in a letter dated May 29, Z. Chepiga informed the judge of the arrival of Petty Officer Kordovsky from St. Petersburg and asked him to hurry to the military city. A. Golovaty, with all his desire, could not rush, he paid his last debt to his wife, buried her, and then sat down at the desk to notify his relatives and friends about the death of his wife and arrange the future life of the family.
Correspondence from this time sheds some light on his lineage. In a letter to Major Borschova Agafya Prokofievna, dated June 3, 1794, reporting on the death of his wife and family troubles, he calls her "dear sister." He invited Agafya Prokofievna to come to Taman and “take over the care of the remaining children,“ her nephews ”- Matvey, Andrey and Konstantin, which the deceased asked for at her very death. About the delivery of Agafya Prokofievna (Borshchova-Boiko) to Taman, the military judge turned to Pyotr Fedorovich Chegrinets, who also had something to do with the family of A.A. Golovaty.
Even earlier, on June 1, A. Golovaty turned to the Bishop of Feodosia and Mariupol Job with a petition: “I have the intention on the most mercifully granted land of the Phonagoria district in the city of Taman to build a wooden church in the name of the Intercession of the Blessed Mother of God on a stone foundation, according to the attached plan Your Eminence, I humbly ask for a pledge of this and the consecration of the place, since everything is already ready for the construction of it, do not leave anyone to please, deign to bless, and command, your most merciful archpastoral consideration about this ". The military judge attached a certificate to the petition:" In in the city of Taman, there are 129 yards of settled military inhabitants, 516 male souls, 480 female souls ". The Tauride vice-governor Gablitz, expressing condolences to A. Golovaty, reported on the issuance of a ticket to Berislav sent by a judge in Sanzhary on June 10. With the death of his mother, connected, apparently, and the delay in the departure of Yuri Antonovich to St. Petersburg. He had to return to Taman for the funeral of his parent. Yuri Golovaty, as follows from the letters of the military judge, married the daughter of General A. N. Samoilov *, which was by no means happy Anton Andreevich: His message, which announced Yuri's departure to study in St. Petersburg, was delivered to the Samoilovs' house. nourished by Ivan Pavlovich the Great.
On July 1 of the same 1794, Yuri Antonovich finally left Ekaterinodar for St. Petersburg with letters to the most influential persons, previously prepared by his father. They were addressed to: P. Zubov (whom A.A. Golovaty, according to the Zaporizhian tradition, called the father; a Turkish dagger obtained near Machin was also attached to the letter), Archimandrite Kirill of Petersburg, Alexander Petrovich Bendersky (the judge promised him, at his request, to find "Turkish flower seeds" for presentation to Empress Catherine), "father" Alexander Alexandrovich Naryshkin, G.R. Derzhavin and General Nikolai Petrovich Vysotsky. He asked everyone “to keep his son Yuri with other sons in his high grace.”
Letter addressed to G.R. Derzhavin testifies to their personal acquaintance. Anton Andreevich expressed his respect to the famous Russian piit, also asked “to keep his son Yuri in his grace”, and, in addition, he wrote: “... if Nikolai Petrovich (Vysotsky) has turned from Irkutsk, then I humbly ask you to put your efforts in delivering me a letter. I will honor such Your Excellency's beneficence to me as an excellent sign for the life of my life. In this case, it was about the charter for the nobility of A.A. Golovaty. Apparently, even when he was in St. Petersburg in 1792, A. Golovaty turned to G.R. Derzhavin with a request “to take care of finding him a letter of nobility,” since in a letter to General N.P. The military judge wrote to Vysotsky: “I dare to bother, if Gavriil Romanovich entrusts you with my power of attorney to find me a letter of nobility, then I humbly ask you to use your diligence in delivering it to me.” In a letter to the Empress's valet Roman Stepanovich Sokolov, A. Golovaty expressed his gratitude to a certain Matryona Timofeevna (apparently the wife of the former) for her concern for Alexander and Athanasius, and asked to show the same to Yuri. In his message to his sons, he praised them for diligence in the sciences and sent 50 rubles "to correct their needs." Ivan Pavlovich the Great went to Petersburg with Yuri.
Pelageya Belaya, in a letter dated June 11, 1794, sent from Novoselitsa, calls A. Golovaty "dearest brother" and asks to let her husband go home from Taman, as she became impoverished with her children, and her husband with his earnings will not be able to repay his money debt .
