As numerous studies have shown, during disasters, about 15-20% of people are able to maintain self-control, correctly assess the situation and act in accordance with the situation. The behavior of the rest is quite predictable, natural, but, unfortunately, it cannot be called rational. The behavior of these people is due to changes in their psyche that appear due to the shock of what happened.

Mental changes occur in several stages.

2. The stage of supermobilization comes after the stage of vital reactions and lasts from three to five hours.

At this stage, the instinct is programmed to save loved ones, to correct the current situation. Now, instead of the figurative expression: "Every man for himself" - to describe the state of people involved in emergency situations, you can use the mottos: "One for all, all for one" or "Die yourself, but help out a comrade." Saving loved ones, a person shows unusual strength and dexterity, reckless courage, does not pay attention to danger.

Directly in the affected area (zones of blockages, fires, etc.) around those people who are the first to come out of their stupor and take targeted actions to save, groups of 10-15 people are formed. Members of the group show mutual assistance and mutual assistance towards each other. But people from other groups are not perceived by the consciousness of the victims.

The psyche becomes very susceptible to suggestion, for example. It is during this period that manifestations of panic reactions and their infection of others are most likely, which can significantly complicate the conduct of rescue operations.

3. The demobilization stage lasts up to three days.

After the over-effort, overexertion of the previous stages, the body is demobilized in order to prevent excessive exhaustion. In the stage of demobilization, a sharp deterioration in well-being and mood is typical, the loss of the meaning of one's own life, conscious despair due to the loss of loved ones, one's own injuries or material losses, which seem irreparable to the victim, are characteristic.

Moral norms are weak, there is no desire to do anything. People who are in this stage are depressed, lethargic, wander aimlessly, mechanically perform some kind of monotonous work that they can quit at any moment and no longer try to resume, people who have not eaten for a long time can start eating and give up half-eaten foods.

Rescuers may be surprised and annoyed that quite healthy people begin to refuse to perform rescue work, wander aimlessly among the ruins, indifferently trampling under their feet here and there almost whole and only bitten food that comes across. However, this behavior is not due to the "bad temper" of the victims, but to the natural reactions of the body to the stressful effects of an extreme situation.

Later, the victims go through the stages of resolution and recovery, but this is no longer in the presence of rescuers.

• Guide to disaster medicine / A. G. Kalinin [et al.]. Arkhangelsk, 1999.
• Vital - aimed at preserving biological life.

In the course of performing work to eliminate the consequences of an emergency, rescuers are in contact with the population in the disaster zone. Under these conditions, extreme conditions have an impact on the mental state of people.

There are two groups of factors that have a traumatic effect on the psyche of people in the emergency zone.

The first group includes factors associated with the presence of a physical threat to human life and health. Among them are explosions, fires, collapses of structures of buildings and structures, radioactive contamination, contamination of the external environment with chemically hazardous substances, toxic products, etc. Mental disorders resulting from their impact are observed mainly against the background of physiological (medical) conditions, to which include injuries, burns, radiation injury, chemical poisoning, pain and traumatic shock.

The second group of factors is associated with the lack of reliable information about the scale of the emergency and its consequences, the degree of threat to life and health of people, worry about the fate of relatives and friends, changes in the usual way of life, feelings of powerlessness in the face of circumstances and uncertainty about the future. The impact on a person of psycho-traumatic factors of both groups cannot be completely eliminated or neutralized in the course of work to eliminate an emergency, but by carrying out systematic psychological and social work with victims, it is possible to significantly increase the psychological resilience of people to these influences.

In order to provide psychological assistance to victims, rescuers need to know how people develop and proceed with the most typical mental disorders in an emergency, by what signs they can be distinguished from each other, and what possible assistance in a particular case should be provided to the victim.

Currently, there are three main periods of development of emergency situations, in which the victims experience various kinds of mental disorders.

The first period is associated with a sudden threat to people's lives (fire, explosion, earthquake, tsunami, flood, hurricane, etc.).

It is usually limited by time frames - from the moment this threat arises (the beginning of an emergency) until the start of rescue operations. The analysis shows that the duration of this period does not exceed 5 hours. At this time, powerful stressful effects most often cause reactions of fear, panic, and numbness of varying severity in a person. At the moment of the beginning of an emergency, most of the victims experience a state of confusion, a lack of understanding of the meaning of what is happening.

Following this short time interval, in people with simple fear reactions, a moderate increase in activity is observed, movements become clear, economical, and muscle strength increases. This allows a significant number of people to move to safety.

At the same time, speech is somewhat disturbed. This is manifested in an increase in its tempo, an increase in the strength and sonority of the voice.

A person in this state is characterized by the mobilization of will, attention, and motor functions.

With complex reactions of fear, first of all, movement disorders occur, which can manifest themselves in an active and passive form.

In the active form, a person rushes about randomly and aimlessly, making a large number of meaningless movements, which prevents him from making a correct and quick decision and hiding in a safe place. In some cases, there may be a stampede.

The passive form is characterized by the fact that a person falls into a stupor and, as it were, freezes in place. When you try to help him, he either involuntarily obeys, or reacts negatively, showing resistance. His speech in such cases is fragmentary, limited mainly to brief exclamations devoid of semantic load, or it is completely absent.

Both with simple and complex reactions of fear, a person has a significant narrowing of consciousness, involuntary self-elimination from what is happening.

The most severe mental disorders can occur in persons who have received closed injuries or wounds.

The second period in terms of its time frame corresponds to the period of emergency rescue operations. At this time, new stressful effects appear, which are caused by the loss or uncertainty of the fate of relatives and friends, the separation of the family, the loss of housing property.

The psycho-emotional tension characteristic of the beginning of this period is replaced by increased fatigue and severe depression towards its end.

Mental disorders in victims can manifest themselves in the form of psychoses and neuroses.

Psychoses are more dangerous for the victim and require qualified medical and psychiatric care. They do not allow a person to carry out purposeful activities.

The main types of psychoses that occur in emergency situations are acute shock and reactive subacute psychoses. Acute shock (complex reaction of fear) appear with direct experience of an impending threat to life or health (fire, explosion, earthquake, etc.). Such psychoses can manifest themselves in active and passive forms.

Reactive subacute psychoses can be of the following types:

Psychogenic depression: slow development of a state of depression, difficult orientation, motor inhibition, which can develop into immobility (stupor), delusional interpretations;

hysterical depression: after a short period of hysterical excitement, a state of apathy, melancholy, despondency develops, possibly with an impulsive manifestation of anger, but mental activity is not grossly disturbed;

paranoid psychosis: unpleasant painful anxiety, emotional stress, anxiety, a delusional state is not excluded;

· paranoid-hallucinative syndrome: active mental activity is difficult. It happens that the victim imagines himself in other conditions or a different person. Hallucinations are possible in the form of voices, children's crying, cries for help, etc. Sometimes there is a persecution mania.

