home » Interwar period Self-preserving behavior of road users. Self-preservation behavior and its impact on public health. Self-preservation behavior as a factor in life expectancy. The expediency of studying self-preserving behavior in research

Self-preserving behavior of road users. Self-preservation behavior and its impact on public health. Self-preservation behavior as a factor in life expectancy. The expediency of studying self-preserving behavior in research

Introduction

For thousands of years, mankind has suffered and died from epidemic infectious diseases - plague, cholera, smallpox and others. After the industrial revolution, with the beginning of the second phase of the demographic transition, the economic and sanitary living conditions of the population improve, the mortality rate begins to decrease and at the same time its structure by causes of death changes Mass infectious diseases recede, their share in the mortality structure decreases to a minimum, and their place is taken by non-infectious chronic sickness, accidents and injuries. The role of health prevention, sanitary aspects of living and working conditions, the ability of each individual to maintain their health or at least delay the approach of death is increasing. Hence the role social sciences in the study of behavioral aspects of mortality and life expectancy, in the development of recommendations for the development of a healthy lifestyle.

The purpose of the work is to investigate self-preservation behavior as a factor in life expectancy.

Self-preserving behavior, its concept and structure

The growing role of behavioral aspects in the struggle for life expectancy has also found its expression in the study of the factors of mortality and public health by sociological methods. By analogy with the definition of reproductive behavior, self-preserving behavior is defined as a system of actions and attitudes of the individual aimed at maintaining health and prolonging life.

Self-preserving behavior is part of the general behavior of an individual or a group of people (one of the types of which is the family), related objectively to a certain area of life.

Like any other behavior, self-preserving behavior is a response to external and internal stimuli that is integral in its physical and mental components, consisting not only of externally manifested actions, but also of internal, active, but externally unmanifested mental acts and states (impulses, attitudes). , motives, moods, etc.). External incentives for behavior are social values and norms, internal - needs. External incentives for the individual, family and society, as well as other social values, one way or another related to values, social norms.

Self-preserving behavior has a structure that can be represented as a sequence of mental components: self-preserving needs, attitudes, motives, interests, plans, decisions, actions, results of actions.

Self-preservation behavior as a factor in life expectancy. The feasibility of studying self-preservation behavior in studies of life expectancy factors

The mortality rate and life expectancy of the population is influenced by many natural and social factors. At the same time, it must be emphasized that since the emergence of human society, production and culture, natural factors have not dominated humanity, so to speak, in a "pure form", they are mediated, changed by social conditions. Humanity has long been living in a natural and social environment, and its fate increasingly depends on its choice.

It seems appropriate, with a certain degree of conventionality, to combine all the main factors into four groups (listed in order of their importance:

1) the standard of living of the people;

2) the effectiveness of health services;

3) sanitary culture of society;

4) ecological environment.

1) The standard of living of the people. The standard of living seems to be the main factor in improving the health of the population, reducing the mortality rate and increasing the average life expectancy, because it creates the conditions (space) for the development of all other factors of growth and sanitary culture, health care, to improve environment etc. Poverty doesn't help in any way. Meanwhile, the vast majority of our population is poor by modern ("Western") standards of living. Unfortunately, we do not really know what our standard of living is and by what indicators it should be measured. Soviet social statistics are completely unsuitable for this purpose, they are false through and through, and besides, they were almost completely classified. However, according to many fragmentary data, one can still get some idea that the standard of living in our country for decades was extremely low, on the verge of only a simple reproduction of a person’s personality and his labor force, or even lower. The development of the personality took place largely due to the rejection of the most necessary, including rest, the acquisition of effective medicines and paid health care services, high-quality nutrition, and so on.

One of the most advanced comprehensive indicators, with which the level and quality of life is assessed at the international level, is the so-called "human development index" (or "index human development"), which is the arithmetic average of the indicator of gross domestic product per capita, the level of education of the population and the average life expectancy. As for the per capita gross domestic product, this indicator may give a misleading idea of the standard of living if its articles are not disclosed In Soviet, and even in post-Soviet conditions of top secrecy, a significant part of the domestic product is spent by the state on military spending, which, however, is partially distributed in the budget under "peaceful" items. That is, our standard of living may include spending on guns instead of butter, and financing of space research, etc. Nevertheless, according to the data of the Second Russian Report (1996), devoted to assessing the standard of living in our country and presented to the UN, Russia in this indicator in 1993 ranked 57th among 174 countries of the world for which this index is calculated.In 1995, our country was among those 174 countries of the world have already moved to 119th place. If we take into account that there are approximately 35 economically developed countries in the world, then even taking into account, most likely, an overestimation of the standard of living given by the HDI index, our country is far beyond the line separating economically developed countries from "developing" (more precisely, backward).

2) The effectiveness of health care. If you look into the domestic statistical directory, you will see that the development of our health care in all years Soviet power characterized mainly by indicators of the number of doctors and hospital beds, as well as their distribution by specialty and purpose. Probably, our health care is the only branch of the national economy, or, in any case, one of the few whose activities are evaluated not by results, but by labor costs. In terms of the number of doctors and hospital beds, we have long been "ahead of the rest." However, the relatively low level and unfavorable dynamics of life expectancy indicate the inefficiency of health care. And this is not surprising, since our health care is literally poor, for decades it has been kept on a starvation financial ration by the state. In all economically developed countries, significant funds are spent on health care from the state budget, which are constantly increasing. Thus, already by 1990, in most economically developed countries, spending on health care exceeded 8% of the gross domestic product. In Russia at that time they were only 3.3%. Moreover, these costs were approximately at the same level in the former USSR.

An integral part of the problem of low funding for health care is the very low wages of those employed in this industry. According to the data for 1996, the average monthly salary of workers in health care, physical culture and social security (it is difficult to explain the validity of such a mixture) was 77% of the same salary on average in the country's economy. Lower than in health care, wages are only for those employed in education, culture and art. By the way, this is also an extremely indicative symptom of the attitude of our state towards the most vital sectors of the national economy for it, for the state. It is hardly possible to seriously expect a great desire of a doctor to constantly improve his qualifications at such a "lowest of the lowest" salary.

Probably as important as the financial provision of health care is its relationship with the patient. In this regard, the organization of our health care system is unlikely to have changed significantly in the last 100 years. As before, it has an impersonal character, i.e. the doctor in the treatment process does not take into account the individuality of the patient, the characteristics of his personality, considers him as an inanimate organism (plant). This approach was to a large extent justified in the epochs before the beginning of the demographic transition, when the structure of the mortality rate by cause of death was dominated by infectious epidemics that affected people without distinction of their social and individual characteristics. But now it is completely ineffective.