On June 14, ataman Z. Chepiga wrote to the judge, who was in charge of family affairs in Taman, about his departure on the orders of P.A. Zubov to Petersburg, and from there to Poland with the regiment to A.V. Suvorov and "entrusted the main command over the army" to him, A. Golovaty. On June 16, from Novoselitsa, Andrey Chernyavsky informed the military judge that he could not sell his house at a reasonable price and about the petition of the merchant and tax farmer of the Novomoskovsky district, Yanshin, with a meeting of citizens before the governor of Kakhovsky, to transfer Novoselitsa to the county town. Later, Yanshin, with the participation of A. Golovaty, took over all the drinking establishments of the Black Sea coast.
In mid-June 1794, S.S. returned to Simferopol from St. Petersburg. Zhegulin assured Anton Andreevich of his friendship with him and the entire army in a letter dated the 17th. On June 20, Vasily Olkhova informed the judge of the arrival of the courier from Novye Sanzhary on the 12th. Olkhova received 140 rubles of money sent to commemorate the deceased Ulyana Grigoryevna, “which were distributed among the churches for magpies,” and 50 rubles were left until the end of September. He also reported about the upcoming departure to Taman of Maria and Agafia Prokopievny. The same number marked the letter of Agafia Boyko "brother Anton Andreevich." In it, she announced that on June 25 she was going to leave for Taman in order to fulfill the dying request of Ulyana Grigoryevna and become the manager of the house and the foster mother of Anton Andreevich's children.
In a letter dated June 24, A.A. Golovaty about the affairs of the Sanzharovsky local priest John Sochivets. His very ornate message breathes patriarchy and housebuilding. From it we learn that A.A. Golovaty was a donor for the restoration of the burned-out temple, and also gave money "for vessels for making bloodless sacrifices to the deity, which, although not yet made, but by the diligence of your sister Maria Prokopyevna ... are dressed up for the removal from Moscow, the Poltava merchant Stepan Dmitriev's son Petrov, who travels to it" . “All items - a chalice, diskos, a star and a liar,” Sochivets wrote further, “with the consent of your uncle, as your guardian, Alexei Fedorovich, gave 100 rubles to the contractor.” The priest also reported in a florid and pompous manner about the ongoing quarrel that had reigned between Golovaty's relatives. We learn from this letter that Anton Andreevich's father "laid the foundation for the construction of a new iconostasis", for which, as the priest hinted, there was not enough money.
Taking advantage of the opportunity, Timofey Dal also sent a letter from Novye Sanzhary, who settled there on the recommendation of the military judge of the Black Sea. He noticed that no one was oppressing him in the town, for which he thanked him most humbly and sent "a little vodka and gingerbread to the hotel." At the end of the message, the self-interest of the sender, who asked for at least some rank in the army, was revealed.
Upon the departure of Z. Chepiga with a cavalry regiment to St. Petersburg, and from there to Poland, A.A. Golovaty remained a full-fledged ruler of the army. He moved to Yekaterinodar, where he set about organizing the army and the city at his own discretion. His large farm in Taman was under the supervision of the sisters and regimental foreman Vladimir Grigorievsky.
On June 24 of the same 1794, the latter wrote to him that the day before, on the 23rd, General Mikhail Vasilyevich Kakhovsky and Lieutenant General Shits had honored Taman with a visit. The dignitaries toured Grigorievsky's farmstead, went into Golovaty's house, where, admiring his son Andrei, Kakhovskiy noted his similarity to his father. Then he demanded to bring wine; the generals drank a glass each to the health of the military judge and went on horseback to the Phanagoria fortress, inspected the buildings, listened to the complaint of Kostenetsky, seconded to make gun carriages for field guns. Returning to Grigorievsky's house, they demanded, in addition to balyks with radish and cheese, to cook borscht with beluga for a snack with vodka, which turned out to be "much good." Before leaving M.V. Kakhovsky expressed regret that he did not find A.A. Golovaty in Taman.
In early July, Anton Andreevich went to Taman to visit his family, but did not stay there long, since already on July 15 T. Kotlyarevsky, reporting that due to a lack of bread, the Cossacks on the cordons were in need and the change of Cossacks was delayed, on the cordons and in the flotilla employees, "which may not be completed by the time of the Spasov Post." The military clerk asked Golovaty to arrive in Ekaterinodar as soon as possible.
At the end of July, Anton Andreevich laid the Intercession Church in the city of Taman over the grave of his wife Ulyana Grigorievna, revered as a shrine of the Kuban Cossack army, and then returned to Ekaterinodar to military affairs.
