It is known that any trauma in a child is a stress (the same trauma!) for his parents. If the child was injured at school, the teacher, in whose lesson the emergency occurred, the administration, and sometimes the entire school team, is subjected to serious feelings. In addition, in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", an educational institution is responsible for the life and health of students, pupils and employees. educational institution during educational process(Art. 32, para. 22).
Accidents that occur to students within the walls of the school and during educational process account for nearly 15% of all childhood injuries. At the same time, up to 80% of schoolchildren get injured during breaks. Since the relationship between the occurrence of injuries and the individual psychological characteristics of children is obvious, it is advisable to carry out preventive work at school with these in mind.
Reasons for creating traumatic situations
The risk of injury in children is due to:
their indiscipline;
inability to recognize a traumatic situation;
lack of training in the necessary behavioral skills;
underestimation of the degree of danger of a sudden situation;
physical weakness;
certain features of development.
The main causes of injury to children in physical education classes (about a quarter of all school injuries) are:
shortcomings in the organization and methods of conducting lessons;
unsatisfactory condition of some sports halls and sports grounds, equipment, inventory, clothing and footwear;
crowding of children during classes.
According to the majority of authors of works devoted to the study of this issue, the most common cause of injuries received by children at school is the lack of discipline of students, their aggressiveness in the game (hitting with hard objects, fists, pushes, collisions while running, footboards, etc.).
It has been established that the number of cases of child and adolescent injuries increases in the spring, as well as in the afternoon (from 4 to 8 pm). At the same time, a certain dependence of the level and type of injuries on the time of year and day was revealed: in spring, for example, school (44%), domestic (40%) and street (31%) injuries prevail, and in summer - sports (up to 40%), but at the same time, household and street injuries also remain at a fairly high level.
The relationship between the level of injuries and the age characteristics of children
In the age aspect, the age from 6 to 12 years is considered the most traumatized, which is associated with the increased emotionality of children during this period and their insufficiently developed ability to self-control. Moreover, with age, the number of injuries increases, reaching highest values in children 11-14 years old.
It should be noted that hyperactive children and children brought up in conditions of hyper- or hypo-care are most often injured. In addition, children with impaired programming and control of their own behavior, as well as with reduced intelligence, are often injured.
In 15% of cases, the main prerequisite for injury to children is their individual psychological features. Not only the predominance of excitation over inhibition (fatigue, nervousness, impulsivity), but, conversely, the predominance of inhibition over excitation, the inertia of nervous processes can lead to injury. Children who are mentally more developed, with high intelligence, are aware of the danger and avoid it. In the structure of intelligence, the most important feature of thinking is the ability to analyze, synthesize, generalize, which is associated with the ability to predict the consequences of actions.
Injured children, as a rule, have a high propensity to take risks, are motor disinhibited, reactive, excitable, emotionally unstable, prone to frequent mood changes, and behave inappropriately in stressful situations. There were 77% of such children among frequently injured children, more than half of them are children who blame other people or circumstances for their failures, illnesses, injuries. As a rule, such children are not self-critical, characterized by an overestimation of their abilities and capabilities.
Causes of childhood trauma
The causes of injury to children and adolescents can be divided into three main groups:
behavior of the injured child.
actions of surrounding peers.
Actions of adults who were surrounded by the injured child.
Most often, injuries occur during outdoor games. At the same time, the uncontrollable desire to achieve the best result, as well as the competitive moment of the game and suddenly arising tasks and dangerous situations, in which you need to quickly make an independent decision, often have a strong disorganizing effect on behavior. All this brings into the game an emotional-affective factor that has a particularly strong influence, since it is associated with real, and not with play relationships, as it was in preschool age.
Haste is another emotional condition which can disrupt activity. In general, injuries for this reason are recorded at the age of 11–14 years, when the employment of adolescents begins to affect (a large study load, attending circles and sports sections, performing household chores, etc.). At the same time, the competitive motive is intensified not only in the game, but also in everyday life (to be the first to get breakfast at school, to the locker room, to go outside during recess, etc.).
With age, the frequency of injuries due to the fault of the victims themselves increases, since with the development of the child, the scope of his independent activity expands.
Injuries due to peer misconduct
The second group of reasons that cause a third of all childhood traumas depends on the actions of peers surrounding the child. The results of the study showed that more often children injure peers during play (20% of cases) or unintentionally outside of play (30%), usually without noticing them (for example, running into others while running).
Particular attention, in our opinion, should be paid to cases associated with behavior containing an element of physical violence against others, and sometimes with a deliberate desire to inflict pain and show one's physical superiority (over 40% of injuries). There has been an alarming trend in the number of injuries sustained by teenagers as a result of fights.
Injuries due to adult neglect
The third group of causes of traumatic situations, and then injuries of children (about 25% of them total), as noted above, is associated with the actions or inaction of adults, including parents.
In most cases, such injuries are due to neglect of children and lack of control over their behavior. Failure to provide a safe environment is also one of the most common parenting mistakes, resulting in 25% of injuries in this group.
Duties of the teaching staff of an educational institution to ensure safe conditions for the educational process.
