The characteristics of an individual depend on his way of thinking, feelings and motives, therefore they are closely related to social conditions and specific circumstances.
Which are repeated in typical situations, are character traits. People differ among themselves in courage or cowardice in moments of danger, isolation or sociability in relationships, and the like. Scientists have developed many classifications that describe the psychological. Domestic school shares two areas of systematization of character properties.
1. mental processes form personality traits
The volitional sphere is responsible for the level of perseverance, determination, independence, organization, discipline, self-control.
Emotional internal processes make a person impressionable, responsive, inert, indifferent, quick-tempered and sharp.
Level intellectual development defines intelligence, curiosity, resourcefulness, thoughtfulness.
In the system of character orientation, a category of properties is divided in relation to oneself, to people, to the world around and to activity.
For example, a person relates to the world around him according to his own convictions or absolute unscrupulousness. The belief system is based on one's own experience and upbringing.
Psychological features nature in relation to activity are determined by vital goals. Character traits are manifested in priority interests. The instability of inclinations is visible against the background of the broken integrity of the personality and the lack of independence. On the contrary, people with constant attachments and interests are characterized in parallel as purposeful and persistent.
Psychological features of character differ in two people with the same interests. After all, they may relate differently to themselves or to others. Therefore, one is cheerful, and the second is sad, one is modest, and the second is obsessive, egoist or altruist. Two individuals with the same orientation differently understand the ways to achieve the goal, choose different models of behavior, because they have different motivations. The need for success determines the psychological characteristics in actions aimed either at the desire to simply avoid failure, or at an active struggle for victory. Therefore, someone takes the initiative, and someone deviates from the slightest responsibility.
In relation to people, there is deceit or honesty, sociability, politeness, responsiveness.
Attitude towards oneself is based on a healthy level of selfishness, while low or high self-esteem can be observed.
Psychological features of perception
A person has developed visual, auditory, tactile, kinesthetic, olfactory to varying degrees, and with the help of which the process of perception is carried out.
The perception of space consists in determining the distance of an object from the observer, from objects, its parameters and shape. Visual analyzers, hearing, skin and motor receptors work. Perception provides a person with a special organ, which is called it is located in the inner ear.
In order to perceive time, a person has to use analyzers of internal organic sensations, in addition to auditory, visual and motor sensations. Some individuals wake up at the right time without an alarm clock. Such people are said to have developed a sense of time in the course of their lives.
Not all types of perception have been completely studied yet; scientists are actively exploring this area of the human psyche.
In psychology, a person is called a personality as a carrier of consciousness. It is believed that a person is not born, but becomes in the process of being and working, when, communicating and interacting, a person compares himself with others, highlights his "I". Psychological properties(features) of the personality are fully and vividly revealed in activities, communication, relationships, and even in the appearance of a person.
Personalities are different - harmoniously developed and reactionary, progressive and one-sided, highly moral and vile, but at the same time, each personality is unique. Sometimes this property - originality - is called individuality, as a manifestation of the individual.
However, the concepts of individual, personality and individuality are not identical in content: each of them reveals a specific aspect of the individual being of a person. Personality can be understood only in a system of stable interpersonal relationships mediated by the content, values, meaning of the joint activity of each of the participants (1).
Interpersonal connections that form a personality in a team externally appear in the form of communication or a subject-subject relationship along with a subject-object relationship characteristic of objective activity.
The personality of each person is endowed only with its inherent combination of features and characteristics that form its individuality - a combination of the psychological characteristics of a person that make up his originality, his difference from other people. Individuality is manifested in character traits, temperament, habits, prevailing interests, qualities cognitive processes, in abilities, individual style of activity. The way of life as a socio-philosophical concept selects in the variety of qualities and properties inherent in a given person, only socially stable, socially typical, characterizing the social content of her individuality, revealing a person, his style of behavior, needs, preferences, interests, tastes not from his psychological features that distinguish him from other people, but on the part of those properties and traits of his personality that are given by the very fact of his existence in a certain society. But if by individuality is meant not a feature of the external appearance or manner of human behavior, but a unique form of existence and a unique manifestation of the common in the life of the individual, then the individual is also social. Therefore, the lifestyle of a person acts as a deeply individualized relationship of the objective position of a person in society with his inner world, that is, it represents a kind of unity of socially typified (unified) and individual (unique) in behavior, communication, thinking and everyday life of people (3).
