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Scientific research is the process of studying, experimenting, conceptualizing and testing a theory associated with obtaining scientific knowledge.
Kinds scientific research:
1. Fundamental research undertaken primarily to produce new knowledge regardless of application perspectives.
2. Applied research, aimed primarily at applying new knowledge to achieve practical goals, solving specific problems.
3. Exploratory research is aimed at determining the prospects of working on a topic, finding ways to solve scientific problems.
4. Development is a scientific research that puts into practice the results of specific fundamental and applied research.
Types of scientific research:
1. Fundamental research is aimed at understanding reality without taking into account the practical effect of the application of knowledge.
2. Applied research is carried out in order to obtain knowledge that should be used to solve a specific practical problem.
3. Monodisciplinary research is carried out within the framework of a separate science (in this case, psychology).
4. Interdisciplinary research requires the participation of specialists from various fields and is carried out at the intersection of several scientific disciplines. This group includes genetic research, research in the field of engineering psychophysiology, as well as research at the intersection of ethnopsychology and sociology.
5. Integrated research is carried out using a system of methods and techniques, through which scientists seek to cover the maximum (or optimal) possible number of significant parameters of the reality under study.
6. A single-factor, or analytical, study is aimed at identifying one, the most significant, in the opinion of the researcher, aspect of reality.
34. SUBJECT OF SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITY(from Latin sabjectum - underlying) - in the philosophy of science is currently interpreted in several senses:
1) as an individual scientist whose name is associated with the discovery;
2) how special community people - scientists, specially engaged in the production of knowledge;
3) as all mankind, consisting of separate peoples, when each people, producing norms, ideas and values fixed in its culture, acts as a special subject of cognitive activity. Subjects scientific activity have special training, during which they use their stock of knowledge, mastering the means and methods of obtaining it, making it their property on the basis of their worldview, value orientations, ethical principles and goals specific to a given area of scientific knowledge in research of a certain era. The true subject of knowledge is never only epistemological. This is a living person with her passions, interests, character, temperament, talent, will, etc. But in fact, under the subject of knowledge, they still mean a certain impersonal logical bunch of intellectual activity. subject and his cognitive activity can only be adequately understood in their concrete historical context. Scientific knowledge presupposes not only a conscious relation of the subject to the object, but also to himself, to his activity, i.e. comprehension of techniques, norms, methods of research work, traditions.
The subjects of cognition distinguish at each stage of the development of science: classical, non-classical, post-non-classical:
At the stage of classical science, the subject of cognition is the “epistemological Robinson” (this is the subject “in general”, outside of sociocultural and subjective characteristics; he cognizes the object “by itself”, as if in a “pure form” without any extraneous additions, absolutely objectively) ;
2) the subject of non-classical science no longer claims to have absolute knowledge, since the resulting knowledge:
a) relative, which is often understood as subjective,
b) instrumentally, which means that this knowledge is intended to solve certain problems,
c) the subject of cognition is not an epistemological machine contemplating the world, but an actively cognizing being, not only exploring certain aspects of the object, but also forming the object of cognition itself,
d) the subject of knowledge is not so much an individual as large research teams;
3) the characteristics of the subject of post-non-classical science are similar to the subject of cognition of non-classical science, but there are also new differences: in connection with the globalization of scientific activity, the subject of cognition goes beyond national boundaries and an international “scientific ethos” is formed (R.K. Merton), which is able to solve modern problems.
The form of existence and development of science is scientific research. In Art. 2 of the Federal Law of the Russian Federation of August 23, 1996 "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy" the following definition is given: scientific (research) activity - is an activity aimed at obtaining and applying new knowledge.
In the general case, scientific research is usually understood as an activity aimed at a comprehensive study of an object, process or phenomenon, their structure and relationships, as well as obtaining and putting into practice useful results for a person. Any scientific research must have its own subject and object, which define the area of research.
object scientific research is a material or ideal system, and as subject maybe the structure of this system, the patterns of interaction and development of its elements, etc.