At the beginning of August, Agafya Prokopievna asked what she should do with the apples that had ripened in the garden, Grigorievsky also reported on the erection of the church foundation and was rude in the new house. The military judge was busy with construction work in Yekaterinodar. With his kosht, he built a dam in the village of Zakharyevsky, ordered a "hydraulic" from the Crimea, and cleared the springs. As the guardian of the estate, Captain Sokolov, pointed out after his death, “during the initial settlement of the smoking villages in the Kuban and the appointment through them from Ekaterinodar to the Ust-Labinsk fortress of the tract road, the Pashkovsky village, the inhabitants were cleared without the slightest from Golovaty (damage) ... Maly Karasun, this flowing village, springs; made both for transportation and for watering the gat, which the Pashkov residents reinforce from year to year. The military judge was going to connect the Small Karasun with the Bolshoi, flowing around Yekaterinodar from the south side, and make a mill “for military use” on the dam, but as it turned out, the “hydraulic” was not suitable.
September 5 from Simferopol S.S. Zhegulin sent a land surveyor to the military judge with the plan of Ekaterinodar. The Taurida governor wrote in a letter: “This plan agrees with all the rules. The land surveyor is sent so that, according to this plan, he will appropriately break out the places for construction. A. Golovaty himself personally followed the breakdown and development of the city of Yekaterinodar, the arrangement of smoking villages and cordons. Probably, by that time, those sent on August 25 by P. Zubov, granted by Empress Catherine to the main military temple, had already arrived. life-giving Trinity vestments and church utensils.
Thanks for the royal gift, A.A. Golovaty, in a letter to P. Zubov, reported on good seedlings of Egyptian wheat, the seeds of which were sent by the queen's favorite in two bags. They, sown by "skillful owners - Cossacks Yakov Boyko and Fyodor Dedenko" on the banks of the Karasu River, delighted the eye with seedlings. He did not fail to ask P. Zubov to “excise” from the queen so that the Cossacks would send chubuks from the Tauride province for cultivation of vineyards.
Thanks to the vigilant care and attention of the judge, in almost six months the church in Taman was built. Titar of the Intercession Church Ivan Siromakha received from Vladimir Grigorievsky on December 2 317 sheets of tin, tin and ammonia, "necessary to cover the church." V. Grigorievsky carried the tin from afar, drove through Ekaterinodar, where on the road a wheel “turned out” at one of the carts and the foreman had to look for craftsmen to repair and linger for several days.
Congratulating Bishop Job A. Golovaty on Christmas, he informed him that “the new church in the name of the Intercession of the Most Holy Theotokos on Taman has already been completed with work, only one tick remains ... the old mosque, in which worship took place, fell into disrepair, that I, seeing the danger to I found myself compelled to serve until the permission of your Eminence to order with it the marching antimension and all the hierarch's utensils and appliances to be transferred to a new one and open a festive service. However, in mid-December, as Ivan Siromakha wrote, the church was “not closed”; masters Makhina and Kulakovsky were sick, and then demanded to pay for the work; there were also not enough nails, which were expected from a Taman blacksmith. At the insistence of the ktitor, in view of the onset of cold weather and bad weather, the carpenters put up frames with glass and asked to pay 1 rub. 50 kop. per frame, and for 12 frames - 18 rubles.
Only on January 9, 1795, Job sent A. Golovaty from the Theodosian Ecclesiastical Consistory permission to build a church and allowed the military archpriest Roman Porokhna to consecrate it, about which he was given an order from above. On May 2 of the same 1795, priest Pavel Demeshko informed A. Golovaty that "the church was completely finished with delicate work and whitewashed." One of the main concerns of that time for A. Golovaty was the manufacture of the iconostasis. Kharkov craftsmen undertook to make it for the new temple. On August 20, 1795, Fyodor Kvitka sent the artist Nikolai Plankevich to the military judge, saying that he was listed as the sergeant-major of the Chuguevsky regular regiment and, under certain circumstances, could continue to serve in the Black Sea army. A. Golovaty thanked F.I. A ticket for sending the painter, adding that he liked it and they signed an agreement “to make and deliver an iconostasis from Kharkov to Taman to the newly built Intercession Church for 2,000 rubles, no later than August next year.” The iconostasis was supposed to be "width 10 arshins, 6 vershoks, height 6 arshins 2 vershoks". The artist was given a deposit of 700 rubles. The guarantors for Nikolai Fedotov, the son of Plankevich, were signed in the contract by the Kharkov National School of Mathematics, teacher Semyon Turansky, Kharkov residents, ensign, watchmaker Johann Reinka and Karl Meingertz.
In the church gates, the military judge suggested making a canopy, under which a stone would be laid with an inscription about the deeds of Prince Gleb, found by P. Pustoshkin during the arrival of the Black Sea people to Taman.
