China is a modern and promising country, which in recent years has occupied a leading position not only in the world market, but also in the field of culture and science. From our article you will learn how the system developed from antiquity to the present day. We will also tell you about the most important universities in the country and how foreigners can enter them.

Education in ancient China

Since ancient times, the Chinese have been kind to everything related to knowledge and study. Teachers, scientists, philosophers and poets were respected people, often holding high positions in the state system. Children received their initial knowledge in the family - they were taught to respect elders and follow the norms of behavior in society. In wealthy families, kids from the age of three were taught counting and writing. From the age of six, the boys went to school, where they learned the art of weapons, horseback riding, music and writing hieroglyphs. In large cities, schoolchildren could go through two stages of education - primary and higher. Usually the children of the nobility and wealthy citizens studied here, since the cost of classes was quite high. In rural schools, students sat behind books all day long, did not know holidays and fun games. They were not rare - instead of flowers, the children carried a bamboo stick to the teacher, however, in a beautiful package. However, the knowledge that they received within the walls of the school was rather meager. The students were taught that China is the whole world and the children had a vague idea of ​​what was happening in neighboring countries. I would like to note that the way to school was ordered for the girls, as they were being prepared for the role of wife and mother of the family. But in noble families, girls learned to read and write, dance, play musical instruments and even own some types of weapons. With the popularization of the teachings of Confucius, the history of the formation of China moved to a new level. For the first time, students were treated with respect, taught to ask questions and find answers to them. The new approach contributed to fostering respect for educational sciences and contributed to the fact that education has become an integral part of public policy.

Education system in China

Today, the government of this great country is doing everything so that citizens can learn. This despite the fact that in the middle of the last century, 80% of the population was illiterate. Thanks to government programs, schools, technical colleges and higher education institutions are actively opening across the country. However, the problem persists in rural areas, where people still live according to ancient traditions. The main feature of education in China is that education at all levels can be obtained free of charge. The system itself is very similar to the Russian one. That is, from the age of three, kids go to kindergarten, from the age of six to school, and after graduation, to an institute or vocational school. Let's consider all the steps in more detail.

in China

As you know, most families in this country are raising one child each. That is why parents are glad that kids can be brought up in a children's team. Kindergartens in China are divided into public and private. In the first, much attention is paid to preparing for school, and in the second - to the development creativity. Additional activities such as dancing and music are usually paid separately. Much of the knowledge that children receive in kindergartens can be applied in practice. So, for example, they learn to plant plants and take care of them. Together with the teacher, they cook food and learn how to repair clothes. We can see an original approach to education in the Junin network of private kindergartens. A whole team of teachers, led by Chairman Wang Huning, developed a unified curriculum for children.

School in China

Before entering the first grade, children undergo a series of tests, and then they are included in serious work. Even the youngest students are not treated with favors here, and parents often have to hire tutors. School education in China is built in such a way that children constantly have to compete with each other for the title of the best. Therefore, it is not surprising that the loads in all classes are simply huge. At the end of the seventh grade, all students take an exam that will determine whether the child is ready for higher education. If not, then the road to further education, and subsequently to a prestigious job, will be closed to him. Before entering a university, students take a unified state exam, which is held throughout the country at the same time (By the way, this idea was borrowed and successfully implemented in Russia). Every year, more and more Chinese successfully pass exams in prestigious universities around the world. They are welcomed as these students are very diligent, collected and take their studies very seriously.

Like other educational institutions in China, schools are not only public, but also private. Foreigners can enter any of them by passing the required exams. As a rule, it is much easier to enter, and training is often conducted in two languages ​​(one of them is English). There is a school in China where they teach in Russian and Chinese, and it is located in the city of Yining.

Secondary education

As in Russia, there are vocational schools that train students of their chosen profession. The main areas of secondary education in China are agriculture, medicine, law, pharmaceuticals, and so on. In three or four years, young people get a profession and can start working. Foreigners enrolled in such educational institutions master the language for the first year, and devote the rest of the time to study.

Higher education

There are many public universities in the country that accept students based on the results of school exams. Education here is paid, but the prices are relatively low. However, residents of rural areas often feel that even this fee is high, and they are forced to take out loans for education. If a young specialist agrees to return to the outback after graduating from the university, then he will not have to return the money. If he is ambitious and plans to start his own business in the city, then the debt will have to be repaid in full. Higher education in China can be obtained by any foreign student who has passed a language test. Moreover, he can choose a program in English, learn Chinese in parallel. To facilitate the adaptation of such students, they often open training courses language training. After a year or two of intensive training, a student can move on to study in a specialty.

