Spiritual life FEATURES OF CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
in the 1920s-1930s
1918 -
Overcome shortcomings
cultural development
FOLK
period of tsarist Russia:
COMMISSARY
estate restrictions;
ENLIGHTENMENT
low level
education, etc.
(NARKOMPROS)
politicize
culture;
put her to work
Soviet state
and Bolshevik
parties;
bring up a new
A.V. Lunacharsky
person" -
first people's commissar of education
(1917-1929)
"CULTURAL REVOLUTION"
The main tasks of the cultural revolution:
overcome cultural inequalitiesmake available to workers
cultural treasures;
eradication of illiteracy: in 1919
The Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree "On the liquidation
illiteracy
among
population
RSFSR", according to which the entire population from
8 to 50 years old had to study
literacy in the native or Russian language;
in
1923
year
It was
established
voluntary
society
"Down with
illiteracy” chaired by
M.I. Kalinina. 1. Fight against illiteracy
Read
document
(page 159)
and answer
to questions
to the document.
The starting point for literacy rates across
country at the beginning of the century, data are received on
1897, recognized as domestic and
foreign scientists: total - 21.1%, including
including 29.3% of men and 13.1% of women.
In Siberia, literacy was
respectively 12% (excluding children under 9
years - 16%), according to Central Asia- 5 and 6%
respectively from the entire population.
And although in subsequent years, until 1914, the level
literacy increased (according to various estimates
up to 30-45% in industrialized
provinces), but “after the wars and generally reinforced
Educational program courses
sets, the percentage of literacy is falling.”
Educational program courses
Lenin one of the main tasks of building socialism
in the country considered the fight against illiteracy.
"Down with illiteracy!"
In 1923, the voluntary society "Down withilliteracy” under the chairmanship of M.I. Kalinin.
Were open
thousand points
to liquidate
illiteracy
violence 1. Fight against illiteracy
Total in 1917-1927
was literate
up to 10 million adults,
including in the RSFSR
5.5 million
Soviet propaganda
posters from the 1920s
In 1918 it was
approved "Regulation
about the unified labor school
RSFSR "- school
proclaimed
free, she
managed on the basis
self-government,
encouraged
pedagogical
innovation, respect
to the personality of the child.
lesson at school
con. 1920s - early. 1930s
But some experiments
had a negative
side - canceled
lessons, desks, homework
assignments, grades,
exams.
public education
September 30, 1918 Nextimportant
VTsIK
approved milestone - adoption in 1930
"Regulations on a single year of the decision of the Central Committee
labor
school of the CPSU / b "On the universal
RSFSR". The mandatory
put
principle of primary education.
free education.
By the end of the 30s
Decree of the Council of People's Commissars dated 2 mass
august
1918
illiteracy in our
predominant
country mainly
entitlement to enrollment has been overcome
universities received workers
and peasants 2. Construction of the Soviet school
Upon admission to universities
benefits
used by workers
and peasants sent
to study on the party
and Komsomol vouchers.
In order for workers
and the peasants could learn
in universities, with them
workers were created
faculties.
The state provided
graduates of workers' schools
scholarships
and hostels. Rabfak goes (universities)
(B. Johanson. 1928) 2. Construction of the Soviet school
Rabfakovites
By 1927, the network of higher educational institutions and technical schools of the RSFSR
numbered 90 universities (in 1914 - 72 universities) and 672 technical schools
(in 1914 - 297 technical schools). 2. Construction of the Soviet school
N.K. Krupskaya -
A.V. Lunacharsky -
A.S. Makarenko -
since 1929 deputy
people's commissar of education
first people's commissar of education
(1917-1929)
Soviet teacher
and writer
Great contribution to the organization of public education and enlightenment,
N.K. contributed to the development of pedagogy. Krupskaya, A.V. Lunacharsky,
talented teachers A.S. Makarenko, P.P. Blonsky, S.T. Shatsky. 3. Reform of the Russian language
December 1917 -
reform of Russian spelling:
were excluded from the Russian alphabet
obsolete letters Ѣ (yat), Ѳ (fita), І (“and
decimal"), solid sign (Ъ) on
end of words and parts compound words, but
kept as separator
sign (rise, adjutant);
in the parent and
accusative adjectives
and participle endings -ago, -yago
was replaced by -th, his (for example, new → new, better
→ better, early → early), in
nominative and accusative cases
plural of feminine and
middle genders -yya, -іya - on -th, ie (new (books, editions) → new)
etc.
The title page of the novel "War and Peace" with the old spelling.
I.D. Sytin's publication for the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Borodino, Moscow, 1912. 4. Power and intelligentsia
SUPPORT
REVOLUTIONS
EMIGRATION
M. Gorky,
I. Bunin,
A. Kuprin,
F. Chaliapin,
S. Prokofiev,
S. Rachmaninov,
I. Repin,
M.Chagall,
V.Kandinsky
and etc.