The engineer-lieutenant of the Phanagoria fortress Ferezin, in a note with the attached drawing, wrote to the judge: “if you put it (i.e. a stone - N.T.) in the gate, as in the sketch of this application, you can see through which not only everyone going to make sacrifices to the temple of the Lord, passing through them, he remembers that hour ... but even in the distance he can, with his reflection, make a note of which adornment.
The military judge had to travel the whole Black Sea region for his service. At first, he traveled around the Black Sea lands when surveying and establishing boundaries, then he visited different parts of the region, examining the arrangement of smoking villages. May 23, 1795 A.A. Golovaty informed Z.A. Chepige that he returned from a trip, and he traveled “up the Kuban to the Voronezh cordon, and from there along the border from the Caucasian side to the mouth of the Kugu-Eika and over it itself to the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, and along its shores to Achuev and Yekaterinodar through the kurens. The judge, as a zealous owner and boss, noticed everything, in order to then put it in order and eliminate the shortcomings.
No matter how hard he tried to protect the Cossacks from the construction of the Phanagoria fortress, the Black Sea people still had to take part in it. In addition to transporting stones, clay and sand by carts, 10 Black Sea boats were seconded to the fortress under construction in the summer of 1795. They transported timber and other building materials from Yenikale, but in the fall, at the insistence of the military judge, they were nevertheless returned with the Cossacks to the raid in the Kiziltash estuary, in "chosen" by A.A. Golovaty "capable harbor".
In early September, S.S., who had recovered from a fever, visited Taman. Zhegulin. He inspected Golovaty Harbor, buildings in Taman and expressed gratitude to all the foremen and Cossacks for their diligent service.
On September 17 of the same year, A. Golovaty reported in writing from Taman to Z.A. Chepige about the well-being of the troops and reported that he had set up a factory in Yekaterinodar, in which he made bricks "for the church, smoking houses and military houses."
Thanks to A.A. Holovaty, in the early 1790s. the army had its own icon painters, blacksmiths, carpenters and other artisans. Built near Bugaz in the Kiziltash estuary, a large, but as it turned out later, not in all advantageous harbor for the Cossack flotilla, received his name. One of the squares in the city of Yekaterinodar and even a whole kut, later known as Red or Pansky Kut, also bore the name of a military judge.
The fate of the Black Sea Cossacks was very peculiar. On November 14, 1794, regimental foreman Moses Chorny applied to the military government for dismissal from service. From his statement it follows that “he entered the service from the Polish gentry in the former Zaporizhzhya army as a Cossack in May 752 on the 18th day, from that time he continued it, was used from the army in various internal and foreign state and military commanders” and participated in campaigns near Ochakov, in the Crimea, where he was wounded three times in the leg, and was in all cases in the war of 1789-1791. Now he asked to be dismissed from service with the award of an army rank.
At the end of 1795 or even at the beginning of 1796, Z. Chepiga returned to Yekaterinodar with the regiment, and A. Golovaty could go to Taman to continue correcting the post of head of the Taman district and take care of his family. However, he was not destined to be with his family for long. In a letter dated January 2, Grabovsky reported that P. Zubov was going to send a detachment of Black Sea Cossacks to the ongoing Persian campaign and would like A.A. to lead it. Golovaty. The desire of the favorite was the law for the Black Sea people, and on February 26, 1796, after a solemn prayer service in the military church, A. Golovaty, with two five hundred regiments, set off from Ekaterinodar on a campaign, from which he was not destined to return.
Governor Tauride S.S. Zhegulin sent the army judge “on the way” an icon of the Not Made-by-Hands Savior of the Lord and a letter with a wish - “may the Lord give this army strength and zeal.” Z. Chepiga delivered the icon to A. Golovaty in Baku in early March. Correspondence between the chieftain and the judge continued throughout the campaign and testifies to the established mutual understanding and strong friendly relations. At the end of September 1796, Z. Chepiga wrote to Anton Andreevich that Captain Komarov was appointed to the post of retired clerk due to the illness of T. Kotlyarevsky, but the latter "performed his duties poorly, with laziness, interfered in other people's affairs", why and was soon removed from office, and T. Kotlyarevsky "on the occasion of the weakening of the disease" returned to this post again by decision of the military society. On this occasion, A. Golovaty noted that the appointment and dismissal of Komarov once again testifies that strangers should not be appointed to positions of responsibility in the army.

