Journey to the Cis-Urals and to the western slope of the Ural Mountains was made by schoolchildren of the geographical club "Raimantau" in the first ten days of August. As part of the grant project of the Russian Geographical Society "From Ik to Yaik", the children visited the geographical sights of the capital of Bashkortostan - Ufa, the single mountains Malaya and Bolshaya Serpentine, Shalashovskaya and Kiselevskaya caves.

A large-scale research expedition of Bashkir schoolchildren "From Ik to Yaik" is carried out with the grant support of the Russian Geographical Society. During the year, the children will have to cross the Republic of Bashkortostan from west to east, from the Ik River to the Ural River (the old name is Yaik).

Project objectives:

• study of changes in the landscapes of Bashkortostan;
• expeditionary research along four routes;
• practical study of geography in field conditions;
• accumulation of geographical knowledge about the native land;
• carrying out ecological observations and drawing the attention of the population to the problems of environmental protection;
• organization of active and educational recreation for schoolchildren;
• promotion among young people of a healthy lifestyle and travel around their native land.

The end point of the Pre-Ural route was the city of Asha, located in the Chelyabinsk region, on the border with Bashkortostan. On the way to it, making a transfer to the train in Ufa, young travelers decided to get acquainted with the geography of the largest city of Bashkiria. Their first object was the Museum of Geology and Minerals, in the showcases of which more than three thousand samples of rocks and minerals are collected. By visiting the museum, you can get an idea of ​​the richest mineral wealth of Bashkortostan, due to the difference in geological structure: the western part of the republic has a platform structure, and the eastern part is folded. In the west there are large deposits of oil, gas, coal, rock salt, and in the east - iron ore, zinc, copper and gold. The children most of all liked the most colorful section - "Colored Stones and Minerals", which represents the richest collection of South Ural jaspers. In the museum you can take a picture next to the map of Bashkiria, made of ornamental and semi-precious stones from various deposits of the republic.

After visiting the museum, the expedition members went to the Dudkinskaya ferry across the Ufa River. Previously, there was a busy place here - the Siberian Highway began, and now a boat transports only summer residents through the crossing. Nearby, in the high forested coastal slope of Ufimka, there is the Dudkinskaya adit.

On the way to it, the expedition members examined a section of the Permian rocks that make up the Ufa Peninsula - a hilly area between the Belaya and Ufa rivers. The Dudka gypsum mine was developed from the 1920s to the fifties. It is a complex 2500-meter labyrinth of drifts with a vault height of up to 4 meters. In some places in the roof you can see natural karst cavities, and not far from the adit, the guys found several karst sinkholes.

Karst processes caused by the dissolution of gypsum with water are one of the main problems of Ufa. Over the past hundred years, more than three hundred karst failures have been recorded on the Ufa Peninsula. In Ufa, cracks often form in houses due to ground movements. The walls of some buildings are pulled together with metal belts, and several high-rise buildings had to be dismantled.

After admiring the coast of the Ufa River and climbing a narrow serpentine, the expedition members went to the city center. Their next goal is to search for the house where the famous polar navigator lived Valerian Ivanovich Albanov, who was born on May 26, 1882 in Ufa, and in 1904 graduated from the St. Petersburg Distant Navigation School. In 1912, he was invited as a navigator to the expedition of Georgy Brusilov on the schooner "Saint Anna", the purpose of which was to pass the Northern Sea Route.

Off the western coast of Yamal, the ship was jammed with ice and began its two-year drift in a north-westerly direction. On April 10, 1914, due to the threat of starvation, part of the crew - 11 people led by the navigator Albanov - left the schooner.

Four months later, only two participants in the transition - Albanov and sailor Konrad managed to break through the hummocky ice and wide open waters to the Franz Josef Land archipelago, the rest died. The fate of the crew that remained on the St. Anna is still unknown. The materials of Brusilov's expedition delivered by Albanov became an important contribution to the geography of the Arctic Ocean, and the navigator's book "To the South, to Franz Josef Land" aroused great interest among readers in Russia and abroad. Valerian Albanov and the schooner "Saint Anna" served as prototypes for navigator Ivan Klimov and the ship "Saint Maria" in Veniamin Kaverin's novel "Two Captains".