Bolshevik
(B. Kustodiev. 1920)
OPPOSITION
A. Akhmatova,
M. Bulgakov,
M. Voloshin,
M. Prishvin
and etc.
V. Mayakovsky,
A. Block,
B. Kustodiev
K. Petrov-Vodkin
and etc.
Stayed at home
V.M. BekhterevN.I. Vavilov
V.I.Vernadsky
N.E. Zhukovsky
N.D.Zelinsky
K.A. Timiryazev
I.P. Pavlov
K.E. Tsiolkovsky M. Voloshin
A. Akhmatova
N. Gumilyov
V. Mayakovsky
M. Bulgakov
W. Meyerhold 4. Power and intelligentsia
... So they go with a sovereign step -
Behind is a hungry dog,
Ahead - with a bloody flag,
And invisible behind the blizzard
And unharmed by a bullet
With a gentle step over the wind,
Snowy scattering of pearls,
In a white corolla of roses -
In front is Jesus Christ. 4. Power and intelligentsia
In the history of Russian culture, the revolution came to its heyday
« silver age". Many masters of culture appreciating the freedom of creativity
were abroad.
"Change of milestones" - collection
journalistic
articles
PhilosophicallyReturned
in Russia
political science
content,
(in 1920-1930s
years):
published in Prague in 1921
A. Tolstoy,
S. Prokofiev,
prominent
representatives
liberal
directions
in
M. Tsvetaeva,
M. Gorky
public A. Kuprin
Russian thoughts
emigration.
The participants of "Change of milestones" made an attempt to comprehend the role of the Russian
intelligentsia in the new political and economic conditions. general idea
year
collection was the idea of the possibility of accepting the Bolshevik1909
revolution
and
reconciliation with its results for the sake of preserving the unity and power of the Russian
states. Professor N. V. Ustryalov was the first ideologist of Smenovekhovism. 4. Power and intelligentsia
The Bolsheviks sought to attract famous scientists to cooperate. From them
activities depended on the defense of the country. These people created
conditions for normal life and research. Many scientists believed that
it is necessary to work for the good of the Motherland, although they did not accept the ideology of the Bolsheviks.
I.P. Pavlov
N.D.Zelinsky
I.V.Michurin
V.I.Vernadsky
In the 20s. continued scientific activity I. Pavlov, N. Zhukovsky,
K. Tsiolkovsky, N. Zelinsky, I. Michurin, V. Vernadsky and others. 4. Power and intelligentsia
After the Kronstadt rebellion, the Bolsheviks tightened control over the spiritual
sphere of social life. In August 1921, the Petrogradskaya
military organization.
On charge
in accessories
to her were
shot
N. Gumilyov,
M. Tikhvinsky
and other figures
science and culture.
Cover of volume 177 of the "case" of N. S. Gumilyov.
1921 4. Power and intelligentsia
"Philosophical ship" - the campaign of the government of the RSFSR for the expulsion
people objectionable to the authorities abroad in September and November 1922.
P. A. Sorokin
N. A. Berdyaev
S. N. Bulgakov
I. A. Ilyin
In 1922, 160 scientists were expelled from the country.
"We sent these people
Among those expelled are Russian philosophers and thinkers: because they cannot be shot
I. Yu. Bakkal, N. A. Berdyaev, V. F. Bulgakov, S. N. Bulgakov,
V. V. Zworykin,
I. A. Ilyin,
reason to endure
It was
L.P. Karsavin, A.A. Kizevetter, N.A. Kotlyarevsky, D.V. Kuzmin-Karavaev, I. I. Lapshin,
impossible"
N. O. Lossky, V. A. Myakotin, M. M. Novikov, M. A. Osorgin, P. A. Sorokin, S. E. Trubetskoy,
L.D. Trotsky
A. I. Ugrimov, S. L. Frank, N. N. Tsvetkov, V. I. Yasinsky and others. 4. Power and intelligentsia
Scientists worked in exile
with worldwide names:
microbiologist S.N. Vinogradsky,
geologist N.I. Andrusov,
soil scientist V.K.Agafonov,
chemists V.N. Ipatiev
and A.E. Chichibabin,
aircraft designer I.I. Sikorsky,
one of the creators
television V.K. Zvorykin,
historian N.P. Kondakov and others.
I.I. Sikorsky - Russian and American aircraft designer,
scientist, inventor, philosopher. Creator of the first in the world:
four-engine aircraft "Russian Knight" (1913),
passenger plane "Ilya Muromets" (1914),
transatlantic seaplane, serial helicopter
single screw circuit. 4. Power and intelligentsia
Established in 1922
Glavlit, who carried out
censorship of all printed
products.
Created in 1923
Glavrepetkom with the same
functions.
