For quantitative analysis, we used the part of the database of a survey of university graduate students that is available to us. The data were collected in 39 universities of the CIS countries (Russia, Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan) in 2013 within the framework of the project “Assessment of the migration potential of university graduate students educational institutions CIS countries” of the Center for Migration Policy of the Institute for the Management of Social Processes of the National Research University Higher School of Economics. Data were obtained on 8220 graduate students of three levels higher education(bachelor's degree, specialist's degree, master's degree). Respondents from 5 cities (Kaliningrad, Kemerovo, Perm, Rostov-on-Don, Ufa) were available for analysis. The sample size is 1658 respondents. The data were collected on the target available sample, where the criterion was the last year of study at the university.

Figure 2. Distribution of respondents by city

In general, the distribution of respondents is close to equal (18-20% for each city), with the exception of Perm, where 26% of respondents were interviewed. But such a small excess can be considered acceptable.

The questionnaire includes 105 questions, grouped into 10 blocks, on the socio-demographic and biographical characteristics of respondents, including in retrospect, characteristics of the place (settlements) where they are going to live and work after graduation, factors determining the choice of a place of future residence and life plans in general. A fragment of the questionnaire is in Appendix 4.

The sample is available and this is an important limitation of our data. The data collection procedure involved a self-completion questionnaire. We do not have data on the rate of return of questionnaires, and the available sample may lead to a bias towards certain universities and specialties. Thus, in the sample, the majority of graduates are graduates of the faculties of economics and management (31%), relatively few graduates of medical specialties (1.5%). It is impossible to assess how much this distribution corresponds to the real distribution of university graduates in the studied cities due to the lack of data. In any case, the data can only be generalized for the studied population of university graduates from these cities.

A bias towards certain specialties can lead to a shift in the study of migration attitudes, since different specialties and universities can have different diploma quotations.

Finally, when analyzing, it is important to take into account regional features and features of individual cities. Grigoriev L., Zubarevich N., Urozhaeva Yu. Scylla and Charybdis of regional policy // Questions of Economics. 2008. No. 2. S. 85, 91. Our sample includes big cities with relatively high standards of living. Kaliningrad clearly stands out from the rest of Russia in terms of special territorial isolation. In terms of population, Kaliningrad and Kemerovo are comparable, but these cities are approximately 2 times smaller than the other million-plus cities. Rosstat data as of January 1, 2013

Retrieved May 30th.

It seems important to us to look at the migration flows of these cities. There are no separate statistics for cities, with the exception of population. If you look at migration flows by subjects Russian Federation, then the Kaliningrad region stands out strongly, where approximately 6% of those who left migrate outside the country. Regions of Russia. Socio-economic indicators. 2013: stat. Sat. / ed. Dianov M.A. Federal State Statistics Service. M.: 2013. S. 81-83. For comparison, this figure ranges from 0.4% (for the Republic of Bashkortostan) to 1.6% (Kemerovo region). The most popular destinations for international migration for the Kaliningrad region are Latvia, Lithuania and Germany. Rosstat data for the Kaliningrad region. Retrieved May 31, 2015. URL: Most likely, this feature of migration flows is influenced by the special territorial position of the Kaliningrad region. This fact is important to take into account in the analysis.

To study how the place of potential migration is perceived in a qualitative strategy, we chose the case of Ufa. This choice is due to the fact that, according to the results of the analysis of the survey data, among Ufa graduates, compared to other studied cities, there are significantly more of those who intend to move within the country. (Appendix 1, table 17). Such a relationship seems particularly relevant to study, given that the region has enough big number universities Data from the Education Statistics website. Retrieved May 31, 2015. URL: , low unemployment Rosstat data. Retrieved May 31, 2015. URL: , and the gross regional product is one of the highest among the regions under consideration Rosstat data. Retrieved May 31, 2015. URL: .

At the qualitative stage of the study, 15 semi-formalized interviews were conducted. The field stage was held during August 2014 in Ufa. The interviewees were graduates of Ufa universities in 2014 and graduate students in 2015 who have a formed intention to leave Ufa after graduation (excluding cases of return migration). Thus, the sample of informants is characterized as a target one.

The selection of informants was carried out using the snowball method with 5 entry points, where the maximum number of found informants from one entry point is three. This small number of informants from a single entry point allows for less bias in the search for informants. Of the 5 entry points, 3 are familiar to the interviewer, the other two are found in social network"In contact with".

Characteristics of informants are shown in Table 3.2. The sample included graduates of 5 universities: Ufa State Oil technical university(UGNTU), Bashkir state university(BSU), Ufa State Aviation University(UGATU), Bashkir State medical university(BSMU), Ufa state academy Arts (UGAI). Among the informants there are 6 girls and 9 boys. Almost all of them are local residents or lived in other cities of the republic. Directions of migration: Moscow, Kazan, non-CIS countries and St. Petersburg.