For most of the victims, the most characteristic state of non-mental disorders, manifested in the form of hysterical neurosis or neurasthenia. Among them:

Movement disorders (seizures, paralysis, paresis, etc.). They can be accompanied by groans, screams, crying. Stuttering, loss of sound of the voice, trembling of individual muscle groups, inability to stand still or, conversely, “growing into the ground” with complete preservation of the motor apparatus are not excluded;

Disorders of the senses (loss of skin sensitivity, hysterical blindness, deafness, deaf-mutism. Physiological disorders: "lump" in the throat, hysterical vomiting, cardiac arrhythmia, diarrhea);

Mental disorders (fears, sudden mood swings, depression in behavior, etc.).

Neurasthenia occurs due to overwork, insufficient rest (sleep), prolonged exposure to psycho-traumatic conditions. At first, it manifests itself in the form of increased excitability, after which the exhaustion of the physiological reserves of a person occurs. It manifests itself in fatigue, irritability, weakness, inability to concentrate, to concentrate on something, in headache, sleep disturbances.

The third period for the victims begins after their evacuation to safe areas or after the elimination of the emergency.

In terms of mental disorders, it is characterized by the occurrence of so-called post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A characteristic feature of PTSD is that the experienced event was accompanied by strong emotions of fear or a sense of helplessness in the face of circumstances. PTSD is characterized by such phenomena as sleep disturbance, irritability, an outburst of sudden anger, difficulty in concentrating attention, increased (inappropriate to the circumstances) vigilance, readiness for a defensive reaction.

Based on the analysis of major disasters over 20 years, the structure of mental disorders in victims of emergency situations was determined.

So, during the first hour after an emergency, at least 70% of people will have neurotic and mental reactions of varying severity. The reaction to what happened will be inadequate. Within 5 hours, the number of such people will decrease by half, and within a day the condition of the victims will normalize and they are able to perform their functional duties.

Victims with acute reactive psychoses, neuroses, protracted reactive psychoses need medical care and long-term qualified treatment in a hospital.

Statistics show that only 6-7% of people in these conditions fully retain adequate behavior. In this regard, it is necessary to pay special attention to the psychological preparation of the population and rescue teams for skillful and decisive actions in extreme situations.

Practicing psychologist - extreme profession

From the discipline program

"Psychology of human behavior in emergency situations"

Topic 1. Normal and extreme situations in human life

Situations of everyday human life: allowable variability of conditions. Extreme situations beyond the scope of everyday life.

Classification of extreme situations.

Natural disasters: earthquakes; tsunami; floods; mudflows; glacier exit; typhoons and other epidemics. Force majeure obstacles and their consequences: destruction of water pipelines, reservoirs with potable water; destruction of sewer systems; the likelihood of large-scale epidemics, etc. The impact of natural disasters on the psychological characteristics of human behavior.

Man-made disasters: gas explosions; accidents at nuclear power plants; air and car accidents, etc. Force majeure obstacles and their influence on the psychology of human behavior.

Social disasters: war activities; interethnic conflicts; terrorist attacks; gang attacks; hostage-taking, etc. The influence of social catastrophes on the psychological characteristics of human behavior.

Physical and mental abuse. Psychological consequences of violence.

Stigmatization as an element of mental and social violence. Psychological consequences of stigmatization.

General and specific in the psychogenic impact on a person in difficult and extreme circumstances. The main extreme factors affecting a person. Social and psychological consequences.

The peculiarity of the impact of various extreme circumstances on the human psyche at all stages of its ontogenesis.

Conditions for the implementation of the program of diagnostics, rehabilitation and psychological support.

Topic 2. Psychological readiness of a practical psychologist to work with victims of emergency situations

Conditions for a productive organization of activity.

Express groups psychological help. Preliminary work with the administration of the affected region: coordination of the activity strategy throughout the entire time of the group's presence. Cooperation with the administration of hospitals and interested foundations.

Group coordination order express psychological assistance in emergency situations.

Selection of the composition of the express assistance group: professional qualities, age, gender and typological composition. Empathy. Skills of identification and isolation.

Place and functions of the group leader express help. Responsibility of the head for the organization of the work strategy as a whole.

Organization of work of specialists : distribution of functions, mode of operation, reflective professional communication.

Professional requirements for the work of a psychologist in extreme conditions. Ability to solve problem situations independently, professionally justified. Responsible commitment to professional activity to provide support to victims of emergency situations. Physical and mental endurance. The readiness of a psychologist to work in extreme circumstances. Motivation to work in extreme circumstances.

Methods and techniques of work of a psychologist depending on the directly observed state of the victim. Identification and isolation as a professional technology for the work of a psychologist with the personality of a client.

Physical unloading and psychological support for psychologists working with victims of extreme situations.

The significance of reflexive meetings of a group of psychologists working as a single team in the circumstances of an extreme and post-extreme situation.

The problem of overcoming mental, linguistic and other barriers in the relations of dyads: "practical psychologist - client", "practical psychologist - a group of clients" and in the situation: practical psychologist in cultural conditionstraditional consciousness. The need to take into account and maintain a balance between the mental characteristics of the ethnic group affected by extreme situations and the professional activities of a psychologist.

Practicing psychologist is an extreme profession. Physical, psychological and social readiness of a psychologist to work with victims of emergency situations in extreme and post-extreme conditions.

Ethics of interaction with other groups participating in the action of express assistance on the local territory.

Topic 3. Mental states and behavior of victims of extreme situations

Typology of mental states of victims of extreme situations. Altered states of consciousness provoked by extreme situations.

Psychological reactions to an extreme situation: adaptive, maladaptive, acute affective. Asthenic conditions: fatigue, reduced productivity, headaches, dizziness, fainting, sleep disturbance, as well as increased excitability, impaired concentration, decreased appetite, etc.

Stress and traumatic neurosis.

Essence of Fear and living conditions. The main forms of fears.

Fear of a repeat of an extreme situation (earthquake, terrorist attack, etc.). The specificity of fears in the daytime and at night.

Typology of mental states depending on the age, gender and other characteristics of the victim. Features of the victim's behavior depending on the social status and personality type.

Sthenic and asthenic mental states. Excited state.Stupor. Autism. Escapist tendencies in the behavior of the victim .

Mental tension and frustration states.

Consequences of stigmatization of victims of extreme situations.

Personal regression. Pathological mental states of the individual. Pathological psychogenic reactions: neurotic, asthenic, depressive, hysterical. Acute affective-shock reactions: hyperkinetic and hypokinetic states.

The main symptoms of post-stress reactions (PTSD).

Psychological encapsulation under emergency conditions. Formation of the victim complex.

Anxious, aggressive, depressive and other clients.

Individual approach to each category of clients.

The work of a psychologist with clients experiencing loss.

Principles of organizing conditions for psychological support and rehabilitation of persons who survived emergency situations.

Psychosomatic disorders in professionals working in extreme situations. Providing support and rehabilitation.

Topic 4. Psychology of managing people's activities in extreme situations

Emotional phenomenon. Fear and horror in extreme circumstances: a typology of experiences and behavior.