But until 1925 in culture
relative
spiritual freedom.
Party leaders fighting each other
with a friend, could not
agree on a single line.
With the rise of Stalin
the situation has changed,
ideologization began
artistic creativity. 5. State and church
At the end of October 1917
restored in Russia
patriarchate.
Activities of Patriarch Tikhon:
condemned the execution of the royal
families;
condemned the persecution of the church;
fought against the confiscation
church values
(1922);
tried to establish a dialogue and
state cooperation
and churches.
Patriarch Tikhon
(1917-1925) 5. State and church
Reasons for the fight
with church and religion:
atheistic views
party leaders;
desire to remove
spiritual competitor
spheres.
Fragment of the Decree on freedom of conscience,
church and religious communities.
1918
At the beginning of 1918
the church was separated
from the state
and the school from the church. 5. State and church
Church cartoons 5. State and church
1922 - the seizure of church
values.
“We cannot approve withdrawals from temples,
albeit through voluntary
donation, sacred objects,
the use of which is not for liturgical
purposes is prohibited by the canons of the Ecumenical
Church and is punished by Her as sacrilege -
the laity by excommunication from Her,
clerics - eruption out
dignity"
From the Appeal of Patriarch Tikhon.
Poster to help the starving regions of the RSFSR "Hunger spider strangles
peasantry of Russia.
Black marks the most starving regions (Lower Urals,
Volga region, Crimea, south of Ukraine). Allegorical flows emanating from
various religious institutions (Orthodox, Catholic and
Muslim), affect the body of the "starvation spider" Seizure of church property
Opening of the relics of Alexander
Nevsky and the removal of the precious shrine.
May 1922. 5. State and church
Church property
requisitioned in the struggle fund
with hunger. This led to
performances of believers.
In response, power shifted to
offensive. Spring 1922
in Moscow and Petrograd
lawsuits over
church leaders.
Several people were
executed, and Patriarch Tikhon
arrested. In 1925 after
Tikhon's death elections
patriarch were banned (until
1943).
Simonov Monastery. The destruction of the temple.
1923 Literary currents
XX century in Russia
symbolism
acmeism
imagism
futurism Symbolists (French symbolisme from Greek
symbolon - sign, symbol).
Z. N. Gippius,
V. Ya. Bryusov,
K. D. Balmont,
F. K. Sologub,
A. A. Blok,
S.. Solovyov,
K. Balmont,
V. Ivanov,
I.F. Annensky
A. Blok
A. Bely
K. Balmont
Symbolism
built
on the
basis
interpretation of the concept of a symbol as the fundamental principle
connections of being, thinking, personality and culture. Acmeists (from the Greek akme` - a point, the highest
degree of something, blossoming power).
N. S. Gumilyov
A. A. Akhmatova
O. E. Mandelstam
G. V. Ivanov
V. I. Narbut
A.Akhmatova
O. Mandelstam
Acmeism
based
on the
proclamation
materiality, objectivity of themes and images,
word accuracy. Futurists (from the Latin futurum - future).
V. Khlebnikov
V. V. Mayakovsky
D. D. Burliuk
I. Severyanin
David
Burliuk
Velimir
Khlebnikov
Futurism was based on speed, movement,
energies that
tried to convey enough
simple tricks. Imagists (from French image - image)
S. A. Yesenin
S. Yesenin
A. B. Mariengof
V. G. Shershenevich
Anatoly
Mariengof
Imagism characterizes
anarchist motives.
creative
outrageous,
Class approach to culture
The party and the state have established a completecontrol over the spiritual life of society.
1921 - the trial of the Petrograd battle
organization (famous scientists and figures
culture).
1922 – expulsion from the country of 160 large
scientists and philosophers.
1922
–
institution
Glavlita
(Main Department for Literature and Publishing
elstvo), and then Glavrepertkom (organ
accepting censorship).
From the Resolution of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On the policy of the party in the field of fiction" - June 18, 1925
Thus, as it does not stop with usclass struggle in general, so it is definitely not
stops on the literary front. AT
class society is not and cannot be
neutral art.
The party must stress the need
creation
artistic
literature,
designed for really mass
reader, worker and peasant; need
bolder
and
more resolutely
break
With
the prejudices of the nobility in literature 6. New art
PROLETKULT - mass
cultural and educational
and literary and artistic
organization of the proletarian
amateur performances under the People's Commissariat
education that existed
from 1917 to 1932.
The ideologists of Proletkult proceeded from
definitions of "class culture"
formulated by Plekhanov.
According to them, any work
art reflects the interests and
world view of only one class
and therefore unsuitable for the other.
Therefore, the proletariat
you need to create your own
own culture from scratch. 6. New art
First working theater
Proletcult in 1924-32
located in
Cinema "Coliseum"
on Chistoprudny
boulevard (now building
Theater "Sovremennik").