CLASS DIRECTOR, TEACHER ensures the safe conduct of the educational process;
promptly notifies the management of the educational institution about each accident, takes measures to provide first aid:
makes proposals for improving and improving the conditions for conducting the educational process, and also brings to the attention of the head of the office, management about all the shortcomings in the provision of the educational process that reduce the vital activity and working capacity of the body of students and pupils;
Provides training to students on safety at work training sessions, educational activities with mandatory registration in the classroom log or instruction log;
organizes the study by students, pupils of the rules on labor protection, rules traffic, behavior in everyday life, on the water, etc.;
is responsible for preserving the life and health of students and pupils during the educational process;
Monitors compliance with the rules (instructions) on labor protection.
conclusions
The main form of child injury prevention at school is safety instruction for both teachers and students.
Regular preventive conversations with students and parents of students about the need to comply with the rules of conduct at school and the requirements for clothes and shoes for students.
Determination of the duty schedule of teachers and high school students in the corridors and recreations of the school.
Monitoring the compliance of training conditions with sanitary and epidemiological rules.
In order to prevent child injuries during breaks with students of the first stage school, it is necessary to organize outdoor games that will allow students to move and relax in an acceptable and safe way. Involve high school students in the organization of these events.
A person's stressful conditions cause him to deliberately take risky actions that he believes will help relieve stress. Therefore, it is necessary to teach students constructive skills for relieving tension and coping with stress.
In educational institutions, equip safety corners where posters, diagrams, safety instructional materials are placed.
Regular conversations, briefings of students using such visual aids as movies, television programs, meetings with competent people.
Injuries are a major public health problem with the greatest impact on young people. At the same time, the importance of this problem for public health is often underestimated. Injury can be avoided by taking preventive or control measures. The causes of injury are multifaceted and interrelated, requiring broad policy decisions.
Among the complex of preventive measures aimed at reducing the incidence and mortality of children, a special role is played by the prevention of accidents and injuries, which have become one of the main factors threatening the life and health of children.
Injuries are the leading cause of death in children over 3 years of age. At the same time, more children die or are seriously injured from them than from all diseases combined. Among children of different ages, injuries are distributed unevenly, affecting younger children to a greater extent. school age.
School with primary school should lay the foundations of knowledge about self-preservation for students, while it is important to combine the development of independence with the upbringing of responsibility for safe behavior. IN lower grades reorientation is still possible personal qualities children, since their dangerous actions are almost always based on underestimated or distorted ideas about the real level of acceptable risk in various life situations.
The principles of organizing the prevention of childhood injuries that are currently proposed are, as a rule, abstract in nature, since they are based on general advice and recommendations and do not lead to primary prevention itself.
Any prevention system should include several subsystems, the object of which is:
- 1. Society ( Environment in order to reduce its risk of injury).
- 2. Collective (school, children's institution).
- 3. Family. Personality directly.
The most real, effective and humane at this stage is the second subsystem. It is the school, as the most integral system, that can solve problems that lead to the actual primary prevention of injuries, and this is the relevance of this topic "Children's injuries and its prevention."
Theoretical foundations of childhood traumatism. The concept and classification of childhood traumatism
Trauma (from the Greek trauma) is damage to the body caused by the influence of the external environment.
Childhood trauma is damage to the developing human body, which is the least trained to resist this kind of misfortune.
Injuries are dealt with by an independent scientific and practical discipline - traumatology.
Injuries in our region take 2-3 places (together with tumor diseases, more than 2,000 people a year) after cardiovascular diseases (about 5,500 out of 13,000 people) in the structure of mortality.
The numbers of child injuries are so high that such information can cause mental trauma to a healthy adult. For example, in Russia as a whole, about 10,000 children die every year from car accidents alone (45% of all deaths); an average of up to 3,500 children drown a year (one in ten of them - in bathtubs, troughs, basins, and 7% - in street puddles).
Child injury is one of the urgent problems of health care and the Ministry of Emergency Situations, occupying a significant (up to 25%) share in the total incidence of children. Every year, more than 10,000 children with various injuries turn to children's trauma centers for outpatient care. Moreover, the actual number of children with injuries is much higher. In the case of minor injuries, the majority do not seek help and therefore cannot be statistically taken into account.
In our country, there is still no single classification of childhood injuries. Many experts offer a classification based on a study of the causes of injuries in children, naming 5 main ones:
- 1. Carelessness of adults - the behavior of a person who foresees that there may be a misfortune, but mistakenly believes that it will not happen (up to 45% of all cases). 98.7% of all car injuries occurred in the presence of adults. In 78.9% of cases, the child was injured at home, and in 44% of cases this happened in the presence of relatives. 23.4% of all cases occur in children under the age of one year, clearly due to the carelessness of adults: the body of an adult while sleeping in the same bed, closing the breathing holes with soft toys. Negligence of adults - non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment by an official of his duties (8.5% on average).
- 2. Indiscipline of children (more than 25% of cases).
- 3. Accidents - incidents caused by factors beyond human control, or unforeseen, in which no one is to blame (for example, a lightning strike). Such situations include no more than 2% of cases.
- 4. Murder (approximately 4.5%) - children under one year old are more likely to suffer.
- 5. Other causes (10% of cases).
In total, on average, about 20% of children die from injuries. Of these, 73.3% are boys, 20.5% are children under one year old; 30.8% die from 12 to 15 o'clock in the afternoon, when children are left to their own devices; 34.5% - in spring and 14% - in May. Thus, more children die from injuries and accidents than from all infectious diseases combined.