In other words, the worldview of the individual acquires a socially practical and morally valuable value insofar as it has become a way of life for a person.
From a moral point of view, a sign personal development of a person is his ability to act according to his inner conviction in the most difficult everyday situations, not to shift responsibility to others, not to rely blindly on circumstances, and not even just “reckon” with circumstances, but also to resist them, to intervene in the course of events, showing his will, his character.
The significance and role of the collective in the formation and education of the individual are great. The rule of education, formulated by the remarkable Soviet teacher A.S. Makarenko: proceed from the recognition of the educated person. And this must be done with all seriousness, without denying the educatees the recognition of the possibility of accomplishing those feats that the educator speaks of as lofty images of achieving exceptional results in the field of production, science and technology, literature and art (15).
You will not become a person by copying someone else. Only miserable one-sidedness can result. The construction of one's own personality cannot be carried out according to some standard project. As a maximum, only general settings can be obtained here. One must always count on the ultimate realization of human capabilities, never saying in advance: “I won’t be able to do this,” testing one’s inclinations comprehensively.
Therefore, human development is the process of becoming a person under the influence of external and internal, controlled and uncontrolled social and natural factors. Development manifests itself as a progressive complication, deepening, expansion, as a transition from simple to complex, from ignorance to knowledge, from lower forms of life and activity to higher ones.
Nature has given a lot to man, but gave birth to the weak. To make it strong, completely independent, you still need to work hard. First of all, to ensure physical development. In turn, physical and physiological development underlies psychological development as spiritual development. The processes of reflection by a person of reality are constantly becoming more complicated and deepening: sensations, perceptions, memory, thinking, feelings, imagination, as well as more complex mental formations: needs, motives of activity, abilities, interests, value orientations. The social development of man is a continuation mental development. It consists in the gradual entry into its society - in social, ideological, economic, industrial, legal, professional and other relations, in the assimilation of one's functions in these relations. Having mastered these relations and his functions in them, a person becomes a member of society. The crown is the spiritual development of man. It means understanding his high purpose in life, the emergence of responsibility to present and future generations, understanding the complex nature of the universe and striving for constant moral improvement. A measure of spiritual development can be the degree of responsibility of a person for his physical, physiological, mental and social development. Spiritual development is increasingly recognized as the core, the core of the formation of personality in man (12).
Humanity ensures the development of each of its representatives through education, passing on the experience of its own and previous generations.
If a person draws all his knowledge, sensations, etc. from the sensory world and the experience received from this world, but it is necessary, therefore, to arrange the world so that a person in him cognizes and assimilates truly human, so that he cognizes himself as a person. If the character of a person is created by circumstances, then it is necessary, therefore, to make the circumstances humane.
Teacher K.D. Ushinsky was deeply convinced that the upbringing of a free, independent and active human personality is a necessary condition for social development.
Human character traits and their manifestation
03.04.2015Snezhana Ivanova
Character traits always leave an imprint on a person's behavior, and also affect his actions.
Throughout his life, each person shows his individual characteristics, which are reflected not only in his behavior or the specifics of communication, but also determine the attitude towards activities, himself and other people. All these features, manifested in life, both in scientific use and in everyday life, are called character.
Definition of "character"
In psychology, character is understood as a certain set of human traits that are pronounced and relatively stable. Character traits always leave an imprint on a person's behavior, and also affect his actions.