He put in front of
campaign missions,
contributed to the development
and statement on stage
Soviet dramaturgy.
Worked in the theatre:
G.V. Alexandrov,
E.P. Garin, I.A. Pyryev,
MM. Strauch;
CM. Eisenstein and others.
Theater of Working Youth (TRAM).
1930 6. New art
S. M. Eisenstein.
"Battleship Potemkin" is a silent feature film,
filmed by director Sergei Eisenstein at the Mosfilm studio
in 1925 (to the 20th anniversary of the revolution of 1905). Many times over the years
recognized as the best or one of the best films of all time and peoples
according to the results of polls of critics, filmmakers and the public. 6. New art
In 1921 he left
first number
first Soviet
thick magazine
"Red New".
Editor from 1921 - 1927
was A.K. Voronsky. 6. New art
"Quiet Flows the Don" - epic novel
Mikhail Sholokhov in four
volumes, written from 1925 to 1940.
One of the most significant
works of Russian
literature of the 20th century, drawing
a wide panorama of the life of the Don
Cossacks during the First
world war, revolutionary
events of 1917 and civil
wars in Russia.
For this novel in 1965
Sholokhov was awarded
Nobel Prize for
literature with the wording "For
artistic power and integrity
epic about the Don Cossacks in
a turning point for Russia."
Magazine "Roman-gazeta", 1928.
(one of the first publications of the novel
and portrait of the author) 6. New art
I.M.Babel.
D.A.Furmanov. 6. New art
Lenin
And I,
and now
like the spring of mankind,
more than alive.
born
Our knowledge
- and in battle,
in writings
sing
strength
my fatherland
and weapons.
my republic!
From the poemFrom the poem "Good"
(1927).
"Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
(1924).
V.V.Mayakovsky. 6. New art
"Windows of satire ROSTA" -
series of posters created
in 1919-1921
Soviet poets
and artists working
in the Russian
telegraphic
agency (ROSTA).
"ROSTA Windows" -
specific form
mass agitation
art that emerged
during the Civil
wars and interventions
1918-1920
A big role in the creation of "Windows
ROSTA" was played by V. Mayakovsky. 6. New art
D. Moor.
Campaign posters.
V. Denis.
Campaign posters. 6. New art
V.E. Meyerhold
E.B. Vakhtangov
A.Ya.Tairov
In the theater, in addition to the system of K.S. Stanislavsky, they are looking for new forms
artistic expression (revolutionary romance, grotesque,
satire, biomechanics, etc.) 7. Communal life
Communal apartment -
apartment where he lives
several families
who are not
relatives.
Appeared after the revolution
1917 during
"seals" when
Bolsheviks forced
took away property from the wealthy
townspeople and sat down with them in
apartment of new people,
active supporters
Soviet power
(communists, military,
employees of the Cheka).
Most utilities
apartments appeared
in Leningrad (Petersburg). 8. Satire
M.A. Bulgakov
The story was written in 1925, for the first time
published in 1968 simultaneously
in the magazine "Frontiers" (Frankfurt) and
Alec Flegon's Student Magazine
(London).
In the USSR in the 1960s it was distributed in
samizdat. For the first time officially
published in the USSR in 1987 in the 6th
issue of Znamya magazine.
Since then it has been reprinted several times. 8. Satire
I. Ilf and E. Petrov 8. Satire
V.V.Mayakovsky.
In the background "ROSTA Windows" RESULTS:
+
significantly raised the level
literacy
culture has become mass
public
still maintained in the 1920s
relative freedom
creativity, no rigid
censorship
Poster. 1920
Author: A. Radakov. RESULTS
end of the silver age
multiple development paths
culture begins gradually
liquidated by the Soviet government
as the dictatorship was formed
Stalin began the party
attack on culture
limitation of creative freedom,
development of "socialist
realism"
activities of the intelligentsia
will gradually be brought under
party control (especially
emerge in the 1930s)
Poster. 1930
Authors: I.Lebedev, N.Krasilnikov.