Conducted socio-psychological studies of children have shown that deaths are more common (more than 75%) in children with poor academic performance, with a negative attitude towards learning and social work, 70% of children had a weak type nervous system, 15% of children - motor retardation.
The second classification divides all cases depending on the place of injury:
1. Household or domestic injuries (up to 60% of cases). The structure of domestic injuries includes such causes as burns, murders, suicides, various injuries of the musculoskeletal system (including falling out of windows, falling into flights of stairs, from roofs, from balconies), poisoning, animal bites and drowning.
In the structure of the causes of primary disability in childhood, household injuries account for about 6%. The most common causes of disability in childhood are gunshot and shrapnel wounds (40%), eye trauma (22%). Loss of vision and fingers were the basis for establishing disability in 50% of cases.
- 2. Street injuries (up to 25% of cases). The most common cause of street injuries in children are falls from a height (up to 28%, including falls from trees, fences, roofs, garages and cellars); on level ground - 20%, from an ice slide - 11%, from a swing - 9.5% and into open hatches - up to 1.5%.
- 3. Transport injuries account for up to 24.5% of all causes of street injuries. The cause of a traffic injury in 44% of cases is the sudden appearance of a child on the roadway in front of a nearby vehicle (children's lack of discipline), in 10% of cases - insufficient supervision by parents, in 9% - playing on the roadway, in 5.5% - falling out of moving vehicles and in less than 1% of cases - children riding on steps and external ledges, about 1% - through the fault of transport drivers.
- 4. Road traffic accidents (RTA) account for up to 25% of deaths. At the same time, in 20% of cases, the cause of the accident was the child's crossing in the wrong place, in 9% - violation of the rules of the accident by the driver, in 4.5% - playing on the railway track, in 4.5% - riding trains, trams, in 2. 6% run over a stroller in the yard and 2.6% run over their children.
- 5. Children from traffic accidents more often died not because of the severity of the injuries, but because of the delay in providing first aid. So, in 67% of cases, children died at the scene, 31% - in a hospital and 2% - during transportation. Only in 55% was the correct diagnosis of the child's condition in the hospital noted. Errors in diagnosis led to errors in treatment, which, in turn, led to an unfavorable outcome of the injury.
School traumatism refers to injuries received in the gym during physical education lessons, in the classroom during breaks, and in labor, chemistry, and physics classes (2%). When considering school injuries by the nature of the damage, it turned out that the most were superficial injuries (bruises, abrasions, hematomas, etc.) - 64.7%. Fatal cases of school injuries are extremely rare. And in general, in 77% of cases, school-age children are injured outside the walls of the school, for example, missing classes due to illness; most of the injuries were received on the street (in 93% of cases).
- 6. Injuries in preschool institutions (up to 1%).
- 7. Sports injuries (up to 10%).
- 8. Injuries in health care institutions (including generic).
Birth trauma has become threatening in recent years. Every year, out of 10,000 newborns, more than 700 die for various reasons, of which about 480 are stillborn, miscarriages, 80 die directly during childbirth, and 170 die under the age of one year. 96% of children at birth have a score below 10 points (normal) according to the International Scale Apgar-Arshansky functional maturity of the child and have deviations in physical development. Many of those who have managed to adapt to their injuries still become disabled from childhood (for example, children with cerebral palsy, epilepsy, congenital forms of blindness, deafness, dumbness, heart defects, etc.).
9. Other causes (about 2% of all cases) or accidents (drowning, poisoning, etc.).
There is a third classification - according to the nature of the damage, in which the following types of injuries are distinguished:
- 1. Drowning (in 47% of cases, children around 11 years old suffer because of the inability to swim).
- 2. Traffic accidents (give 25% of all deaths).
- 3. Fall from a height (in 16.5% of cases, children under 5 suffer).
- 4. Injuries from exposure to temperature factors (burns, frostbite, sun and heat stroke, etc.).
- 5. Poisoning (drugs, carbon monoxide). Most often, children are poisoned with medicines from the home first aid kit (57% of all cases of poisoning), and in 70% of cases these are children under 5 years of age. According to statistics, carbon monoxide poisoning is considered the most dangerous, since in this case a fatal outcome is observed in 85%.
- 6. Electric shock damage.
- 7. Gunshot wounds.
- 8. Others.
Classification of child injuries by typical situations
Despite the variety of causes and situations that cause childhood injuries, they can be counted and foreseen. There are about one and a half hundred such standard situations. For example, a traffic injury can be obtained in 17 typical situations, 4 situations are associated with swings, 3 with burns, etc.
I group of situations, or injuries of infants, includes the following groups of situations:
- * Fall from a height (from the table, carelessness of adults).
- * Fall from medical scales (unsuccessful design).
- * "Three times they threw it up - they caught it twice", i.e. an adult did not manage to catch a baby thrown up.
- * When throwing a baby up, an adult did not calculate his strength or the height of the ceiling, as a result, the child hits his head on the ceiling or chandelier.
- * Injury to a lullaby (usually about a jamb, furniture).
- * Scandal in the family (waving arms, throwing objects).
- * A child in a car (when braking).