Managing the behavior and activities of people - victims of extreme circumstances. Identification-isolation as a technology for managing people's activities in extreme situations. The need to restructure consciousness, change the mental states of people - victims of extreme situations. Individual and socio-psychological prerequisites for the restructuring of consciousness in extreme situations.

Rational Therapy as a method of bringing the client into the conditions of everyday life.

suggestive therapy in the context of people management.

Methods and technologies of managerial influence on people in extreme conditions. Ways to ensure positive moral and psychological states in people in extreme circumstances and a positive sense of personality.

The importance of including disaster victims in helping others. Psychological foundations preparation for the removal of victims from the state of encapsulation on experiences of their own stress and switching attention, motivation, activity to others - victims of extreme situations.

Topic 5. Body-oriented assistance to survivors of extreme situations

The value of a person's bodily condition for his well-being. Teaching skills to master your body and achieve somatic and psychological relaxation.

bodily and psychological clamps.

Muscle testing. Manual examination.

diagnostic conversation. Analysis of the content of verbal accents on the problems of the body and mental states.

Body and personality-oriented psychotherapy.

Autogenic training. Method of mental self-regulation. Methods of active and passive muscle relaxation.

The positive potential of touch and its use in the work of a psychologist with a client. Ambivalence of touch. "Hugging Therapy" "Therapy of joint actions" (traditional games, competitions, dressing up, etc.).

Massage And psychomassage . Psychomanual therapy (V.S. Mukhina). Contact suggestive relaxation as a modification of contact manipulations for the implementation of suggestion maintenance. Psychomassage and psychomanual therapy as an effective method of removing a client from severe somatic and psychological conditions.

M. Erickson's strategic psychotherapy and its therapeutic potential. The work of a psychologist with bodily clamps. Modifications of W. Reich's methods with bodily clamps.

Verbal contact about bodily sensations during psychomassage and psychomanual therapy. The need for respect for the personality of the client: a guarantee of protection and correct relationships.

Formation of motivation for psychomassage. Discussion of the conditions of psychomassage. Substantiation of the importance of psychomassage for a person. Reflection on sensations after psychomassage and setting for a positive way out of negative states. The permissibility of manipulating the conscious and involuntary behavior of the client.

Installations on the value of reflection on the state of your body.

Methods of working with the body of the wounded (injuries of the musculoskeletal system).

Methods of working with the body of survivors of physical and mental abuse. Psychology of getting rid of dark muscular feelings accompanying physical and mental violence.

Formation of mental adaptation to events and consequences of extreme circumstances.

Psychological work with family members of victims in the context of body-oriented assistance. The place of zootherapy within the framework of methods of body-oriented care.

Topic 6. Projective methods of symbolic substitutions: psychodrama; doll therapy; game therapy; zootherapy; productive activities

Mythological essence of human consciousness. Craving for escapism and autism in extreme situations of life. The value of autonomous images for psychological assistance to victims of emergency situations. Age features of the symbolic function of man.

Psychodrama as a method of diagnostics and psychological support of the client. Ages sensitive to psychodrama.

puppet therapy as a method of diagnostics and psychological support of the client.

The doll as a symbolic projection of the person himself. Working with transformations. Getting rid of obsessive states through puppets. Ages sensitive to puppet therapy. Individual features of attitude to puppet therapy.

Principles of selection of dolls for the target work of a psychologist.

Emotional reflection dolls (V.S. Mukhina) . Ethnographic dolls (V.S. Mukhina) .

Dolls with gender differences. Dolls with vital functions (move limbs, close-open eyes, cry-laugh, drink, urinate, etc.).

Game therapy. Toy as a means of diagnostics and psychological support.

Empathic and aggressive toys. Ways to use toys for different purposes. Relaxation component of empathic toys.

Toys adequate for an extreme situation in which clients have suffered physical and psychological damage. The need to use special toys for the diagnosis and rehabilitation of victims.

Mirror of reflection (V.S. Mukhina) as a projective method for diagnosing and correcting the self of the identity of the victim of emergency situations.

Reflexology method. Symbolic designation and image of the face and body: self-portrait (drawing, modeling); make-up as a technique for correcting self-identity. Facial massage as a technique of relaxation and self-identity correction. Body art as a method of correcting the sense of personality.

masks as a means of diagnosing and correcting the self-identity of the victim of emergency situations.

Zootherapy. The effectiveness of human-animal interaction: real relaxation from bodily contact with certain types of animals; compensation for the problems of the victim in the anthropomorphic perception of the animal and symbolic interaction with it. Zootherapy as a method of diagnostics, relaxation and psychological support of the client.

Symbolic Substitutions in the Conditions of Productive Species activities in working with disaster victims. Working with children and adults in the context of a variety of productive activities.

Stimulus materials for productive activities for children and adults. Materials for board games. Materials for drawing and modeling. Coloring books. Fairy tales. Nursery rhymes, rhymes, rhymes, etc.

Diagnostic work of a psychologist in the field of productive activity of a child. Peculiarities of corrective work with children and adults. Approaches to the rehabilitation of a sense of personality in a child and an adult.

Graphic Methods in psychological express diagnostics of children and adults affected by emergency situations (“Constructive drawing of a person from geometric shapes”, “House-tree-man”, “My family”, “Self-portrait”, “My fear”, “Drawing on a free topic” and etc.).

Working with visible images and hidden meanings . Specifics of psycho-correction through symbolic substitutions.

Escapotherapy as a projective method of symbolic substitutions. Features of working with a client by means of escapotherapy, depending on the content of experiences from the consequences of extreme circumstances, gender, age and other personal characteristics of the client.

Methods of getting rid of visual, auditory, olfactory heavy (traumatic) images accompanying emergency situations of mass death of the population.

Topic 7. Principles of selection of methods of work with victims of emergency circumstances

Requirements for the selection of methods for working with victims of emergencies. The need to create conditions for working with a client who is a victim of extreme situations. The need for empathic modes of interaction for communication in favorable positive forms. Work in the "identification-isolation" technique as an effective way of interacting with the client, his diagnosis and psychological support.

Selection of stimulus material in accordance with the passport age and individual typological characteristics of the client. The need to take into account stressful regression.

General approaches to the organization of working conditions with the client. The rehabilitating effect of the organized conditions in which the work of a psychologist is carried out.

Symbolic processing of traumatic experiences; response, actualization of creative potential; increasing adaptive capacity.

Ethnopsychotherapy as a method of working with victims of emergency situations of interethnic conflicts. The need to appeal to the traditions and archetypes of the ethnic group for the rehabilitation of ethnic identity and strengthening the "We-identity".

The rehabilitating value of turning to traditions. Establishing meaningful emotional contact between a psychologist and a client who is a victim of emergency situations.

Features of the work of a psychologist with a group of victims. The work of a psychologist with a large population.

Analysis of specific cases of extreme situations.

Natural disasters : the specificity of experiencing earthquakes (Spitak, 1988). Working with victims who have directly experienced an earthquake. Features of the content of experiences and fantasies. Features of psychological support in post-extreme conditions.