And now, the expedition members are on Aksakov Street, near the walls of a one-story house that does not have a number. Having entered a small grocery store on the right side of the building, they found out that this is the same house number 6, in which, as confirmed by Ufa local historians, the famous polar navigator spent his childhood. Unfortunately, there is no plaque about Valerian Albanov on the house, the house does not have the status of a historical and architectural monument and, therefore, can be demolished, like many old houses in the center of Ufa.

The next point of the expedition was the Malaya and Bolshaya Zmeinaya mountains, located next to the Sim River, on the border with the Chelyabinsk region. These lone mountains owe their origin to the ancient Perm Sea, which washed the western slopes of the then young Urals, and are fossil reefs (coral islands) that arose about 300 million years ago.

The most famous Permian reefs are the Sterlitamak shikhans. But there are others in Bashkortostan that are less famous and unexplored. These include the Snake Mountains, located just 70 kilometers east of Ufa. From the Serpentine Mountains, a panorama of the advanced Ural Ranges opens, in front of which, within the city of Asha, another reef mass rises - Lime Mountain, a natural monument of the Chelyabinsk region.

On Mount Malaya Zmeinaya there is a quarry for the extraction of building stone. The expedition members applied to the administration of the enterprise with a request for permission to visit the quarry in order to search for samples of fossil fauna on its territory (explosive work is underway in the quarry). They received permission to explore and an accompanying mountain foreman. Within a few hours, the guys discovered ancient fossils: brachiopods, ammonoids, sea lilies, sponges and corallites. The collected samples of fossil organisms of the early Permian sea basin will become exhibits of the school geographical cabinet-museum. The expedition members also visited Mount Bolshaya Zmeinaya, 280 meters high, the slope of which descends steeply to the Sim River. The mountain, covered with linden forest, remains untouched by human activity. Perhaps it should be preserved as a natural monument?

Sedimentary rocks predominate on the western slopes of the Southern Urals - limestones, dolomites and marls. They are easily soluble in water, and therefore hundreds of caves are located here. The expedition members visited the Kiselevskaya and Shalashovskaya caves, located near the city of Asha. The narrow mountain valley of the Sim River opening outside the city with steep cliffs, from which avalanches descend on the railway passing here in winter, and rockfalls in summer, is figuratively called the "Gate of the Urals".

To get to the Kiselyovskaya cave, you need to climb the steep path up the Kiselevskaya ravine. The entrance to the cave is an inclined well, which you need to descend carefully, but it is better to use rope insurance. The length of the cave is 1260 meters, its largest grotto, the Banquet Hall, reaches a length of more than 100 meters, a width of up to 40, and a ceiling height of 10 meters. The floor in the cave is covered with blocks of limestone, there are many clay areas. In the cave, the guys observed a variety of sinter formations: stalactites, stalagmites, scallops, snow-white calcite streaks, cave pearls.

The entrance to the Shalashovskaya cave is located at the end of a blind karst ravine at the bottom of a large sinkhole, the inlet of which is 10 meters wide and 1.5 meters high. Having entered it, the guys crawled through a low passage and ended up in the main gallery, along which a small stream runs, forming small erosion pots filled with water under two-meter ledges. In the main gallery there are small grottoes, the walls and vaults of which are covered with bluish-white sintered calcite formations. The total length of the passages of the Shalashovskaya cave is 225 meters.

After spending the night in the forest near the Shalashovskaya cave, the members of the expedition "From Ik to Yaik" went by train home from Chelyabinsk Asha, located on the eastern border of Bashkortostan, to Tuymazy, located at the western borders of the republic.