Universities

Consider the most popular and prestigious universities in the country:

• Peking University is the country's oldest educational institution located in Haidan, one of the most beautiful places in the world. Amazing gardens, which used to belong to the imperial dynasty, make an indelible impression on tourists. The campus itself consists of educational buildings, dormitories, cafes, restaurants, shops and leisure centers. The local library is the largest in Asia.
• Fudan University is one of the oldest in the country. Known for being the first to replace the semester system with "levels" and proving that this approach is the most effective. In addition, the teachers of this university aim to unlock the potential of students in order to direct young talents to serve their country.
• Tsinghua is one of the best technical universities in China, which is also in the top 100. There are many famous scientists, politicians and public figures among its students.

Conclusion

As you can see, the path of education in China is very similar to that of students in Russia. We hope that the information we have collected will be useful to you if you decide to become a student of one of the country's educational institutions.

It would not be entirely correct to believe that China's phenomenal success in the economy is caused only by the stimulation of exports and the formation of a favorable investment climate. A positive role in the development of the country was played, including the reform of local education. In recent years, studying in China has become increasingly popular among foreigners. Large foreign companies operating in the field of international trade or just planning to enter the PRC market need specialists who speak Chinese or are familiar with the peculiarities of local legislation.

Benefits of Chinese education

Despite the fact that the education system in China is in many ways similar to the Russian one, it is still not worth putting an equal sign between them. Differences exist in the load on each student, and in the number of subjects of study. However, if parents working in this moment in China have minor children, it will be in their interests to do everything possible to ensure that their child can learn Chinese. Subsequently, this will give him a considerable advantage in finding a job and in his career.

To date, it does not present any problems in terms of obtaining secondary education. There is a Russian-language school in Beijing (at the Russian Embassy), as well as in Guangzhou (primary). If you wish to learn Chinese, Russian citizens can enroll in training courses. The monthly fee for visiting them ranges from 100 to 200 US dollars.

Considering getting higher education in China, one should not forget about another important advantage - the cost of studying at Chinese universities is 10-20 times lower than in Western Europe or the USA. At the same time, many higher education institutions have special groups for foreign students, where teaching and passing exams are held in English.

Study in China

In 1985, China launched educational reform, which subsequently somewhat modified the system of school and preschool education. In particular, secondary education was divided into three levels, two of which became compulsory. The rights and opportunities for graduates to enter higher educational institutions were significantly expanded. Gradually, the number of preschool institutions began to increase.

preschool education

As in Russia preschool education in China is partially paid. Most of the costs of paying teachers and other staff are borne by the state, parents pay only the cost of feeding their child.

Children are admitted to the Chinese kindergarten starting from the age of 3 years. The period of study is three years - from 3 to 6 years. In every kindergarten There are age groups:

• initial;
• average;
• senior.

Most public kindergartens not only provide day care for children, but also prepare them for school by teaching them basic arithmetic and kanji. If parents want to more thoroughly prepare their baby for the first grade or are interested in him learning English, then in many cities there are private preschool institutions.

The academic year in all Chinese schools begins on September 1st. Primary education in China is compulsory for all children from the age of 6. Only in some remote and rural areas, schools are accepted from the age of 7.

The duration of education in primary school is 6 years. Admission to the first class is based on test results. This allows you to pre-determine the most capable students.

The Chinese school has some differences from the Russian elementary education. For example, in rural areas, many educational institutions do not have a heating system, which in winter forces students to sit in classrooms in outerwear. Every day, Chinese schools conduct exercises, after which a line is held with a flag raising.

The Elementary Education Program includes:

• Chinese;
• natural history;
• mathematics;
• history;
• music;
• Painting;
• physical education;
• geography;
• work;
• political information and ethics of behavior.

Sometimes lessons are supplemented by work on cleaning the school grounds and excursions.

Secondary education

In order to accurately answer the question of how children learn in China, it is necessary to take into account the division of the period of study into stages (levels). The first of these is elementary school, which takes 6 years. Then, around the age of 12, children move on to the first level of secondary school. Like elementary grades, it is mandatory.

Only then, after the 9th grade, the student has the choice: to continue his studies in high school (grades 10-12) or switch to vocational (special) education. This choice is highly arbitrary. The opportunity to receive a complete secondary education is provided to the student based on the results of the final exams. If a teenager does not have time in basic subjects, no one will take him to the 10th grade.

First level

The Chinese high school has some characteristic differences when compared with the Russian education system. For example, in the PRC, it is in the order of things to equip classes with 35-40 students. In addition, the usual school day in China lasts not until 14:00, but until 16:00. At the same time, it is divided into two parts: from 8 am to 1 pm, children study basic subjects - algebra, Chinese and foreign languages, physics, geography, etc. Then whole hour is given for lunch and rest, after which, from 14 to 16 hours, teachers conduct lessons in secondary subjects: drawing, physical education, singing, music. From the 7th grade, the list of compulsory subjects is supplemented by computer science.

Testing is often used to test knowledge. Grades for students are given on a 100-point system, but they are indicated not by numbers, but by one of the Latin letters: from A to F, in descending order. The highest grade is A. It corresponds to 90 points. If the teacher wishes to encourage the student, he can add a few extra points to the assessment.