Scientific research is goal-oriented, so each researcher must clearly formulate the goal of his research. The purpose of scientific research is the projected result of the research work. This can be a comprehensive study of a process or phenomenon, connections and relationships using the principles and methods of cognition developed in science, as well as obtaining and putting into practice useful results for a person.
Scientific research is classified on various grounds.
By funding source distinguish:
Scientific research budgetary,
Contractual
And unfunded.
Budget research is financed from the budget of the Russian Federation or the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Contractual research is funded by customer organizations under economic contracts. Unfunded research can be carried out at the initiative of a scientist, an individual plan of a teacher.
IN regulations about science, scientific research is divided according to its intended purpose into:
fundamental,
Applied.
The Federal Law of August 23, 1996 "On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy" defines the concepts of fundamental and applied scientific research.
Basic scientific research- this is an experimental or theoretical activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge about the basic laws of the structure, functioning and development of a person, society, the environment natural environment. For example, studies on the patterns of formation and functioning of rule of law or about global, regional and Russian economic trends.
Applied Research- these are studies aimed primarily at applying new knowledge to achieve practical goals and solve specific problems. In other words, they are aimed at solving the problems of using scientific knowledge obtained as a result of fundamental research in practical activities of people. For example, as applied, one can consider works on the methodology for evaluating investment projects, depending on their types, or work related to marketing research.
search engines called scientific research aimed at determining the prospects of working on a topic, finding ways to solve scientific problems.
Development called a study that is aimed at putting into practice the results of specific fundamental and applied research.
According to the timing of the implementation of scientific research can be divided into:
long-term,
Short term
and express research.
Depending on the forms and methods of research, some authors distinguish between experimental, methodical, descriptive, experimental-analytical, historical-biographical research and research of a mixed type.
In the theory of knowledge, there are two levels of research : theoretical and empirical.
Theoretical level research is characterized by the predominance of logical methods of cognition. At this level, the facts obtained are investigated, processed with the help of logical concepts, inferences, laws and other forms of thinking.
Here, the objects under study are mentally analyzed, generalized, their essence, internal connections, laws of development are comprehended. At this level, sensory cognition (empiricism) may be present, but it is subordinate.
The structural components of theoretical knowledge are the problem, hypothesis and theory.
Problem- this is a complex theoretical or practical problem, the methods of solving which are unknown or not fully known. Distinguish between undeveloped problems (pre-problems) and developed ones.
Undeveloped problems are characterized by the following features:
1) they arose on the basis of a certain theory, concept;
2) these are difficult, non-standard tasks;
3) their solution is aimed at eliminating the contradiction that has arisen in cognition;
4) ways to solve the problem are not known. Developed problems have more or less specific indications on how to solve them.
Hypothesis there is an assumption that requires verification and proof about the cause that causes a certain effect, about the structure of the objects under study and the nature of the internal and external connections of structural elements.
A scientific hypothesis must meet the following requirements:
1) relevance, i.e. relevance to the facts on which it relies;
2) testability empirically, comparability with observational or experimental data (with the exception of untestable hypotheses);
3) compatibility with existing scientific knowledge;
4) possessing explanatory power, i.e. a certain number of facts, consequences, confirming it, should be derived from the hypothesis.
The hypothesis from which the greatest number of facts is derived will have greater explanatory power;
5) simplicity, i.e. it should not contain any arbitrary assumptions, subjectivist accretions.
There are descriptive, explanatory and predictive hypotheses.
A descriptive hypothesis is an assumption about the essential properties of objects, the nature of the relationships between the individual elements of the object under study.
An explanatory hypothesis is an assumption about causal relationships.
A predictive hypothesis is an assumption about the trends and regularities in the development of the object of study.
Theory- this is logically organized knowledge, a conceptual system of knowledge that adequately and holistically reflects a certain area of reality.
It has the following properties:
1. Theory is one of the forms of rational mental activity.
2. Theory is an integral system of reliable knowledge.
3. It not only describes the totality of facts, but also explains them, i.e. reveals the origin and development of phenomena and processes, their internal and external connections, causal and other dependencies, etc.
Theories are classified according to the subject of study. On this basis, social, mathematical, physical, chemical, psychological, economic and other theories are distinguished. There are other classifications of theories.