The material was prepared by the head of the expedition, geography teacher I.M. Danilko

The Ural Mountains, also called the "Stone Belt of the Urals", are represented by a mountain system surrounded by two plains (East European and West Siberian). These ranges serve as a natural barrier between Asian and European territory, and are among the oldest mountains in the world. Their composition is represented by several parts - polar, southern, subpolar, northern and middle.

Ural Mountains: where are they located

A feature of the geographical position of this system is the length from the northern to the southern direction. Hills adorn the mainland of Eurasia, mainly covering two countries - Russia and Kazakhstan. Part of the array is spread in the Arkhangelsk, Sverdlovsk, Orenburg, Chelyabinsk regions, the Perm Territory, Bashkortostan. The coordinates of the natural object - the mountains run parallel to the 60th meridian.

The length of this mountain range is more than 2500 km, and the absolute height of the main peak is 1895 m. The average height of the Ural mountains is 1300-1400 m.

The highest peaks of the array include:

The highest point is located on the border separating the Republic of Komi and the territory of Yugra (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug).

The Ural Mountains reach the shores belonging to the Arctic Ocean, then hide under water for some distance, continue on Vaigach and the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. Thus, the massif extended northward for another 800 km. The maximum width of the "Stone Belt" is about 200 km. In some places it narrows to 50 km or more.

Origin story

Geologists say that the Ural Mountains have a complex way of origin, as evidenced by the variety of rocks in their structure. Mountain ranges are associated with the era of the Hercynian folding (late Paleozoic), and their age reaches 600,000,000 years.

The system was formed as a result of the collision of two huge plates. The beginning of these events was preceded by a gap in the earth's crust, after the expansion of which an ocean was formed, which disappeared over time.

Researchers believe that the distant ancestors of the modern system have undergone significant changes over the course of many millions of years. Today, a stable situation prevails in the Ural Mountains, and there are no significant movements from the earth's crust. The last strong earthquake (with a power of about 7 points) occurred in 1914.

Nature and wealth of the "Stone Belt"

Staying in the Ural Mountains, you can admire impressive views, visit various caves, swim in lake water, experience adrenaline emotions, going down along the flow of raging rivers. It is convenient to travel here in any way - by private cars, buses or on foot.

The fauna of the "Stone Belt" is diverse. In places where spruce grows, it is represented by squirrels that feed on the seeds of coniferous trees. After the arrival of winter, red animals feed on self-prepared supplies (mushrooms, pine nuts). Martens are found in abundance in the mountain forests. These predators settle nearby with squirrels and periodically hunt for them.

The ridges of the Ural Mountains are rich in furs. Unlike the dark Siberian counterparts, the sables of the Urals have a reddish color. The hunting of these animals is prohibited by law, which allows them to freely breed in the mountain forests. In the Ural Mountains there is enough space for wolves, elks, and bears to live. The mixed forest zone is a favorite place for roe deer. Foxes and hares live on the plains.

The Ural Mountains hide a variety of minerals in the bowels. Hills are fraught with asbestos, platinum, gold deposits. There are also deposits of gems, gold and malachite.

Climate characteristic

Most of the Ural mountain system covers the temperate zone. If in the summer season you move along the perimeter of the mountains from the north to the south, you can record that the temperature indicators begin to increase. In summer, the temperature fluctuates at +10-12 degrees in the north and +20 in the south. In the winter season, temperature indicators acquire less contrast. With the onset of January, northern thermometers show about -20 ° C, in the south - from -16 to -18 degrees.

The climate of the Urals is closely related to the air currents arriving from the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the precipitation (up to 800 mm during the year) permeates the western slopes. In the eastern part, such indicators decrease to 400-500 mm. In winter, this zone of the mountain system is under the influence of an anticyclone coming from Siberia. In the south, in autumn and winter, one should count on cloudy and cold weather.

Fluctuations typical of the local climate are largely due to the mountainous terrain. With increasing altitude, the weather becomes more severe, and temperature indicators vary significantly in different parts of the slopes.