Second level

After the end of the 9th grade, the student takes final exams, on the basis of which the form of his further education is determined. Satisfactory test results allow the student to move to the second level of secondary education. In other countries, it is customary to call it the senior classes.

As in Russia, in the 10th grade, students are divided into profiles. There are only two of them:

• academic profile (in-depth study of subjects required for admission to a university);
• vocational profile (training for admission to technical or agro-industrial colleges).

Secondary education ends after grade 12. Taking into account the fact that Chinese children enter the first grade with six-year-olds, the age of graduates does not exceed 18 years.

Special

In addition to the usual educational schools, China has a wide network of vocational schools. Admission to these educational institutions is carried out after the end of the 9th grade. The vocational school trains qualified specialists for public and private enterprises with a further prospect of obtaining the specialty of an engineer. But for this, a vocational school graduate will also have to study in college.

Another type of special education is evening schools, where adult citizens can receive a certificate on the job. Also very popular distance learning. It is indispensable for those students who live in remote areas and do not have the opportunity to attend classes every day.

Living and studying in China: Video

Structure of higher education

Despite the fact that the number of universities in China exceeds 2,500, higher education is not available to all school graduates. First, an objective obstacle is the great competition for prestigious specialties in universities. Sometimes from 200 to 300 applicants apply for one student place.

Secondly, those school graduates who could not get a state-funded place in a university can receive higher education only on a paid basis. Many families cannot afford it.

However, the number of students in public and private universities in China is increasing every year. As of 2017, the number of students at universities and institutes exceeds 20 million people. The vast majority of students study for free, paying only for their accommodation in a hostel.

Higher education in China can be obtained by completing a bachelor's degree and then a master's degree. If the master meets the requirements of the university, he can continue his studies in doctoral studies, which opens the way to obtaining an academic degree. The following stages of training are given:

• bachelor's degree - 3-5 years:
• magistracy - 2-3 years;
• doctoral studies - 3 years.

Popular educational institutions in China

Behind recent times The quality of higher education in China has improved markedly. This is evidenced by the fact that, following the results of the past year, 23 Chinese universities were included in the top 500 best universities peace. According to this indicator, China is second only to the United States, Great Britain and Germany.

The universities in Beijing and Shanghai are considered the most popular among local applicants. However, this does not mean that all excellent students strive to enter only these two educational institutions. Do not forget that the competition for prestigious specialties in Chinese universities is huge. Therefore, most graduates, realistically assessing their chances of admission, choose to study in the largest city of their own or neighboring province.

The best universities in China, in addition to Beijing and Shanghai, are concentrated in several metropolitan areas that are regional centers. If we take into account the formal ranking of Chinese universities, then it looks like this:

1. Tsinghua University (Beijing);
2. Peking University;
3. Fudan University (Shanghai);
4. Sun Yat-sen University (Zhongshan);
5. Shanghai Jiaotong University;
6. Chongqing University;
7. Nanjing University;
8. Fudan University.

These universities provide a full range of educational services, from obtaining a bachelor's degree to doctoral studies. If a graduate is interested in technical colleges, then you can enter them in almost any large or medium-sized city in China.

Cost of education

Considering that higher education in Beijing and Shanghai is at a relatively high level, many foreigners, including those from Russia, are interested in how much it costs to study in China.

Despite the fact that in the PRC, higher education for local citizens is mostly free (there is a budgetary and paid form of education), this does not apply to foreigners. On the usual grounds, they cannot do so. The only exception is receiving a government grant or participating in an exchange program. For everyone else, a paid form of training is available.

The cost of an academic year in a Chinese university remains relatively affordable compared to many other countries - from 2,000 to 4,000 US dollars. The specified amount does not include payment for accommodation in a hostel. That's an additional $1,000 a year.

International student exchange programs

The Chinese authorities traditionally declare openness in the scientific and educational sphere. This also applies to the exchange of students with other countries.

In practice, this means that a Russian full-time student can apply for an exchange program with a Chinese university. Of course, you should not count on studying at the most prestigious universities in Beijing or Shanghai, but provincial universities in China are willing to participate in such programs. For a Russian student, this will be at least an excellent opportunity to improve their Chinese language skills. Moreover, under the terms of the exchange program, tuition fees are not charged.

The advantage for participation in the exchange is for excellent students who speak Chinese or English language. To start the procedure, the applicant needs to submit an application to the dean's office of his university. If the educational institution participates in the exchange program, you will also have to prepare:

• an extract from the record book for the entire period of study at the university;
• medical certificate of the established form;
• teacher recommendations.

How can a foreigner go to college

In recent years, studying in China for Russians has become very popular, given not only the relatively low cost of education, but also the opportunity to get under the preferential student exchange program. In addition, there is another way how to go to study in China for free. This option involves applying for a grant from the PRC government.