Anton Golovaty - cultural figure

Anton Andreevich was not only the most literate and talented Black Sea man, but also, perhaps, one of the most enlightened people of that era. He contributed in every possible way to the development of education and culture in the army. Thanks to him, icon painters and artisans from Ukraine moved to Taman and Yekaterinodar. He helped monks and abbots of monasteries, generously donating money to support Orthodox cultural centers in Moldova and Athos.
Anton Golovaty held several times the position of a military clerk in Zaporozhye and knew well the value of knowledge, books, and documents. Even before being sent to the Court for land, the military judge of the Black Sea on January 13, 1792, sent a report to all the teams of the Black Sea Cossack army on the delivery of military property and archival files from different places to Slobodzeya. Later, the "military archive with written files" went to the Kuban. Not without the participation of the judge on Taman, the Cossack school resumed its work. Judging by his correspondence, he was familiar with the literary process of his time and paid tribute to talented writers. Letters from A. Golovaty to G. Derzhavin, Bishop Ambrose, have been preserved;
on his orders, the Black Sea stewards brought fish to N. Radishchev,
I. Princess. While in St. Petersburg, the military judge examined the Hermitage and other collections.
I. Migrin writes about the role of a military judge in the Black Sea army: “Colonel Golovaty was a very smart man: he was responsible for all the concerns about the structure and welfare of the troops. The ataman, foreman Chepiga, was good person- only; he did little business and was even completely illiterate, and therefore Golovaty was in charge of all affairs and administration of the army.
The Taman Archaeological Museum has a marble column, the inscription on which reads: “The witness of the past centuries served the great Catherine to gain the historical truth about the kingdom of Tmutarakan, found in 1792 by Ataman Golovaty. Count Pushkin gave evidence to his light.
The priest of the church, Pavel Demeshko, was also mentioned there, who was recommended to the priesthood by a military judge back in Transnistria. On January 25, 1793, Pavel Demeshko, at the request of A. Golovaty, was "ordained a priest in Dubosary in the St. Michael's Church by Metropolitan Kirill, who left Moldavia for Russia." The inscription was made in 1803 by Academician N.A. Lvov-Nikolsky and, although there are obvious errors in it: A.A. Golovaty arrived in Taman only in the summer of 1793, but became chieftain after the death of Z. Chepiga in January 1797, nevertheless, in essence, it is true. The column with the inscription was supposed to be a kind of annotation for the "Taman Stone" found by Captain P.V. Pustoshkin and saved for posterity by Anton Golovaty upon his arrival in Taman.
Let me briefly recall the history of the stone. About his find P.V. Pustoshkin heard a rumor about the passionate collector of antiquities A.I. Musin-Pushkin, who reported on a curious monument to Empress Catherine. The latter demanded that a drawing with an inscription be delivered to her, which was done. There was an inscription on the stone: “In the summer of 6576, Indict 6, Prince Gleb measured the sea on ice from Tmutorokan to Korchevo. 30054 sazhen".
At the end of 1793, P.A. Zubov presented Catherine with a drawing of a stone with an inscription, but at that time rumors spread around St. Petersburg that A.I. Musin-Pushkin falsified the stone and an order was given for its return to Taman. At this time, the stone, according to some information, was sent by sea to Kherson for delivery to St. Petersburg. Probably, he was on the ship of the merchant Yevtey Klenov, who, by letter dated March 12, 1794, informed A. Golovaty about his adventure. In his message, Klenov asks the judge to forgive him for some misconduct and reports that, on behalf of De Ribas, given in St. ) gracious manifesto". Turning to a friendly tone, Klenov says: “I set off on November 15, but the weather accidentally brought me to Constantinople, I saw Mr. Mikhail Larionovich Kutuzov ... I sold my goods and bought a considerable amount of different goods, waiting for the weather, but as soon as God allows me to arrive in Kherson, then I will immediately come to you.” The meaning of the whole letter was a request - "do not leave, father, with your supervision of my fishing trips." Klenov asked to transfer his fish factories from the Danube to the Kuban. It is possible that the Taman stone, having made a voyage aboard a merchant ship along the Black Sea, returned in the spring of 1794 to Taman.