In the modern methodology of science, the following structural elements of the theory are distinguished:
1) initial foundations (concepts, laws, axioms, principles, etc.);
2) an idealized object, i.e. a theoretical model of some part of reality, essential properties and relationships of the studied phenomena and objects;
3) the logic of the theory - a set of certain rules and methods of proof;
4) philosophical attitudes and social values;
5) a set of laws and regulations derived as consequences from this theory.
The structure of the theory is formed by concepts, judgments, laws, scientific positions, teachings, ideas and other elements.
concept- this is a thought that reflects the essential and necessary features of a certain set of objects or phenomena.
Category- a general, fundamental concept that reflects the most essential properties and relationships of objects and phenomena. Categories are philosophical, general scientific and related to a particular branch of science. Examples of categories in legal sciences: law, offense, legal responsibility, state, political system, crime.
scientific term is a word or combination of words denoting a concept used in science.
The set of concepts (terms) that are used in a particular science forms its conceptual apparatus.
Judgment is a thought that affirms or denies something. Principle- this is the guiding idea, the basic starting point of the theory. Principles are theoretical and methodological. At the same time, it is impossible not to take into account the methodological principles of dialectical materialism: to treat reality as an objective reality; to distinguish the essential features of the object under study from the secondary ones; consider objects and phenomena in continuous change, etc.
Axiom- this is a provision that is initial, unprovable and from which other provisions are derived according to established rules. For example, at the present time it is necessary to recognize as axiomatic the statements that there is no crime without an indication of it in the law, ignorance of the law does not exempt from responsibility for its violation, the accused is not obliged to prove his innocence.
Law- this is an objective, essential, internal, necessary and stable connection between phenomena, processes. Laws can be classified on various grounds. So, according to the main spheres of reality, one can single out the laws of nature, society, thinking and cognition; according to the scope of action - universal, general and private.
regularity- this:
1) the totality of the action of many laws;
2) a system of essential, necessary general links, each of which constitutes a separate law. So, there are certain patterns of crime movement on a global scale:
1) its absolute and relative growth;
2) the lag of social control over it.
Position- a scientific statement, a formulated thought. An example of a scientific position is the statement that the rule of law consists of three elements: hypotheses, dispositions and sanctions.
Idea- this:
1) a new intuitive explanation of an event or phenomenon;
2) the defining pivotal position in the theory.
Concept is a system of theoretical views united by a scientific idea (scientific ideas). Theoretical concepts determine the existence and content of many legal norms and institutions.
The empirical level of research is characterized by the predominance of sensory cognition (the study of the external world through the senses). At this level, forms of theoretical knowledge are present, but have a subordinate significance.
Interaction of empirical and theoretical levels research is that:
1) the totality of facts is practical basis theories or hypotheses;
2) facts can confirm the theory or refute it;
3) a scientific fact is always permeated with theory, since it cannot be formulated without a system of concepts, interpreted without theoretical concepts;
4) empirical research in modern science predetermined, guided by theory. The structure of the empirical level of research is made up of facts, empirical generalizations and laws (dependencies).
The concept of " fact" is used in several meanings:
1) an objective event, a result related to objective reality (fact of reality) or to the sphere of consciousness and cognition (fact of consciousness);
2) knowledge about any event, phenomenon, the reliability of which is proven (truth);
3) a sentence fixing the knowledge obtained in the course of observations and experiments.
Empirical generalization It is a system of certain scientific facts. For example, as a result of studying criminal cases of a certain category and generalizing investigative and judicial practice, one can identify typical mistakes allowed by the courts in the qualification of crimes and the imposition of criminal penalties on the guilty.
empirical laws reflect regularity in phenomena, stability in relations between observed phenomena. These laws are not theoretical knowledge. Unlike theoretical laws, which reveal the essential connections of reality, empirical laws reflect a more superficial level of dependencies.
Topic. Methodological foundations scientific research
Lecture 1. Scientific research
Plan:
1. The concept of experimental psychology.
2. Types of scientific research.
The concept of experimental psychology
experimental psychology- a general designation of various types of research of mental phenomena through experimental methods.