Table 1. Brief description of informants

		Direction of migration	Acquaintance with the place of relocation		Year of issue	Place of residence before admission
			Every few months comes to the girl
			Never been, knows from friends
			Visiting experience as a tourist
			Spent the summer there when I was 14
			Was as a tourist			Republic of Bashkortostan
	St. Petersburg
			Sister lives, been there several times			Republic of Bashkortostan
		Finland	Planning a trial visit in January
						Republic of Bashkortostan
		St. Petersburg	Was as a tourist
	Scandinavia				Republic of Bashkortostan
			I haven’t been, I know from the words of relatives and friends			Republic of Bashkortostan
		San Francisco	Lived for several months, worked
			I spent this summer in Moscow, before that I came for a maximum of 10 days

The interview guide included the following main blocks of questions: reasons for moving, description of the direction (place) of the proposed move, current place of residence, ideas about the ideal place of residence, etc. (Appendix 5). During the interview, conversations often deviated from the plan, as the informant began to unwittingly compare the current place of residence and the place of the proposed move, and argued why the place of move attracted him. This deviation from the guide can be considered productive, as it allowed us to obtain new categories for analysis, to expand theory-based ideas about the factors that attract potential migrants.

Researchers actively use projective techniques to study ideas about a “place”, as they allow one to obtain qualitatively different information expressed non-verbally. Techniques of mental and cognitive maps are widely known. Unlike mental maps, the use of cognitive maps to reflect ideas about the city is also possible when studying a city that is different from the place of residence of the informant, as is assumed in our case. Zhdanova S. Yu., Kilchenko O. I., Mishlanova S. L., Polyakova S. V. Visual-figurative content of the psychological representation of the urban environment among the residents of sister cities // Vector of Science TSU. 2011. No. 7. S. 185.

Cognitive maps are designed to reflect the spatial representations contained in the minds of people, important places filled with special meaning. This type of map is a sketch of the area, made by hand from the memory of the informant. Veselkova N.V. Mental maps of the city: Questions of methodology and practice of use // Sociology 4M. 2010. No. 31. P. 12. Very often, this technique is used to obtain ideas about the area from children or, conversely, older informants. Blaut J. M., Stea D., Spencer C., Blades M. Mapping as a Cultural and Cognitive Universal // Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 2003 Vol. 93. No. 1. P. 165-185. The methodology involves both an open free task to draw a vision of the city (free-recall sketch maps), and clearer ones, for example, on an existing map (sketch maps). Hooper H., Lloyd R. Urban Cognitive Maps: Computation and Structure // The Professional Geographer. Vol. 43. No. 1. P. 18 - 20. There is also a technique of cognitive maps, when within the given boundaries it is necessary to recall all the existing buildings. This technique is used rather for practical purposes of urban planning. Evans G. W., Smith C., Pezdek K. Cognitive Maps and Urban Form // Journal of the American Planning Association. 2007 Vol. 48. No. 2. P. 233. In our case, we are interested in the attractive features of the proposed place of relocation. In this regard, it is more useful to give the task in free form, so that the informant himself reflects all the important characteristics of the proposed place of relocation. The informant was asked to draw how he imagines the city of the proposed move. Thus, the informant worked on a spatial map (free-recall sketch maps) of the city. Until the beginning of the interview, the informants were not warned about the need to create a cognitive map, which precludes intentional preparation. On the other hand, he could not supplement his drawing with any ready-made images, as is done when creating a number of mental maps (parts of a real map, photographs, images).

Cognitive maps were drawn by informants at the end of the interview. For the image, an A4 sheet, a set of gel pens of 10 colors, a set of pencils of 15 colors, a blue ballpoint pen, a few simple pencils with an eraser were provided. The position of the sheet (horizontal or vertical) was chosen by the informant at his discretion, as well as the number of drawing tools used.

Legal and empirical basis of the study.

The legal basis for this study was: historical legal documents, current domestic legislation, including the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and by-laws of the Russian Federation, legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, international treaties, bills on the subject of the study, foreign legislation.

The empirical basis of the work was: materials of judicial practice; law enforcement practice of the Federal Tax Service of Russia and other federal executive bodies, bodies maintaining registers of small and medium-sized businesses - recipients of support; statistical and sociological data, as well as the experience of their own practical activities in the area under consideration.

Scientific novelty of the dissertation research is that it carried out a theoretical analysis of the legal mechanisms of legitimation of business entities, including a study of state registration of business entities as a general mechanism for legitimation, accreditation as a special mechanism for legitimation applied to individual business entities, as well as a study of the legal problems of the current procedure for legitimation subjects of small and medium business.

The paper defines the content of the concept of "legitimation of business entities"; the system of legal mechanisms of legitimation of business entities is presented; a comparative study of the mechanisms of state registration and accreditation of business entities was carried out.

The dissertation analyzes the latest changes in the legislation on state registration and accreditation of business entities, studied the content of the most significant legislative initiatives for the research area, as a result of which the main factors determining the development directions of the relevant legal regulation were identified, conflicts and gaps were found, and proposals were formulated for its implementation. improvement.

The study made it possible to formulate and substantiate the following theoretical positions submitted for defense:

1. At the present stage, within the framework of the business law branch, an institution of legitimation of business entities has been formed, which is of a complex nature. The subject of regulation of this legal institution is public relations arising in connection with the creation of commercial organizations, the state registration of individual entrepreneurs, the opening of branches and representative offices of foreign legal entities, as well as the acquisition by business entities of a special legal status.

2. Legitimation of business entities is a set of legal procedures aimed at the recognition by the state of the facts of the emergence of business entities, their acquisition of the status necessary for the legal implementation of business activities, as well as the provision of individual business entities with a special status that gives the right to carry out certain types of business activities, use benefits and warranties provided by applicable law.