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Text content of presentation slides: SPIRITUAL LIFE OF THE USSR IN THE 1920s. Somenkova Ekaterina Vladimirovteacher of history MBOU secondary school No. 1O Arzamas Determine the goals of the "cultural revolution" A.V. Lunacharsky - People's Commissar of Education: The goal of the cultural revolution is to form a comprehensively developed harmonious personality. In the transformation of each person into a conscious creator of history. Determine the goals of the "cultural revolution" L.D. Trotsky, member of the Politburo elimination of illiteracy. Where in a backward country, which is in a capitalist encirclement, to appear " new person". Decree of the Council of People's Commissars. December 26, 1919 In order to provide the entire population of the Republic with the opportunity to consciously participate in the political life of the country, the Council of People's Commissars decided: ... 3. The People's Commissariat of Education is granted the right to involve in the training of the illiterate in the order of labor service the entire literate population of the country who is not drafted into the army ... 5. Those who study to read and write, working for hire, with the exception of those employed in militarized enterprises, the working day is reduced by two hours for the entire period of study with the preservation of wages. Public education. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the unified labor school of the RSFSR." It is based on the principle of free education. By decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918, workers and peasants received the preferential right to enter universities 1921-1922 subbotniks were held to help schools (voluntary fundraising) 1923 the All-Russian Voluntary Society “Down with illiteracy” was organized, headed by M.I. the elimination of illiteracy, the introduction of universal education from 8-50 years old, workers' faculties (workers' faculties) were created at universities and institutes, schools were opened, and illiteracy was eliminated. Statement by N.I. Bukharin in 1924 “We need the cadres of the intelligentsia to be trained ideologically in a certain manner. Yes, we will churn out intellectuals, we will work them out like in a factory.” Comment on this document. Start by clarifying the meaning of such phrases as "cadres of intelligentsia", "trained ideologically", "in a certain manner", "stamp intellectuals", "produce intellectuals, like in a factory." Power and intelligentsia: the question of the attitude to the revolution. S. V. Rakhmaninov, K. A. Korovin, A. N. Tolstoy, M. I. Tsvetaeva, E. I. Zamyatin, F. I. Chaliapin, A. P. Pavlova, I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kuprin and others. Emigration (from lat. emigro - “I am moving out”) relocation from one country to another due to economic, political, personal circumstances Spiritual opposition M. VoloshinA. AkhmatovaN. GumilevV. MayakovskyM. BulgakovV. Meyerholdy etc. V.V. Mayakovsky A.A. Blok Author K.S. social movement that arose in the early 1920s. among the Russian foreign liberal-minded intelligentsia. It got its name from the collection "Change of milestones", published in Prague in July 1921. “Smenovekhovism” (results) A.N. Tolstoy, S.S. Prokofiev, M. Gorky, M. Tsvetaeva, A.I. Returned to their homeland: Attitude of the Bolsheviks: Remained in their homeland V.I. Vernadsky K.E. Tsiolkovsky N.E. Zhukovsky I.P. Pavlov N.I. Vavilov V.M. 1921 - the trial of the Petrograd military organization (well-known scientists and cultural figures). August 1922-1922. –1922 - establishment of Glavlit. 1925. Decrees of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "On the policy of the party in the field fiction“1918 decree on the separation of church and state Figures of culture and science were shot The expulsion of 160 major scientists and philosophers from the country. From a note by V. I. Lenin. March 19, 1922 Precisely now and only now, when people are being eaten in hungry areas and hundreds, if not thousands of corpses are lying on the roads, we can (and therefore must!) confiscate church valuables with the most frenzied and merciless energy and without stopping before suppression of any resistance ... Than more the representatives of the reactionary clergy and the reactionary bourgeoisie can be shot on this occasion, so much the better. It is necessary now to teach this public a lesson in such a way that for several decades they will not even dare to think about any kind of resistance. - For what purposes did Lenin propose to confiscate church valuables? More and more bans fell upon the Church. Widespread closure of churches; Confiscation of church property for revolutionary needs; Arrests of clergy; Deprivation of their voting rights; Children from families of the clergy were deprived of the opportunity to receive special or higher education. The main directions of the spiritual life of Soviet society, new cadres of the Soviet intelligentsia appeared, the fight against illiteracy, a “new art” arose, party control was established over the spiritual life of the country, and the fight against religion. Homework paragraph 22, heading "Expanding vocabulary", answer the question in writing: Determine the achievements and losses of the spiritual life of the country.
Question 01 Soviet authority eradication of illiteracy?
Answer. The Soviet government attached great importance to the eradication of illiteracy. Firstly, it was initially focused on the growth of the number of the proletariat, and the development of technology at that time had long reached a stage where at least a minimum level of education was required to work in an enterprise. Secondly, education was organized absolutely differently from pre-revolutionary standards, and through it the Communist Party rooted its ideals among the masses.
Question 02. What are the negative and positive sides had a new Soviet school?
Answer. Positive sides:
1) access to education was given to groups of the population that previously, due to property and national characteristics, had almost no access to it;
2) education became completely free;
3) elements of self-government were introduced into education;
4) new pedagogical methods, including more time for independent work students in groups
5) a large-scale and rather effective system of work with homeless children has emerged;
6) an effective system for the elimination of adult illiteracy has appeared.
Negative sides:
1) many received places in universities not on the basis of knowledge, but on the basis of class affiliation and loyalty to the party;
2) many teachers died or immigrated, new ones were also recruited on the principle of loyalty to the new regime, because of which the level of education fell.