Man-made disasters : the specifics of experiencing man-made disasters (Accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, April 26, 1986). Consequences of accidents of man-caused disasters. Features of the content of fantasy experiences.

Features of psychological support for victims of man-made disasters. Conditions for the formation of the victim complex and the conditions for its elimination.

Social cataclysms : the specifics of the impact of extreme situations of terrorist attacks (Budenovsk, June 1995; Beslan, September 1-3, 2004). Features of psychological support of victims of terrorist attacks. Psychology of interethnic interaction in a post-catastrophic situation.

Features of the impact of long-term deprivation.

Deprivation of children in boarding schools. Features of personality development in conditions of long-term stay in boarding schools.

Deprivation of the child in the family. Types of negative conditions of family upbringing of a child. Ways of psychological support and assistance.

Extreme situations in the family.

Psychologist in terms of interaction with representatives of other ethnic groups.

Extremeness of the professional activity of a psychologist among other ethnic groups. Requirements for training in working with representatives of specific ethnic groups in the conditions of their ethno-cultural environment and in the conditions of their migration. The need to take into account the mental characteristics of the studied representatives of specific ethnic groups.

The specificity of the collection of materials from participant observation, questioning, and other methods used by ethnopsychologists and ethnologists.

Topic 8. The phenomenon of the mirrored victim - psychological infection from the direct victims of emergency situations

Features of identification people with each other in extreme circumstances.

Direct (immediate) victims. Indirect and involved victims.

The specifics of the experiences and behavior of the mirrored victim.

Direct (direct) victims of the emergency and reflected, mirrored victims: features of their states and interaction.

Phenomenology of psychological infection from direct victims of extreme situations - people territorially or relatedly involved in the victims. The specificity of psychological infections: mirroring the figurative sphere of direct victims as one's own; neuroticism, expressed in undirected actions, fuss, repetitive retelling of events that they did not endure as eyewitnesses.

Psychological changes that a person undergoes in a situation of psychological infection. States of consciousness and emotional states. Loss of activity, mystical ecstasy, panic. Analogies with the phenomena of the mental life of crowds (S. Moscovici, G. Lebon, G. Tarde, W. Reich and others).

A vicious circle of psychological contagion. Phenomena of impulsivity, volatility and irritability. Amenability to suggestion. conservatism and negativism. Exaggerations, affectations and specific primitivism of persons who fell under the influence of psychological infection.

The dissolution of the feeling of the identity of the victim of psychological infection in the feeling "We are the victims of an extreme situation." The specifics of isolation and encapsulation of victims of extreme situations.

Ways of psychological support and rehabilitation of direct and reflected, mirrored victims of emergency situations.

The need to take into account the general condition and position of the local population: problems of their own security and priorities of national dignity.

Influence of rumors on self-consciousness of the population.

Topic 9. Work of a practical psychologist with victims of emergency situations through the media

Dialectics of information contact: a person under the influence of the information field. Violence and aggression in the media. The influence of the depiction of violence in the media.

The suggestive power of the judgments of the authorities and the media. Manipulative possibilities of mass media and suggestion of an individual.

The need to take into account the psychological characteristics and traditions of representatives of different nationalities.

Phenomena of generic differentiation ("They" and "We") and ways to overcome ethnic isolation in the work of a practicing psychologist in extreme situations of all types of disasters.

The need to take into account possible ethnic encapsulation in the context of assistance to victims of extreme situations.

The significance of projects of positive prospects for getting out of extreme situations of actually provided social and psychological assistance, broadcast through the media.

Psychological protection personality under the influence of mass media. General strategy to reduce the fears and aggression of the population and establish a positive attitude towards the world order.

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1 PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF POPULATION BEHAVIOR IN EMERGENCIES A.N. Nikolaeva, student, Yu.G. Khlopovskikh, Associate Professor, PhD, Voronezh Institute of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia, Voronezh We will focus on the psychological characteristics of behavior in emergency situations of the ordinary population, which, as a rule, is not ready for such situations. If civilians who do not have special training find themselves in special conditions, this, as a rule, causes psychological and emotional tension, causes psychological and physiological stress. For some, this is accompanied by the mobilization of internal vital resources; in others - a decrease or even a breakdown in working capacity, deterioration in health, physiological and psychological disorders. The features of the response depend on the individual characteristics of the person, the duration and intensity of exposure to stressful factors, on awareness of ongoing events and understanding of the degree of their danger. A significant role is played by the mental state of a person, the strength and stability of the nervous system, and previous experience of acting in similar situations. These and other factors determine readiness for conscious, confident and prudent actions in most critical situations. Before talking about the response and behavior of the population to an emergency situation, let us consider the essential characteristics of this situation. An emergency situation is understood as a situation that has developed as a result of an accident, natural phenomenon or other disaster, which is accompanied by human casualties, material losses or damage to the natural environment. Each person can get into emergency circumstances, into an extreme situation. In such a situation, a stressful state arises, which causes excitation of all body systems and has a significant impact on the state, behavior and performance of a person. Emergencies, regardless of the source of origin, lead to psycho-emotional overstrain. The main characteristics of an emergency: 1) This is an extreme situation, the force of its impact is beyond the capabilities of a person. 2) These are complicated conditions of activity, which are subjectively perceived and evaluated by a person as difficult, dangerous, etc. 3) The situation causes a tense mental state of the subject. 4) An emergency leads to a state of dynamic

2 mismatch and requires maximum mobilization of the body's resources. 5) The situation causes negative functional states, disturbances in the mental regulation of activity, reducing the efficiency and reliability of activity. 6) A person is faced with the impossibility of realizing his motives, aspirations, values, interests. In an extreme situation, the psychological state of a person goes through a number of stages, although there are individual differences in the nature of reactions to an emergency situation. 1. "Acute emotional shock", which is characterized by general mental stress with a predominance of feelings of despair and fear with a heightened perception of what is happening. 2. "Psychophysiological demobilization", that is, a significant deterioration in well-being and psycho emotional state with a predominance of a sense of confusion, panic reactions, a decrease moral standards behavior, a decrease in the level of efficiency of activity and motivation for it, depressive tendencies. At the second stage, the degree and nature of psychogenic disorders largely depend not only on the most extreme situation, the suddenness of its occurrence, the intensity and duration of the action, but also on the characteristics of the personality of the victims, as well as on the persistence of the danger of new stressful effects. 3. “Resolution stage”, at which mood and well-being gradually stabilize, however, a reduced emotional background and limited contacts with others remain. There is a complex emotional and cognitive processing of the situation, an assessment of one's own experiences and sensations. 4. "Restoration". At this stage, interpersonal communication is activated, the psycho-physiological and psycho-emotional functions of a person are restored to some extent. In people who have survived an extreme situation, their working capacity is significantly reduced, as well as a critical attitude towards their capabilities. When considering the problem of human behavior in emergency situations in modern scientific literature, much attention is paid to the psychology of fear. In extreme conditions, a person has to overcome dangers that threaten his existence, which causes fear, i.e. short-term or long-term emotional process generated by real or imaginary danger. Fear is an alarm signal that determines the likely protective actions of a person. Fear causes unpleasant sensations in a person (this is the negative effect of fear), but fear is also a signal, a command for individual or collective protection, since the main objective standing in front of a person - to stay alive, to prolong their existence. Human behavior in emergency situations determines the fear caused by traumatic events. Fear in some cases is so pronounced that it causes mental disorders. As a result of emergencies, a person often develops