It is worth considering that this opportunity is available only to those who wish to improve their Chinese language. In other words, an applicant for a grant for free education must possess it at least at the household level.

To apply to study at a Chinese university or college, you must send an email to the address indicated on the official website of the educational institution. The response will include information about current programs for international students. As a rule, all of them involve payment in one amount or another. Applicants for free education in China should contact the dean's office of their Russian university or look for information on the website of the Ministry of Education of the PRC.

Required documents

If the application for studying in the PRC has been approved, the university will send detailed instructions on what documents are required for admission to the number of students. This list usually includes:

• international passport;
• an extract from the record book (for students);
• extract from the certificate of secondary education (for applicants);
• medical certificate;
• a copy of the payment receipt.

All documents issued in Russian must have a notarized translation into English or Chinese.

Scholarships and grants

As of 2020, in the PRC there are such grants for studying foreign students:

• Confucius Scholarship (for those who wish to study Chinese);
• Government Scholarship CSC (for bachelors of Russian universities who want to get a master's degree in China).

Student Accommodation

Living conditions for students of Chinese universities can be called Spartan. In any case, they are much worse than in Russia. For example, student rooms are designed for 5-6 people. The kitchen is one per floor, and at 22 or 23 pm electricity throughout the hostel is centrally turned off. Girls and boys live in separate buildings.

For foreign students, there are still certain concessions. Usually they are accommodated in dormitories, where rooms are designed for 2-3 people, and a kitchen and a bathroom are available in each block of 3-4 rooms. But the cost of such privileges will be higher than for local ones. If Chinese students pay 200-500 dollars a year for a hostel, then a foreigner will have to pay about 1000 dollars.

Applying for a student visa

The main condition for obtaining a study visa is a contract for study or the provision of financial guarantees. If there are no problems with the money issue, the future student will need to contact one of the PRC consulates operating in Russia.

Chinese diplomatic missions accept documents within the boundaries of their consular district. In practice, this means that a citizen of the Russian Federation who is officially registered in the Far Eastern Federal District can apply for a student visa only in Khabarovsk, but not in Moscow, St. Petersburg or Irkutsk. Despite the fact that consulates of the People's Republic of China also operate in the cities listed, failure to comply with this rule will result in the rejection of the application.

A study visa to China has categories X1 or X2. In the first case, the planned duration of training is more than 6 months, in the second - less than 6 months.

List of documents

The list of documents required for obtaining a student visa includes:

• international passport;
• certificate of secondary education;
• diploma of graduation from a college or university (for those who already have one higher or secondary specialized education);
• color photo 3.5 by 4.5 cm;
• IELTS or TOEFL results (for those who plan to study in English);
• HSK result (Chinese language proficiency test);
• medical certificate of the established form;
• letters of recommendation (if possible);
• a copy of the training contract or a certificate of financial guarantees.

Is it possible to extend

A student visa is issued for the period of study specified in the contract, with a corridor of 1-2 months for arrival and accommodation. In most cases, university students are issued an annual X1 visa. If a student arrives in China for a short-term study in a language course, for a period of less than 180 days, he is issued an entry permit category X2.

Extension of a student visa is allowed on the basis of the submission of documents confirming such a need. For university students, the visa is renewed annually without the need to leave the PRC. To do this, you need to contact the local migration service.

Internship and job search after graduation

Successful graduation from a Chinese university or institute does not mean that the graduate will automatically find a well-paid job in Russia or China. But no one will deny that a Chinese university degree provides significant advantages in finding vacancies.

To do this, you can use popular employment sites. Some of them are in English, ie. designed for foreigners temporarily staying in China. Others have only the Chinese version. However, for graduates of a local university, language proficiency will not be a problem. Some of the most famous job search sites in China include: The Beijiner, CareerBuilder, ChinaJob, ExpatJobsChina.

Jobs in China can also be found by browsing the websites of large local companies. Some of them have a special section of current vacancies.

Do not forget that many Russian companies need qualified specialists to work in their Chinese branch. To get such a position, you need to view vacancies on Russian employment sites or subscribe to the mailing list.

(3 Votes)

The education system in China has a number of specific features.

Unlike other developing countries, China is a country with a high and rapidly growing level of literacy among the population, including the peasantry. Only 1517% of the adult population remains illiterate in China (47% in India, 61% in Bangladesh, 59% in Pakistan, 27% in Iran, 17% in Turkey). China also has a better gender indicator - the proportion of illiterate women in the age group of 15-24 years: only 4% (44% in India, 63% in Bangladesh, 61% in Pakistan, 10% in Iran, 8% in Turkey).

As early as 1986, the Compulsory Education Law of the People's Republic of China introduced compulsory primary education in most parts of the country. In large cities and some economically developed regions, compulsory secondary education of the first stage was introduced.