3. The implicitly-normative legitimation procedure, which provides for checking compliance with the procedure for creating a legal entity, the compliance of its constituent documents with the law, it is advisable to apply in relation to both non-profit and commercial organizations. The declarative legitimation procedure is acceptable for individual entrepreneurs. The permissive legitimation procedure must be used in relation to certain types of commercial organizations, branches and representative offices of foreign legal entities, as well as to provide business entities with a special legal status as a result of their accreditation.

4. State registration and state accreditation as legal mechanisms for legitimizing business entities are administrative procedures, the implementation of which allows the entity to start doing business in a certain capacity and at the same time implies the ability of the state to verify the legitimacy of the relevant claim, and in the case of accreditation, also the competence of the entrepreneur , its compliance with special qualification requirements. A specific sign of accreditation is the expression by the state of special trust in accredited persons. Other significant differences that make it possible to clearly define the scope of each of these mechanisms of legitimation are: the range of addressees; declarative or permissive nature of the procedure; presenting a requirement to a created or already existing entity; the period for which legal status is granted.

5. State registration and state accreditation have two main goals - the emergence of a general or special legal personality of individual entrepreneurs and legal entities, as well as the introduction of their activities within the framework outlined by law, which allows these mechanisms to perform legitimation, control, accounting, information and protective functions.

6. Classifying the state registration of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs as public services, understood as activities for the implementation of the functions of the federal executive body, which is carried out at the request of the applicants, does not allow us to distinguish between the control functions of the registering body and the actual provision of public services, which in this case acquire a compulsory character . It is advisable to define as a public service the acceptance of documents for state registration and the issuance of documents confirming its implementation, and not state registration as a whole. As a public service, it is also necessary to consider the provision by the registration authority of information and documents contained in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and the Unified State Register of Individual Entrepreneurs.

7. The full implementation of preliminary control over the legality of the creation of business entities requires that, at the stage of establishing legal entities, verification of the compliance of their constituent documents with the law, as well as compliance with the procedure for their creation, for which it is proposed to empower notaries to certify constituent documents, minutes of general meetings (decisions) of the founders (participants, shareholders), fixing their will to create new legal entities, reorganize and liquidate existing legal entities, amend their constituent documents or information contained in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities. It seems possible to give a notary the authority to verify the legal capacity of individuals when certifying signatures of citizens on applications for state registration as an individual entrepreneur.

8. The procedure for state registration of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs includes the following elements: the terms and place of state registration, the procedure for submitting documents, the procedure for making a decision on state registration, as well as the grounds for refusing state registration. The selection of these elements of the state registration procedure makes it possible to delimit the fixing of a special procedure for the registration of certain types of legal entities (banks, non-profit organizations) from cases of unlawful establishment in the legislation of requirements for the submission of additional documents for state registration.

9. Recognition by the state of the status of small and medium-sized businesses, due to their compliance with the criteria established by law, implies prior confirmation of this status in case of applying for support or using the benefits provided by law, which negates the advantages of this mechanism of legitimation. It is advisable to ensure that the registration authority enters information on the compliance of a business entity with the criteria for classifying as microenterprises, small or medium-sized enterprises in the Unified State Register of Legal Entities and the Unified State Register of Individual Entrepreneurs, which should exclude additional requirements for confirmation of legal status.

Taking into account the above theoretical provisions, as well as the identified gaps in legal regulation, it is proposed to amend the current legislation.

Theoretical and practical significance of the research due to the relevance, novelty of the topic, theoretical and practical conclusions and proposals. Based on a comprehensive and comparative legal study, the author shows a system of legal mechanisms for legitimizing business entities, reveals the ratio of general and special legitimation mechanisms, which can be used in further research.

Theoretical conclusions and practical recommendations, substantiated in the work, develop and supplement certain provisions of the science of business law, can be used to improve the current regulatory framework in the field of state registration and accreditation of business entities, support for small and medium-sized businesses, in law enforcement, as well as in educational process as educational material on business law.

Testing and implementation of research results. The work was prepared at the Department of Entrepreneurial Law of the Moscow State Law University named after O.E. Kutafin (Moscow State Law Academy), where it was discussed and reviewed.

The main results of the study are reflected in 8 scientific publications of the author, 3 of which are published in leading peer-reviewed scientific journals recommended by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation. Separate theoretical positions and practical recommendations were presented by the author at the II Annual All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference “Law and Business: Legal Support for a Favorable Entrepreneurial Climate in the Russian Federation”, dedicated to the 75th anniversary of Professor A.G. Bykov (Moscow, 2013).

The results of the study are applied in the educational process at the Moscow State Law University named after O.E. Kutafin (MSAL) during seminars, practical and lecture classes in academic disciplines of the Department of Entrepreneurial Law, as well as during lectures on the program of professional retraining "Jurisprudence".

The dissertation was prepared within the framework of the Strategic Development Program of the Moscow State Law University named after O.E. Kutafin (MGYuA), Research work "Optimization of the legal environment for business in the context of modernization and innovative development of the Russian economy", Research work "State regulation of economic activity in the context of Russia's membership in the WTO, the Eurasian Economic Community and the Customs Union" (project No. 2.1.1.1), and also within the framework of the research “Optimization of the legal support of small and medium-sized businesses in the system of conditions for improving business activities”, carried out with the support of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, agreement 14.B37.21.1019 dated September 7, 2012.

Thesis structure defined by goals and objectives. The work consists of an introduction, three chapters, uniting eleven paragraphs, a conclusion and a bibliography.