In psychological dictionaries, you can find a fairly large number of definitions of character, but they all boil down to the fact that character is a set of the most persistent individual psychological characteristics of a person, which always manifest themselves in its activities and social behavior, as well as in the system of relations:
- to the team;
- to other people;
- to work;
- to the surrounding reality (to the world);
- to yourself.
The term itself character» ( in lane from Greek character - chasing or printing) was introduced by the ancient Greek philosopher and naturalist, a student of Plato and closest friend of Aristotle Theophrastus. And here it is worth paying special attention to the translation of the word - chasing or printing. Indeed, the character seems to emerge as a kind of pattern on a person's personality, thus creating a unique seal that distinguishes its owner from other individuals. Such a design, as well as a coat of arms or an emblem on the personal seal of the medieval nobility, is drawn on a certain basis with the help of specific signs and letters. Temperament is the basis for engraving an individual personality, and bright and individual character traits are the basis for engraving .
Character traits as a tool for psychological assessment and understanding of a person
In psychology, character traits are understood as individual, rather complex features that are the most indicative for a person and make it possible to predict with a high degree of probability his behavior in a particular situation. That is, knowing that a particular person has certain traits, one can predict his subsequent actions and possible actions in a particular case. For example, if a person has a pronounced feature of responsiveness, then there is a high probability that at a difficult moment in life he will come to the rescue.
A feature is one of the most important and essential parts of a person, its stable quality and a well-established way of interacting with the surrounding reality. The personality trait crystallizes and reflects its integrity. The personality trait of a person is real way solutions to many life situations (both activity and communicative) and therefore they need to be considered from the point of view of the future. So, character traits are a prediction of the actions and actions of a person, since they are persistent and make a person's behavior predictable and more obvious. Due to the fact that each person is unique, there is a huge variety of unique character traits.
Each person acquires special features of his character throughout his life in society, and it is impossible to consider all individual signs (features) as characterological. Such will be only those who, regardless of the life situation and circumstances, will always manifest themselves in an identical way of behavior and the same attitude in the surrounding reality.
Thus, in order to assess personality psychologists (to characterize it) as an individual, it is necessary to determine not the entire sum of a person’s individual qualities, but to highlight those traits and qualities of character that are distinctive from other people. Despite the fact that these features are individual and different, they must constitute a structural integrity.
Character traits of a person are a priority in the study of his personality, as well as for understanding and predicting his actions, actions and behavior. Indeed, we perceive and understand any kind of human activity as a manifestation of certain traits of his character. But, characterizing a personality as a social being, it is not so much the manifestation of traits in activity that becomes important, but what exactly this activity is aimed at (and also what the human will serves). In this case, one should pay attention to the content side of the character, and more specifically, to those character traits of the personality that make up the general structure as its mental warehouse. They are expressed in: integrity-contradiction, unity-disintegration, static-dynamic, breadth-narrowness, strength-weakness.
List of human traits
human character- this is not only a certain combination of some features (or a random set of them), but the most complex mental formation, which is a certain system. This system consists of many of the most stable personality traits, as well as its properties that manifest themselves in various systems. human relations(to work, to one's work, to the world around, to things, to oneself and to other people). In these relations, the structural nature of the character, its content and individuality of originality finds its expression. The table below describes the main character traits (their groups) that find their manifestation in various systems of human relations.
Persistent traits (symptom complexes) of character, manifested in personality relationships
In addition to the traits that manifest themselves in the system of relations, psychologists have identified traits of a person's character that can be attributed to the cognitive and emotional-volitional spheres. So character traits are divided into:
- cognitive (or intellectual) - curiosity, theoreticality, criticality, resourcefulness, analyticity, thoughtfulness, practicality, flexibility, frivolity;
- emotional (sensibility, passion, emotionality, cheerfulness, sentimentality, etc.);
- volitional traits (perseverance, determination, independence, etc.);
- moral traits (kindness, honesty, justice, humanity, cruelty, responsiveness, patriotism, etc.).