- * A child in a stroller (falling on the stairs, injury when entering the elevator, near the wall of a building with a falling object, when crossing the street, pits on the roads hidden by rainwater, a cigarette butt falling from the balcony, unattended food in the stroller (may choke on food). Almost all infant injuries are the fault of the parents.
Group II of situations is designated as winter injuries and includes 7 standard situations:
- * Injury to the eye. The task of adults is to convince the baby not to throw a snowball at close range and not to aim at the head.
- * Skiing from snow slides. The task of adults is to prevent younger and older children from skating at the same time (moving down on their feet, from acceleration, hooking and pushing the younger ones).
- * Imperfection of man-made slides (fall from the upper launch pad, stairs without railings, short deceleration lane - kicking).
- * Sledding from the mountains, from natural hills, from springboards, from embankments, sometimes under the wheels of cars.
- * Skiing from the mountains, hooking a bough, hitting a tree. It is necessary to teach children the technique of skating, safe falling.
- * Skating. Safer is what is technical!
- * Frostbite (open parts of the body, temperature up to +5°C at 100% relative humidity, cold wind, low temperature, tight clothes and shoes, violation of the thermal insulation ability of clothes and shoes). Correct pre-medical actions: application of a thermally insulating bandage to frostbite (II and III degrees) (do not rub with snow and wool, touch with warm hands, lower the limb into warm water); further warming from the inside with hot tea or coffee and contacting a doctor.
Group III includes a variety of burns that can have any etiology - an open flame, boiling water, water vapor, hot tap water, hot objects, an explosion of gunpowder, convergence to a point of sunlight.
The contribution of this group to the overall picture of childhood injuries can be illustrated by the following statistics: every year in Moscow, about 6,000 children are burned, 25 of them die (Moscow, in terms of population, makes up approximately 1/17 of Russia).
Children get burned in 6 standard cases:
- 1. "Christmas tree" fire arises quickly due to ignition from an open flame of a candle, a smoldering wax cinder, an electric garland circuit, poor-quality Bengal candles.
- 2. Hot food on the table should be inaccessible to the child.
- 3. Experiments with open fire (schoolchildren suffer more often - gasoline in a fire, smoking near a can of gasoline).
- 4. Gunshot wounds (characteristic of energetic "experimenters").
- 5. Pyrotechnics (firecrackers, torch-candle, homemade fireworks; violation of instructions for use or safety precautions).
- 6. Abandoned ammunition; unattended hunting rifle; explosive devices (terrorism).
Group IV includes bruises, fractures, concussions of the brain - the most common:
- 1. Falling from a height (the child falls out of the window on his own, usually because of curiosity or was thrown out by older children; jumping from a great height).
- 2. Riding the elevator (holding the crossbar under the elevator car).
- 3. Swing "bungee".
- 4. Unrestrained running around at breaks and in porches (hitting the battery). All batteries must have a wooden lattice shirt!
- 5. Glazed doors (should have special thick door glazing.
- 6. Faulty step (leads to slip, as a result, even a fracture of the spine is possible).
- 7. Injuries of "unconscious sadism":
- a) hitting a briefcase (usually 3-5 kg) on the head can lead to a serious craniocerebral injury and residual effects after 2-3 years (loss of visual acuity, tinnitus, headache, memory and performance loss);
- b) "pulling out the stool" (can lead to a compression fracture of the spine, fracture of the sacrum, coccyx, loss of vision);
- c) a protruding nail (3-4 cm) or a button up with a sting (it can injure the urethra in a boy, up to disability);
- d) half of a razor blade fixed in the railing (may lead to damage to the flexor tendon of the hand - complex plastic surgery is necessary).
Unconscious sadism or the desire to cause harm and pain to others is certainly associated with the onset of a child's mental illness.
8. Beatings, fights (become quieter, but more violent), this also includes all cases of beating older younger children.
Thus, the analysis of injuries in this group showed that there are no specific school injuries in nature. At school, the same injuries, and in the same numbers, as everywhere else. The most dangerous age junior schoolchildren. The share of 7-11-year-olds accounts for up to 32% of cases of childhood injuries and over 39% of deaths. But the child is not to blame for being a child. Pranks are not a vice, but a condition of childhood. Adults are to blame for not saving, not warning, not teaching in time. Until children grow up, they live off the physical abilities, experience, skills, and intelligence of adults. If the combination "adult - child" fails, the adult is always to blame (he is responsible, up to criminal).
- 9. The group of injuries associated with the uncontrolled use of school equipment includes all cases in chemistry and physics lessons, electric bread slicers in school canteens, vegetable cutters, meat grinders and other household appliances.
- 10. Lessons of physical culture in the gym (at school and sports clubs). The main source of danger is the considerable physical capabilities of the child's body, which do not correspond to the intellectual ones.
Internal conflicts (for example, to beat an excellent student) are resolved by colossal emissions of little controlled physical and emotional energy (the probability of injury increases sharply).
11. Fashion injury (roller skating and other "extreme" sports). Prevention - protective attributes, routes separate from urban transport, compliance with safety regulations and operating rules.
Group VI includes animal bites.
Only in Moscow, up to 10,000 cases are recorded annually (by far not all). About 45% of families have a cat. "Cat scratch" is a dangerous group of infectious diseases. A child may experience being attacked by rats, being hit by goat horns, being stinged by jellyfish, being attacked by exotic pets and at the zoo. The child will certainly be brought to the emergency room after the attack of dogs, snakes, foxes - they are very afraid of infection, and not without reason (rabies, for example, cannot be cured).