Question 03. Why did a significant part of the Russian intelligentsia not accept the Bolshevik regime? What are the motives of those who recognized Soviet power?
Answer. Firstly, before the revolution, a significant part of the intelligentsia occupied an active political position, it was not a monarchist, but the majority of the intelligentsia did not have communist views either. Most importantly, during the Civil War, the power of the communists showed its face. The intellectuals did not belong to the proletariat, whose dictatorship was proclaimed by the authorities, many went through prisons and concentration camps, where they got only because of their class affiliation. Many were shocked by the rejection by the new government of any alternative opinion. It is not surprising that such a number of intellectuals did not accept Soviet power, it is more surprising that part of the pre-revolutionary intelligentsia accepted it. The latter really believed that the new government would be able to create a new person and build a real paradise on earth.
Question 04. What role did the collection "Change of milestones" play?
Answer. The “change of milestones” convinced many intellectuals both inside the country and in immigration that by serving the Soviet government, they are serving the cause of the restoration and revival of Russia, and the Soviet government is not as “red” as it wants to appear. This collection of articles influenced many famous cultural figures who later returned from immigration to the USSR.
Question 05. What are the reasons for the persecution directed against the Orthodox Church and its ministers?
Answer. The socialist revolutionary movement was originally atheistic (this applied to representatives of all parties, not only the Bolsheviks). But it was not only that. After the seizure of power, the Bolsheviks wanted to remain the only ones who determine the spiritual life of the country.
Question 06. What are the main features of the "new Soviet art"?
Answer. Main features:
1) the new art "thrown into the dustbin" the achievements of the old;
2) it was required to evaluate the works in terms of not their artistic merit, but the class affiliation and political preferences of the author;
3) art has not only new ideas, but also new expressive forms;
4) art was supposed to serve the construction of a new society, therefore, for example, serious artists and poets began to create posters.
Fight against illiteracy. Construction of the Soviet school. IN AND. Lenin, defining the main enemies of the socialist revolution, among others, also called the illiteracy of the population of Russia.
In 1918, the restructuring of public education began. On September 30, 1918, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the "Regulations on the Unified Labor School of the RSFSR." This document was based on the most advanced for that time ideas of both Russian and foreign teachers. The new Soviet school was free, it introduced elements of self-government. Pedagogical innovation was encouraged, respect for the personality of the child was cultivated. However, sometimes the pedagogical searches of that time crossed all boundaries of reason: desks were expelled from the school, the lesson system, homework assignments, textbooks, marks were cancelled.
Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of August 2, 1918 "On the rules for admission to higher educational establishments"The advantage in entering universities was received by the workers and the peasant poor. In order to raise their general educational level to the minimum required for studying in high school, workers' faculties (workers' faculties) were created at universities and institutes. By 1925, graduates of the workers' faculty, sent to study on party and Komsomol vouchers, accounted for half of all applicants. The state provided them with scholarships and hostels. This is how the Soviet intelligentsia began to be created.
power and intelligence. In the prime of their creative powers, the proletarian revolution was met by the luminaries of the artistic culture of the Silver Age. Some of them very soon realized that under the new conditions, Russian cultural traditions would either be trampled underfoot or brought under the control of the authorities. Valued above all the freedom of creativity, they chose the lot of emigrants. By the mid-1920s, many of the most prominent masters of culture (I. A. Bunin, A. I. Kuprin, A. K. Glazunov, S. S. Prokofiev, S. V. Rakhmaninov, F. I. Chaliapin, I. E. Repin, V. V. Kandinsky, M. 3. Chagall and many others). A critical position in relation to the Bolshevik government was also occupied by M. Gorky, who in 1921 went abroad and settled on about. Capri (Italy). However, not everyone chose the fate of emigrants. Part eminent figures cultures, having gone into deep spiritual opposition to the ruling regime, continued to create in the traditions of Russian dissent - A. A. Akhmatova, M. A. Voloshin, M. M. Prishvin, M. A. Bulgakov.
The Bolsheviks, having come to power, sought to attract scientists to close cooperation, especially those who in one way or another contributed to strengthening the country's defense and economy or had unconditional world recognition. They were provided with more tolerable, in comparison with other segments of the population, living and working conditions. Many famous scientists considered it their duty to work for the good of the Motherland, although this did not mean at all that they shared the political and ideological views of the Bolsheviks. Among them we meet the names of the founder of the theory of modern aircraft construction N. E. Zhukovsky, the creator of geochemistry and biochemistry V. I. Vernadsky, the outstanding chemist N. D. Zelinsky, the biochemist A. N. Bach, the father of cosmonautics K. E. Tsiolkovsky, the laureate Nobel Prize physiologist I. P. Pavlov, agronomist-tester I. V. Michurin, a prominent specialist in crop production K. A. Timiryazev, and others.