Today in China there are about a million educational institutions of various levels and profiles, in which more than 200 million people study. According to the Chinese Constitution, 9-year education is compulsory, the laws of China give the right to education to every person, including representatives of national minorities, children, women and the disabled. Over half of children with developmental difficulties can be educated in kindergartens and schools for the deaf and dumb, mentally retarded and children with other developmental disabilities.

The education system in the PRC includes primary and secondary schools, as well as secondary specialized and higher education. The term of study in elementary school is 6 years and 3 years in secondary school. About 99% of 6-year-old children enter primary school in China.

Approximately 73% of teenagers enter the first stage of secondary school, and 44.1% of its graduates continue their further education. The fundamental difference between Chinese school education is its paid nature. It was only in 2007 that rural children were exempted from paying tuition fees (previously such measures were taken in relation to the poor rural areas of Western China). The price for the state of such a solution is more than 10 billion yuan.

In 2001, about 12 million students were studying in the universities of the PRC. The term of study is 3-6 years. The number of higher education institutions and universities is slightly more than 1,000. Since 1981, a system of degrees has been introduced - bachelor's, master's and doctor of sciences. The term of study at the university at the 1st stage is 3 years, and for complete higher education from 4 to 6 years. About 300 thousand people study in the master's program. The most famous universities include Peking, Tsinghua, Fudan, Nankai, Nankian, Wuhan, Jimin universities. In 2005, the total number of university graduates was 4.4 million, while in all EU countries combined 2.5 million. It is also important that prevails in China technical education- release per year about 650 thousand people. (220 thousand in the US and 100 thousand in the EU).

Over the past 20 years, more than 20,000 doctors of sciences have received academic degrees in the country. Doctoral dissertations are currently being prepared by 160,000 graduate students.

While surpassing most Asian countries in terms of the breadth of coverage of the population with basic education, China is noticeably inferior to them in terms of the relative number of students. This partly explains the relatively low (albeit growing) share of spending on education in the country's GDP (2.6%). It is necessary to mention two more circumstances. Firstly, in China there is a network of vocational, pedagogical and medical schools (over 4 million students, the term of study is 2-4 years), and secondly, various forms of continuation are widespread. general education and raise professional qualifications adults (more than 12 million people are covered by such forms of education). Only 10% of Chinese of the appropriate age have the opportunity to receive systematic vocational training. There is a system of vocational retraining for people who have lost their jobs in state-owned enterprises. Beginning in the fall semester of 2007, all rural vocational school students, as well as needy students from urban families, will receive a scholarship of 1,500 yuan per year.

Every year, 12.5 million school graduates miss out on further education, and most enter the workforce without the necessary vocational education and training. Mass media, including numerous educational programs television.

During the reform years, 380,000 Chinese students were sent abroad, including about 1,000 at state expense. In 1978, more than 400,000 people left China to study abroad, and more than 10,000 returned that year. Over the past 10 years, more than 50% of PhD holders have studied abroad. Over 100,000 students who studied abroad have already returned to their homeland. China ranked first in the world in terms of the number of students studying abroad, today more than 25 thousand people go abroad every year, the largest number of Chinese study in the USA, Great Britain, Canada, Australia, Germany, France, and Japan. In US and Australian universities they joke that the university is a place where Russian teachers teach Chinese students. While abroad, Chinese students invariably attract attention with their diligence and relatively high basic training in subjects such as mathematics, physics, biology. According to US statistics, one in five PhD students in the US is Chinese. The geography of foreign education is exceptionally wide: over 100 countries accept students from China.

In the past five years, the dynamic development of the country has begun to attract educated ethnic Chinese to return from abroad. The number of "returned from across the sea", as they are called in China, is constantly growing, and there is someone to return: according to the National Science Foundation (NSF) of the USA, out of 276,000 foreigners with doctoral degrees currently working (2007, ) in the US, 22% are from China. China is actively attracting foreign specialists and teachers to universities and technology parks. Considerable attention is paid to attracting talent from the United States.

The education system in China is often described as pragmatic and selective. The chances of reaching higher levels of education are low for the average Chinese - as a result, this opportunity is realized, as a rule, only by capable students. Admission to a university is a real holiday for a high school graduate: competitions for individual universities reach up to 200-300 people per place. Gifted young people in China, as a rule, enjoy various benefits when moving up the educational "ladder" - state scholarships, subsidies from enterprises, organizations, etc. are at their service. The higher education reform began in 1993 with the abolition of state distribution and the gradual education. Since 1997, higher education has become paid for everyone: the fee is 15-20% of the cost of education, often the enterprise where the student worked or will work pays for the studies. The selectivity of the higher education system is manifested in one more way: the country's universities are divided into several categories. Depending on the number of points obtained in the final school exam (held in China and Belarus simultaneously throughout the country), a future applicant may qualify for admission to entrance exams only in the category (or lower category) of the university corresponding to the points scored.

The Chinese tradition is characterized by the highest prestige of education, as well as the special position of the so-called nine leading universities and universities in the country.