The application of the experiment played an important role in the transformation of psychological knowledge, in the transformation of psychology from a branch of philosophy into an independent science. Experimental psychology was prepared by the study of elementary mental functions—sensations, perceptions, reaction time, and so on—that was widely developed in physiological laboratories in the middle of the last century. These works gave rise to the idea of the possibility of creating experimental psychology as a special science, different from philosophy and physiology. The first plan for the development of experimental psychology was put forward by W. Wundt, who created the first experimental laboratory in Leipzig in 1878 and founded experimental psychology.
The term "experimental psychology" currently has several meanings:
Under experimental psychology understand all scientific psychology as a system of knowledge obtained on the basis of an experimental study of the behavior of humans and animals. Scientific psychology is equated with experimental psychology and is opposed to philosophical, speculative psychology.
Experimental psychology is interpreted as a system of experimental methods and techniques implemented in specific studies.
The concept of "experimental psychology" is often used in a broad sense to characterize scientific discipline dealing with the problem of methods of psychological research in general.
Experimental psychology is understood only as the theory of psychological experiment, based on the general scientific theory of experiment and including its planning and data processing.
Types of scientific research
Science is a sphere of human activity, the result of which is new knowledge about reality that meets the criterion of truth. A scientific worker is a professional who builds his activity, guided by the criterion of "truth-falsity". Truth is manifested in the practicality, usefulness, and effectiveness of scientific knowledge.
The result of scientific activity can be a description of reality, an explanation of the predictions of processes and phenomena. The highest level of effectiveness of scientific activity is the discovery of laws - a theoretical explanation of reality. However, scientific knowledge is not limited to theories, it involves active empirical work. Therefore, all the results obtained can be conditionally divided into new empirical or theoretical knowledge, for example, in such a hierarchy: a separate fact, an empirical generalization, a model, a pattern, a law, a theory.
Science differs from any other sphere of human activity in its goals, means, motives and conditions in which it takes place. scientific work. At the same time, the goal of science is the comprehension of truth, and the way of comprehension of truth is scientific research.
In modern science, the following types of research are distinguished.
Ideal And real study. Research should strive for the ideal. An ideal study is a study in which the result does not depend on time, space, type of object, type of research subject, i.e. objective research. In reality, different moments of time are not identical, the development of the world is irreversible, there are no two identical objects, all people are unique. The personality traits of the experimenter affect the course of the study, his relationship with the subject, the accuracy of registration, and the features of data interpretation. Real research cannot and should not fully correspond to the ideal, but the scientific method should give a result that is as close as possible to the ideal. Correspondence of a real study with an ideal one is called internal validity. Correspondence of a real study of the studied objective reality - external validity. The relation of ideal research to reality is theoretical or predictive validity.
Conventionally, studies are divided into theoretical And empirical, although in most cases studies are theoretical and empirical.
Research can be divided into fundamental and applied. Fundamental research is aimed at understanding reality without taking into account the practical effect of applying knowledge. Applied is carried out in order to obtain knowledge that should be used to solve a specific practical problem.
Monodisciplinary And interdisciplinary research. Monodisciplinary research is always present within the framework of one science. Interdisciplinary - within the framework of several sciences or individual branches of science; requires the participation of various specialists (genetic research, in the field of engineering psychophysiology).
Analytical And complex research. An analytical (single-factor) study is aimed at identifying one, the most significant, in the opinion of the researcher, aspect of reality. A comprehensive study is carried out using a system of methods and techniques, through which scientists seek to study the maximum possible number of significant parameters of the reality under study.
According to the purpose of the study, they are divided into search, critical, clarifying, reproducing. Exploratory research is an attempt to solve a problem that no one has previously posed or solved in a similar way. Such studies are often referred to as "poke" studies. These studies are aimed at obtaining fundamentally new results in a little-studied area.
Critical research is carried out in order to refute the existing theory, model, hypothesis, law, etc. or to test which of two alternative hypotheses more accurately predicts reality. Critical research is carried out in those areas where a wealth of theoretical and empirical experience has been accumulated and where there are proven methods for the implementation of the experiment.