Description of local attractions

The Ural Mountains can be proud of many sights:

1. Deer Streams Park.
2. Reserve "Rezhevskoy".
3. Kungur cave.
4. An ice fountain located in the Zyuratkul park.
5. "Bazhov places".

Deer Streams Park located in the city of Nizhniye Sergi. Fans of ancient history will be interested in the local Pisanitsa rock, dotted with drawings by ancient artists. Other prominent places in this park are the caves and the Big Pit. Here you can walk along special paths, visit observation platforms, and cross to the right place by cable car.

Reserve "Rezhevskoy" attracts all connoisseurs of gems. This protected area contains deposits of precious and semi-precious stones. It is forbidden to walk here on your own - you can stay on the territory of the reserve only under the supervision of employees.

The territory of the reserve is crossed by the river Rezh. On its right bank is the Shaitan-stone. Many Urals consider it magical, helping in solving various problems. That is why people who want to fulfill their dreams are constantly coming to the stone.

Length Kungur ice cave- about 6 kilometers, of which tourists can visit only a quarter. In it you can see numerous lakes, grottoes, stalactites and stalagmites. To enhance the visual effects, there is a special backlight. The cave owes its name to the constant sub-zero temperature. To enjoy the local beauties, you need to have winter things with you.

It originated from the Zyuratkul National Park, located near the city of Satka, Chelyabinsk Region, thanks to the appearance of a geological well. It is worth looking at only in winter. During the frosty season, this underground fountain freezes and takes the form of a 14-meter icicle.

Park "Bazhovskie Places" associated with the famous and beloved by many book "Malachite Box". In this place, full-fledged conditions for vacationers are created. You can go on an exciting walk on foot, by bike, on horseback, while admiring the picturesque landscapes.

Anyone can cool off here in the lake waters or climb the Markov stone hill. In the summer season, numerous extreme sports enthusiasts come to Bazhovskie Places in order to descend along the mountain rivers. In winter, you can experience just as much adrenaline in the park while walking on a snowmobile.

Recreation centers in the Urals

All the necessary conditions have been created for visitors to the Ural Mountains. Recreation centers are located in places remote from noisy civilization, in quiet corners of pristine nature, often on the shores of local lakes. Depending on personal preferences, here you can stay in complexes with a modern design or in antique buildings. In any case, travelers are waiting for comfort and polite, caring staff.

The bases provide rental of cross-country and alpine skis, kayaks, tubing, snowmobile trips with an experienced driver are available. On the territory of the guest zone there are traditionally located barbecue areas, a Russian bath with billiards, children's play houses and playgrounds. In such places, you can definitely forget about the bustle of the city, and fully relax on your own or with the whole family, taking unforgettable photos for memory.

The Russian Plain, which we have just met, is bounded from the east by a well-defined natural boundary - the Ural Mountains. These mountains have long been considered to be beyond the border of two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. Despite its low altitude, the Urals are quite well isolated as a mountainous country, which is greatly facilitated by the presence of low plains to the west and east of it.

"Ural" is a word of Turkic origin, which means belt in translation. Indeed, the Ural Mountains resemble a narrow belt or ribbon thrown by someone on the plains of northern Eurasia from the shores of the Kara Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan. The length of the mountains from north to south is about 2000 km (from 68°30′ to 51° N), and the width is 40-60 km and only in some places more than 100 km. In the northwest, through the Pai-Khoi ridge and the island of Vaigach, the Urals are connected to the mountains of Novaya Zemlya; in the south, it is continued by Mugodzhary.

Many Russian and Soviet researchers took part in the study of the Urals. The first researchers of its nature were P. I. Rychkov and I. I. Lepekhin (second half XVIII in.). In the middle XIX in. E. K. Hoffman worked in the Northern and Middle Urals for many years. A great contribution to the knowledge of the landscapes of the Urals was made by Soviet scientists V. A. Varsanofyeva (geologist and geomorphologist) and I. M. Krasheninnikov (geobotanist).