The beginning of party control over spiritual life. After the end of the civil war, and especially after the events in Kronstadt, the Bolsheviks began to take more and more actively the spiritual life of the country under their control. In August 1921, the newspapers published a sensational material about the exposure of the so-called Petrograd Fighting Organization, which was allegedly preparing a "bloody coup". A group of well-known Russian scientists and cultural figures were declared active participants in this organization. Although the investigation was carried out hastily and did not have convincing evidence of the guilt of those arrested, some of them were sentenced to death. Among the executed were the famous chemist Professor M. M. Tikhvinsky and the greatest Russian poet N. S. Gumilyov.
At the end of August 1922, the Soviet government expelled 160 leading Russian scientists from the country - the pride of not only Russian, but also world science. Among those expelled were the philosophers N. A. Berdyaev, S. N. Bulgakov, L. P. Karsavin, E. N. Trubetskoy, the historian A. A. Kizevetter, the sociologist P. A. Sorokin, and others. leave Russia. Not sharing the ideological principles of Bolshevism, they nevertheless were not active fighters against it.
In 1922, a special censorship committee, Glavlit, was established, which was obliged to exercise control over all printed materials so that materials not pleasing to the authorities did not leak onto its pages. A year later, Glavlit was joined by the Glavrepert Committee, designed to control the repertoire of theaters and other entertainment events.
Nevertheless, until 1925, culture developed in conditions of relative spiritual freedom. The stormy inner-party disputes of the Bolshevik leaders prevented them from working out a single line in the field of ideology. With the strengthening of JV Stalin's position, the party "turns to face culture." In 1925, the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On the policy of the party in the field of fiction" was adopted. It marked the beginning of ideologization and party dictatorship in relation to artistic creativity. Speaking to the intelligentsia, N. I. Bukharin suggested that they "go under the banner of the workers' dictatorship and Marxist ideology." The abolition of artistic diversity began.
Bolsheviks and the Church. The Bolsheviks set themselves the goal of educating a "new man" worthy of living in a communist society. One of the areas of communist education was the moral perfection of the individual, which at all times was the prerogative of the church. Therefore, the fight against religion was due not only to the atheistic views of the Bolsheviks, but also to their desire to remove a dangerous competitor from the spiritual sphere of society.
The first act of removing the church from public life became a decree of January 23, 1918 on the separation of the church from the state and the school from the church. This decree served as the basis for complete arbitrariness in the localities in relation to the church and its ministers. Temples and monasteries began to close everywhere. Their property and religious objects were confiscated "for revolutionary needs." Priests were arrested and sent to forced labor. They were disenfranchised and subjected to the highest taxes.
head of the Russian Orthodox Church after the restoration of the patriarchate in 1917, Metropolitan Tikhon of Moscow became. In January 1918 he anathematized the Bolsheviks. When a terrible famine broke out in the Volga region in 1921, Patriarch Tikhon appealed to the heads of Christian churches to help the starving. The Church Relief Committee he created launched an active activity, raising the entire believing Russia to fight the famine.
Bolshevik leaders could not accept the fact that the church seized the initiative from the state. In February 1922, the Council of People's Commissars issued a decree on the confiscation of church property in favor of the starving. The execution of the decree in some places resulted in a genuine robbery of church property. This provoked a mass protest; within three months there were more than a thousand clashes between believers and the detachments that carried out the requisitions. Lenin decided to use these events to deliver a decisive blow to the church.
In April-May 1922 in Moscow and in July - in Petrograd noisy trials of church leaders were organized. Several clergy - bishops and metropolitans - were sentenced to death on charges of counter-revolutionary activities. Patriarch Tikhon was taken under house arrest and then transferred to prison.
Anti-religious propaganda intensified, the Union of Militant Atheists was created, and the mass magazine Bezbozhnik began to be published. After Tikhon's death in 1925, the authorities prevented the election of a new patriarch. Metropolitan Peter, who assumed patriarchal duties, was exiled to Solovki in 1926.
The beginning of a "new" art. Gained strength new trends and phenomena in the field of artistic culture. The literary-artistic and cultural-educational organization, which received the name Proletkult, declared itself louder and louder. The proletarians considered their main task to be the formation of a special, socialist culture through the development of the creative amateur activity of the proletariat. To do this, they created special art studios and clubs that united proletarians inclined towards creativity. By 1920, Proletkult organizations numbered up to 400,000 members. The Theater of Working Youth (TRAM) was created. They started their creative activity future luminaries of Soviet art: film directors S. M. Eisenstein and I. A. Pyriev, actors M. M. Shtraukh, E. P. Garin and others. Preaching the idea of a “pure” proletarian culture, the proletarians called for throwing everything “into the dustbin of history” cultural achievements of the past.
In 1925, the Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP) took shape, which also evaluated literary works, proceeding not from their artistic merit, but from the point of view of the social origin of the authors. Therefore, everything that came out from the pen of writers of non-worker-peasant origin was declared "ideologically harmful."