Returning to Taman, the stone was set up for viewing “by the fountain”, but as A.A. Golovaty to Governor S.S. Zhegulin that he was a verst from the station in a low place and sands, where no one could see him. The military judge asked Zhegulin to allow the stone to be transferred to the "beautiful garden" at the church. The governor agreed and the military judge, who went to inspect the villages and the cordon line, ordered the district administration to move the stone and collect "marble pillars or smooth white stones without use ... and bring them to the church until the command."
On May 16, 1795, Peter Burnos reported to A. Golovaty in Yekaterinodar that “the monument and the marble stone with the inscription of the deeds of Prince Gleb, located at the Fountain, were transported to the Taman Church and put in the place indicated by the surveyor Sambulov.” Then Anton Golovaty turns to Zhegulin with a letter in which he writes: “for the decision ... there are pillars in Yenikol near the coast and in other places from Taman transported various marble pillars and figures that correspond to antiquity and are unused” .
A. Golovaty showed great care in the arrangement of the pedestal and fence for this historical monument. And only the Persian campaign did not allow him to complete his plan. In 1803 Academician N.A. Lvov-Nikolsky. He found the Taman stone in the church fence among other marble fragments and decided to finish the work conceived by A. Golovaty. On his instructions, the above-mentioned inscription was made on the marble column and, possibly, a pedestal was erected, but a few years later (in 1835) the Taman stone, like other marble "objects" that were at the Intercession Church, were transported to the Kerch Museum , and from there in 1851 to St. Petersburg. Currently, the stone is stored in the Hermitage.
At the request of A. Golovaty, the military government made a subscription to 1795 “Russian Vedomosti Moskovsky on plain paper with the publication Pleasant Spending Time” and “Senate Additions”, a political journal translated from a Hamburg, German political journal, Ardinar, Court and Address calendars ". The extract of the meeting read: “On the reclamation of these, inform the military judge of the army, Mr. and Cavalier Golovaty, and send 32 rubles 50 kopecks to him for this money.”
Quite a close relationship between Anton Golovaty and the family of the famous Ukrainian writer Hryhoriy Kvitka. His father at the end of the XVIII century. was the director of the Kharkov Collegium, where Anton Andreevich arranged for his eldest children, Alexander and Athanasius, to study.
A. Golovaty gave a good education not only to his relatives, but also to his adopted children, baptized Turks who were brought up in his Taman house: Peter, Pavel, Ivan, Sophia, “the girls of Maria Ivanova’s daughter who were fed under him, Anna Andreevna’s daughter.”
The military judge, who remained after the departure of Z. Chepiga on the Polish campaign for the chief commander, managed not only to build the Intercession Church in Taman, the Bugaz harbor for the Black Sea flotilla with a pier, barracks, an arsenal, a windmill, military buildings in Yekaterinodar and along the cordon line, but and to resolve issues on the arrangement of settlers. In 1794, he addressed the governor S.S. Zhegulin, and then to P. Zubov with a request to supply "medicines to the troops of residents, foremen and Cossacks, and even more so to the doctor Barvinsky."
As a pious man, Anton Andreevich took care of the establishment of Orthodox churches and "a monastic desert, in which the elderly and wounded in the war Cossacks, according to their charitable desire, could take advantage of a calm life in monasticism." In September of the same year, permission came from the Synod for the construction of smoking temples and the establishment of a monastery, given as a result of the decree of Catherine II of July 24. A. Golovaty was engaged in the establishment of churches, looking for clergy.
The deacon of the Church of the Intercession in Taman, Fyodor Romanovsky, was a fellow countryman of A. Golovaty, and, possibly, a relative. In one of the archival documents for 1794, it is said that “he was born in the Yekaterinoslav governorship in the town of Novye Sanzhary from the father of the local priest Ivan Romanovsky, and the mother Melania, who had already died.” He graduated from the Romanovsky Ekaterinoslav Seminary, married in 1793 and from that time was at the Antonovskaya camp church. In 1794 he was 24 years old.
The military judge pays special attention to the arrangement of the military city. On September 19, A. Golovaty informs the military government about the dispatch by the governor S.S. Zhegulin land surveyor warrant officer Getmanov "with a plan signed by him for the construction of the city of Yekaterinodar." Sending Getmanov to the government, Golovaty “demands the demarcation, according to the plan of the city of Yekaterinodar, of the cathedral church, the government of kurens, smoking yards and shops, shops of places, writing a list, to deliver to him, Golovaty. At his request, the mayor Volkorez singled out people to the surveyor, provided them with everything necessary.