II. The main content of the work

In the introduction the relevance of the chosen research topic is substantiated, the degree of its development is analyzed. The goals, objectives, object and subject of the study are determined, the methodological and theoretical foundations of the study are characterized, scientific novelty and provisions submitted for defense are formulated, information about the approbation of the results of the study, theoretical and practical significance work.

ChapterI"Doctrinal and legal foundations for the legitimization of business entities" includes three paragraphs.

In the first paragraph of the chapterI"Historical and legal aspects of legitimation of business entities" the main provisions of the procedure for creating corporations in Ancient Rome, as well as in the Western European states of the Middle Ages and the Reformation era, when the state played a decisive role in this process, initiating the formation of legal entities or giving the highest permission for their creation. Starting from the 19th century, individuals began to be granted the right to freely form corporations, which, in turn, causes the need for the state to ensure the legality of their emergence and activities, since private individuals, uniting in unions, simultaneously get the opportunity to exert a significant influence on the life of society.

The solution to the issue of legitimation of legal entities in our country as a whole follows these trends, while having a certain originality, due to the peculiarities of Russian history, including the enduring role of the state in economic relations. The very idea of ​​legal entities was perceived by Russian law and practice rather late - only at the end of the 17th century, and the public authorities acted as the conductor of this idea, and the goal was the need to ensure the economic development of the country.

As a general trend, confirmed both by the experience of Western European countries and the experience of Russia, a consistent liberalization of the procedure for legitimizing legal entities and a differentiated approach to the creation of their various types were noted.

The study of the historical aspects of the legitimation of business entities - individuals showed that this category of entities faced the need for special legalization for doing business (trade, handicraft, later - industrial activities) much later than corporations.

The regulation of the status of subjects of trading activities in pre-revolutionary Russia was aimed primarily at ensuring the fiscal interests of the state and, although the legislation came close to the approach developed in Western European countries to acquiring the status of a merchant by virtue of the very fact of engaging in this activity, but a decisive step in this regard was not done. The paper substantiates the inexpediency of using the experience of foreign countries in our country, where individuals acquire the status of a merchant due to the very fact of engaging in this activity without special registration.

In the second paragraph of the chapterI "The concept, system of mechanisms and ways of legitimizing business entities" the author explores the debatable issue of the content of the concept of "legitimation of business entities". In the economic and legal doctrine, the term "legitimation" was first used by Professor V.S. Martemyanov in relation to the state registration of enterprises and individual entrepreneurs. Disagreeing with the broad understanding of this term, which includes all general and special requirements that apply to starting a business, but do not affect the acquisition of the status of an entrepreneur (V.V. Toniyan), the author proposes to include in the scope of this concept the procedure for state registration of legal entities and individual entrepreneurs, as well as those procedures that provide a business entity with a special legal status.

The paper proposes the concept of a mechanism for legitimizing business entities as a procedure prescribed by law that guarantees the exercise of the right to carry out entrepreneurial activities within the framework of a general or special entrepreneurial status through its recognition by public authorities. A comparative analysis of the main mechanisms for legitimizing business entities made it possible to present them in the form of a system, to classify them on various grounds (according to the circle of persons to whom they apply; title or accounting nature; declarative or permissive nature of the procedure, etc.).

Having studied the main ways of legitimizing business entities identified in legal science, based on the level of competence of public authorities in resolving this issue, the author determines their content and significance in various historical periods, as well as in modern conditions. For the purposes of granting a general legal status to business entities, the most effective is the use of the direct-normative method of legitimation. The permissive or permissive orientation of special mechanisms for legitimizing entrepreneurship makes it possible to correlate each of them with the corresponding method of legitimation, for example: the appointment of the operator of the Unified Federal Register of Information on the facts of the activities of legal entities - with the administrative method; licensing and accreditation of business entities - with a permit method; obligatory entry of individual auditors and audit organizations into a self-regulatory organization - with a secret normative method, acquisition of the status of a small and medium-sized business - with a secret method.

In the third paragraph of the chapterI« Normative legal support of legitimation of business entities»” the system of regulatory legal acts that determine the procedure for legitimizing business entities is considered. Legislation on state registration of business entities, licensing of certain types of activities and self-regulation have a fairly high degree of consolidation, in contrast to the legislation regulating the accreditation of business entities or their inclusion in a special register.

1. Verba S., Nie N., Kim J. Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison. N.Y. 1978.P.46.

2. Milbrath L. Political Participation. Chicago. 1965.

Example 2 - Description of the theoretical basis of the study

The interdisciplinary nature of the subject of research involves the use of two methods as a methodological basis. theoretical approaches: system analysis of youth policy and foundations of juvenological knowledge.

Systems approach to policy analysis involves the study of the activities of state power as a system of interrelated elements that are in constant interaction with the external environment. The systematic approach in this study made it possible to holistically analyze the state youth policy as a system of relations between state authorities of various branches and levels and youth as one of the social groups.

The theoretical basis of this study, along with system analysis, was a relatively new scientific paradigm - juvenology, interdisciplinary knowledge about the mechanisms of the formation of the younger generation in the dialectical relationship of social, spiritual and biological principles. The use of juvenology makes it possible to comprehensively consider young people as a special socio-demographic group going through an important stage of socialization.

9. Description of the empirical basis of the study

To argue the conclusions in the work, it is necessary to resort to a description of empirical facts. Depending on the object of your research, these facts can be reflected in documents, in the opinions and attitudes of people, representatives of certain social groups, in expert assessments, etc.