Representative of the humanistic trend in psychology Gordon Allport personality traits are grouped into three main categories:
- dominant (those that most of all determine all forms of human behavior, his actions and deeds, such as selfishness or kindness);
- ordinary (which manifest themselves equally in all spheres of life, for example, parity and humanity);
- secondary (they do not have the same influences as dominant or ordinary, for example, it can be diligence or a love of music).
So, the main character traits are manifested in various spheres of mental activity and the system of personality relations. All these relationships are anchored in different ways actions and forms of human behavior that are most familiar to him. Between existing features, certain regular relationships are always established that allow you to create a structural character. She, in turn, helps to predict, according to the character trait of a person already known to us, others who are hidden from us, which makes it possible to predict his subsequent actions and actions.
Any structure, including character, has its own hierarchy. Thus, character traits also have a certain hierarchy, so there are main (leading) and secondary traits that are subordinate to the leading ones. It is possible to predict the actions of a person and his behavior, relying not only on the main features, but also on secondary ones (despite the fact that they are less significant and do not manifest themselves so clearly).
Typical and individual in character
The bearer of character is always a person, and his traits are manifested in activities, relationships, actions, behavior, ways of acting in the family, in a team, at work, among friends, etc. This manifestation always reflects the typical and individual in the character, because they exist in an organic unity (thus, the typical is always the basis for the individual manifestation of character).
What is meant by typical character? A character is called typical if there is a set of essential features that are common to a certain group of people. This set of features reflects the general conditions of life of a particular group. In addition, these traits should be manifested (to a greater or lesser extent) in each representative of this group. The totality of distinctive typical features is a condition for the emergence of a certain.
Typical and individual in character is most clearly expressed in a person’s relationship to other people, because interpersonal contacts are always conditioned by certain social conditions of life, the corresponding level of cultural and historical development of society and the formed spiritual world of the person himself. Attitude towards other people is always evaluative and manifests itself in different ways (approval-condemnation, support-misunderstanding) depending on the existing circumstances. This manifestation is expressed depending on the person's assessment of the actions and behavior of others, or rather their positive and negative character traits.
Typical traits of a person's character in terms of their intensity are manifested in each individually. So, for example, individual traits can reveal themselves so strongly and vividly that they become unique in their own way. It is in this case that the typical in character passes into the individual.
Positive character traits and their manifestation
Both typical and individual in character, finds its manifestation in the systems of personality relations. This is due to the presence in the character of a person of certain traits (both positive and negative). So, for example, in relation to work or one's own business, such positive character traits as diligence, discipline and organization are manifested.
As for interpersonal communications and attitudes towards other people, the following are good character traits: honesty, openness, justice, adherence to principles, humanity, etc. All these features allow you to build constructive communication and quickly establish contacts with people around you.
It should be noted that there are a lot of individual character traits. But among them it is necessary to single out, first of all, those that have the greatest influence on the formation of a person’s spirituality and him (it is in this context that the best trait of a person’s character, humanity, finds its manifestation). These features also have greater value in the process of upbringing and development of the younger generation, because the same traits are formed differently depending on situations, the presence of other character traits and the orientation of the personality itself.
Highlighting the good qualities of character, one should not forget about their possible curvature, or the presence of obvious negative traits that a person needs to fight. Only in this case will the harmonious and holistic development of the personality be observed.
Negative character traits and their manifestation
In relation to the behavior, actions and activities of other people, a person always forms traits of a certain character - positive and negative. This happens according to the principle of analogy (that is, identification with what is acceptable) and opposition (with what is included in the list of unacceptable and wrong). Self-esteem can be positive or negative character, which primarily depends on the level of development and the ability to adequately assess oneself ( that is, from the formed level). A high level of self-consciousness is evidenced by the presence of the following positive features: high demands on oneself, and self-esteem, as well as responsibility. And, on the contrary, such negative traits character like self-confidence, selfishness, indiscretion, etc.