Almost from the first days of his stay in the Kuban, Anton Andreevich was engaged in establishing good-neighborly relations with the Anapa three-bunch Pasha Mustafa and the Trans-Kuban highlanders, whom he dreamed of returning to the Christian faith. In response to Pasha's complaints about the Black Sea Cossacks chopping forests "on the Turkish side", that is, on the left bank of the Kuban, he ordered to find out and punish the perpetrators, "and henceforth the Cossacks should not do free felling."
By order of A. Golovaty, in the autumn of 1794, the mayor Volkorez made the first census of the inhabitants of Yekaterinodar. On November 13, an entry appeared in the journal of the military government about the message made at the meeting - “about the headquarters foremen and Cossacks now living in the city of Ekaterinodar, who know trade in various goods and products, as well as handicraft work of various arts ... For the sake of order and giving them decent places to build houses. The corresponding decree of the military government on the allocation of plots was ordered to "publish and order to appear in the mayor", who was given special instructions.
Even while on a campaign, Anton Andreevich did not forget about his native army and its structure. In his last letter, dated December 31, 1796, he wrote to the ataman Z. Chepiga: “Your words, spoken against the Karasun rowing under an oak standing near your yard, about the establishment of various fish and crayfish, I did not forget, but fulfilled last year: fish poured from the Kuban, and crayfish brought from Temryuk by mail, in a day three carts; but so that they can, for the real pleasure of all citizens, breed, and even those along the rivers where there are stavas, breed them, order through the mayor to all those who catch fish in the stave, return the crayfish that come across to the water and do not exterminate after two years. Apparently, the ataman fulfilled this request of Anton Andreevich, but neither Z. Chepiga, nor A. Golovaty himself had a chance to catch fish and crayfish in that stave.
The events of autumn and winter cold, which came to the Caspian at the end of 1796, finally undermined the health of the military judge. In September, Major General Savelyev informed A.A. Golovaty that the galliot "Varvatsiya", sent the day before with Colonel Chernyshev, was wrecked at sea. The wrecked but not sunken ship was driven by the waves to a mountainous coast 80 miles from Derbent. Saved from the death of his son Alexander, who had previously been a regimental captain and captain, Anton Andreevich appointed a colonel instead of the deceased Second Major Veliky. Alexander Golovaty, who took command of the first foot regiment, was given a regimental banner, five centesimal badges and a seal.
Shortly before his death, Anton Golovaty took the post of head of the Caspian Fleet and commander of the ground forces. It happened in mid-November after the death of the former commander, Count Fyodor Matveyevich Apraksin. Informing Khan of Talysh Mustafa about this, A.A. Golovaty suggested that he should now turn to him with all questions.
In mid-January 1797, already being the commander of the Caspian Fleet, Anton Golovaty fell ill with a fever, and bearing the disease on his legs, died on the evening of the 28th, sitting in an armchair. In the same place, in Kamyshevan, on the shore of the Caspian Sea, far from the Black Sea, the ashes of the military judge of the Black Sea Cossack army Anton Golovaty, whose name will forever remain in the memory of the Kuban Cossacks, were buried. T. Kotlyarevsky's letter, sent from Yekaterinodar on January 19, was received by Colonel I. Chernyshev. In a response letter, he wrote to the military clerk: “I have the honor to convey that the noble and highly respected Mr. Brigadier and Cavalier Anton Andreevich Golovaty, who is in the detachment from the army in Persia, having command of the Caspian Fleet on the Kizigalach raid and troops on the Kamyshevani peninsula consisting of the same January on the 28th day he died his stomach, and on the 29th he was buried with an excellent ceremony from the sea and land forces. The estate and money remaining here after his death were entrusted to his heir, his own son, colonel, army captain Alexander Golovaty, about which the inventory of the military Black Sea government was forwarded.
Z.A. died two weeks earlier in Yekaterinodar. Chepiga, and after his death, A.A. Golovaty, but died without becoming a ataman during his lifetime.
Of course, Anton Andreevich dreamed of a calm and peaceful life in the Kuban. But he was not destined to take advantage of all the benefits that he achieved for the army. Shortly after his arrival in Chernomorie, his eldest son Alexander died, the good collected over many years by a military judge crumbled to dust, the Black Sea Cossack army was abolished, but the memory of him was preserved among the people, the Intercession Church and, as the greatest wealth, songs composed by A. Golovaty in 1792.