The Urals represent the oldest mining region in our country. In its depths there are huge reserves of a wide variety of minerals. Iron, copper, nickel, chromites, aluminum raw materials, platinum, gold, potassium salts, precious stones, asbestos - it is difficult to list everything that the Urals is rich in. The reason for such a wealth of minerals lies in the peculiar geological history of the Urals, which also determines the relief and many other elements of the landscape of this mountainous country.

Geological history. The Ural is one of the ancient folded mountains. In its place in the Paleozoic there was a geosyncline, the seas rarely left its territory. They changed their boundaries and depth, leaving behind powerful layers of sediments. Twice in the Paleozoic, the Urals experienced mountain building. The first, Caledonian folding, which manifested itself in the Silurian and Devonian, although it covered a significant territory, was not the main one for the Ural Range. The main folding is the second, Hercynian. It began in the Middle Carboniferous in the east of the Urals, and in the Permian it spread to the western slopes.

The Hercynian folding proceeded most intensively in the east of the ridge. It was accompanied here by the formation of strongly compressed, often overturned and recumbent folds, complicated by large thrusts, leading to the appearance of scaly structures. Folding in the east of the Urals was supplemented by deep splits and intrusions of powerful granite intrusions. Some of the intrusions in the Southern and Northern Urals reach enormous sizes: up to 100-120 km long and 50-60 km wide.

Mountain building proceeded much less vigorously on the western slope; as a result, simple folds predominate there, thrusts are rare, and there are no intrusions.

Tectonic pressure, which resulted in folding, was directed from east to west. The rigid foundation of the Russian platform prevented the spread of folding to the west. The folds are most compressed in the region of the Ufimsky plateau, where even on the western slope they are very complex. In the north and south of the Urals, folded structures diverge in the form of a fan, forming the Pechora and Aral virgations.

After the Hercynian orogeny, folded mountains arose on the site of the Ural geosyncline, and the later tectonic movements here were in the nature of block uplifts and subsidence. These block uplifts and subsidences in places, in a limited area, were accompanied by intense folding and faulting. In the Triassic-Jurassic, most of the territory of the Urals remained dry land, on its surface there was an accumulation of coal-bearing strata, well developed along the eastern slope of the ridge.

The geological structure of the Urals reflects its geological history and especially the nature of the manifestation of the Hercynian orogeny. Along the entire length of the ridge, when moving from west to east, a regular change of rocks is observed, differing from one another in age, lithology and origin. It has long been customary to distinguish six such meridional zones in the Urals, showing a connection with the largest tectonic structures. The first zone is formed by Paleozoic sedimentary deposits (Permian, Carboniferous, Devonian). It is developed along the western slope of the ridge. East of it is a zone of crystalline schists of Precambrian and Lower Paleozoic age. The third zone is represented by igneous basic rocks - the gabbro zone. In the fourth zone, outflowing rocks, their tuffs, and Paleozoic shales emerge. The fifth zone consists of granites and gneisses of the eastern slope. In the sixth zone, Paleozoic metamorphic deposits intruded by igneous rocks are widespread. The folded Paleozoic in this last zone is largely covered by horizontal Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments typical of the West Siberian Lowland.

The distribution of minerals in the Urals is subject to the same meridional zonality. Deposits of oil, state-owned coal (Vorkuta), potash salt (Solikamsk), rock salt, and gypsum are associated with the Paleozoic sedimentary deposits of the western slope. Platinum deposits gravitate towards the intrusions of the main gabbro rock zone. The most famous deposits of iron ore - mountains Magnitnaya, Blagodat, Vysokaya are associated with intrusions of granites and syenites. Deposits of indigenous gold and precious stones are associated with granite intrusions, among which the Ural emerald has become world famous.

Orography and geomorphology. The Ural is a whole system of mountain ranges, elongated parallel to one another in the meridional direction. As a rule, there are two or three such parallel ranges, but in some places, with the expansion of the mountain system, their number increases to four or more. So, for example, the Southern Urals between 55 and 54 ° N is distinguished by great orographic complexity. sh., where there are at least six ridges. Between the ridges lie narrow depressions occupied by river valleys.