To describe the empirical base, determine what documents you need, what information will be useful to you? What opinions would be important to know to support your conclusions? Do you know this opinion? Has such a study been carried out?

Describe the empirical basis of your study using a table.

Table - Description of the empirical base

The empirical base will be	Characteristic	What social facts are recorded in them
The documents	Regulations
	Official documents of authorities, organizations, institutions
	Statistical data
	Media reports
	Unique Documents
	Other types of documents
Research results	Mass polls
	Expert polls
	Other studies
Results of own research

Example - Description of the Empirical Base

The empirical base for studying the forms of youth participation in the public life of Russian society includes several types of documents:

Legislative acts, documents of state bodies and political parties: Federal Laws of the Russian Federation, Strategy for State Youth Policy in the Russian Federation, Law of the Krasnodar Territory No. 123-KZ dated March 4, 1998 “On State Youth Policy in Krasnodar Territory”, Law of the Krasnodar Territory N 1628-KZ of December 26, 2008 “On Amendments to the Law of the Krasnodar Territory“ On the Territorial Integrated Program for the Implementation of the State Youth Policy in the Krasnodar Territory “Youth of Kuban” for 2008 - 2010, etc .;

Statistical data: electoral and other statistics (data of the Central Election Commission);

The materials of sociological research, first of all, are the data of studies conducted in 2004 - 2009 by the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM), the Public Opinion Foundation (FOM), the Liberal Mission Foundation, the All-Russian sociological service "Levada - Center", research project EUYOUPART conducted at universities in 8 member countries European Union, various information materials: publications of foreign, Russian and regional press.

Publication date: 28.10.2017 11:37

The first part of the WRC in psychology is a theoretical study. It involves the study of literature on the topic of research, generalization of the material, its analysis and structured presentation.

Graduation papers for many humanities contain only empirical research. But in psychology, researchers seek to test their theories in practice. Therefore, the second part of the course, diploma and master's work in psychology is an empirical study.

What is empirical research in psychology

The term "empirical" is synonymous with the word practical, associated with experience. Therefore, the second chapter of a diploma or term paper in psychology is also called the “Practical Chapter” or “Experimental-Experimental Chapter”.

The logic of the graduate work in psychology is as follows:

• First, the student studies what other researchers have done within the framework of their chosen topic. Gets acquainted with theoretical models of psychological phenomena, as well as with the results of empirical research.
• Based theoretical analysis other people's work and their own ideas, the student develops a plan for his own empirical research.
• Next, a student-psychologist conducts an empirical study, analyzes its results and draws conclusions.

What is the essence of empirical research in psychology?

His main feature consists in the fact that it allows you to study the laws of the human psyche, the laws of thinking, emotional life, behavior, etc.

The main instrument of empirical research in psychology is the tools of psychological diagnostics - tests, questionnaires, questionnaires, etc. With their help, the psychologist-researcher receives empirical data, subjects them to mathematical analysis, and on its basis draws conclusions about psychological patterns.

The results of empirical research in psychology claim the status of a psychological law or regularity. This brings psychology closer to the exact sciences, such as physics.

However, in psychology there are many theories and models that are actively used in the practice of psychotherapy and counseling. But these models have not been empirically tested. However, the lack of empirical validity does not make these theories less valuable. This fact reflects the belonging of psychology to the humanities, where it is impossible to obtain accurate knowledge about the object.

Structure of the empirical study

The structure of the empirical research is reflected in the first paragraph of the second (practical) chapter of the course, diploma or master's work in psychology and includes the following elements.

Purpose of empirical research, as a rule, coincides with the purpose of the whole work. Most often, this goal can be associated either with identifying relationships between psychological indicators, or with identifying differences in the severity of psychological parameters in two groups of subjects, divided by some criterion.

Tasks of empirical research reflect the sequence of steps that must be taken to achieve the goal of empirical research. For example, they may include:

1. Selection of psychodiagnostic methods.
2. Formation of a sample of an empirical study.
3. Conducting psychodiagnostics and compiling a summary table of the results of psychological testing.
4. Qualitative analysis of the obtained data.
5. Statistical processing of the results of psychodiagnostics.
6. Interpretation of the results of mathematical processing.
7. Formulation of conclusions.

Empirical Research Hypothesis, as a rule, coincides with the hypothesis of the entire work and reflects the assumption about the relationship of indicators or their differences. There can be several hypotheses if the study uses a lot of psychological indicators. Sometimes it is appropriate to formulate a general hypothesis, and then specify it in several particular ones. For example:

General hypothesis: there are differences in motivation among employees of the organization of different sexes.

Particular hypotheses: 1) men are distinguished by a greater degree of motivation to achieve success; 2) women are distinguished by a greater degree of approval motivation.

Empirical Study Sample- these are the subjects or respondents who will participate in the testing. When forming a sample, it is important that all subjects have similar socio-demographic characteristics. The work usually indicates the gender, age, education of the respondents. If necessary, you can specify marital status, professional experience. The choice of characteristics is determined by the purpose and objectives of the study. For example, if the personal factors of professional burnout of teachers are studied, then it is hardly necessary to indicate the number of children when describing the sample.