A new generation of writers appeared, participants in the revolution and the civil war. They not only sang of revolutionary romance, but also explored the most difficult life problems, psychological conflicts. Works by I. E. Babel ("Cavalry"), A. S. Serafimovich ("Iron Stream"), K. A. Trenev ("Love Yarovaya"), M. A. Sholokhov (" Don stories"), D. A. Furmanova ("Chapaev") were talented, reflected the mood of the people. Literature with their help descended from the sky-high peaks of "pure" art, became more accessible to the understanding of the broad masses.
Significant changes have taken place in fine arts. The communists who seized power needed new forms that would affect the senses and agitate for a communist future. The art of the poster flourished, talented masters of this genre appeared - V. N. Denis, D. S. Moor. At the same time, various groups emerged in the visual arts with their own platforms, manifestos, and a system of visual means. Among them, the leading place was occupied by the Association of Artists of Revolutionary Russia (AHRR). In their declaration, the Ahrrovites declared that it is the civic duty of every master to "artistically and documentary capture the greatest moment of history in its revolutionary outburst." This idea was embodied in the works of I. I. Brodsky, A. M. Gerasimov, M. B. Grekov.
The architects had a lot of ideas. They created gigantic plans for the construction of never-before-seen "cities of the future", in the style of which the ideas of constructivism prevailed. In 1919, V. E. Tatlin designed a unique work "The Tower of the Third International", which laid the foundations of modern industrial design.
The cinematography continued to develop. In the 20s. the films of S. M. Eisenstein "Battleship Potemkin", "October", which marked the beginning of the development of a revolutionary theme in this art form, entered the history of world cinema.
The October Revolution (the full official name in the USSR is the Great October Socialist Revolution) is one of the largest political events in the history of mankind, which influenced the entire history of the 20th century, the stage of the Russian revolution that took place in Russia in October 1917. As a result October revolution the Provisional Government was overthrown and a government formed by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets came to power, the absolute majority of the delegates of which were the Bolsheviks - the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolsheviks) and their allies, the Left Social Revolutionaries, also supported by some national organizations, a small part of the Menshevik internationalists, and some anarchists. In November, the new government was also supported by the majority of the Extraordinary Congress of Peasants' Deputies.
The provisional government was overthrown during an armed uprising on October 25-26 (November 7-8, according to a new style), the main organizers of which were V. I. Lenin, L. D. Trotsky, Ya. M. Sverdlov and others. The uprising was directly led by The Military Revolutionary Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, which also included the Left SRs.
There is a wide range of assessments of the October Revolution: for some, it is a national catastrophe that led to civil war lagging behind other modern states and establishing a totalitarian system of government in Russia (or, conversely, to the death of Great Russia as an empire); for others - the greatest progressive event in the history of mankind, which had a huge impact on the whole world, and allowed Russia to choose a non-capitalist path of development, eliminate feudal remnants and directly in 1917 rather saved it from disaster. Between these extreme points of view there is a wide range of intermediate ones. Many historical myths are also associated with this event.
In the context of the general state situation of the October days, the seizure of power in Russia by the Bolsheviks was not inevitable, it was made inevitable by the specific mistakes of the Government, which had every opportunity to prevent it, but did not do this, being sure that this performance of the Bolsheviks was guaranteed to face the same fate as in July days.
Causes of the October Revolution
August 1, 1914 in Russia began the First World War, which lasted until November 11, 1918, the cause of which was the struggle for spheres of influence in conditions when a single European market and legal mechanism had not been created.
Russia was on the defensive in this war. And although the patriotism and heroism of the soldiers and officers was great, there was neither a single will, nor serious plans for waging war, nor a sufficient supply of ammunition, uniforms and food. This instilled uncertainty in the army. She lost her soldiers and suffered defeats. The Minister of War was put on trial, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief was removed from his post. Nicholas II himself became commander-in-chief. But the situation has not improved. Despite continuous economic growth (the production of coal and oil, the production of shells, guns and other types of weapons grew, huge reserves were accumulated in case of a prolonged war), the situation developed in such a way that during the war years Russia found itself without an authoritative government, without an authoritative prime minister. minister, and without an authoritative Headquarters. The officer corps was replenished with educated people, i.e. intelligentsia, which was subject to oppositional moods, and everyday participation in the war, which lacked the most necessary, gave food for doubts.
Queues appeared in the cities, standing in which was a psychological breakdown for hundreds of thousands of workers and workers.
The predominance of military production over civilian production and the rise in food prices led to a steady increase in prices for all consumer goods. At the same time, wages did not keep pace with rising prices. Discontent grew both in the rear and at the front. And it turned primarily against the monarch and his government.
Considering that from November 1916 to May