Clarifying studies are the most common type of research. The goal is to clarify the boundaries within which the theory predicts facts and empirical patterns. In clarifying studies, in comparison with the previous study, the conditions for conducting, the object and methodology are changed, thereby registering to which area of reality the previously obtained theoretical knowledge applies.
The purpose of a reproducing study is to accurately repeat the experiment of the predecessors to determine the validity, reliability and objectivity of the results obtained. The results of any study should be replicated in the course of a similar experiment conducted by another researcher of appropriate competence. Reproducing research is the basis of all science.
Similar information.
There are various bases for classifying scientific research: (Fig. 4.9).
Rice. 4.9.
There are several main types of scientific research for the intended purpose:
- - fundamental,
- - applied,
- - developments.
Main directions of fundamental research:
- - development and development of theoretical concepts of science,
- - development of scientific status,
- - development of the history and methodology of science,
- - acquisition of fundamentally new knowledge,
- - further development of the system of already accumulated knowledge.
Summarizing, let us point out, i.e. designed to allow fundamental research aimed at solving strategic problems.
The main features of fundamental research are:
- theoretical relevance. Regularities, principles or facts that are fundamentally importance,
- conceptualism and historicism,
- a critical analysis of scientifically untenable provisions was carried out,
- methods are used that are adequate to the nature of cognizable objects of objective reality,
- there is novelty and scientific validity of the obtained results.
As a rule, the results of fundamental research do not find a direct way into practice. Their task is to enrich the theory and methodology of science itself.
Practical tasks or theoretical questions of a practical orientation are solved by applied research:
- - applied research is associated with the creation of new or improvement of existing technologies, means of production, consumer goods, etc.;
- - applied research, as a rule, is a logical continuation of fundamental research and is of an auxiliary nature in relation to them;
- - Applied research solves operational problems. Thus, they rely on fundamental research, which, in turn, equips them with a general orientation in particular problems, theoretical and logical knowledge, and also helps to determine the most rational research methodology;
- - applied research provides valuable material for basic research;
- - applied research has a practical orientation (orientation) and a clear purpose;
- - obtaining the expected results from applied research has a high probability (80-90%).
Applied research is characterized by the following features:
- they are close to the actual demands of practice,
- they are characterized by a comparatively limited sample of the study,
- they are prompt in carrying out and implementing the results, etc.
Development is the use of the results of applied research:
- - to create and test experimental models of equipment (machines, products), production technology (activities);
- - to improve existing equipment and technology;
- - for direct service of practice.
Developments are based on applied research and cutting-edge
an experience; the results and products of scientific research take a form that allows them to be used in other branches of social production. Distinctive features of the development:
- ? purposefulness,
- ? concreteness,
- ? certainty
- ? (comparatively) small volume.
The following sources of research funding are distinguished:
- - budget. Works financed from the budget Russian Federation or budgets of subjects of the Russian Federation;
- - economic contracts. Works financed by sanctuary organizations under economic contracts;
- - unfunded. Works performed on the initiative of the scientist, the individual plan of the teacher.
The following terms of scientific research are distinguished:
- 1) long-term;
- 2) short-term;
- 3) express research.
The following types of research are distinguished by the nature of the tasks to be solved:
- - review and analytical,
- - review-critical,
- - theoretical,
- - methodical,
- - descriptive-empirical,
- - explanatory-empirical,
- - experimental.
Review-analytical study (OAI). If the purpose of the study is to only preliminary, but thoroughly get acquainted with the state of affairs in science and practice on the problem under study, then usually they are limited to the organization and conduct of the JAO. This study is the most time-consuming and involves the selection and study of literature on the problem, followed by a systematic presentation and analysis of the material worked out (what has already been done in science, what needs to be done in order to answer the questions that have arisen related to the research problem). The result of the JAR is a statement of the actual state of affairs on the research problem. This type of research is usually subject to the following main requirements".