Methods of empirical research- these are the tools that a psychologist uses to obtain empirical data about psychological characteristics test subjects. There are the following types of methods used in the WRC in psychology:

1. Questionnaires. This type of method involves asking subjects about their socio-demographic characteristics, as well as some psychological characteristics. Questionnaires are not strictly reliable and valid psychological tools. Therefore, their data are of a reference and auxiliary nature.
2. Questionnaires and tests are psychological tools standardized according to certain rules. With their help, you can get data about the psychological characteristics of the subjects. These data are considered valid and reliable, that is, reliable. This type of empirical research methods is most often used in term papers, diploma and master's programs in psychology.
3. Projective methods also allow obtaining data on the psychological characteristics of the subjects, like questionnaires, but they are less standardized. Projective tests are rarely used in psychology WRCs, as their results are difficult to translate into numerical indicators. Projective methods are more appropriate in clinical and psychotherapeutic practice for individual work.

The next important element of empirical research is the results of empirical research and their analysis. Considering its importance, let's dwell on it in more detail.

Results of empirical research and their analysis

The meaning of empirical research in psychology is to obtain results and, after analyzing them, to formulate a conclusion about certain psychological patterns.

There are several types of results of empirical research, reflecting the successive stages of their processing.

1. The first type of empirical research results are test results. The answers of the subjects to psychological questionnaires are processed by keys and entered into a summary table of results (it is usually placed in the application).
2. The second type of empirical research results are the results of statistical data processing. For example, a summary table of psychodiagnostic results is entered into a statistical program (for example, STATISTICA or SPSS) and correlations are calculated or differences are analyzed. These results are given in the text of the work and are accompanied by a description and interpretation.

Usually, the analysis of the results of an empirical study is carried out in two stages:

1. The first stage is a qualitative analysis of the data obtained by all psychodiagnostic methods. It involves the construction of histograms or tables with distributions of indicators, as well as charts of average values.
2. The second stage is the statistical analysis of the data. This stage involves the presentation of the results of statistical calculations in the form of tables. Below the tables is a description of the results and their interpretation.

Let's take as an example the analysis of the results of an empirical study, the purpose of which was to compare the coping strategies of young people from Russia and the United States.

Let only one technique be used - the Questionnaire "Methods of Coping Behavior" by R. Lazarus and S. Folkman (adapted by T.L. Kryukov, E.V. Kuftyak, M.S. Zamyshlyaev).

The sample included two groups of subjects: Group 1. Young people, citizens of Russia, 60 people (30 boys and 30 girls), age - from 20 to 25 years; live in Moscow; Group 2. Young people, US citizens, 60 people (30 boys and 30 girls), age - from 20 to 25 years; reside in New York.

At the stage of qualitative analysis, we compare the structure of coping strategies in groups, presenting them in the form of a graph.

On fig. 1 shows the structures of coping strategies of young people from Russia and the USA.

An analysis of the data shown in Fig. 1 shows that in the group of subjects from Russia, such coping strategies as the search for social support and distancing are most pronounced. The least expressed are flight-avoidance and self-control.

In the group of subjects from the United States, such coping strategies as planning a solution to a problem and taking responsibility are most pronounced. The least expressed are flight-avoidance and confrontational coping.

Some common features of the structure of coping strategies in groups of subjects can be noted. Escape-avoidance coping is the least pronounced among young people from Russia and the United States, that is, regardless of citizenship, young residents of megacities are not inclined to overcome negative experiences due to difficulties by responding by the type of evasion: denying the problem, fantasizing, unjustified expectations, distraction etc. Such a result may reflect the specifics of life in a metropolis, where infantile forms of behavior in DLS do not allow one to achieve success.

We can also note equally low values ​​for confrontational coping, which means that young people from Russia and the United States are equally not inclined to resolve problems through conflict behavior and emotional outbursts.

At the second stage of the analysis of the results of the empirical study, we carry out a statistical analysis of the data using the Mann-Whitney U-test, which allows us to identify statistically significant differences in the severity of coping strategies in the two groups.

The results of the calculation of significant differences in the indicators of coping strategies of young people from Russia and the United States are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. The results of the calculation of statistically significant differences in coping strategies and resilience of young people from Russia and the United States.

	Averages		Mann-Whitney U test	Level of statistical significance (p)
	Russia	USA
Confrontational coping	43,6	44,3	1777	0,904
distancing	62,1	49,0	1136	0,000*
self control	45,3	50,8	1348,5	0,018*
Seeking social support	65,7	49,3		0,000*
Taking responsibility	54,9	54,0	1690,5	0,565
escape-avoidance	41,8	41,4	1718	0,667
Problem solving planning	50,4	56,4	1293,5	0,008*
Positive revaluation	45,3	45,2	1760	0,834

* - differences are statistically significant (р≤0.05)

Analysis of the data given in Table 1 allows us to draw the following conclusions:

The level of the coping strategy "distancing" is statistically significantly higher in the group of young people from Russia. This means that, compared with Americans, Russian subjects tend to overcome difficult life situations due to a subjective decrease in its significance and the degree of emotional involvement in it; they are more characterized by the use of intellectual methods of rationalization, switching attention, detachment, humor, depreciation, etc.

The level of the coping strategy "search for social support" is statistically significantly higher in the group of young people from Russia. This means that, compared with Americans, Russian subjects tend to solve problems by attracting external (social) resources, seeking informational, emotional, and effective support; they are characterized by a focus on interacting with other people, expecting support, attention, advice, sympathy, specific effective help.

The level of the “self-control” coping strategy is statistically significantly higher in the group of young people from the USA. This means that, compared with Russians, American subjects tend to overcome difficult life situations by purposefully suppressing and restraining emotions, minimizing their influence on the perception of the situation and choosing a behavior strategy with high control of behavior and striving for self-control.