Negative character traits (in principle, as well as positive ones are manifested) in the four main systems of human relations. For example, in the "attitude to work" system, among the negative features are irresponsibility, carelessness and formality. And among the negative features that manifest themselves in interpersonal communication, it is worth highlighting isolation, stinginess, boastfulness and disrespect.
It should be noted that negative character traits, which are manifested in the system of human relations with other people, almost always contribute to the emergence of conflicts, misunderstanding and aggression, which subsequently leads to the emergence of destructive forms of communication. That is why every person who wants to live in harmony with others and with himself should think about cultivating positive traits in his character and getting rid of destructive, negative traits.
The personality of each person is endowed only with its inherent combination of psychological traits and characteristics that form its individuality, constituting the originality of a person, his difference from other people. Individuality is manifested in the traits of temperament, character, habits, prevailing interests, in the qualities of cognitive processes (perception, memory, thinking, imagination), in abilities, individual style of activity, etc.
61. Nomothetic / Idiographic
Classifications of personality by types and traits
Nomothetic approach (features)- a certain set of traits is inherent in all people, but in varying degrees of severity.
You can build a profile of personality traits.
Idiographic approach (types)- each person has a unique (only inherent) set of traits.
You can determine whether a person belongs to one type or another.
62. Personality types/traits
Knowing the characteristics of a person's personality, we can predict his most likely behavior in a given situation.
general level-types, at the next level - traits, below - the level of habitual reactions, below - specific reactions, i.e. actual observable behavior.
At the level of types, Eysenck analyzes personality in three areas: neuroticism, extraversion-introversion and psychotism. Most deeply, he explores neuroticism and extraversion-introversion.
At the heart of his theory is the idea that people differ on the basis of heredity - by reactivity nervous system, speed and strength of conditioned reactions. These individual differences correlate with personality dimensions of neuroticism and extraversion-introversion. In studies of the structure of personality, Eysenck distinguishes two main types of personality measurement:
introversion - extraversion
neuroticism (instability) - stability
Personality traits (compendium according to Zaitseva):
Features due to natural conditions common to all people.
Traits that change over the course of history are common to a group of people.
The features that develop in the course of an individual history of personality development are individual personality traits.
Trait Analysis:
Analysis of biography facts
Questioning and interviewing experts - people who have regular business and personal contacts with the object of study
Questionnaires (the subject acts as an expert of his life)
personality tests(during the study, the subject shows the trait under study).
Multifactorial questionnaires (revealing the profile of personality traits).
The mental properties of a person in her behavior, in the actions and deeds that she performs, are both manifested and formed at the same time. Therefore, the static point of view, which proceeds from the properties of the personality as something originally given and considers its actions and deeds only as a manifestation of an independent, unchanging essence, is equally wrong, as well as the dynamic point of view, which completely dissolves the personality in the situation and, trying to completely explain the behavior from dynamic relationships that develop in it, turns all the properties of the personality only into changeable states, devoid of any, even relative, stability
Under the individual psychological characteristics of a person, first of all, his character, inclinations and abilities are meant.
FROM Greek the word character can be translated as "seal", "chasing". It is a combination of individual psychological characteristics of a person that develops in activity and determines typical ways of behavior for him. Character reflects the content side of the human psyche, in contrast to temperament, which is its dynamic side. The character embodies the attitudes specific for a given person to activities, to other people, to oneself. They characterize the subjective, selective connections of a person with the world. The most stable of them are fixed in the form of a person's readiness to act in a certain way, that is, in a semantic setting. Therefore, character can be defined as a fixed form of the semantic experience of a person, which is actualized in the individual style of behavior inherent in it, with the help of which certain motives are realized (A. G. Asmolov, 1996).