- - correlation of the content of the analyzed literature with the chosen problem and research topic;
- - completeness of the list of studied literature;
- - depth of study of literary sources;
- - systematic presentation of available data;
- - brevity and accuracy of the formulation of conclusions;
- - literacy of the text, accuracy of its design and correctness in terms of the bibliographic requirements available today.
The information accumulated as a result of studying the literature is presented in the form of an abstract, article, paragraph or chapter of a course or master's work.
Review-critical study (OKI). If, as an additional goal, the student is given the task of critically assessing the current state of affairs on the problem under study, then they turn to review-critical research, which, of course, as a first step towards its implementation, involves a careful analysis of the current state of affairs. Therefore, in this study a review and analytical part, a detailed and reasoned criticism of what and how has already been done on the research problem, and the corresponding conclusions are presented. Critical analysis may also contain the author's own reflections (assumptions, ideas) regarding a possible solution to the problem posed. Such reflections can intersperse the text or be separated into a separate section, which will be a transition between the analytical, critical and constructive-theoretical parts of the work. The result of the GCI is a critical assessment of what has been done on the research problem. The critical type of research, in addition to those already described above, is subject to the following requirements".
- - reasoned criticism;
- - Consistency of reasoning and validity of conclusions.
The results of the work are presented in the form of an abstract, article, paragraph or a separate chapter of a course or master's work.
Theoretical study (TI). If the student is given the task of finding a new solution to the problem (without which, by the way, it is impossible to correctly formulate the hypothesis), then a theoretical study is carried out. This study is not about stating the current state of affairs and not about criticizing it, but about finding and proposing ways for a new theoretical solution to the problem that has arisen. The proposed solution to the problem (hypothesis) is the author's contribution to the theory of the problem being solved, its new vision, original point of view. Theoretical study can also be of an applied nature, if the purpose of the study is to develop a technology for implementing the ideas for solving the problem already proposed by science and practice for specific areas of tourist objective reality.
In its structure, theoretical study necessarily contains analytical, critical and constructive-theoretical parts. In the analytical part, an overview of the state of affairs on the research problem is given (who dealt with the problem, what issues have been resolved, what remains unresolved), in the critical part, a reasoned assessment of the proposed methods for solving the problem is given, in the theoretical part, the main ideas (concept) of the author on solving the problem are presented ( new ways of solving a problem or new technology implementation of existing methods) and their theoretical justification is given.
To the study of the theoretical type, in addition to the above, present the following requirements:
- - the validity of the choice of the research topic (social, theoretical and practical significance);
- - the clarity of the formulation of the methodological components of the study (object, subject, etc.);
- - the accuracy of the definition of the concepts used;
- - consistency and semantic harmony of the work;
- - originality and theoretical validity of the proposed solution to the problem (new methods or technologies for implementing existing ones).
The results of the work are presented either in the form term paper, or the theoretical chapter of the thesis.
Methodical study (MI). Methodological study is carried out if the student is given the task of developing, substantiating and testing some new methodology in practice. However, if it is created diagnostic technique, then she should:
- 1) contain a theoretical substantiation of the need for its creation, proof of the advantage in relation to the available diagnostic methods;
- 2) obey the criteria of validity, reliability, accuracy and unambiguity;
- 3) contain a description of the purpose and methodology for its use in practice, the technology for processing and interpreting the data obtained with its help.
If a methodology is created, then:
- 1) its detailed theoretical justification should be presented;
- 2) given detailed description how activities are carried out using this methodology;
- 3) it is indicated where, how and when in practice this technique can be applied.
The results of methodological research are drawn up in the form of a term paper, chapter, paragraph or part of a paragraph of the master's work.
Empirical (experimental) research. Empirical, or experimental, research is based not on literary data, not on concepts, but on real reliable facts. Such a study, as a rule, contains a methodical one, which is associated with the use of certain methods for collecting and analyzing facts. Empirical study can be descriptive and explanatory.
task descriptive- empirical research(OPEI) is the collection, description and analysis of facts relating to the object under study and the subject of the research problem. During the study, the student simply observes, fixes, describes and analyzes what is happening in real objective reality, without any intervention. The result of the study - collected, described and analyzed the facts that really exist in the practice of tourism.