The basic salaries of professors at nine leading universities in the country (Beijing, Qinhua, Nanjing, Fudan, Zhongshan, etc.) are about $500 per month (against $250,300 at other universities and institutions of higher education), teachers and researchers have benefits when purchasing housing, in a number of provinces to persons with scientific degrees various concessions are granted, such as permission for the birth of a second child.

Another feature of Chinese universities is a significant predominance of natural-technical and applied specialties (about 60% of student places versus 14% in the USA, 18% in the Netherlands, 22% in Thailand, 26% in Japan, 30% in Malaysia). Thus, the humanities (with the possible exception of sociologists) are a relatively small part of the student body, if we compare China with developed countries or Asian neighbors. Some see this as the CCP's unwillingness to increase the stratum of humanitarians, who often pose a threat to socio-political stability. The fact is that many of China's neighbors have long faced this problem due to the overproduction of political scientists, lawyers, journalists, etc. - many graduates with "prestigious" professions find themselves without work, joining the ranks of the active opposition and provoking youth and student riots . Maintaining the existing structure of higher education specialties in China is also dictated by considerations of economy, as well as by the desire to get engineers, technologists, and natural scientists in the first place.

Both the maintenance of the existing proportions between educational institutions of various levels, and the content of training programs are under strict state control in the PRC.

In 2007, a decision was made to restore free education in pedagogical universities of China's Ministry of Education, on the condition that after graduation, graduates work for two years in rural schools or 10 years in urban ones.

Non-state educational institutions (NOEs) in China are educational institutions created at the expense of public organizations, scientific associations of citizens, enterprises, as well as schools and universities organized by the collective contributions of the population (in particular, the parents of students). Chinese LEU policy has been shaped by the following factors:

The traditionally paternalistic role of the state, according to Confucian ideology;

The prohibition on making a profit as the purpose of the creation and operation of the NOU;

Active involvement of the public in the management and financing of the NOU;

NOU students enjoy the same rights as state students.

By 1997, all secondary and primary non-state schools in China had passed accreditation. The situation is different with universities: out of 1,200, only 21 received the right to issue state-recognized diplomas.

Thus, the main feature of the state policy towards NOUs is that, while guaranteeing them political support and control: “active encouragement, all-round support, proper orientation and enhanced management”, the state does not provide them with financial support. Although there are real state privileges that stimulate the creation of NOUs, these are tax benefits provided by the government, rental of premises, transport, and land plots. There is also an additional incentive: school-based collective enterprises enjoy a system of benefits, which includes, in particular, “permanent exemption from income and certain other taxes for enterprises established by secondary educational institutions, and the indefinite elimination of all tax payments for enterprises operated by elementary schools.” That is why it is beneficial for enterprises to open NOUs and their branches on their territories. All property and income was allowed to be used exclusively for the development of the school. Investments of enterprises in individual elite educational institutions amounted to a very impressive amount during the period of the birth of NOU. This was explained not only by prestige and tax benefits, the ability to create branches of enterprises, clubs, etc. on land bought at preferential prices, but also by the benefit of ties with the parents of students. Schools created by enterprises gradually turned together with them into a single holding center. However, few LEUs in China have been built on such a solid foundation. To open a small school, 20 thousand yuan was enough, which several people could contribute on shares.

Schools organized by private entrepreneurs or companies bear their names and names, which increases the social prestige of the company, creating good advertising for it. There are many foreign Chinese among the founders of the NOU, who, in addition to business considerations, are driven by nostalgic motives.

The legal forms for setting up an NOU in China are five main models:

The creation of a school with the support of the government, that is, at the initial stage, it provides material and technical assistance until the school itself accumulates funds. An example of such a model is Yuying Junior High School in Nashsin, established by the Retired Educators' Association. They rented the premises and some of the equipment of the public school, and since they enrolled more students than expected, the city government allocated 300,000 yuan to transfer the primary classes of the school from which the founders rented the premises to another building, and also helped with the inventory;

Independent creation of schools by a citizen or a group of persons (often on the basis of already operating educational institutions);

Establishment of schools through capital investment by individuals or organizations becoming co-founders of the NOU together with a state enterprise or institution;

Shareholder form;

Joint creation of LOU by Chinese and foreign partners.

The structure of the initial capital of the founders could include the owners' own funds, attracted capital in a share (stock) form, as well as bank loans, loans and loans from individuals.

1) The effect of LEU was quite pronounced: they lightened the financial burden of the state and by the mid-1990s. accumulated more than 10 billion yuan (over 100 million dollars) of non-state funds. Tuition fees remain the main source of cost coverage for most Chinese PEIs. Since 90% of NEIs in China are boarding schools, students' accommodation is included in the fee. The total amount of tuition fees consists of several types of contributions for school development, tuition fees, dormitory fees, etc. Contributions depend on many factors and fluctuate widely by province. Some schools vary tuition fees depending on the performance of students, reducing it for excellent students and increasing it for underachievers. Forms of collection of tuition fees are varied. Mostly across the country, this is done once a semester.