In the post-transitional period, when cardinal changes are taking place in the structure of mortality by causes of death, when chronic, largely individualized diseases begin to predominate, medicine, or rather, health care, must also change towards greater consideration of the nature of the patient and the characteristics of his unique fate. A longer-term, more personal relationship between physician and patient is required. To do this, it is necessary to break the serfdom of the population to district clinics, to give citizens the opportunity to choose for themselves a doctor whom they could trust. The system of compulsory medical insurance introduced in our country a few years ago, it would seem, may well provide the possibility of such a choice, and at the same time an objective assessment of medical qualifications. But, apparently, this system does not perform such a function. It is again a bureaucratic procedure. It only added to citizens the worries about periodically reissuing insurance policies and the need to remember to take them with you when going to see a doctor.

In recent years, with the development of market relations in the country, paid cooperative and private medicine is expanding, which, in general, treats a person better than government medicine. But... for the most part, our people do not have enough money to enjoy the benefits of paid medicine. This is due to low wages. The state must return at least part of the money withdrawn from the wages of workers for "free" health care so that people themselves can dispose of them.

3) Sanitary culture. One of the most important social consequences of the change in the structure of mortality by cause of death is the growing importance of sanitary culture as one of the most important factors in maintaining health and increasing life expectancy.

The communist regime, despite its outwardly really beautiful slogans, turned out to be inhumane and inhuman in relation to the majority of the people. The construction of a new society was carried out for many decades by assault methods, at the limit of exertion. Dedication and self-denial were required from people for the sake of implementing the idea, the rejection of today's life in the name of tomorrow's life, life for future generations. In propaganda art, violations of safety standards, overtime work were glorified - all in order to reduce production times, increase output. The results were poor product quality, high injuries and equipment breakdowns, loss of life and loss of health. A new work ethic was actually created, in which the life of man was valued below the machine. A feat from an exceptional deed was elevated to the norm of life, for the observance of which many people paid with their lives, and some with the lives of others. And much of this ethic continues to shorten our lives today.

Low culture of alcohol consumption, mass smoking, atom among women and adolescents, a huge number of induced abortions instead of modern means contraception, widespread rudeness in relations between people, foul language, unbridled youth, propaganda of sex, violence and cruelty by the media - all these are the most important factors that destroy the health of the nation and do not contribute to the growth of average life expectancy (as well as strengthening the family and increasing the birth rate).

4) The quality of the environment. Here, too, there are many problems that are now quite well known (although almost every day we learn about new, or rather, old environmental troubles, but carefully hidden for a long time). Almost all of them are a consequence of the hypertrophied military economy of the Soviet state, in which little attention was paid to environmental issues (as well as health care, the living standards of the people, and all other vital aspects). According to the urban air pollution monitoring network Russian Federation, which has been operating for about three decades, air pollution by industrial waste is observed in almost all the largest industrial cities of Russia (only the degree of pollution differs, which, however, everywhere exceeds the maximum allowable concentrations of MPC). Concentrations of harmful substances in the atmosphere exceed the permissible limits by 5 times in 150 cities of Russia, by 10 times - in 86 cities.

Many other data can be cited that testify to the poor state of the environment in Russia, but I think that these are enough to have an idea of the "contribution" that ecology makes to our mortality.

It would be advisable to attribute self-preserving behavior to the life expectancy factors, because a healthy lifestyle, a high level of physical culture contributes to the creation of prerequisites for good physical, mental and emotional well-being of people, and, accordingly, prolongs their life.

The growing role of behavioral aspects in the struggle for life expectancy has also found its expression in the study of the factors of mortality and public health by sociological methods. By analogy with the definition of reproductive behavior, self-preserving behavior is defined as a system of actions and attitudes of an individual aimed at preserving health and prolonging life.

For the first time in our country, pilot studies of self-preserving behavior began to be carried out by a small group of sociologists and demographers under the guidance of prof. A.I. Antonov, first at the Center for the Study of Population Problems (at the Faculty of Economics of Moscow State University named after M.V. Lomonosov) in 1980-1983, then at the Institute of Sociology of the USSR Academy of Sciences, in 1984-86. (respectively, in a different composition of the research group). Research was carried out in Vilnius, Siauliai, Lvov, Chernivtsi and other cities of the USSR. In total, about 1,500 people, men and women, were interviewed, among which people under 30 years old made up 61%, and over 50 years old - 13%. More than half of all respondents were people of mental labor. As the main characteristics of psychological attitudes towards life expectancy, the researchers used in fact the same three indicators of preferences as in the study of reproductive behavior, of course, in refraction to the actual subject of research: the average ideal, desired and expected number of years of life. Respondents' answers to the question about the ideal life expectancy: "What, in your opinion, is the best life expectancy?" - were interpreted by the researchers as a characteristic of the respondents' ideas about the best terms of life for people in general, some other people, and not them personally. Responses about desired life expectancy: "If you had a choice, what number of years of life would you prefer for yourself under the most favorable conditions?" - were interpreted as a need for longevity, a desire to live. Finally, the answer to the question about life expectancy: “About what age do you think you will be able to live?” - was interpreted as a characteristic of the respondents' ideas about the terms of life that can be achieved in the real circumstances of their lives. All indicators of preferences and expectations regarding life expectancy were compared with various characteristics of the respondents. Men were found to be generally more pessimistic than women about their health. Only 30% of the men surveyed rated it as “good” compared to 48% of women, and the proportion of those who rated their health as “bad” among men was 2.5 times higher than among women. At the same time, of all the factors that have the greatest impact on health, for men, “living conditions” (41%) were in first place, and only 29% noted the importance of “the efforts of the person himself” in achieving good health. In women, such opinions amounted to 28 and 39%, respectively. Thus, women showed a more active position in relation to the preservation of health.

Studies have also identified a significant proportion of people who believe that it is not worth striving to live as long as possible. This part is not so small, according to the mentioned studies it is about 25%. This position is motivated by the fear of being helpless and lonely in old age and illness. The difference in life positions was also reflected in the indicators of preference for years of life. For “pessimists” (if I can call them that, only conditionally), the desired life expectancy (how many years I would like to live under the most favorable conditions) was 68.6 years compared to 81.1 years according to the answers of “optimists” who want to live longer in order to experience as much as possible in life and not to part with your loved ones for as long as possible. Life expectancy (how old you can live) was 61.6 years for the former and 69.4 years for the latter. Attention to the preservation of one's health is also reflected in self-preservation attitudes. Those who care about their health expect to live 79 years, those who do not care - 71 years.