Appendix

Oh, our God, our soapy God

Oh, our God, our soapy God!
We were born into retinue unhappy!
Served virno at poly and on the sea,
She remained miserable, barefoot and naked.

They gave us lands from the Dniester to the Bug,
Borders to us along the Bendery road.
Dniester, Dniprovy, obydva lymans,
In nyh dobuvaty, spravaty zhupans

They took the former one, take away that one qiu,
And we promise Taman dates.
We would write there, if only they would tell us,
So as not to ruin that Cossack glory.

Oh, get up, dad, great hetman,
Soapy, our noble sir!
Get up, Grytska, pronounce the word:
Ask the queen, - everything will be ready.
Give us a letter of honor to live,
We will be the first to serve

Oh, go ahead and sneer at us

Oh, come on, we are snarling,
It's time to stop;
Waited for one queen
For pay service.

Gave hlib-strength and a letter
For virnia service.
From now we washed brothers,
Forget all needs.

Live in Taman, serve virtuously,
The border is held
To catch fish, to drink vodka,
We'll be rich.

But outside, you can get married
And bread is robyty;
And who will pass from the innocent,
That is like a enemy of life.

Thank God - and the queens,
Rest in peace, hetman!
We are angry in our hearts
Great wound.

For health, we are queens
Pray to God;
What did she show us
Road to Taman!
CONTENT

Anton Golovaty in the works of historians and writers. . . . .Zaporozhye Cossack Anton Golovaty. . . .five
Danube campaign in 1790. fourteen

Deputation to St. Petersburg and resettlement in the Kuban. . 23

Resettlement of the Black Sea. . . 32

in the Kuban. . . 37

Anton Golovaty is a cultural figure. . . 51