Relatively low areas are replaced in the Urals by elevated ones - a kind of mountain knots in which the mountains reach not only their maximum heights, but also their greatest width. It is remarkable that such knots coincide with the places where the Ural Range changes its strike. The main of these nodes are Subpolar, Middle Ural and South Ural. In the Subpolar node, lying at 65 ° N. sh., the Ural changes its strike from the southwest to the south. Here rises the highest peak of the Ural Range - Mount Narodnaya (1894 m). The Middle Urals junction is located at about 60°N. sh. where the strike of the Urals changes from south to south-southeast. Among the peaks of this knot, Mount Konzhakovsky Kamen (1569 m) stands out. The South Ural node is located between 55° and 54° N. sh. Here the strike of the Ural ranges changes from

from the southwest to the south, and from the peaks Iremel (1566 m) and Yaman-Tau (1638 m) attract attention.

A common feature of the relief of the Urals is the asymmetry of its western and eastern slopes. The western slope is more gentle, it passes into the Russian Plain more gradually than the eastern one, which steeply descends towards the West Siberian Lowland. The asymmetry of the ridge is due to tectonics, the history of its geological development.

In connection with the asymmetry, there is another orographic feature of the Urals - the displacement of the main watershed ridge to the east, closer to the West Siberian lowland. This watershed range in different parts of the Urals has different names - Ural-Tau in the Southern Urals, Belt Stone in the Northern Urals. At the same time, almost everywhere the main watershed ridge separating the rivers of the Russian Plain from the rivers of Western Siberia is not the highest. The largest peaks, as a rule, lie to the west of the watershed ridge. Such a hydrographic asymmetry of the Urals is the result of an increased "aggressiveness" of the rivers of the western slope, caused by a sharper and faster uplift of the Cis-Urals in the Neogene compared to the Trans-Urals.

Even with a cursory glance at the hydrographic pattern of the Urals, the presence of sharp, elbow turns in most rivers on the western slope is striking. In the upper reaches of the river flow in the meridional direction, following the longitudinal intermountain depressions. Then they turn sharply to the west, sawing often high ridges, after which they again flow in the meridional direction or retain the old latitudinal direction. Such sharp turns are well expressed in Pechora, Shchugor, Ilych, Belaya, Aya, Sakmara and many others. It has been established that the rivers saw through the ridges in places where the axes of the folds are lowered. In addition, many rivers, apparently, are older than mountain ranges and their incision flowed simultaneously with the uplift of mountains.

A small absolute height determines the predominance of low-mountain and mid-mountain geomorphological landscapes in the Urals. The tops of the ridges are flat, at some mountains they are domed with more or less soft contours of the slopes. In the Northern and Polar Urals, near the upper forest boundary and above it, where frosty weathering is vigorously manifested, stone seas (“kurums”) are widespread. These places are also characterized by upland terraces resulting from solifluction processes and frost weathering.

Alpine landforms in the Urals are a rarity. They are known only in the most elevated parts.

Polar and Subpolar Urals. The bulk of modern glaciers of the Urals are connected with the same mountain ranges.

"Lednichki" is not an accidental expression in relation to the glaciers of the Urals. Compared to the glaciers of the Alps and the Caucasus, the Urals look like miniature dwarfs. All of them belong to the type of cirque and cirque-valley glaciers and are located below the climatic snow limit. The total area of ​​50 glaciers known so far in the Urals is only 15 sq. km. km. The most significant region of modern glaciation is located in the polar watershed to the southwest of Lake Bolshoye Shchuchye. Caro-valley glaciers up to 1.5-2 km long have been found here (LD Dolgushin, 1957).

The ancient Quaternary glaciation of the Urals was not very intense either. Reliable traces of glaciation can be traced to the south no further than 61 ° N. sh. Such glacial landforms as kars, cirques and hanging valleys are quite well expressed in the Urals. At the same time, the absence of ram foreheads and well-preserved glacial-accumulative forms - drumlins, eskers, and terminal moraine ridges - attracts attention. The latter suggests that the ice sheet in the Urals was thin and not active everywhere; large areas, apparently, were occupied by slow-moving firn and ice.