Motives play a special role in character development. Initially, any property of character is manifested in the motives of a person to act in a certain way. Manifested in various similar situations, these impulses are generalized, become stable and fixed as character traits. For example, every person had to tell a lie, but this does not mean that he is characterized by deceit. If he often resorts to lies in different situations, trying to solve his problems, then it (deceit) will become a property of his character. Thus, the system of generalized motives of a person is reflected in the character.
Much attention has been paid to the study of character in psychoanalysis. 3. Freud understood the dynamic originality of individual drives as character and associated its development with libido, i.e. with unconscious deep mental energy due to sexual instinct
There is a clinical approach to the study of character. It was reflected in the works of P. V. Gannushkin, K. Leonhard, A. E. Lichko, who paid special attention to various violations in the character structure. In particular, in line with the clinical approach to the problem of character, its violations within the normal range - character accentuation are actively studied. Gross, irreversible changes in character are associated with his pathology. Accentuations of character are manifested in the excessive development of its individual properties. They are more often found in adolescence(about 88% of adolescents have differences in character accentuation). Pathological manifestations of character, called psychopathy, should be distinguished from accentuations. The causes of character pathology are manifold. These include congenital defects of the human psyche, injuries, diseases, difficult social conditions, etc.
Abilities are understood as a set of individual psychological characteristics of a person, which is a condition for the successful performance of an activity. A person's abilities are not limited to his knowledge, skills, although there is a certain connection between abilities, on the one hand, and knowledge, skills, and skills, on the other. The higher the level of development of abilities, the easier and faster a person acquires knowledge, skills and abilities. And vice versa, the more a person knows and knows how, the more intensive is the development of his abilities.
The manifestation of abilities can be represented as the ratio of the productivity of an activity to its “price”, i.e., the higher the effectiveness of the activity and the less effort spent on its implementation, the higher the level of development of abilities. This is an objective assessment of a person's abilities. Subjectively, abilities are evaluated as the ratio of the success of an activity to the degree of difficulty in its implementation: the higher the success of an activity and the easier it is for a person, the higher he evaluates his abilities.
There are significant differences in the interpretation of the concept of "ability" in foreign and domestic psychology. In foreign psychology, abilities are often considered as universal characteristics of a person: the ability to be creative, the ability to love. Sometimes abilities are understood as the innate characteristics of the subject. In domestic psychology, these features and abilities are clearly demarcated. The former are regarded as makings. The makings are understood as the anatomical and physiological and functional features of the nervous system (sensitivity, plasticity, etc.) and structural features of the analyzers.
The inclinations of a person, like other individual properties, are multi-valued, that is, on the basis of the same inclinations, various abilities can be formed. Thus, inclinations do not determine the development of abilities, but perform the function of their prerequisites. The inclinations of a person may remain unfulfilled if the conditions for their development are not created. Therefore, timely identification of inclinations is important for the formation of abilities. In families where parents are engaged in a certain type of activity, for example, acting, it is more likely that their children will show the corresponding inclinations. Of decisive importance for the development of abilities is the involvement of the person himself in this type of activity. Their development takes place in a spiral: the realization of the abilities of one level opens up opportunities for the realization of the abilities of another, higher level.
Abilities can be general and special, actual and potential. General abilities meet the requirements of many types of activity, special - the requirements of a particular activity (for example, musical, pedagogical, etc.). General abilities include intelligence, because it is necessary to perform any type of activity. Abilities exist in a certain unity of general and special.
Relevant can be called those abilities that, having formed, are realized in activities in real time. Potential abilities are in a latent (hidden) form until the occurrence of certain conditions necessary for their implementation. There is also a connection between actual and potential abilities.
Actual become potential if there is no need for their implementation. For example, musical abilities become potential if a person is focused on other activities in a given period of time.