To the task explanatory-empirical research (OBEI) includes not only the collection, description and analysis of facts, but also their explanation, which should include the identification of causes and cause-and-effect relationships between facts, in which the unknown is explained through the known. The result of the study is a scientific explanation of known facts.
Empirical research includes the following requirements:
- - the adequacy of the selected criteria and features to the subject and object of study;
- - adequacy of diagnostic techniques to the states of the object and object under study;
- - the correct selection of methods for processing the results of the study;
- - brevity and accuracy of the formulation of the conclusions, their evidence and validity (consistency of the explanation of the facts).
The results of an empirical study are formalized either in the form of an abstract, a paragraph or a separate part of a course or master's work.
Experimental study (EI). The most difficult and most labor intensive is experimental study, which Firstly, involves the preliminary conduct of all of the above studies (without them, it is practically impossible to organize and conduct a real experiment, designed to obtain new and valuable results), and secondly, it requires a significant expenditure of effort and resources to prepare and conduct the experiment itself. In addition to those listed above, the experimental study is subject to the following requirements".
- - consistency and persuasiveness of the logic of proving that the experiment was successful;
- - the validity of the theoretical and practical significance experimental results;
- - description of the area of scientific and practical application of the results of the experiment;
- - a clear formulation of practical conclusions and specific methodological recommendations.
difference pilot study from empirical consists of the following. Empirical study does not involve the creation of an artificial (experimental) situation to identify and collect the necessary facts. In this type of research, the student (researcher, practitioner) simply observes, records, describes, analyzes and draws conclusions from what happens in real practice without any intervention. If the researcher changes the usual course of real objective reality (creates an artificial situation), then such a study becomes experimental.
Modern scientific and theoretical thinking seeks to penetrate into the essence of the studied phenomena and processes. This is possible with a holistic approach to the object of study, consideration of this object in its origin and development, i.e., in the application of the historical approach.
Study in a scientific sense It means to conduct exploratory research, as if looking into the future. Imagination, fantasy and dream, based on the real achievements of science and technology, are the most important factors of scientific research. It also means being scientifically objective. Facts should not be thrown aside just because they are hard to explain or find for them. practical use: the essence of the new in science is not always visible to the researcher himself. New scientific facts, and even discoveries, due to the fact that their significance is poorly disclosed, can long time remain in the reserve of science and not be used in practice.
The development of an idea to the stage of solving a problem is usually carried out as a planned process of scientific research. Science also knows accidental discoveries, but only planned, well-equipped modern means, scientific research reliably reveals and deeply cognizes the objective patterns in nature. In the future, the process of targeted and general ideological processing of the original idea continues, clarifications, changes, additions are made, and the outlined research scheme is developed.
Scientific research - this is purposeful cognition, the results of which appear in the form of a system of concepts, laws and theories. Characterizing scientific research, they usually point to its following distinctive features. signs:
It is necessary purposeful process, achievement of a consciously set goal, clearly formulated tasks;
This is a process aimed at search for a new, on creativity, on the discovery of the unknown, on the promotion of original ideas, on new coverage of the issues under consideration.
Scientific research characterized systematic: here both the research process itself and its results are ordered, brought into the system; it is characterized by strict evidence and consistent justification of the generalizations and conclusions made.
object scientific and theoretical research is not just a separate phenomenon, a specific situation, but a whole class of similar phenomena and situations, their totality.
Target, immediate tasks scientific and theoretical research consists in finding common ground in a number of individual phenomena, revealing the laws according to which such phenomena arise, function, develop, i.e., penetrate into their deep essence.
As the main funds scientific and theoretical research apply the following: set scientific methods, comprehensively substantiated and consolidated into a system; a set of concepts, strictly defined terms, interconnected and forming the characteristic language of science.
The results of scientific research are embodied in scientific works (articles, monographs, textbooks, dissertations, etc.) and then, after their comprehensive assessment, they are used in practice, taken into account in the process of practical knowledge and are included in a generalized form in the governing documents.