3 reactive psychoses according to the type of affective-shock reactions and hysterical psychoses, as well as non-psychotic disorders according to the type of acute reaction to stress. The behavior of people in extreme situations is divided into two categories: 1. Rational, adaptive behavior with mental self-control and the ability to control the emotional state and behavior. 2. Pathological nature of behavior. The mass of people becomes confused, lack of initiative. A special case is panic, in which the fear of danger takes possession of a group of people. Panic manifests itself as a wild erratic flight, when people are led by consciousness, relegated to a primitive level. In extreme situations, a panicked crowd is the greatest danger. The crowd is understood as an unstructured accumulation of people, deprived of a clearly perceived commonality of goals, but connected by the similarity of their emotional state and a common object of attention. Signs of a crowd: simultaneous involvement of a large number of people, irrationality (weakening of conscious control), weak structure, i.e. blurring of the position-role structure. One of the decisive factors in the behavior of the population in an emergency situation is the presence of rumors that excite and stimulate panic, for example, exaggerating the impending danger or the degree of its negative consequences. This was often the case in radioactively contaminated areas after the Chernobyl disaster that occurred on April 26, 1986. The explosion completely destroyed the reactor and damaged the building of the power unit, a fire started. Firefighters quickly arrived at the scene of the accident, who by 6 o'clock in the morning completely coped with the fire. Already an hour after the start of the extinguishing, many firefighters began to show symptoms of radiation damage. People received large doses of radiation, and 28 of the firefighters died of radiation sickness in the following weeks. From the first days after the explosion, measures began to eliminate the consequences of the disaster, the active phase of which lasted several months, and in fact lasted until 1994. When the evacuation of the population from the contaminated territories began, many people did not want to leave and leave their homes, fearing looters, not being able to take their pets, things, etc. Later, months after the accident, many people, often forcibly evacuated from contaminated areas, showed speculative behavior, inflating radiation contamination rates in order to receive more compensation, benefits, and the like. The ability to withstand an emergency situation includes three components: 1) physiological stability, due to the state of the physical and physiological qualities of the body (constitutional features, type of nervous system, autonomic plasticity); 2) mental stability due to preparation and general

4th level of personality traits (special skills of action in an extreme situation, the presence of positive motivation, etc.); 3) psychological readiness (active state, mobilization of all forces and capabilities for the upcoming actions). The psychological features of people's behavior in an emergency are presented in the classic study by X. Cantril (USA, 1938), devoted to the study of mass panic caused by the radio play "Invasion from Mars" (according to G. Wells). About a million Americans perceived the broadcast of the radio play as a report from the scene. As a result of the study, four groups of people were identified who, to varying degrees, succumbed to panic. The first group consisted of those who experienced a slight feeling of fear, but doubted the reality of such events and, after thinking, independently came to the conclusion that the Martian invasion was impossible. The second group included those who, in a state of fear experienced, could not decide on their own, so they tried to check with the help of others the reality of these events and only after that they came to a negative conclusion. The third group included those who, having experienced a strong sense of fear, could not verify the reality of what was happening with the help of other people, so they remained at their first impression of the full reality of the Martian invasion. And the fourth group consisted of those who immediately panicked, without even trying to find out, clarify or verify something. Local media (compared to the central ones) during natural disasters and liquidation of their consequences are more effective in influencing the consciousness of people, since newspapers, television, radio of a particular area are directly included in the extreme conditions of its life, in the process of eliminating the consequences of emergencies. Information messages for residents of settlements affected by a natural disaster must undergo prompt psychological examination. For all sources of information, appropriate recommendations should be prepared based on knowledge of the psychological patterns of people's perception and processing of information under stress. Measures to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters should preferably be “tied” to the natural cycles and daily rhythms of human life (except in cases where the suspension of emergency recovery work or their slowdown threatens to cause new victims). In emergency situations, with extreme impacts on the human psyche, mass psychogenic disorders often develop, introducing disorganization into the overall course of rescue operations. For effective work firefighters and rescuers, both psychologists and the employees of the State Fire Service of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia themselves need to know the signs of these disorders and how to influence people in conditions of mass panic. The possibility of initially preventing the emergence of panic moods is most effective. The optimal condition for this is the possession of the necessary information about the situation, panic fear,

5 Ways of Crowd Functioning and Measures to Eliminate It. To optimize the state of people in emergency situations, one should: - take into account that a person who has suffered a mental trauma recovers faster if he is involved in physical work, and not individually, but as part of a group; - to prepare the population for action in emergency situations, to form mental stability, to educate the will. The level of psychological preparation of people is one of the most important factors that determines the effective response to emergency situations and their consequences. The slightest confusion and manifestation of fear, especially at the very beginning of an accident or catastrophe, can lead to serious and sometimes irreparable consequences. First of all, this applies to officials who are obliged to immediately take measures to mobilize the team, while showing personal discipline and restraint. List of references 1. Gurenkova T.N. Psychology of extreme situations for rescuers and firefighters / T.N. Gurenkova, I.N. Eliseeva, T.Yu. Kuznetsova and others / Under the general. ed. Yu.S. Shoigu. - M.: Meaning, p. 2. Druzhinin V.F. Motivation of activity in emergency situations / V.F. Druzhinin. - M.: From MNEPU, p. 3. Shoigu S.K. Proc. lifeguard / S.K. Shoigu, S.M. Kudinov, A.F. Inanimate, S.A. Knife. - 2nd ed., revised. and additional - Krasnodar: Soviet Kuban, p.

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Short description

The work of providing emergency psychological assistance can be divided into three stages. The first dad is preparatory, the second is the stage of the actual provision of emergency psychological assistance, the third can be designated as the stage of completion of work on the provision of emergency psychological assistance. At each specific stage, psychologists have their own goals and objectives. Let's consider them in more detail.

Introduction
1. Psychological features of people's behavior in emergency situations.
2. Psychology of survival in emergency situations
2.1
3. Ways to provide psychological assistance after emergencies
Conclusion
Bibliography

Attached files: 1 file

Introduction

1. Psychological aspects of survival
1. Ways to provide psychological assistance after emergencies

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The survival of mankind in emergency situations is possible only if it can scientifically predict, evaluate and, if possible, prevent, or at least reduce possible damage to a minimum. These tasks are performed by international and national state structures with the participation of the population.

Survival is the art of staying alive. The science of survival is a set of rational actions that ensure existence in extreme and emergency situations without harm to human health. The problems of human survival in emergency situations contain several aspects: philosophical, psychological, general and particular rules of survival, ways of teaching a person to act in emergency situations. Every citizen must be able to survive on his own. Emergencies must be prevented and prevented. But if this fails, measures are taken to protect themselves and protect people and values. When a large number of people fall into an emergency, a set of protective measures is carried out by government agencies.