Among dogs, thoroughbred Rottweilers are in 1st place, Bull Terriers are in 2nd, and Shepherds are in 3rd place. The most harmless mongrels. The main reason for dog attacks is that children begin to play with the dog without any precautions - they drag it by the tail, sit on it like a horse, climb into its bowl when the animal eats, and the dog responds with aggression.
IN Lately In our country, the number of dogs with a sick psyche has increased, often brought from abroad, where they are usually culled and sold very cheaply (for purebred dogs), so cases of inexplicable dog aggression began to appear, from which both adults and children suffer.
Rare, but very dangerous cases of viper bites. It is known that high rubber boots and the habit of pushing bushes and grass apart with a stick save snake bites.
Group VII - foreign bodies, includes the following situations:
- a) food products (nuts, bones, seeds);
- b) household items (buttons, coins, keys, jewelry, pencils, toy parts);
- c) a bezoar conglomerate of hair or plant fibers in the stomach (it is formed more often in girls with disorders of emotional and mental development). Most often, foreign bodies enter the bronchial tree and the digestive tract. It is possible to introduce foreign bodies into the skin and soft tissues (for example, a splinter), while infection of the child may occur. There is a danger of general blood poisoning and death of the child.
Group VIII - water injuries.
On average, about 14,000 people die on the water every year in our country, every fourth of them is a child! Of these, 10% die in home baths, 7% - in street puddles. When you bathe a child - do not leave, that's all prevention. According to 63% of drowned children, they knew how to swim, however, due to confusion, due to inexperience, a child can be carried away by the current, thrown onto a stone by the surf, drawn in by a whirlpool, whirlpool, fall under the hull or propeller of a moving vessel, experience hypothermia, muscle spasms, sunstroke .
Group IX includes poisoning with poisons (for example, potassium permanganate - deadly; acetic essence, hydrochloric acid, brake fluid and other liquid poisonous substances), which for some reason (negligence of adults) were easily accessible. Preschool children are usually affected. In case of poisoning, many doctors advise not to do anything - to trust the doctors in order to avoid dangerous mistakes in the treatment of available methods. Almost all poisoning children receive at home.
Recently, cases of poisoning among adolescents and high school students with alcohol, drugs, gasoline vapors and other chemicals (among drug addicts), as well as drugs, have become more frequent. Alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse have already risen to the rank of a national problem.
And the last, X group - cruelty, or beaten child syndrome, when a child receives physical and mental trauma from his parents. Cruelty on the part of parents depends on the level of culture, the socio-economic level of the country, on the availability and effectiveness of protecting the rights of the child. Every child has the right to a happy childhood. Violations of the rights of the child are being fought in all countries, including ours (parents can be deprived of the right of paternity or motherhood).
Measures aimed at reducing child injuries
child injury indiscipline unhappy
In order to show how primary and secondary prevention interventions, either alone or in combination, are used to control childhood injuries, the available evidence is presented in the following sections:
training and development of relevant skills;
promotion of the use of safety equipment;
providing support through home visits;
correction of environmental conditions;
improving the safety of commodities;
legislative and administrative measures, as well as control over their implementation;
pilot programs at the local community level.
Conclusion
Injuries to children in all countries is becoming a matter of particular concern to a wide range of people and workers of various specialties. Today, many times more children die from injuries and accidents than from childhood infectious diseases. In the occurrence of injuries, the anatomical, physiological and psychological characteristics of children, their physical and mental development, lack of everyday skills, increased curiosity, etc. are essential.
When analyzing child and school injuries, it is taken into account that each age group has its own characteristics. It is necessary to teach children the correct behavior at home, on the street, in in public places while playing sports.
There are the following types of childhood traumatism:
- 1) household;
- 2) street (related to transport, non-transport);
- 3) school;
- 4) sports;
- 5) other.
Child domestic injuries include injuries that occur at home, in the yard, at school. From the variety of causes of childhood domestic injuries, the following can be distinguished:
improper care and insufficient supervision of the child;
lack of order in the maintenance of the household economy (unclosed exits to the roofs, unprotected railings of stairwells, open hatches in basements, wells, unprotected trenches during earthworks, lack of fences for buildings under repair, careless storage of materials at construction sites, etc.);
lack of special furniture and fences in apartments, playgrounds, non-flammable clothing;
defects in parenting at home and at school, lack of skills correct behavior in public places, etc.
School injuries include accidents in day students general education schools of all types (including musical, sports, vocational schools) that arose during their stay at school (at the lesson, including a physical education lesson, at recess, in training workshops, at the school site).
Due to the large crowding, the hourly movement from class to class, short breaks, when the children's energy accumulated during the lesson splashes out within a few minutes, injuries are inevitable. Every fifth injury to schoolchildren occurs at the school itself, and 4/5 of them occur at recess.
In the work of the school, one of the priority tasks is the formation of sustainable skills for safe behavior on the streets and roads in students by studying the Rules of the Road, their practical development in class and extracurricular activities.
Thus, according to the results of the experiment, we can say that targeted, regular prevention of injuries in primary school, using various teaching methods, helps to reduce injuries in children.