Distinguish:
1. Empirical research: they do not have a theoretical basis, they allow only initial scientific facts to be accumulated.
2. Theoretical study: some theoretical generalizations on the basis of which new theoretical conclusions are formulated.
The nature research distinguishes:
Fundamental - knowledge of reality without taking into account the practical effect of the application of knowledge.
Applied - carried out in order to obtain knowledge that should be used to solve a specific practical problem.
Monodisciplinary - carried out within the framework of a separate science.
Interdisciplinary - carried out within the framework of several sciences.
Analytical - aimed at identifying one of the most significant aspects of reality in the opinion of the researcher.
Complex - focused on covering the maximum possible number of significant parameters of the studied reality.
By purpose holding:
Search - is carried out if the stated problem has not been previously posed, or an attempt is made in the study to solve it in a new way.
Critical - carried out in order to refute the existing theory, model, laws, or to check which of the 2 alternative hypotheses more accurately predicts reality.
Clarifying - aimed at establishing the area, manifestations of theories or empirical patterns.
Reproducing - is based on the exact repetition of the study of the previous ones, in order to determine the reliable, reliable and objective results obtained.
Also distinguished:
Review-analytical research - selection and study of literature on the research topic with a consistent systematic presentation and analysis of the processed material.
Review-critical - review + criticism of what has already been done on the problem and the corresponding conclusions.
Theoretical - contains the theoretical provisions of the author, aimed at solving the problem. In such a study, logic and consistency of judgments should be traced.
Empirical (experimental) - based on real reliable facts. It does not involve the creation of artificial situations to identify and collect the necessary facts. In such a study, one simply observes, fixes, describing what happens in life without the intervention of the researcher. It happens descriptive(experimentally obtained and described new facts) and explanatory(collection, analysis + explanation).
Methodological research - consists in the development, justification, verification in practice according to the criteria of validity, reliability, accuracy of the new methodology.
Experimental research is the most difficult and time-consuming. In an experiment, an artificial situation is always created, the causes of the phenomena being studied are singled out, the actions of these causes are strictly controlled, and the statistical relationships between the phenomena are identified.
Stages of scientific research
Any scientific research includes a number of stages.
1. Statement of the scientific problem
A problem is a theoretical or factual issue that needs to be resolved.
Types of scientific problems:
The Problem of Phenomenon Description
The problem of identifying patterns
The Problem of Explanations
The problem of prediction.
Problem statement steps:
1) Info deficiency detection
2) awareness of the need to eliminate this deficit
3) description of the problem situation on natural language
The issue must be current. The problem is chosen based on preferences and interests.
At this stage, the research topic is formulated, it should not exceed 6-7 words.
The overall goal is an image of the future result to which the research should lead. The most common are:
Description of a new fact or phenomenon;
Identification of the relationship of mental phenomena;
The study of the dynamics of psycho phenomena;
Generalization, as the selection of the most significant phenomena.
The object is defined - it is a fragment of the real world to which the research effort is directed.
There are 2 approaches to defining an object:
1) Object - specific mental phenomena
2) Object-element of measurement, i.e. those units that are subjected to measurement procedures in the study.
The object of research can be:
Individual, dyad, group.
The subject is those or other parties, St. Islands, characteristics of the object that are of scientific interest in connection with the problem being solved. The subject of the study is the psyche (psychic processes, states, saints, etc.). Tasks - goals of the second order through the solution of which the final goal is achieved.
You can put forward a preliminary hypothesis.
2. Theoretical analysis of the problem
Work with the information that is available on this issue, then the formation of the author's model of the studied phenomenon, clarification of the scientific problem.
3. Formulation of research hypotheses
A hypothesis is a scientifically substantiated statement of a probabilistic nature about the essence of the studied phenomena of reality. Signs of a good hypothesis:
Appropriateness to the problem
Plausibility
Verifiability
4. Study planning.
A research program is built, methods and specific methods for its implementation are selected.
5. Conducting research according to the planned plan
Results are being recorded
6. Analysis and interpretation of the obtained data.
Primary data analysis, their mathematical processing, interpretation, the initial hypothesis is checked for reliability, new facts are generalized, regularities are formulated.
7. Formulation of conclusions.