The main ways to save people in emergency situations:

Search for victims;

Provision of medical care;

Evacuate casualties and those at risk to safe areas;

If necessary, people can be sheltered in protective structures, they can be given personal protective equipment.

In the Republic of Belarus, natural disasters pose a significant threat to the population and facilities. They are understood as destructive natural phenomena, as a result of which there is a threat to the life and health of people. Natural disasters usually include earthquakes, floods, mudflows, landslides, snow drifts, volcanic eruptions, droughts. Such disasters, in some cases, can also include fires, especially massive forest and peat bogs.

Natural disasters can be encountered in different ways. Bewildered, as people have met various disasters for centuries, or calmly, with faith in their own strength. Only those who, armed with knowledge of how to act in a given situation, can confidently accept the challenge of disasters, will make the only right decision: save themselves, help others, prevent, as far as possible, the destructive action of elemental forces.

1. Psychological features of people's behavior in emergency situations.

An emergency situation is a situation in a certain territory that has developed as a result of an accident, a natural hazard, a catastrophe, a natural or other disaster that may or have caused human casualties, damage to human health or the environment, significant material losses and violation of living conditions. of people.

The study of the specifics of human behavior in an emergency includes the study of the psychology of fear as a fundamental element that influences the behavior of victims.

Fear is an emotion that arises in situations of threat to the biological or social existence of an individual and is directed at a source of real or imagined danger. Unlike pain and other types of suffering caused by the actual action of existentially dangerous factors, fear arises when they are anticipated.

Fear performs a positive function, making a person more cautious and prudent.

However, according to the results of a study by K.E. Izard (1971), who conducted a survey of representatives from different countries, fear is exactly the emotion that people most do not want to experience. In itself, the experience of fear frightens a person. There are an infinite number of types of human fear. One fear paralyzes, another activates. Fear is individual and reflects the personal characteristics of each person; it can be caused by both physical and psychological threats.

Questions of human psychology in emergency situations must be considered in order to prepare the population, rescuers, leaders for action in extreme situations.

When considering the issues of human behavior in emergency situations, much attention is paid to the psychology of fear. In everyday life, in extreme conditions, a person constantly has to overcome dangers that threaten his existence, which causes (generates) fear, that is, a short-term or long-term emotional process generated by real or imaginary danger. Fear is an alarm signal, but not just an alarm, but a signal that causes a person's likely protective actions.

Fear causes discomfort in a person - this is a negative effect of fear, but fear is also a signal, a command for individual or collective protection, since the main goal facing a person is to stay alive, to prolong his existence.

It should be borne in mind that the most frequent, significant and dynamic are the rash, unconscious actions of a person as a result of his reaction to danger.

The greatest danger to a person is represented by factors that can cause his death as a result of various aggressive influences - these are various physical, chemical, biological factors, high and low temperatures, ionizing (radioactive) radiation. All these factors require different ways of protecting a person and a group of people, i.e., individual and collective methods of protection, which include: the desire of a person to move away from the action of damaging factors (to run away from danger, protect himself with a screen, etc.); an energetic attack by a person of a source of possible damaging factors to weaken their action or destroy the source of possible damaging factors.

Under the group behavior of people in emergency situations, we understand the behavior of the majority of people who are part of a group and who find themselves in the face of a sudden and dangerous incident or the threat of such an incident that affects the interests of all people. This is associated with real or potential material losses, human casualties and is characterized by a noticeable disorganization of the public order.

The group behavior of people is associated with the same external event and depends on such emotional factors that are associated with the group mentality, and not with the individual properties of the human psyche. This is evidenced by the statistics of disasters, the fate of the victims, the actions of rescuers and the behavior of the surrounding population, which in itself did not suffer from the action of emergency situations1.

The behavior of people in extreme situations is divided into two categories.

Cases of rational, adaptive human behavior with mental control and management of the emotional state of behavior. In many extreme situations, no pathological behavior of people was observed and adaptation of people to the situation was noted, calmness was maintained and measures of protection, mutual assistance were carried out, and measures were taken to restore the disturbed order of life. This behavior is a consequence of the exact implementation of the instructions and orders of the management in case of emergency. It should be remembered that the implementation of orders and instructions prevents the spread of anxiety and anxiety and at the same time does not prevent the manifestation of personal initiative in the field of one's protection.

Cases of a negative, pathological nature are distinguished by a lack of adaptation to the situation, when people, with their irrational behavior and actions dangerous to others, increase the number of victims and disrupt public order. In this case, “shock inhibition” may occur, when a mass of people become confused and lack of initiative, or even simply distraught. Panic is a special case of "shock inhibition" when fear of danger takes possession of a group of people. Usually, panic manifests itself as a wild erratic flight, when people are led by consciousness, relegated to a primitive level (a primitive human reaction to fear). It can be accompanied by real fury, especially if there are obstacles along the way, the overcoming of which is accompanied by a large number of human victims.

Panic reactions can also be observed in a group of people in enclosed spaces with an unknown layout, when a person feels a threat to his life. Many in these cases believe that it is almost impossible to escape, they instantly experience a feeling of mass fear, especially if there are unbalanced people in the group, and there can be no more than 2% of the entire group.

Psychologically, panic is very contagious, as it is associated with the manifestation of the “herd instinct”.

It is necessary to know that precautions taken in advance cannot completely guarantee the possibility of a panic, but can significantly reduce it, so taking such measures is mandatory.

1. Psychology of survival in emergency situations
1. Psychological aspects of survival

Fear is a natural human reaction to any real or imagined situation that threatens life or health. It cannot be unequivocally stated that in an emergency, fear only harms or only benefits. It all depends on the specific circumstances in which the person finds himself. The same action, performed under the influence of a feeling of fear, in one case can save a person, in another - hasten his death.
Fear not only accompanies an emergency, but often anticipates it. The impetus for forcing a sense of fear can be any unexpected event - weather deterioration, vehicle breakdown, loss of orientation, and the like. The resulting state of anxiety, anxiety, with a successful outcome of the incident, is forgotten, and with a further increase in the threat, a person begins to predict the development of events. And then anxiety can develop into a persistent feeling of fear.

Explosions, earthquakes, collisions Vehicle and other unexpected dangers, a feeling of fear can arise instantly.
Behavioral reactions to danger are individual for each person and may manifest themselves differently in different situations. For people who find themselves in an emergency, several types of behavior are most characteristic.

The first can be conditionally defined as passive. When faced with danger, a person experiences a feeling of complete confusion. Clearly aware of the danger, he nevertheless does not know what to do at the moment so as not to aggravate his situation. A person makes erratic, meaningless movements: he suddenly starts to run, but immediately stops, starts talking, but immediately falls silent, often looks around, and the like.
Dozens of options for action flash in my mind, but none seems to be the only correct one. At such a critical moment, much depends on the leader of the group. It happens that it is enough loudly and clearly to give the appropriate command, to indicate to the person his place, to determine his actions - and the confusion disappears.