Unfortunately, research on self-preservation behavior was interrupted very soon after it began. They did not receive support either from the leadership of the institutions in which they were carried out, or from the scientific community. Perhaps A.I. Antonov lost interest in this topic. Meanwhile, it cannot at all be considered exhausted or not of scientific interest. According to the same A.I. Antonova, “the questions of the structure of the self-preserving behavior of the individual, the relationship of its elements, the classification of the main results of such behavior (positive and negative in terms of health), the relationship between the results of the self-preserving behavior of individuals with the state of health, morbidity and life expectancy of various population groups still remain undeveloped. the population of the country as a whole. Today, we can only talk about the formulation of this problem within the framework of sociological demography and the sociology of health, since in certain disciplines, and primarily in psychology, there are scattered attempts to measure subjective life expectancy, i.e. the number of years that is collected, the person being interviewed hopes to live. It remains to be hoped, or even, perhaps, one can be sure that this research topic will still find its enthusiasts.

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Self-preserving behavior

Self-preserving behavior is a conscious system of actions and relationships that largely determine the quality of individual and family health, which is expressed through morbidity, temporary disability, disability and life expectancy, which is made up of attitudes towards one's own health and the health of other people, the implementation of a healthy lifestyle, the implementation of medical prescriptions and appointments, regular visits to medical institutions. The attitude of an individual, social group or the entire population to their health largely depends on the value of health as such. The value of health is mediated by a person's attitudes towards maintaining and strengthening health. It is these attitudes that form self-preserving behavior.

The most important factors for self-preservation behavior are: a balanced, non-excessive diet, the ability to properly rest and sufficient physical activity, healthy sexuality, the ability to cope with stressful situations, family planning, lack of bad habits.

Overcoming behavior that poses a threat to health involves, first of all, reducing the consumption of tobacco and alcohol, refusing to use psychotropic drugs (narcotic substances). Smoking is recognized as one of the main causes of lung cancer, coronary heart disease, chronic bronchitis and emphysema. It is assumed that low body weight in newborns is due to the smoking of their mothers during pregnancy. Researchers are drawing attention to the potential risk of developing lung cancer and other diseases among non-smokers who are exposed to tobacco smoke.

The likelihood of alcohol-related health problems increases as alcohol consumption increases. Most of these problems are associated with the frequent consumption of amounts of alcohol that exceed the acceptable level. Health problems of a different nature arise when drinking large amounts of alcohol in a short period of time leads to violence or traffic accidents.

The use of psychotropic drugs leads to adverse consequences for individuals, their families and society as a whole. The spread of AIDS and HIV infection has further increased the danger associated with drug addiction.

The concept of "self-preserving behavior" is closely related to such concepts as "healthy lifestyle" and "medical activity" (Lisitsyn, 1986). Medical activity is the types and forms of people's activities related to individual and public health, depending on general level culture, education, psychological attitude, living conditions, specific socio-economic and political environment, and other factors. It includes the activities of individuals, groups, the population as a whole, the work of health authorities and institutions to provide the population with curative and preventive care.

Systematically, well-organized measures - visits to medical institutions, medical examinations, medical examinations, etc., characterizing not only the work of these institutions, but also the personal activity of patients, prove the effectiveness of medical activity. Cultural level, education, awareness of medical issues significantly affect the attitude to medical prescriptions and advice, behavior in case of illness, pregnancy and disease prevention. Thus, women with a higher level of education more often, in the early stages of pregnancy, turn to consultations, visit polyclinics more often for preventive purposes, more conscientiously follow the doctor's recommendations, which has a positive effect on the health of mothers and children themselves. For example, the perinatal mortality of children is 3 times lower if during the period of pregnancy the mothers visited the antenatal clinic in a timely and regular manner. Low medical activity has a particularly sensitive effect on the health of children. Lateness and rare visits to medical institutions lead to an aggravation of the course of diseases that could have been prevented. Ignoring medical institutions for the purpose of consultation, treatment of the disease in the early period affects the occurrence of severe, sometimes chronic, diseases.

Self-preservation behavior is an important element of a healthy lifestyle (HLS). A healthy lifestyle is an activity, activity of people aimed at maintaining and improving health, as a condition and prerequisite for the implementation and further development of other aspects and aspects of lifestyle. In this understanding, a healthy lifestyle, on the one hand, is a form (one of the aspects) of a lifestyle, on the other hand, a condition that contributes to the implementation and development of other forms and manifestations of a lifestyle. The modern way of life should be based on a social structure that implements types, forms, methods of activity, including medical ones, ensuring well-being, physical and spiritual development and perfection of a person. A high quality of life should affect the way of life, contributing to the improvement of people's health.

The formation of a healthy lifestyle is aimed at overcoming the "risk factors" for the occurrence and development of diseases, at the optimal use of social and natural conditions and positive lifestyle factors in the interests of protecting and improving health. A healthy lifestyle requires the joint efforts of state and public organizations, medical institutions, and the population itself. It becomes the basis, base, universal means of primary prevention and, consequently, the starting point of a comprehensive prevention program. Joint actions of health care authorities and institutions, education, culture, etc. are necessary. The formation of a healthy lifestyle and the development of prevention is the way to transform all medicine, which for the most part remains medical medicine. At the same time, WHO, in the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion (1986), called for the transformation of medicine from pathology medicine to sanology medicine, to a science and practical activities to improve the health of the healthy.

The introduction of the main elements of primary prevention in the form of hygienic behavior skills, a healthy lifestyle should be included in the system of preschool and school education of children and adolescents, reflected in the health education system, which is increasingly focused on promoting a healthy lifestyle, physical culture, and sports.

Aspects of a healthy lifestyle

Let's see what a healthy lifestyle (HLS) is and what it is at its starting point. Undoubtedly, at the starting point, this is primarily the upbringing of a healthy generation and the laying of a reliable "foundation" in the form of understanding and analysis of various kinds of things that can affect both positively and negatively on his health. Also, instilling in children the importance of a passion for various sports.

The systemic point of view on a healthy lifestyle implies the organization of such changes in a person’s life:

organization of proper nutrition;

quitting smoking, alcohol, stimulants;

compulsory amateur sports;

permanent hardening of the body;

personal hygiene.

Also a very strong influence on the physical state a person is rendered by his mental state. Roughly speaking, the human psyche protects him from the effects of various external negative manifestations (stress). All of you probably remember the very reasonable phrase "all diseases are from the nerves." Therefore, such aspects of a healthy lifestyle are also distinguished in terms of a person’s mental state: emotional control. The ability of a person to control his emotions well; intellectual control and its development. The ability of a person to use his knowledge as usefully as possible in various life circumstances and also the ability to constantly replenish them with the help of various sources of information; spiritual well-being. This is the ability of a person to clearly understand his life values and set constructive goals. First of all, it is the desire to implement them that is evaluated.

Factorsimagebutlife

Lifestyle factors - a certain type of people's life, which includes various activities, this is the behavior of people in everyday life.