The level of the coping strategy "problem solving planning" is statistically significantly higher in the group of young people from the USA. This means that, compared with Russians, American subjects tend to overcome difficult life situations through purposeful analysis of the situation and options behavior, developing a strategy for solving the problem, planning their own actions, taking into account objective conditions, past experience and available resources.

It can be noted that there were no statistically significant differences in hardiness indicators in groups of young people from Russia and the United States. This means that despite the differences in coping with stress and SAD, a measure of the ability of young people from Russia and the United States to withstand stressful situation, while maintaining internal balance and not reducing the success of the activity does not differ.

Thus, the analysis made it possible to identify the national characteristics of coping with TJS among young Russians and Americans.

Young people from Russia in difficult life situations tend to move away from the situation and thereby reduce its significance for themselves, and this manifests a certain contemplativeness of the Russian mentality. It is also shown that young people from Moscow are more inclined than their New York peers to resort to social support in TLS, which can be seen as a reflection of collectivist tendencies in the Russian character as opposed to individualistic tendencies in the American one.

Young Americans are more likely than their Russian peers to exercise self-control and control their behavior in TLS, which reflects the American national trait of emotional restraint. Also, young people from the United States, in contrast to their Russian peers, are more prone to planning a solution to a problem, which reflects the propensity of Americans in general to be oriented towards success, which involves planning activities.

1. A brief description of the specific result of the statistical processing. For example, "The level of the coping strategy" distancing "is statistically significantly higher in the group of young people from Russia."
2. Extended description of the result of statistic processing. For example, “This means that, compared with Americans, Russian subjects tend to overcome difficult life situations due to a subjective decrease in its significance and the degree of emotional involvement in it; they are more characterized by the use of intellectual methods of rationalization, switching attention, detachment, humor, depreciation, etc.”
3. Interpretation of the result of statistical processing. For example, “The revealed differences in the use of the “distancing” coping strategy, from our point of view, are associated with differences in the Russian and American mentality. In particular, with the greater activity of Americans in foreign activities and the greater contemplation of Russians.
4. A generalizing conclusion based on the results of the analysis of statistical data: “So, the analysis made it possible to identify the national characteristics of coping with TJS among young Russians and Americans.
5. Young people from Russia in difficult life situations tend to move away from the situation and thereby reduce its significance for ... (see above)”

Types of Empirical Research in Psychology WRCs

Most often, in term papers, diploma or master's works in psychology, within the framework of empirical research, it is supposed to state some psychological patterns. That is, to reveal what is and this type of research is called ascertaining.

For example, in the example above, we see the sample ascertaining research- the researcher reveals differences in coping strategies among students from the USA and Russia and does not influence the situation in any way.

However, in some cases, psychologists are not limited to ascertaining, but want to somehow correct or improve the situation.

For example, a psychologist comparative analysis anxiety in older boys and girls preschool age. Receives some data, for example, that in the group of boys the number of children with a very high level of anxiety is statistically significantly higher than in the group of girls.

One can, of course, confine oneself to stating this fact. However, most often the task is to correct anxiety in children. This problem is solved in the framework formative research.

Thus, the purpose of the formative study is the correction (reduction) of any unfavorable psychological quality that is excessively expressed in the subjects. It can be anxiety, aggressiveness, a tendency to deviant behavior, etc.

The goal of formative research may also be the development of some positive psychological quality that is not sufficiently developed in the subjects. It can be, for example, self-actualization, self-attitude, self-confidence, etc.

The forms of implementation of the formative experiment can be various kinds of corrective or developmental programs, psychological trainings etc.

And, finally, the third type of empirical research in psychology graduate theses is control study. Its purpose is to check how effective the program of correction or development of any psychological quality turned out to be.

As a rule, as part of a formative empirical study, the subjects are retested according to the methods that were used in the ascertaining study.

If the indicators have improved, for example, the aggressiveness of adolescents has decreased or the stress resistance of employees has increased, then the program or training is recognized as effective.

In term papers in psychology, only ascertaining research is carried out.

In bachelor's theses and dissertations in psychology, ascertaining variants of empirical research are most often encountered, but it is also possible to use formative and control studies.

Master's theses in psychology often contain topics that involve formative and control empirical research.

In the introduction, it is recommended to describe empirical base thesis, which can be compiled by official documents and other materials of the organization, including corporate publications; statistical data; materials of sociological, marketing, cultural and other researches; media materials, incl. periodicals, radio and television, the Internet; results of expert surveys, etc.

Scientific novelty work consists, first of all, in the discovery of new laws, patterns, dependencies, properties, phenomena, research methods, new technologies, their justification, etc. Even if it is present at least partially, we can talk about scientific novelty work. Novelty can also be associated with already formulated, old ideas, theories, concepts, methods, if they are deepened, concretized, additional argumentation, showing possible use in new conditions, in other areas of knowledge and practice.

Elements of novelty of the study may lie in the most simple forms: a problem posed and considered for the first time or a new statement of a known problem; new formulation of known problems or tasks; new results of theory and experiment, their consequences, etc.

Practical value or the practical significance of the thesis is determined by how, where and for whom the theoretical and practical results obtained, the information collected, prepared proposals and recommendations will be of interest; in the activities of which organizations, enterprises, institutions can be found practical use diploma materials.