Instant fright (for example, as a result of an explosion, an avalanche, an unexpected encounter with a snake or a predatory animal) in some cases can cause a sharp motor and mental retardation. A person freezes in a stupor, unable to perform a single purposeful action. He can't run, he can't raise his hand, he can't scream, he can't really assess the threat. This condition often ends in fainting.
Another type of reaction to danger can be conditionally designated as active. This type of behavior is characterized by instantaneous action (“impulsive behavior”). A person bounces off a falling stone, runs away from a fire, pushes a dangerous object away from himself. The scheme of action in this case is simplified to an unconditioned reflex - to be as far as possible from the source of danger.

With individual survival, this type of behavior can in many cases justify itself. With group survival, it usually leads to an aggravation of the emergency. A person jumping sharply from a real or imagined danger can cause an avalanche, a rockfall, that is, endanger the entire group. A drowning person often seeks to stay afloat at the expense of his comrades, which complicates his rescue. Sharp movements, running at an unexpected meeting with a snake or a predatory animal can provoke their attack on nearby people.

There are frequent cases when people hastily left the vehicle (ship, yacht, raft), dooming themselves to death, instead of fighting to maintain its buoyancy.

The next type of behavior, which can be conditionally defined as reasonable, is most characteristic of people who are professionally and psychologically prepared to act in emergency situations. It has long been noted that, for example, during natural disasters, the greatest personal organization and endurance are shown by people whose production activities are associated with working in special conditions - firefighters, sailors, etc.
This type of behavior is characterized by: an instant assessment of the situation, the selection of the main, directly dangerous for people's lives from a variety of factors, the adoption of the most correct decision, and the immediate implementation of this decision.

In case of accidents of vehicles (ships, aircraft), during natural disasters in poorly prepared tourist groups, one of the most dangerous manifestations of fear can be observed - mass panic. It is dangerous, first of all, by the "hurricane" growth of collective fear, which excludes the possibility of a rational assessment of the situation.

In long-term survival, fear can be expressed in the form of a depressive state or constant tension. In the first case, a person, having lost faith in the possibility of salvation, becomes passive, loses interest in what is happening. He reacts sluggishly to threatening situations, often incorrectly. Sometimes he can sit for hours, staring at one point. Under pressure from outside, he is able to perform simple work, but without initiative and interest in the final result.

With the further development of depression, hysterical reactions and even suicide attempts are possible.

1.2 Stress

In order to understand our psychological reactions in a life-threatening environment, it is necessary to learn more about stress.
Stress is not a disease that can be cured, each of us experiences stress from time to time. Stress is a response to tension, a sensation that results from the physical, emotional, mental and spiritual response to life's difficulties.

Need for stress
Since stress has many positive effects, we need it. Stress challenges us, thus giving us a chance to discover our virtues and strengths. Stress shows our ability to cope with difficulties, tests our adaptability and flexibility, and encourages us to give our best. Minor incidents are not usually seen as embarrassing, stress is a great indicator of the significance of the event to us, in other words, it indicates the importance of the event.

We need some stress, but an overdose of it can be harmful. The goal should be tension, not overvoltage. Too much stress leads to anxiety. Anxiety causes tension, which we are trying to get rid of and which is preferable to avoid. Listed below are some of the symptoms of anxiety that you may find in yourself or your peers when under extreme stress:
Difficulty in making decisions, outbursts of rage, forgetfulness, lack of energy, constant worrying, propensity to make mistakes, thoughts of death or suicide, withdrawal from others, avoidance of responsibility, carelessness.

Stress can be constructive and destructive. It can encourage and discourage, move us forward or stop us, make life meaningful or seemingly meaningless. Stress can inspire you to be successful and make the most of your life in a life-threatening situation. It can also cause panic and make you forget all the skills. The key to survival is the ability to deal with inevitable stress. A survivor is one who works on his stress instead of letting the stress work on him.

Stress in a life-threatening situation
Any event can cause stress, and as everyone may have experienced, such events do not always come one by one. Often stressful events happen at the same time. By themselves, they are not stress, but they cause it and therefore are called stressors. Stress is a response to stressors. Once the body recognizes the presence of a stressor, it tries to defend itself.

Experiencing stress, the body seeks to either overcome it or get rid of it. The body sends an internal SOS signal. When the organs respond to it, various reactions occur. The body releases stored fuel (sugars and fats) for rapid energy supply; breathing accelerates to saturate the blood with oxygen; muscles tense up to be ready for action. The blood coagulation mechanism is activated to prevent heavy bleeding, the senses are sharpened (hearing becomes clearer, the pupils dilate, the sense of smell becomes sharper) in order to be alert; heart rate and blood pressure increase to provide more blood flow to the muscles. This state allows the body to cope with potential dangers, but the body cannot maintain this level of alertness indefinitely.

Stressors are not very nice to us - the appearance of another stressor does not mean the disappearance of the old one, they overlap. The cumulative effect of minor stressors can lead to significant distress. The resistance of the body gradually falls, and the sources of stress continue their action, which leads to exhaustion. At this point, the ability to extract positive effects from stress dries up, and signs of an anxiety disorder appear. Preventing stress and developing a strategy to get rid of it are two ingredients of effective stress management.

Injury, illness and death
Injury, illness or death is something that a person striving to survive can quite realistically face. Perhaps nothing is more stressful than being alone in an unfamiliar environment, facing the threat of being killed by an attack or accident. Injury or illness can increase stress by limiting your ability to move, get food and water, find shelter, and defend yourself. Even if the illness and injury does not lead to death, stress will increase due to pain and discomfort. It is only by controlling the stress associated with vulnerability to injury, disease, and death that one can muster enough courage to face the dangers of survival.

Uncertainty and loss of control
People have difficulty operating in an environment where everything is not clear. A life-threatening situation can only give one guarantee: nothing can be guaranteed. Actions in a situation where information about the environment and control over it is limited lead to tremendous tension. Uncertainty and loss of control is superimposed on the stress of being hurt, sick or killed.

Environment
Even under ideal conditions, nature is very formidable. Trying to survive, a person struggles with the stressors of weather, terrain, and the diversity of creatures inhabiting the territory. Heat or cold, rain, wind, mountains, swamps, deserts, insects, dangerous reptiles and other animals are just some of the threats that await man. Depending on how a person can cope with environmental stress, it can either become a source of water and protection, or cause extreme discomfort, leading to injury, illness or death.

Hunger and thirst
Without water and food, the body weakens and eventually dies. Thus, food and water supplies become increasingly important over time in a life-threatening situation. For a person who has used his supplies, searching for food becomes a significant source of stress.

Fatigue
The more you try to survive, the more tired you become. It is likely that fatigue can reach the point where constant vigilance becomes a stressor.

Insulation
Being part of a team when facing danger comes with certain advantages. Contact with other people provides a sense of security, a sense that someone will come to the rescue if a problem arises. A significant stressor is that an individual or team must rely on their own strength.