The main forms of activity are distinguished: labor (industrial), cognitive, household activities, medical activity. Each type of activity has its indicators.

The indicators of production and labor activity include: the degree of satisfaction with the work performed, the level of professional skills, the position held, relationships in the team, initiative, etc.

Indicators of activity in everyday life are: living conditions, availability of household appliances, time spent on household duties, relations between spouses, number of children, etc.

Medical activity is activity in the field of health care. It depends on the general level of development, education, psychological attitude, access to medical care, living conditions, etc.

Indicators of medical activity include: sanitary literacy, hygiene habits, seeking medical care, attitude to medical examinations, compliance with medical recommendations, rational nutrition, physical activity, absence of bad habits, timeliness of seeking medical help.

Let us list a number of concepts closely related to the concept of lifestyle.

Living conditions - the conditions that determine the way of life. They can be material and intangible (work, life, family relationships, education, nutrition, etc.).

The standard of living (well-being) is determined by the size of the gross product, national income, real incomes of the population, provision of housing, medical care, and indicators of the health of the population. These are quantitative indicators of living conditions. This also includes qualitative indicators - the quality of the conditions in which the daily life of people is carried out (the quality of housing conditions, nutrition, education, medical care).

Quality of life is the degree to which a person is satisfied with various aspects of his life, depending on his own scale of values and personal priorities.

The relationship between the quality of life and the standard of living is not directly proportional. For example, due to a serious illness in a person with a very high level of well-being, the quality of life can be significantly reduced.

Way of life - the order, regulations of work, life, social life, within which people live.

Lifestyle - individual characteristics of behavior in everyday life.

Ultimately, the task of the social worker is to help the client restore or improve the interaction between him and society in order to improve the client's quality of life.

1. Any agent acts on the human body as a whole, and not on any one separate system. Thus, the structural aspect requires in its implementation the participation of the genetic apparatus of all cells of the body, enzyme systems, the digestive system, respiratory apparatus, thermoregulation, etc. The same situation develops with respect to the other two channels for ensuring the existence of a person.

2. Any means of life support is realized practically through all three channels. So, food carries both structural, energy, and informational potentials; movement turns out to be a condition for the activation of plastic processes, regulates the energy flow and carries important information for the body, which ultimately ensures the corresponding structural changes.

A way of life is the actions consciously performed by a person that make up the habitual way of his daily behavior. In his daily life, a person has to perform a significant part of the duties and actions aimed at solving a number of tasks:

Life support, for which it is necessary to breathe, eat, sleep, maintain the temperature of your body, etc.

The fulfillment of professional duties requires compliance with a number of conditions in the organization of work (study), recreation, advanced training, physical and psychological rehabilitation, etc.

Maintaining socio-cultural status, multiple interpersonal contacts, spiritual development, etc.

Fulfillment of their family and household functions to ensure the life of the family and the upbringing of children. self-preservation behavior healthy life

Taking care of your health, including the necessary physical activity, fulfilling hygiene requirements, giving up bad habits, etc.

Based on the need to solve these tasks in everyday life, the following main components of the lifestyle can be distinguished.

Physical activity. Movement is the basic condition for life. The organism is arranged in such a way that the activity of all its systems is subject to motor activity. This applies not only to the muscular system (which, with regular physical education, turns out to be well developed and gives a person an external attractiveness with a slim figure and athleticism), but the cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, nervous and all other systems. In addition, sufficient physical activity ensures the maintenance of a high level of immunity, which allows a person to successfully resist infectious diseases. With a high level of physical fitness, other things being equal, a person has higher not only physical, but also mental performance, therefore, when performing intellectual work, fatigue occurs later. Physical training contributes to the growth of the functional reserves of the body, due to which it is more adapted to those excessive muscle loads that it sometimes has to perform.

Ensuring Mental Health. Modern man has to withstand great psychological stress. They are associated with many circumstances: with educational or industrial work, with relationships with other people, with the need to perform certain duties in the family and society, with stressful circumstances, with the need to respond to unpleasant or unexpected situations, etc. The inability to adequately behave in these situations violates the mental state of a person. Such violations often lead to the development of many diseases that our contemporaries suffer from. Therefore, it is so important to master those techniques that help each person behave reasonably in a situation that provokes mental stress, and if it does arise, then get out of such circumstances with the least damage to their psyche and health.

Balanced diet. Nutrition allows a person to receive the substances necessary to build the cells of his body, to maintain vital functions and perform daily activities. But in order for it to really and fully perform these functions, nutrition must meet certain requirements, among which the following conditions are the main ones: a) it must be as natural as possible; b) correspond to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of this person and the work performed by him; c) not to turn into a cult, but to remain first of all a need, and only then - a pleasure. If these requirements are not observed in a person, the activity of not only the digestive system is disrupted, but almost all body functions suffer. As a result, the level of health, resistance to infection, and working capacity decrease; many diseases develop, including such as obesity, diabetes, disorders of the cardiovascular system, and many others.

Hardening and immunity training. Currently, the majority of absenteeism by schoolchildren and cases of morbidity in people of working age is associated with colds and colds and infectious diseases. Unfortunately, this situation is not connected with the fact that a person in general is so sensitive to low temperatures from birth, but with the fact that in the course of life he does not train his resistance to them, but, on the contrary, strives for thermal comfort. On the other hand, it is known that people who systematically engage in hardening suffer from colds and colds and infectious diseases much less often, and the disease itself is easier for them.

clear mode of life. All human behavior, the fulfillment of his duties, as well as leisure, sleep must obey a certain pattern that would meet the requirements:

any load (including muscular, mental, mental and even food intake) should alternate with a subsequent period of rest, providing the necessary restoration of the body's reserves;

in a person’s mode, all aspects of his life should be reflected: study (work) and sleep, taking care of his health and leisure, fulfilling his duties in the family and free time, time for self-preparation (doing homework) and meeting friends, etc.

Only if these conditions are met, a person’s life will be full of interesting and important things, there will be a place in it for regular health care, and he will not experience a constant feeling of lack of time.

Psychosexual life is an integral part of human life. The significance of this lifestyle factor, the perception of it and the attitude towards it in different age periods changes, however, it affects the entire life span. In this regard, the ability to lead a rational psychosexual life (and we are talking not only directly about sexual intercourse, but about the whole variety of relationships between women and men) plays an important role in ensuring human health.

Refusal of bad habits, which include the regular use of substances and products that are harmful to human health. Such substances include alcohol, tobacco, narcotic products, toxic substances, etc. Each of them, not only with systematic, but sometimes even with a single use, causes serious disturbances in the body's activity, which is why they are called "harmful", and their constant use is called "bad habits".