Most private and "folk" schools in China are small in size, with enrollment ranging from 100 to 200 students. There are few large schools that are not inferior to the state ones, or even surpass them in terms of the number of students (500-1000 or more students) - no more than 10% of all non-governmental educational institutions.

This article is from the section- China's innovation policy which is dedicated to the topic china education system. Hope you appreciate it!

An interesting video about the development of China

Introduction

The Education system has firmly entered our lives, because in order to achieve certain successes and goals, a self-respecting person must have a higher education.

The education system in each country has developed differently. Particularly rapid development in the field of education has recently occurred in Asian countries.

Western Europe has already been embraced by the "eastern" boom - young people are learning Chinese, Japanese, Mongolian, studying the culture and traditions of these countries. Moreover, the large Asian country China is our neighbor, and its influence in the world is growing every year. So the study of oriental languages ​​is becoming more and more relevant, and this is not only a tribute to fashion, but also a chance to get a good job. There are more than 2,000 universities, colleges and vocational high schools in China with about 9 million students. More than 5.5 million students study in bachelor's programs, and about 300 thousand students study in master's and doctoral programs. More than 450 universities in the country have the right to accept foreign students ("laowailu xuesheng") for study.

Features of China's higher education system

The higher education system in China includes universities, colleges and professional higher schools. Most of the universities and colleges operate under the control of the Ministry of Education of the country - an independent organization whose main task is to organize and conduct the first evaluation cycle based on the guidelines, regulations and evaluation criteria of the Ministry of Education and other educational institutions. At present, more than 20 such agencies have been established at the provincial (regional) level.

Based on the results of the analysis of the higher education system of the PRC, we can conclude that this is a carefully controlled and actively supported by the state strategic industry that has received dynamic development in the last decades of reforms in the republic. Although there are universities managed by the authorities of the provinces and cities.

It is interesting to note that in China, universities are merged through the so-called "merger". So Peking University was merged with the medical one (Beijing Medical Academy). The merger of universities made it possible to carry out profound changes in the education system, optimize and rationally arrange pedagogical resources, improve the quality of teaching and the level of the educational process.

The country's universities provide three levels of higher education:

The first stage involves 4-5 years of study and ends with the award of a bachelor's degree.

The second - is designed for 2-3 years of study and ends with the assignment of a master's degree (Magister).

The third stage involves 3 years of study and ends with the award of a doctorate degree. Obtaining it involves passing exams in the main subjects of the curriculum and completing an independent research project.

Entering a university is a real holiday for a high school graduate: competitions for individual universities reach 200-300 people per place. Gifted children and young people in China, as a rule, enjoy various benefits - government scholarships, subsidies from enterprises, organizations, etc. are at their service. Paid education prevails, but applicants enter "paid places" on a general basis. Sometimes the company where the student worked pays for the training. However, the most gifted students still have the opportunity to get higher education for free.

Interestingly, depending on the results obtained at the unified final school exam (something like our Unified State Examination, which is held in the PRC simultaneously throughout the country in May), an applicant can apply for admission to the entrance exams only to the university that, according to the category in the hierarchy of universities corresponds to the points scored, i.e. "highest category" or "provincial level category", "city level", etc.

The academic year at universities in China is divided into 2 semesters - autumn and spring. Autumn begins in September, spring - in March. Summer holidays July and August, winter - during the Chinese New Year (end of January - February). Registration of candidates for the academic year takes place from February to June.

China's higher education system already today boasts international prestige. Chinese graduates work in leading scientific institutions in North America, Europe, Japan, Australia and other countries. Every year, about 20,000 Chinese university graduates continue their postgraduate and doctoral studies abroad. Many Chinese students work in Silicon Valley, Wall Street, teach at world-class universities. The Chinese government has signed mutual recognition agreements with 64 countries and regions, including Russia, England, Germany, Italy and others.

For many decades, the development of the higher education system of the PRC has been manifested by its main feature- a serious predominance of natural-technical and applied disciplines in university programs, about 60% (for example, in the USA this figure is 14%, in Japan - 26%). Thus, if we compare China with developed countries, then the humanities make up a relatively small part of the student body, with the possible exception of sociologists. This fact can be explained mainly by the needs of the economy.

A difference can also be called the fact that almost all universities in the country train specialists in agriculture (about 10% of students). It is no coincidence that the whole world is talking about the success of Chinese agricultural science.

The high level of education in the leading universities of China is also recognized by the international community. Thus, on September 8, 2010, the research structure of international higher education QS published a new ranking of the world's leading universities, where Hong Kong University, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Chinese Language University and Peking University were in the top 50. Tsinghua University ranked 54th, Taiwan University ranked 94th. Hong Kong University for the first time outstripped Tokyo and took first place among higher education institutions in Asia.

china education assessment graduate school

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Being Chinese is not easy. When there are more than one and a half billion of you in a country without social guarantees, you have to work hard to find a place in the sun. But Chinese children are ready for this - their hard work starts from the first grade.