Child injuries at school account for almost 15% of all injuries received by children. Of these, 80% are injuries received by children during recess. In most cases, injuries at school occur due to the indiscipline of students (falling from windowsills, desks, stairs, running boards, etc.). There are also violations of sanitary and epidemiological standards, negligent attitude to the operation of school premises.
A large proportion of school injuries occur in physical education classes. More often this occurs outdoors and on sports equipment that is out of size or in disrepair. Also, the reason is the poor physical preparation of students, the lack of insurance, etc.
In this regard, for the purpose of prevention, teachers are advised to adhere to a strict system in mastering the school curriculum. Qualified to teach physical training students. Gradually increase physical activity. Provide insurance for children when performing physical exercises. Maintain control over students during sports [Safety at physical education lessons, 2001, p.23].
In the process of training and production classes, children's injuries also occur. By nature, children are very inquisitive, love pranks. They still have little practical experience, knowledge of safety when working in laboratory conditions and workshops. Depending on the age group, students have different causes of injury. As a rule, at junior groups weak awareness of the danger in a given situation prevails. Weakly formed skills for life safety.
In this regard, work on the prevention of child injuries should develop in three main directions:
It is necessary to create a safe environment from injury among students
Teach children safe behavior in various life situations.
Engage in physical training for children. Develop coordination of movement and strengthen the musculoskeletal system. Carry out hardening.
Activities for the prevention of childhood injuries should be carried out individually, depending on the age group. Work on the prevention of school injuries should be included in the educational work, which is coordinated by the head of the educational department, and directly by the school principal. The plan must include the entire range of measures to prevent all kinds of injuries [Children's traumatism, 1999, p.44].
For younger students, the main aspect is knowledge about security measures, and on the basis of this knowledge, develop conscious behavioral skills. For their assimilation, the traditional way of learning is suitable, based on conveying knowledge, memorizing it, and doing exercises.
The main activities to prevent child injuries should be carried out after school hours. Doctors, teachers, psychologists, representatives of the traffic police, etc. conduct conversations with students of junior school groups. Conversations should take place in an accessible form no more than 30-35 minutes. Children should be involved in the dialogue of this event, answer questions, express their point of view. For such conversations, various visual aids should be used: posters, pictures, books, multimedia tools. the main objective these activities so that the information is conveyed to children in a convincing and intelligible way.
Children of the secondary school group have sufficient knowledge about injury prevention, but often, they are skeptical about this information. This category of children needs to be dealt with not only within the school, but also outside its territory. Here it is important to form in adolescents the correct attitude to dangerous situations, to form rules of conduct that will help to avoid the possibility of injury. At such events, the options for the behavior of victims, the causes of injuries, and methods for avoiding them are analyzed in detail.
For older schoolchildren, preventive measures are practically no different from teaching adults. In these conversations, the main focus should be on the prevention of sports injuries. Analyzing sports injuries, we can identify the main reasons for their receipt:
1. Violations of the rules and regulations during training and competitions.
2. Admission to training and sports competitions of students in a painful condition.
3. Poor material and technical condition of sports equipment and venue for sporting events.
4. Violation of sanitary and hygienic requirements, non-compliance of sports events with meteorological factors.
5. Violation of discipline when playing sports.
In order for such violations to be as rare as possible, it is necessary:
Prohibit the conduct of sports games in the absence of a coach or teacher.
Students should be formed according to age groups, physical fitness, health status.
Do not allow students who do not have a medical examination to physical training.
Adhere to the requirements of the basic methodology when teaching physical training [Safety at physical culture lessons, 2001, p.40].
Of particular importance is the prevention of security measures among older groups is that they are role models for the younger generation. In working with high school students, you can use lectures, conversations. give examples real cases injury. You can show slides taken directly in the hospital. To effectively combat child injuries, it is necessary to educate not only students, but also their parents.
Prevention work child injury should be conducted in three main directions:
1. Creation of a safe environment for children;
2. Development of safe behavior in children in various life situations;
3. Hardening and physical development of children, aimed at strengthening the musculoskeletal system and developing coordination of movements.
Work on the prevention of injuries must be carried out differentiated, depending on the age of students.
Injury prevention activities should be included in the plan educational work which is controlled by the principal of the school. The plans should present the whole range of measures for the prevention of all types of injuries.
Work should be planned separately for elementary, middle and high school students. Physical education and labor teachers need to include elements of teaching children safe behavior in the program material. A strict record of injuries that have occurred to children on school grounds and outside of it helps to plan work. The analysis of these cases is discussed in the teaching staff and serves as a starting point for planning specific school-wide and classroom activities.
There will be no real benefit from the endless reminders "be careful", "do it carefully." It is necessary to explain exactly what should be done and what should not be done. You should teach him to consistently perform a series of actions, explaining why it is necessary to do it that way. An action that adults perform automatically should be explained to the child in detail.
When a child first goes to school, he should be shown the shortest and safest way, teach him the rules of crossing the street. However, you can often see how adults themselves set an example for children to behave incorrectly on the carriageway of the street. In this case, no further instructions from parents to be careful will not be successful.