Most often, the use of harmful substances is associated with their ability to inhibit the consciousness of a person who now thinks that some life problems and unpleasant circumstances have ceased to exist for him. But after the effects of such substances that have already harmed health, the problems still remain, and health and time that could be used to resolve them are lost.

Fulfillment of hygiene requirements. To ensure good health, a person needs to keep his body clean. This applies not only to the skin, but also to hair, oral cavity, respiratory apparatus, genital organs, that is, all those parts of the body that are in direct contact with the external environment. You should also provide certain requirements for the conditions of your life: life, clothing, education, nutrition, etc. Recommendations on how to maintain the cleanliness of your body and such an environment that would not harm human health are given by the science of hygiene.

Ability to prevent dangerous situations and behave appropriately when they occur. Being in constant contact with the environment and with other people, a person sometimes finds himself in situations that threaten not only his health, but also his life. In everyday life, on the street, in transport, in nature, in relationships with dangerous people, animals, we experience many adverse effects. Therefore, it is very important for every person to know, on the one hand, how to prevent their occurrence, and on the other hand, if a dangerous situation has arisen, then how to behave in it with the least damage to health.

It should be noted that each of these nine components in its daily implementation actually affects any of the five aspects of human life as a socio-biological being, which we spoke about above.

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2. The concept and structure of self-preserving behavior

Self-preserving behavior is a system of actions and relationships aimed at maintaining health throughout the full life cycle, at extending life within this cycle.

Self-preserving behavior is part of the general behavior of an individual or a group of people (one of the types of which is the family), related objectively to a certain area of life.

Self-preserving behavior has a structure that can be represented as a sequence of mental components: self-preserving needs, attitudes, motives, interests, plans, decisions, actions, results of actions.

In the concept of "self-preserving behavior" one should distinguish between positive and negative sides. The positive side is associated with actions aimed at maintaining and strengthening health, at realizing the desire to live a long and healthy life. Examples of positive forms of self-preserving behavior are the increasingly widespread physical culture and sports, the refusal to abuse food, smoking, alcohol, drugs - in general, all types of behavior associated with the so-called healthy lifestyle. Negative forms of self-preserving behavior are associated with a conscious or unconscious preference for death over a possible or conditional perspective of a life that is inferior from the point of view of the individual, inferior in physiological, psychological, social or other respects. The most striking example of negative self-preserving behavior is suicide, by committing which a person seeks to preserve his "I-concept", his idea of himself. However, in any case, both positive and negative self-preserving behavior is ultimately expressed in the movement of indicators of the level of health, morbidity, mortality and their structure by cause. It is from this side that self-preserving behavior is of interest to demography.

The concept of self-preserving behavior was introduced into demography precisely in connection with the realization that in modern conditions the behavioral factor, people's attitude to their own health and life expectancy, is beginning to play an increasingly important role in determining morbidity and mortality.

The core of the structure of self-preservation behavior is the need of the individual for self-preservation. This need is expressed by an extremely complex structure, which includes almost all levels of A. Maslow's pyramid of needs, up to the need for self-actualization. The upper level of the need for self-preservation is the need of the individual to preserve his Self, his social status and face. Average level the need for self-preservation forms the need of the individual for psychological self-preservation, the preservation of the certainty of one's Self in communications with others.

Average ideal life expectancy - characterizes the idea of an individual about the best number of years of life in general.
The average desired life expectancy is an indicator that characterizes the idea of an individual about the duration of his life under the most favorable conditions. Average life expectancy - characterizes the real intentions of an individual to live a certain number of years, taking into account the specific circumstances of his life.

In the study of A.I. Kuzmin, a significant relationship was recorded between the indicators of reproductive and self-preserving behavior: the higher, for example, the number of children of the respondents, the higher their life expectancy turns out to be. The relationship between the expected number of children in a family and life expectancy is similar. In this interrelation of reproductive and self-preserving behavior, reproductive behavior is the leading one. From this, it seems logical to conclude that a decrease in the birth rate is dangerous not only in itself, but as the main factor in depopulation. It quite clearly prevents, other things being equal, both a decrease in mortality and an increase in life expectancy, since it leads to a decrease in attitudes towards life expectancy, in general, to unfavorable changes in self-preservation behavior.

As in the case of reproductive behavior, self-preservation motives can be divided into economic, social and psychological. This division is due to the means of achieving individual goals.

The growing role of behavioral aspects in the struggle for life expectancy has also found its expression in the study of the factors of mortality and public health by sociological methods. By analogy with the definition of reproductive behavior, self-preserving behavior is defined as a system of actions and attitudes of an individual aimed at preserving health and prolonging life.

Economic motives are motives that induce to choose such a strategy of self-preservation behavior (strive to live longer or give up this desire), which contributes to the achievement of a number of economic goals, goals related to increasing the achieved economic status, with the desire to receive certain material benefits or avoid their loss. . For example, a person's choice of a dangerous profession associated with increased risk may be motivated by the desire to receive high income and various kinds of benefits and privileges, which in this case are a certain compensation for risk.

Social motives are the motives that encourage one to choose a strategy of self-preservation behavior that contributes to the achievement of certain social goals, that is, goals associated with an increase in the achieved social status. They are a reaction to the social norms of attitude to the value of human life and its duration, to the completeness and completeness of the individual life cycle that prevail in culture. Social motives operate where and when incentives operate, symbolizing the increase in the social status and prestige of a person who has lived a long life, who has passed through all socially significant stages of the life cycle. Psychological motives are the motives that encourage one to strive to choose such a strategy of self-preserving behavior that contributes to the achievement of certain purely personal, socio-psychological internal goals of the individual. They reflect exclusively personal interest to live this or that period of life. For example, the presence of a certain number of children in a person forms in him the desire and desire to live longer in order to see who and what his children will become.

3. Self-preservation behavior as a factor in life expectancy.

It seems expedient, with a certain degree of conventionality, to combine all the main factors into four groups:

1) the standard of living of the people;

2) the effectiveness of health services;

3) sanitary culture of society;

4) ecological environment.

1) The standard of living of the people.

The standard of living seems to be the main factor in improving the health of the population, reducing the death rate and increasing the average life expectancy, because it creates the conditions for the development of all other growth factors and sanitary culture, health care, and for improving the environment. Poverty doesn't help in any way. Meanwhile, the overwhelming majority of our population is poor by modern standards of living standards. Unfortunately, we do not really know what our standard of living is and by what indicators it should be measured. However, according to many fragmentary data, one can still get some idea that the standard of living in our country for decades was extremely low, on the verge of only a simple reproduction of a person’s personality and his labor force, or even lower. The development of the personality took place largely due to the rejection of the most necessary, including rest, the acquisition of effective medicines and paid health services, and high-quality nutrition.