At one time, I worked as an English teacher in four Chinese schools (and a kung fu school). Therefore, it is very interesting to compare Russian education and the characteristics of schools in the Middle Kingdom.

Children in school uniform―tracksuits―at an Earth Day class, Liaocheng, April 2016.

1. Many schools in China do not have heating, so teachers and students do not take off their coats in winter. Central heating is available exclusively in the north of the country. In the center and south of China, buildings are designed for a warm climate. This means that in winter, when the temperature can drop to zero, and sometimes even lower, air conditioners are the only means of heating. The school uniform is a sports suit: wide trousers and a jacket. The cut is almost the same everywhere, only the colors of the suit and the school emblem on the chest differ. All school grounds are limited by large iron gates, which are always kept closed, opening only so that students can go out.
2. In Chinese schools, they do exercises every day (and not just one) and hold a general line. The morning at school begins with exercises, then a ruler, on which they report the main news and raise the flag - school or state. After the third lesson, all children do eye relaxation exercises. To soothing music and the voice of the announcer in the recording, students click on special points. In addition to morning exercises, there is daytime exercises - at about two o'clock in the afternoon, when, under the same inexorable speaker, schoolchildren pour out into the corridor in a single impulse (if there is not enough space in the classrooms), begin to raise their hands to the sides and up and jump.

Chinese schoolchildren from the city of Jinan do exercises on the roof.

1. A big break, also known as a lunch break, usually lasts an hour. During this time, children have time to go to the canteen (if there is no canteen at the school, they are brought food in special trays-boxes), have lunch, and also run, stretch their legs, scream and play pranks. Teachers in all schools are fed lunch for free. And the food, I must say, is very good. Lunch traditionally consists of one meat and two vegetable dishes, rice and soup. In expensive schools, they also give fruit and yogurt. People in China love to eat, and even at school, traditions are observed. After a lunch break in some elementary schools five minutes "to sleep" are given. By the way, a couple of times my students fell asleep in the middle of the lesson, and the poor things had to be woken up with a bleeding heart.

A variant of a modest school lunch by Chinese standards: eggs with tomatoes, tofu, cauliflower with pepper, rice.

1. The teachers are very respectful. They are referred to by their last names with the prefix "teacher", such as Master Zhang or Master Xiang. Or just "teacher". In one school, the students, whether mine or not, bowed to me when they met me.
2. In many schools, physical punishment is the order of the day. The teacher can hit the student with his hand or pointer for some offense. The farther from the big cities and the simpler the school, the more common it is. My Chinese friend told me that they were given a certain amount of time at school to learn English words. And for every unlearned word they were beaten with a stick.

Break during traditional drumming lessons, Ansai city.

1. The student's performance rating hangs in the classroom, which encourages students to study better. Grades are from A to F, where A is the highest, corresponds to 90–100%, and F is unsatisfactory 59%. Rewarding good behavior is an important part of the educational system. For example, for a correct answer or exemplary behavior in a lesson, a student receives an asterisk of a certain color or additional points. Points and stars are removed for talking in class or misconduct. The progress of schoolchildren is reflected on a special chart on the board. Competition, so to speak, is evident.
2. Chinese children study for more than 10 hours every day. Lessons usually last from eight in the morning until three or four in the afternoon, after which the children go home and do endless homework until nine or ten in the evening. On weekends, schoolchildren from big cities always have some additional classes with tutors, they go to music, art schools and sports clubs. In view of the highest competition on children from childhood, there is pressure from their parents. If they fail to do well in the exam after elementary school(and compulsory education in China takes 12-13 years), then the path to the university is ordered for them.

On September 1, first-graders of the Confucius School in Nanjing take part in the ceremony of writing the character "ren" ("man"), which begins their education.

1. Schools are divided into public and private. Tuition in private schools can reach up to a thousand dollars a month. Their level of education is many times higher. Particular importance is attached to the study of a foreign language. 2-3 English lessons a day, and by the 5th-6th grade, students in elite schools are already fluent in English. However, for example, in Shanghai there is a special state program, paid by the government, under which foreign teachers teach in ordinary, public schools.
2. The education system is based on rote memorization. Children simply memorize a huge amount of material. Teachers demand automatic playback, not particularly caring about how understandable the learned material is. But now alternative learning systems are gaining more and more popularity: Montessori or Waldorf, aimed at developing children's creative abilities. Of course, such schools are private, education in them is expensive and accessible to a very small number of people.
3. Children from poor families who do not want to learn or are too naughty (according to their parents) are often taken away from a general education institution and sent to kung fu schools. There they live on full board, train from morning to evening and, if they're lucky, get a basic elementary education: They must be able to read and write, which is very difficult given the Chinese language system. In such institutions, physical punishment is in the order of things.