An assessment of the practical significance of a thesis work, as a rule, should be given by the head or specialist of the organization on the basis of which this work was performed, or by an official reviewer in his conclusion.

The final element of the introduction is description of the thesis structure : the title of chapters (sections), the number of paragraphs in chapters, an indication of the presence in the work of a list of references and applications. This description is given in accordance with the content section of the thesis.

The main part of the WRC

First chapter the thesis work is traditionally devoted to methodological and theoretical issues of the chosen topic. Here it is important to formulate or clarify key concepts and terms, basic ideas, theories and concepts for the work; describe the different approaches or points of view on the problem stated in the study, the corresponding arguments, etc. It is important to express and justify your own scientific approach, your vision and assessment. Only in this way the author of the thesis can demonstrate his own research "I", his contribution to the study and disclosure of the problem under study.

In the thesis research, one should strive to identify cause-and-effect and other regular relationships and relationships in order to understand, explain and predict the development of the object under study.

A typical mistake The theoretical part of the work is the desire of the author to include to the maximum in it all the interesting things that he found in the literature. This is completely unnecessary. Moreover, this suggests that the author did not understand the specifics of his topic and problem situation, poorly set or did not understand the purpose and objectives of the study. It should be taken into account that the work is evaluated not by the number of pages, but by the principle of logical structured thought and the necessary sufficiency of the material.

A special form of factual material is borrowed statements - quotes contained in various sources, which are used to convey the idea of ​​the author of the original source without distortion, to identify views when comparing different points of view, etc. Based on their content, it is possible to create a system of convincing evidence necessary for an objective characterization and presentation of the issue under study. Quotations can also be used to confirm individual provisions of the work. In all cases, the number of citations used should be determined by the development needs of the topic. Quotations should not be abused, their abundance can be perceived as an expression of the weakness of the author's own position.

The theoretical chapter(s) should contain conclusions that are a logical transition to the next parts of your thesis. So, for example, conclusions on the theoretical chapter give an idea of ​​what point of view you choose as the main one for applying it to the research chapters.

Second chapter diploma work - "practical" (applied, design). Here, as a rule, practical issues related to the activities of some real organization (company, enterprise, institution, public structure, etc.) or a real process, a phenomenon of public life are considered.

This part of the work contains mainly the material collected by the student. This chapter shows how a graduate student can independently collect, describe, classify, interpret empirical material and draw conclusions; how he can design, plan, consult, recommend, creatively solve practical problems in the field of public relations.

This chapter should contain and visualize qualitative and quantitative indicators, eg in the form of tables, diagrams, graphs, etc. This part of the work allows you to evaluate the creativity in solving the problem and the ability to present the material. Therefore, tables, diagrams, drawings, graphs, diagrams, etc. are appropriate and even sometimes necessary here. True, their number should not be abused, and everything that is not essential in the main text of the thesis can be transferred to the appendix.

All chapters of the thesis end with brief conclusions.

WRC conclusion

The text of the conclusion should state step by step, in a brief form, the solution of the tasks and achievement of the goal of the thesis, stated in the introduction. The conclusion should not be formal and as brief as chapter summaries; it should be detailed, contain conclusions on the main areas or aspects of the study and the general results of the thesis.

Preparing the text of the conclusion, it is necessary to abstract from trifles, from secondary issues and intermediate results. On the contrary, it is necessary to see and express the main, essential, fundamental thing that has been done; and also to show something new, original, what distinguishes this work from others like it.

WRC Appendix

The appendix is ​​a desirable component of the thesis, as it contains auxiliary or additional materials that illustrate and supplement the main text of the work.

Applications can be various materials: questionnaires, data from sociological surveys, photocopies of articles, tables, charts, graphs, charts, copies of documents, contracts, etc. Applications can be analyzed or mentioned in the text term paper scripts for radio and TV programs, printouts of Internet materials, transcription of radio and teletext.

Applications are drawn up after the list of references and are arranged in the order of references in the text. Each application begins on a new sheet with the word "Application" in the upper right corner. Annexes must be numbered sequentially with Arabic numerals (eg "Annex 5") and have a heading. If there is only one application, then it is not numbered.

If the application is made on sheets of a different format than the text part of the work, then it must be folded according to the A-4 format. Applications are not counted in the given volume of the thesis.

Language and style of WRC

The thesis belongs to the research genre. Therefore, it should be written in a scientific style, in the third person.

Must actively use general scientific terminology and conceptual apparatus corresponding discipline.

The text of the work must be logical a narrative sequence justified by the author's intent. In other words, the logic of the presentation of the material of the course work must meet a certain standard.

It is recommended to avoid undefined expressions, i.e. turns of speech that seem to confirm the statements, but do not refer to verifiable sources, for example, such phrases as: "there is a widespread belief that ..."; "many people think that..."; "scientists have proven that...", "according to critics,...".

The main requirement for the style of presentation of the materials of the thesis is impartiality and impartiality , objectivity . The point is that phenomena should be described and analyzed without subjective preferences from the standpoint of "like - dislike". If there are several different views on the object and subject of research, then they should be mentioned, or briefly stated, referring to the sources.

The scientific style is also manifested in following the accepted standards for writing alphabetic abbreviations, designing tables, figures, graphs and all work in general.

Requirements for registration of WRC

The requirements for the design of the thesis, including the rules for abbreviations, the design of tables, are set out in Appendix 3.

Review and review of WRC

The supervisor's recall form and the final qualification work review form are presented in Annexes 7 and 8.