One of the most advanced comprehensive indicators that assesses the level and quality of life at the international level is the so-called "human development index" (or "human development index"), which is the arithmetic average of the gross domestic product per capita population, the level of education of the population and the average life expectancy. With regard to per capita gross domestic product, this indicator may give a misleading picture of the standard of living if its expenditure items are not disclosed.

In Soviet and post-Soviet conditions of top secrecy, a significant part of the domestic product is spent by the state on military spending, which, however, is partially distributed in the budget under "peaceful" items. That is, our standard of living may include the cost of guns instead of oil, and the financing of space research.

2) The effectiveness of health care. If you look into the domestic statistical handbook, we will see that the development of our health care in all the years of Soviet power was characterized mainly by indicators of the number of doctors and hospital beds, as well as their distribution by specialty and purpose. Probably, our health care is the only branch of the national economy, or, in any case, one of the few whose activities are evaluated not by results, but by labor costs. In terms of the number of doctors and hospital beds, we have long been "ahead of the rest." However, the relatively low level and unfavorable dynamics of life expectancy indicate the inefficiency of health care. And this is not surprising, since our health care is literally poor, for decades it has been kept on a starvation financial ration by the state. In all economically developed countries, significant funds are spent on health care from the state budget, which are constantly increasing.

An integral part of the problem of low funding for health care is the very low wages of those employed in this industry. Lower than in health care, wages are only for those employed in education, culture and art.

In recent years, with the development of market relations in the country, paid cooperative and private medicine is expanding, which, in general, treats a person better than government medicine. This is due to low wages. The state must return at least part of the money withdrawn from the wages of workers for "free" health care so that people themselves can dispose of them.

2) Sanitary culture.

One of the most important social consequences of the change in the structure of mortality by cause of death is the growing importance of sanitary culture as one of the most important factors in maintaining health and increasing life expectancy.

A low culture of alcohol consumption, mass smoking, including widespread among women and adolescents, a huge number of artificial abortions instead of modern contraceptives, widespread rudeness in relations between people, foul language, unbridled youth, propaganda of sex, violence and cruelty by the media - all this the most important factors that destroy the health of the nation and do not contribute to the growth of average life expectancy.

3) The quality of the environment.

Here, too, there are many problems that are now quite well known. Almost all of them are a consequence of the hypertrophied military economy of the Soviet state, in which little attention was paid to environmental issues. According to the air pollution monitoring network in the cities of the Russian Federation, which has been functioning for about three decades, air pollution by industrial waste is observed in almost all the largest industrial cities of Russia.

It would be advisable to include self-preserving behavior among the life expectancy factors, since a healthy lifestyle, a high level of physical culture contributes to the creation of prerequisites for good physical, mental and emotional well-being of people, and, accordingly, prolongs their life.

Assessing the influence of various factors on health, health professionals put the lifestyle of a person in the first place, heredity in the second place, the environment in the third place, and the state of healthcare (medical care) in the fourth place.

The list of components of a healthy lifestyle is still debatable. The following are important for maintaining health: eat right; enough to move; exercise regularly; observe the regime of work and rest; do not overwork; observe the rules of personal hygiene; seek medical attention in a timely manner; keep calm in difficult life circumstances; build good relationships with people; live in ecologically favorable conditions; avoid harmful working conditions; be an optimist; Do not smoke; limit alcohol consumption; do not drink alcohol at all; keep track of your weight.

4. Three stages of increasing life expectancy .

The advantage of a long life on earth was at the heart of "clean water", "clean hands" and "warm toilets" in one's own home, but it was these moments that played a major role in life expectancy on Earth. the first stage. On the second stage Vaccination and drug treatment, in particular antibiotics, have played a decisive role, as well as the availability of medical care. The newest stage is determined by the role of the individual himself, his attitude to his own health, which can be assessed, among other things, by his willingness to pay for qualified medical and social services, even if other current consumption is reduced. Moreover, we must take into account not only the value system that prevails today, but also that existed in the past, since health and attitude to life are laid in childhood.

Foreign experience does not offer convincing effective examples of stimulating the birth rate. In wealthy countries such as France and Sweden, with strong family policies, the birth rate has failed to rise. In Belgium, which spends money on benefits and other assistance to families almost the most in the world, the birth rate is lower than in many other countries.

Let us now turn to domestic experience. The last surge in fertility rates in the USSR was in 1981-1989. By this time, awareness of the problematic nature of the demographic situation in the country had reached the highest echelons of power. As a result, the state attempted to intervene in the demographic sphere, which included a number of measures to help families with children and anti-alcohol measures. In particular, leave to care for a child under 3 years of age, family allowances were introduced, changes were made to housing policy, benefits for families with children in the service sector were strengthened. The population reacted by increasing the annual number of births. A short-term increase in the annual number of births does not mean a real increase in the total number of children in families and is mainly associated not with the desire to have more children, but with a change in the birth calendar - the postponement of the birth of the next child to an earlier date. As a result, a surge in the birth rate is necessarily followed by a deep recession, since the plans themselves for the desired number of children do not change. The socio-demographic "effect" is characterized not only by conditionally positive aspects, but also by negative ones associated with the emergence of the so-called demographic wave. Sharp fluctuations in the number of population groups of the same years of birth lead to destabilization of the functioning of the social infrastructure, and later to increased tension in the "marriage" market, in labor markets. In addition, marginal segments of the population, including people with low education, low incomes, and first-generation migrants, respond by increasing the birth rate by increasing the birth rate, further increasing the number of those in need of social assistance. There are other negative consequences associated with the health and socialization of children born as a result of hasty parental decisions. Thus, at present, we are unlikely to seriously increase the birth rate by actively financing the corresponding programs. On the other hand, this does not mean that such programs should not exist, that the treatment of women suffering from certain forms of infertility should not be included in the standard of guaranteed medical care.

Russia has perhaps the highest mortality in the world from diseases of the circulatory system. Hypertension plays a major role in adult mortality, being both an independent cause of death and a factor that increases the risk of death from all types of cardiovascular pathology, kidney disease, etc. In Russia, the mortality rate among 30-50-year-olds from hypertension proper exceeds western standards by 2-3 times. At a later age, it affects the high mortality from coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular accidents - Russian indicators are on average 3-5 times higher than Western ones. Individual and medical control of blood pressure levels can significantly reduce the risk of death. Preventive hypertension control programs around the world have proven to be one of the least expensive and most effective measures to reduce mortality in the entire population. Due to abortions and their complications, the risk of death for women in Russia is quite high. In addition, we retain archaism in the structure of pathology associated with mortality from common infections, the role of sepsis is high, which can be completely prevented by modern medical measures.