Sometimes it can be helpful to tell a student about accidents that have happened to other children. In order for this story to be remembered by the child and bring real benefits to the education of the skills of correct behavior, it is necessary to give him the opportunity to figure out the causes of misfortune himself. The child must understand how it would be possible to avoid danger in this situation. It is this approach that will convince him that the danger can always be prevented.
Bruises and blows can be the result of not only indiscipline, but also awkwardness. The child needs to be physically developed, such children fall less often, are more dexterous, and do housework more confidently. Dexterity, the ability to navigate in the environment instill in the child systematic exercise, sports. Physical education lessons are not enough, the desire of children to engage in sports sections should be encouraged. Such activities not only develop physically, but also discipline children, are a good discharge of energy, distract from risky pranks on roofs, construction sites, etc.
Parents should not indifferently pass by the unsafe pranks of children, their duty is to prevent trouble, even if it threatens someone else's child.
Child injury at school
School injury
Let's be extremely precise and under the term "school injuries" we will consider only those cases that occur with a child who has crossed the threshold of school.School trauma accounts for about 5% of childhood injuries. We do not include here injuries that occurred in physical education classes, referring them to a sports injury.Accidents most often happen at breaks. Of the lessons, the most “dangerous” (after physical education) are labor, physics and chemistry. Curiously, children who help their parents around the house tend to be more careful and attentive, so they are less likely to get injured.This refers to bruises with a hammer, abrasions and cuts with a chisel, a file. More serious options are the explosion of flasks with chemicals, electrical injuries during experiments. Sometimes the cause of an accident is faulty equipment, wiring, tools. But, I repeat, this happens very rarely.
PTimes: Traumatic Epidemic
The real "traumatic epidemic" begins during changes. It is explainable. The guys are forced to sit in one place for a whole school hour, are deprived physical activity, the action spring is compressed to the limit. In addition, the excitement before a possible survey of the teacher. Change is the release needed by the child.
How do children behave during breaks? The most calm girls. High school students behave solidly: they have already been trained for many years school life. Can you stop kids?
They need movement. If the attendants do not allow them to run along the corridor, the guys without any need tend to go up and down the stairs dozens of times.
What incidents happen at recess!
Misha, 10 years old, walked quickly down the corridor. They put him on a pedestal. He fell and hit his head on the battery. He was taken to the hospital with a diagnosis: “Concussion. Bruised head wound." Stayed 14 days.
Zina, 12 years old, was walking up the stairs. The boy pushed her in the back. Diagnosis: "Fracture of both bones of the left leg", lay 6 days. I was able to go to school after 2 months.
Mark, aged 8, felt a sharp pain in the area of his right eye. In the ophthalmological hospital, the diagnosis was made: “Injury to the right eye”.A piece of paper clip was removed from the eyeball, which was shot at him from a slingshot. Vision in this eye is largely lost.
The listed cases are mainly the result of pranks, indiscipline or hooliganism of the guys. In this regard, I would like to once again recall the upbringing in the family.
A properly brought up child is much easier to get used to the school environment and obey all school rules and discipline.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
THESIS
Child injury prevention at school
Completed by a student
scientific adviser
Murmansk
INTRODUCTION
1.1 TYPES, STATISTICS AND AGE STRUCTURE OF SCHOOL INJURIES
1.2 MAIN PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES OF INJURIES. WAYS TO REMOVE THEM
CHAPTER 2. FORMS AND METHODS OF CHILD INJURY PREVENTION AT SCHOOL
2.1 ORGANIZATION OF THE HEALTH SERVICE IN AN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION AS THE MAIN METHOD OF ENSURING THE SAFETY OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
2.2 SAFETY TRAINING FOR STUDENTS
2.3 STAGED SYSTEM OF ADMINISTRATIVE AND PUBLIC CONTROL OVER SAFETY IN SCHOOL
2.4 MONITORING THE EDUCATIONAL ENVIRONMENT AS A METHOD OF INJURY PREVENTION
2.5 PROMOTION OF SAFE LEARNING PRACTICES
CHAPTER 3. STUDYING THE EXPERIENCE OF CHILD INJURY PREVENTION IN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
3.1 PROGRAM OF STUDYING FORMS AND METHODS OF PREVENTION OF CHILD INJURY IN SCHOOL
3.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER IV. EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF INSTRUCTING STUDENTS AS A METHOD OF PREVENTION OF CHILD INJURIES
4.1 RESEARCH PROGRAM
4.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY METHODS
4.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE RESULTS OF THE STUDY
CONCLUSION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX 1. LIST OF HEALTH AND SAFETY INSTRUCTIONS
APPENDIX 2
APPENDIX 3. LIST OF DOCUMENTS ON LABOR SAFETY FOR THE HEADS OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
INTRODUCTION
Every day in the world, 2,270 children die as a result of accidents, which is 830,000 child deaths per year, and several tens of millions of children end up in hospitals with injuries of varying severity. Such data are contained in the WHO and UNICEF World Report on Child Injury Prevention, which was presented on February 19, 2009 in Moscow as part of the Russian Congress of Pediatricians.
The trauma-related child mortality rate in Russia is the highest in Europe, at more than 13,000 children per year, or 35 per day. According to WHO and UNICEF, 5 out of 6 fatal accidents (or 11,000 per year) are preventable. According to the report, accidents are the leading cause of death for children over the age of 9, with 95% of them occurring in developing countries. In recent years, developed countries have seen a significant increase in the effectiveness of child injury prevention measures. But even there, accidents account for 40% of all deaths of children.