We can talk about the levels of development of abilities, correlated with the giftedness of a person, his talent and genius. The level of giftedness implies a person's learning ability, the presence of intellectual potential. It is no coincidence that talent is seen as general ability. Talent is a bright, extraordinary manifestation of a person's abilities in a particular area. Talent implies the development, first of all, of a person's special abilities. Genius - the highest level of development of abilities, expressed in the creation of a fundamentally new, having historical, epochal significance for the life of society. In the genius of a person, both his general and special abilities are manifested. If talent makes a significant contribution to a certain area, then a genius, with its creativity, changes the idea of humanity about certain phenomena that are significant to it. Thanks to A. Einstein, the idea of time has changed, and 3. Freud managed to change the view of society on the nature of the human psyche.
Abilities are associated with other properties of individuality: with character, values, motives, goals of self-consciousness. For example, such character traits as purposefulness, perseverance ensure the success of a person's activity, which, in turn, is a condition for the development of abilities.
Literature
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3. Merlin V. S. Psychology of individuality. - M.; Voronezh,
1996.
4. Rubinshtein S. L. Fundamentals of general psychology. - SPb., 2000.
Bibliography
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1995.
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Glossary
The unconscious is a wide range of mental phenomena from unconditioned reflexes to creativity
Action is a unit of activity; arbitrary deliberate mediated activity aimed at achieving a perceived goal.
Activity is a purposeful activity that realizes the needs of the subject.
Inclinations - anatomical, physiological and functional features of the nervous system, acting as natural prerequisites for the development of abilities.
Meaning is a generalized form of consolidation by the subject of socio-historical experience acquired in the process of joint activity and communication and existing in the form of concepts defined in action schemes, social roles, norms and values.
An individual is a person as a single natural being, a product of phylogenetic and ontogenetic development, a unity of innate and acquired, a carrier of individually unique traits (inclinations).
Individuality is the psychological originality of a separate, individual person taken as a whole, in all its properties and relationships.
Personality is a systemic quality of an individual determined by involvement in social relations, which is formed in joint activities and communication.
A motive is a set of external or internal conditions that cause the activity of the subject and determine its direction.
Ontogenesis is the formation of mental structures during the life of an individual organism, person or animal.
Behavior is the interaction inherent in living beings with environment mediated by their external (motor) and internal (mental) activity.
Need - the subjective state of the organism, expressing its objective need for the objects of the surrounding world
The principle of determinism is a principle that requires explaining the phenomena under study by the natural interaction of factors available to experimental control.
The principle of development is a principle that suggests that psychological patterns are revealed in the process of development.
The principle of consistency is a principle that requires considering all objects as systems, that is, as a set of elements that form a certain unity.
The principles of psychology are the norms by which the psychologist is guided in his activities when interpreting facts.
The psyche is a form of active display by the subject of the object of reality, arising in the process of interaction of highly organized beings with the outside world and performing a regulatory function in their behavior.
Mental processes - Separate manifestations of a person's mental activity, conditionally distinguished as independent objects of research (sensations, perceptions, thinking, etc.).
Mental properties are the individual characteristics of the mental activity of a particular person, the features of his mental state, his interpersonal and personal-social relations, which make it possible to describe and predict his behavior, the direction and dynamics of mental development.
Mental states are a special form of mental realization, which is associated with a specific emotional well-being caused by the experience of significant events for a person.
Psychology is the science of the laws of generation and functioning of the mental reflection of reality in the process of human activity and animal behavior.
Meaning - the personal meaning of certain phenomena, messages or actions, their relationship to the interests, needs and life context of a particular subject as a whole.
Consciousness is a form of reflection of reality in its objective, stable properties and in separation from the person’s existing relations to it.
Temperament - a set of formal-dynamic characteristics of human behavior, manifested in its general activity, temporal characteristics (tempo, rhythm, behavior) and features of emotional response.
Phylogeny is the formation of mental structures in the course of the biological evolution of a species or the sociocultural history of mankind.
The goal is a conscious image of the anticipated result, the achievement of which is aimed at the action of a person.
Language is an objective, historically established system of codes.