Never in its history has our country been able to boast of low infant mortality. On the contrary, throughout the last century, Russia has been in last place among the developed countries. Its rapid decline in post-war period was associated with the advent of the era of antibiotics and brought Russia closer to other countries, but the gap persisted, and then again began to grow rapidly. Compared to Western countries, Russian babies have a significantly higher mortality rate from pneumonia, including congenital pneumonia, as well as from birth injuries. Today, about 17 children out of 1,000 live births die in Russia, while the norm for developed countries is 5-7, that is, Russia's lag has become almost three times. Only Albania, Romania, Moldova and not quite European Turkey have higher infant mortality in Europe.

5. Self-preserving behavior among youth

Attitude towards health is one of the elements of self-preserving behavior. The growing role of behavioral aspects in the struggle for life expectancy has also found expression in the study of mortality and public health factors using sociological methods. The concept of "self-preserving behavior" in sociology and social demography is interpreted as actions and relationships aimed at maintaining health throughout the full life cycle. For the first time in our country, a group of sociologists and demographers headed by Professor A. I. Antonov began to conduct pilot studies of self-preserving behavior. Unfortunately, these studies were interrupted. Meanwhile, the issues of the structure of self-preserving behavior, the relationship of its elements, the classification of self-preserving behavior of the individual remain undeveloped until now. Many scientists proved the existence of a complex relationship between the level, structure of mortality and the characteristics of socio-demographic differentiation. The concept of self-preserving behavior was introduced by them in connection with the realization of the fact that in modern conditions, the behavioral factor associated with people's attitudes towards their own health and life expectancy. Any standard of behavior, norms, principles that regulate the relationship of an individual in society indirectly express the connection between people. The typical standard of his behavior in society is determined on the basis of various real options, personal patterns of behavior at the micro level.

Currently, further research is required on social and axiological factors that affect the health of young people in the process of learning a profession. New approaches are needed in the formation of the value attitude of students to health, a healthy lifestyle, self-preserving behavior.

The life path largely depends on what resources - material, spiritual, social - a person has and what lifestyle he chooses for himself - passive or active.

Education, training and upbringing are the main directions in overcoming the spiritual and, ultimately, the economic crisis in Russia. It is necessary to change the behavior of people in relation to their health. Socially approved behavior should be a responsible attitude when a person prevents diseases, and does not cure them. The situation may change if new stereotypes of behavior, new values of a person responsible for their health are formed in society.

5. Conclusion

By analogy with the definition of reproductive behavior, self-preserving behavior is defined as a system of actions and attitudes of an individual aimed at preserving health and prolonging life.

Self-preserving behavior should be attributed to life expectancy factors, since a healthy lifestyle, a high level of physical culture contributes to the creation of prerequisites for good physical, mental and emotional well-being of people, and, accordingly, prolongs their life.

First of all, you need to change your attitude towards your health. Considering the causes of death, from which a man of working age mostly dies, he just needs to think about whether he wants to live at all, if so, for how long, and also what fate he is preparing for his family, children in the first place. Continued reforms of social and health insurance, changes in the tax code, reform in the field of education and health care will spur his thoughts on this topic. First of all, the state should use well-thought-out economic and administrative measures to help reduce alcohol consumption in the country. The slogan “Be able to work as long as possible, not a disabled person living on benefits. It is economically profitable to be healthy” should become the state slogan.

Bibliography

1. Borisov V.A. Demography - M.: NOTA BENE Publishing House.

2. Demography: Textbook / ed. V.G. Glushkova. - M.: KNORUS, 2004. - 304 p.

3. Malozemov O. Yu. Peculiarities of students' valeological installations. research 2005. N11.

4. Antonov A. M. Self-preserving behavior // Population: Encyclopedic Dictionary.

4. Kochetov A. N., Chernyshev V. V., Zhdanovich T. G. Self-preserving behavior // State of trends in demographic development (on the example of the Saratov region). Ed. "Science book 2006

Chapter 1. Theoretical and methodological foundations of the study of self-preserving behavior of the population.

1.1. Features and trends in the demographic development of modern society.

1.2. Social reproduction and processes of population depopulation.

1.3. Self-preservation behavior as a type of demographic behavior: indicators of social assessment.

1.4. State demographic policy as a mechanism for overcoming the depopulation of the Russian population.

Chapter 2. Habitat as a factor of self-preserving behavior of the population.

2.1. Formation of ideas about the conditions for maintaining human health and life expectancy.

2.2. Habitat and life expectancy of the population.

2.3. Ecological culture and human adaptation resources.

Chapter 3. Formation of self-preserving behavior at various stages of personality socialization.

3.1. Retransmission of health-saving technologies in the formation of self-preserving behavior of schoolchildren.

3.2. The process of formation of self-preserving behavior in the youth, student environment.

3.3. Specificity and problems of formation of self-preservation behavior of various categories of the population.

Chapter 4 The concept of formation of self-preserving behavior of the population of the Russian Federation.

4.1. Justification of the compliance of the problem being solved with the priority tasks of the demographic development of Russia.

4.2. The most important directions of the concept of formation^ ~ self-preserving behavior of the population.

Recommended list of dissertations

Health and self-preservation behavior of the employed population in Russia 2007, Doctor of Economic Sciences Nazarova, Inna Borisovna
Sociological assessment of the demographic behavior of the population in the context of improving regional social programs 2009, candidate of sociological sciences Chernyshev, Vladimir Vladimirovich
Demographic and Socio-Economic Consequences of the Physical Inertia of the Russian Population 2011, Doctor of Economic Sciences Miller, Maxim Aleksandrovich
Practices of self-preserving behavior of student youth: a sociological analysis 2010, candidate of sociological sciences Ushakova, Yana Vladimirovna
Determinants of Demographic Behavior: Regional Aspect 2008, candidate of sociological sciences Kombarova, Tatyana Viktorovna

Similar theses majoring in "Economic sociology and demography", 22.00.03 VAK code

MODERN SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL OF PRESERVATION OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH OF WOMEN OF FERTILE AGE 2012, Candidate of Medical Sciences Ilyukhina, Olga Vladimirovna
Health of the population in a social context: On the example of workers of the Far Eastern Railway 2005, candidate of sociological sciences Sokolova, Tatyana Borisovna
Human Longevity as a Socio-Demographic Phenomenon 2011, candidate of sociological sciences Plotnikova, Yulia Sergeevna
Scientific substantiation of the concept and organizational model of the formation of health-saving behavior of students 2008, Doctor of Medical Sciences Pozdeeva, Tatyana Vasilievna
Peculiarities of formation and management of self-preserving behavior of students: on the example of students of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia 2011, candidate of sociological sciences Vyalov, Igor Sergeevich

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330. Van de Kaa D. Anchored Narratives: The Story and Findings of Half a Century of Research into the Determinants of Fertility // Population Studies. 1996.-vol 50. No. 3.