An analysis of the literature data showed that the existing works on the problem of child injuries mainly reflect road traffic injuries. Of course, this aspect needs to be given special attention, but, according to a number of researchers (cited by Spiridonov, 2007, p. 3), this type of injury is only 3-6% in the structure of injuries, and the most common among children and adults are domestic and street, school occupying in the structure of injuries from 80% to 86%.
The most unfavorable situation with injuries develops in large cities, where the proportion of the child population among the victims is over 40% (ibid.).
Simultaneously with the growth of injuries among the urban child population, there is a trend towards an increase in their severity (ibid.).
There is an opinion among the population that the treatment of injuries in children ends safely. This is not true. The consequences of a number of injuries (post-burn scars, narrowing of the esophagus after chemical burns, eye damage, damage to the growth zones of the bone) in 18-20% of cases lead to disability in children. Minor injuries also often cause pathological changes in the body and, to one degree or another, limit the functionality of the child.
The urgency of the problem is strengthened by the fact that high rates of childhood injuries are accompanied by a lack of modern approaches to injury prevention.
The organization of the activities of an educational institution that is innovative in its design, purpose, nature and functioning must be efficient, effective and SAFE.
The competent organization of the labor protection service in an educational institution is a prerequisite for an effective educational process.
The purpose of this work: study of forms and methods of prevention of child injuries at school.
The objectives of this workare:
Conducting an analysis of the literature on the problem of preventing child injuries at school;
Consideration of the following questions:
but). statistics and age characteristics of injuries of children at school;
b). psychological causes of injuries and ways to eliminate them;
in). features of the organization of the labor protection service in an educational institution;
G). briefing as a method of ensuring the safety of the educational process;
Object of study: childhood trauma.
Subject of study: prevention and methods of preventing school injuries.
Research methodology: a questionnaire aimed at identifying the level of knowledge of students in the field of life safety and analysis of the literature.
Research stages:
sample definition;
Selection of adequate research methods;
Implementation of research in practice;
Processing and analysis of the obtained results;
Generalization of the obtained results;
The theoretical significance of this work lies in the actualization of the problem of preventing child injuries at school.
Practical significance of this work lies in the fact that the results of the work and the conclusions drawn on the basis of these results make it possible to substantiate the importance of organizing an occupational safety service in an educational institution as the main method of ensuring the safety of the educational process and preventing child injuries at school.
The study was conducted on the basis of secondary schools No. 31 and No. 45 in Murmansk.
In this work, the following hypothesis: We assume that by creating a system for controlling injuries in educational institutions, developing methods for preventing injuries, conducting health education among schoolchildren and their parents, developing safety skills among schoolchildren, it is possible to reduce the tendency of school injuries.
The work consists of content, introduction, three chapters, conclusion, literature and applications.
CHAPTER 1. SCHOOL INJURIES AS ONE OF THE PROBLEMS OF AN EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
1.1 Types, statistics and age structure of school injuries
It is known that any trauma in a child is a stress (the same trauma!) for his parents. If the child was injured at school, the teacher, in whose lesson the emergency occurred, the administration, and sometimes the entire school team, is subjected to serious feelings. In addition, in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", an educational institution is responsible for the life and health of students, pupils and employees of an educational institution during the educational process (Article 32, clause 22).
Trauma (Greek trauma - damage, injury) is a violation of the anatomical integrity or physiological functions of human tissues or organs caused by a sudden external influence.
In accordance with the type of impact, injuries are divided into:
1. mechanical (bruises, fractures, wounds, etc.);
2. thermal (burns, frostbite, heat strokes);
3. chemical (chemical burns, acute poisoning, suffocation);
4. electrical, combined, etc. (for example, caused by some kind of radiation).
Thus, according to the annual statistical reporting on accidents in the Murmansk region that occurred with students and pupils during the educational process and events, in the period from 2004 to 2007, 1656 children were injured, which is 0.2% of the total number of children. students and pupils - (see Fig. 1), including: in 2004 - 446, 2005 - 494, 2006 - 361, 2007 - 355. : 357 (80%), 337 (68%), 287 (79.5%), 307 (86.5%).
An annual analysis of the causes of accidents indicates that over the past four years there have been no changes in their structure. The injury rate remains high during:
– breaks, incl. time before the start and end of classes (events) from 46 to 51%;
- lessons on physical education from 20 to 17%; – excursions, hikes, walks, expeditions from 9.4 to 14%;
– training and educational activities on educational program from 8.7 to 7.9%;
– competitions, trainings from 8.3 to 5.4%;
- in other places of the accident, the number of victims does not exceed 1 - 2% of the total number of injured.
The vast majority of injuries are the result of an unsatisfactory organization of the educational process, labor and production discipline, which is often legal nihilism and widespread neglect of compliance with labor protection requirements. In the age aspect, the most "injured" is the age from 6 to 14 years, which is associated with increased emotionality and insufficiently developed ability to self-control. The greatest number of injuries falls on critical age periods (3, 7, 11–12 years), when children become capricious, irritable, often come into conflict with others, they have a negative attitude towards previously fulfilled requirements, reaching stubbornness and negativism.