Is not full list stressors you may face. What is stressful for one may not be so for another. Experience, training, personal outlook, physical and psychological preparation, self-confidence will affect what you feel creating tension. The task is not to avoid stress, but to successfully cope with stressors and make them work for you.

Natural psychological reactions of a person in emergency situations

2.1 Anxiety, fear

Throughout its existence, humanity has experienced many changes in its environment. Man's ability to physically and psychologically adapt to a changing world has kept us alive, while many other species have gradually died out. The same mechanisms that allowed our ancestors to survive will help us survive. However, if we do not understand them, these mechanisms can work against us.
Not surprisingly, different people can have similar psychological reactions to a life-threatening situation.

Fear
Fear is our emotional response to dangerous conditions when we believe they can cause death, injury, or illness. This harm is not limited to physical damage only, the threat to emotional and mental well-being also causes fear. For a person trying to survive, fear can have a positive function if it encourages careful action in situations where recklessness will lead to injury. Unfortunately, fear can paralyze a person.
A person can become so frightened that he fails to perform activities that are the basis of survival. Most people experience fear when entering an unfamiliar environment in adverse conditions. There is nothing to be ashamed of. Each person must train not to become a victim of their own fear. Ideally, through realistic training, we acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to increase our courage and thus cope with our fears.

Anxiety
Anxiety is also associated with fear. Feeling anxious is just as natural to us as being afraid. Anxiety can be an uncomfortable feeling when faced with dangerous situations (physical, mental and emotional). In its healthy form, anxiety motivates us to cope with the danger that threatens our existence. If we never worry, we will have nowhere to get the motivation to change our lives. In a life-threatening situation, a person reduces anxiety by performing those actions that are aimed at successfully passing through difficult tests. By reducing anxiety, a person takes control of its source - fears. In this form, worry 0 is good, but it can also be devastating. Anxiety can overwhelm a person to such an extent that he becomes confused. Once this happens, making the right decisions will become more and more difficult. In order to survive, a person must learn techniques to reduce anxiety and keep it in such a framework that it is beneficial, not harmful.

2.2 Annoyance and frustration

Disappointment comes as a result of numerous fruitless attempts to achieve the goal. The purpose of survival is to stay alive until you get to a place where you can be helped, or until help comes to you. In order to achieve the goal, you must complete certain tasks with a minimum amount of resources. It is likely that something will go wrong and get out of control. When life is at stake, every mistake is costly. Therefore, sooner or later, people have to cope with disappointment when their part of their plans is frustrated due to some circumstances. Disappointment creates irritation. There are many different situations that can be frustrating or infuriating. Damaged or forgotten equipment, weather, inhospitable terrain, and physical limitations are just a few examples of sources of frustration and annoyance. Frustration and irritation cause impulsive reactions, irrational behavior and ill-conceived decisions. But, if a person can direct the emotions of irritation and disappointment in the right direction, he will be able to overcome the trials that have fallen to his lot. If he fails to focus his emotions, he will waste a lot of energy on activities that will not do much for his survival, or for the survival of the people around him.

2.3 Anguish, guilt

It is rare to find such a person who, faced with hardship, does not at least for a moment fall into despondency. When it intensifies, we call it depression or sadness. Depression is associated with frustration and annoyance, a frustrated person becomes more and more annoyed when he cannot achieve his goals. If the irritation does not help the person, the level of frustration rises. The destructive cycle between disappointment and irritation continues until the person wears out physically, emotionally and psychologically. Depression is an expression of this feeling of hopelessness and helplessness. There is nothing wrong with being sad when you think about your loved ones and remember civilized life. Thoughts like these make you want to try even harder to get through another day. But if you allow yourself to fall into anguish, it will drain all your strength, and, most importantly, your will to survive.

Guilt
The circumstances that put you in a difficult situation can often be dramatic. It could be an accident or a disaster in which people lost their lives. You may have survived alone, or one of the few. Naturally, you are glad that you survived, but at the same time, mourn for the dead, who were less fortunate than you. It is not uncommon for survivors to feel guilty about being saved while others do not. This feeling, in a positive way, inspires people, giving them faith that life has been given to them so that they fulfill some of their destiny. Sometimes people try to stay alive in order to continue the work of those who died. Regardless of the reason you choose for yourself, don't let guilt get in the way of your life. Those who refuse the chance given to them will achieve nothing. This act will be the greatest tragedy.

2.4 Loneliness

Before a person who finds himself face to face with the elements, there are problems both physical and moral. Alone, it is more difficult to equip a long-term campfire bivouac, it is more difficult to make a trail in the virgin snow, to be provided with food, it is almost impossible, without special equipment, to organize reliable insurance when overcoming difficult terrain, and much more.
A person who finds himself alone in emergency conditions is more prone to emotional stress. Solitary survival is characterized by rapidly developing reactive mental states, often a person falls into a deep depression. With a long isolation from the outside world, from people in distress, auditory and visual hallucinations can be observed.

In such a situation, it is very important not to give free rein to your emotions and rely more on reason. We must strive to fill every minute with some useful work that will distract from unnecessary thoughts. In some cases, when loneliness begins to oppress, when an urgent, obsessive need for communication appears, you can talk to yourself, discussing the current situation aloud, you can communicate with inanimate objects, nature or distant loved ones. Often such a simple trick saved people who made long solo trips from insanity.

3. Ways to provide psychological assistance after emergencies

The work of providing emergency psychological assistance can be divided into three stages. The first dad is preparatory, the second is the stage of the actual provision of emergency psychological assistance, the third can be designated as the stage of completion of work on the provision of emergency psychological assistance. At each specific stage, psychologists have their own goals and objectives. Let's consider them in more detail.

Preparatory stage. The purpose of the work at the preparatory stage is to prepare a detailed action plan for the provision of emergency psychological assistance. For this it is necessary to carry out:

1. Collection of information about the psychological situation that has developed as a result of the emergency. In some situations, the necessary information is available from psychologists or other specialists already working at the scene. If there is no information of this kind, it is necessary to collect it yourself in order to organize the work of specialists in the most optimal way.

Information is collected according to the following scheme.

Determination of places where psychologists will have to work: places of deployment of the victims and their relatives, places for mass events (requiem services, identifications, meetings with representatives of power structures). Often such a place is also the place of the emergency (if the emergency occurred on the territory of the settlement).

Approximate number of people in need of help.

Finding out the number of specialists who are already working or will start working and in the near future.

Clarification of time, places and approximate number of participants in mass events.

Finding out the order, time and place of actions that need to be performed by the victims or their relatives (payment of compensation, identification process, obtaining death certificates, etc.).

2. Determination of the place and order of work of each specialist is the second important task to be solved at the preparatory stage, since the effectiveness of assistance often depends on the success of its solution. Each specialist should know what he has to do in a particular area, work.

3. Drawing up an indicative work plan. The solution of this third task occurs at the preparatory stage, however, throughout the entire period of emergency psychological assistance, this plan may change and be adjusted depending on the changing conditions of activity.