331. The distribution of answers to the questions asked in the course of the sociological study "Demographic behavior of the population of the Russian Federation" (2011 2012, survey) was carried out in the years. Saratov, Orenburg (I = 640).

332. The wording of the questions and the options for answers are set out in the wording proposed by the respondents. Sample results.

333. What, in your opinion, is success in life? (Multiple answers are allowed) n / n Answer options Number of people Percentage (%%)

334. Hold a high position 607 94.94

335. Have a good financial position 563 87.96

336. Have your own house, good family 506 79.06

337. Live as you like, calmly and cheerfully 243 37.97

338. Have an interesting job 141 22.03

339. Be useful to people 269 42.03

340. Have good friends 493 77.03

342. Have a good education 435 67.97

343. Others (write) 570 89.06

344. What values of the organization are the most important for improving labor efficiency (Multiple answers are allowed)

345. Salary 403 62.97

346. Job security 461 72.03

347. Possibility of getting education and growth of professionalism 538 84.06

348. Possibility of obtaining interesting work 461 72,03

349. The possibility of maintaining health 262 40,946. Family support 77 12.03

350. Opportunity for cultural development 90 14.06

351. Interesting, pleasant employees 45 7.03

352. Recreation system, communication outside of work 32 5.00

353. System of sports facilities 26 4.06

354. Others (write) 109 17.03

355. Do you think it is necessary to restore the tax on childlessness for men after they turn 22?1. Quantity Percentagen/n Answer options people (%%)1. Yes 198 30.942. No 435 67.97-> Other (write) 7 1.09

356. Do you think prostitution is incompatible with the life of a normal socially oriented society? 1. Quantity Percentagen/n Answer options people (%%)1. Yes 454 70,942. No 186 29,063. Other (write) 0

357. Do you think drug addiction is incompatible with the life of a normal socially oriented society?1. Quantity Percentagen/n Answer options people (%%)1. Yes 638 99.692. No 2 0.313. Other (write) 0

358. Do you think alcoholism is incompatible with the life of a normal socially oriented society?1. Quantity Percentagen/n Answer options people (%%)1. Yes 347 54.222. No 289 45,163. Other (write) 4 0.63

359. Are there people who use drugs among your environment?1. Quantity Percentagen/n Answer options people (%%)1. Yes 114 17.812. No 521 81.413 Other (write) 5 0.78

360. What, in your opinion, contributes more to the increase in mortality among the population of working age? Smoking 83 12.97

361. Excessive alcohol consumption 134 20.94

362. Nervous and unhealthy situation in the family 102 15.94

363. Growth of environmental pollution, and as a result, general decrease in immunity 51 7.97

364. Too many stressful situations at work 51 7.97

365. Depression due to uncertainty about the future, regardless of alcohol consumption 46 7.19

366. Constant stress due to relative (compared to others) poverty 154 24,068. Others (write) 19 2.97

367. Select the main indicator of the development of the human social environment? 1. Quantity Percentagen/n Answer options people (%%)1. Quality of life 219 34.22

368. Ecological conditions of life 109 17.033. Health 151 23,594. Housing 126 19,695.1. Others (write)5.47

369. Is it effective social politics Russia?1. Quantity Percentagen/n Answer options people (%%)1. Yes 262 40.942. No 307 52.03

370. Others (write) 71 11.09

371. How do you yourself assess the quality of life of your family? High 46 7,192. Average 178 27,813. Low 314 49.06

372. Others (write) 102 15.94

373. What are the main ways of improving the self-preserving behavior of the population of Russia? (Multiple answers are allowed) n / n Answer options Number of people Percentage (%%)

374. Improving the quality of life, sustainable growth in the total income of the population 503 78.59

375. Health system development (disease prevention) 461 72.03

376. Improvement of environmental conditions for the life of the population 318 49.69

377. Modernization and improvement of the efficiency of the social national education project 315 49.22

378. Formation of a ■ stimulating system for the development of workers' health 137 49.69

379. Development and implementation of a national program for the development of a self-preserving culture 122 19.06

380. Improving the efficiency of legislative regulation of self-preserving behavior of the population 89 13.91

381. Support and investment in the system of internal physical culture and sports, labor protection at enterprises 74 11.56

382. Other (write) 116 18.13

383. TFR total fertility rate.

384. Life expectancy - life expectancy. 142 million according to current accounting, 143 million - according to the 2010 population census.

385. JI.JL Rybakovsky’s calculations were used (See: Rybakovsky L.L. Demographic challenges: what awaits Russia // Sociological research. 2012. No. 8.S. 49-60.)

386. Natural movement of the population in 2006-2011

387. Ш Number of births Ш Number of deaths

388. Growth rates, in % to the previous year

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Introduction

Self-preserving behavior, its concept and structure

Self-preservation behavior as a factor in life expectancy. The feasibility of studying self-preservation behavior in studies of life expectancy factors

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2. The concept and structure of self-preserving behavior

Self-preserving behavior has a structure that can be represented as a sequence of mental components: self-preserving needs, attitudes, motives, interests, plans, decisions, actions, results of actions.

3. Self-preservation behavior as a factor in life expectancy.

It seems expedient, with a certain degree of conventionality, to combine all the main factors into four groups:

1) the standard of living of the people;

2) the effectiveness of health services;

3) sanitary culture of society;

4) ecological environment.

1) The standard of living of the people.

An integral part of the problem of low funding for health care is the very low wages of those employed in this industry. Lower than in health care, wages are only for those employed in education, culture and art.

2) Sanitary culture.

One of the most important social consequences of the change in the structure of mortality by cause of death is the growing importance of sanitary culture as one of the most important factors in maintaining health and increasing life expectancy.

3) The quality of the environment.

It would be advisable to include self-preserving behavior among the life expectancy factors, since a healthy lifestyle, a high level of physical culture contributes to the creation of prerequisites for good physical, mental and emotional well-being of people, and, accordingly, prolongs their life.

Assessing the influence of various factors on health, health professionals put the lifestyle of a person in the first place, heredity in the second place, the environment in the third place, and the state of healthcare (medical care) in the fourth place.

5. Conclusion

By analogy with the definition of reproductive behavior, self-preserving behavior is defined as a system of actions and attitudes of an individual aimed at preserving health and prolonging life.

Self-preserving behavior should be attributed to life expectancy factors, since a healthy lifestyle, a high level of physical culture contributes to the creation of prerequisites for good physical, mental and emotional well-being of people, and, accordingly, prolongs their life.

Bibliography

1. Borisov V.A. Demography - M.: NOTA BENE Publishing House.

2. Demography: Textbook / ed. V.G. Glushkova. - M.: KNORUS, 2004. - 304 p.

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