A remarkable feature of the relief of the Urals is the ancient leveling surfaces. They were first studied by V. A. Varsanofyeva in 1932 in the Northern Urals and then described by other researchers in the Middle and Southern Urals. Various researchers for different places in the Urals find from one to seven ancient alignment surfaces. These ancient leveling surfaces serve as convincing evidence of the uneven uplift of the Ural Mountains in time. The highest leveling surface corresponds to the most ancient peneplanation cycle, falling on the lower Mesozoic, the youngest, lower surface, is of Tertiary age.

IP Gerasimov (1948) denies the existence of leveling surfaces of different ages in the Urals. In his opinion, there is one leveling surface in the Urals, which was formed during the Jurassic-Paleogene and then subjected to deformation as a result of the latest tectonic movements and erosional erosion.

It is difficult to agree that for such a long time as the Jurassic-Paleogene, there was only one undisturbed cycle of denudation. But I. P. Gerasimov is undoubtedly right, emphasizing the great role of neotectonic movements in the formation of the modern relief of the Urals. After the Cimmerian folding, which did not deeply affect the Paleozoic structures, the Urals during the Cretaceous and Paleogene existed in the form of a strongly peneplanated country, on the outskirts of which there were also shallow seas. The modern mountainous nature of the Urals acquired only as a result of tectonic movements that took place in the Neogene and Quaternary period. Where neotectonic movements had a large scale, in the Urals there are the most elevated mountainous areas, where they manifested themselves weakly - there are little changed ancient peneplains.

Karst landforms are widespread in the Urals. They are characteristic of the western slope and Cis-Urals, where Paleozoic limestones, gypsums and salts serve as karst rocks. The Kungur ice cave is very famous in the Cis-Urals. It has about 100 beautiful grottoes and up to 36 underground lakes.

Climatic conditions. Due to the large extent from north to south in the Urals, there is a zonal change in climate types from tundra in the north to steppe in the south. The contrasts between north and south are most pronounced in summer. The average July temperature in the north of the Urals is below 10°, in the south it is above 20°. In winter, these differences smooth out and the average January temperature is equally low both in the north (below -20°) and in the south (about -16°).

The small height of the mountains with an insignificant length, from west to east, does not create conditions for the formation of its own special mountain climate in the Urals. Here, in a slightly modified form, the climate of the plains adjacent to the west and east is repeated. At the same time, in the Urals, climate types seem to be shifting to the south. For example, the mountain-tundra climate continues to dominate at a latitude where the taiga climate is already developed in the adjacent lowland regions; the mountain-taiga climate penetrates the latitude of the forest-steppe climate of the plains, etc.

The Urals are stretched across the direction of the prevailing westerly winds. In this regard, its western slope is more often visited by cyclones and is better moistened than the eastern one; on average, it receives 100-150 mm more precipitation. Thus, the annual amount of precipitation on the western slope is: in Kizel (260 m above sea level) - 688 mm, in Ufa (173 m) - 585 mm; on the eastern slope it is equal to: in Sverdlovsk (281 m) - 438 mm, in Chelyabinsk (228 m) - 361 mm. Very clearly, the differences in the amount of precipitation between the western and eastern slopes can be traced in winter. While on the western slope the Ural taiga is buried in snowdrifts, on the eastern slope the snow remains shallow all winter.

The maximum precipitation - up to 1000 mm per year - falls on the western slopes of the Subpolar Urals. In the extreme north and south of the Ural Mountains, the amount of precipitation decreases, which is associated, as in the Russian Plain, with a weakening of cyclonic activity.

The rugged mountainous terrain creates an exceptional variety of local climates in the Urals. Mountains of unequal height, slopes of different exposure, intermountain valleys and basins - they all have their own special climate. In winter and during the transitional seasons of the year, cold air rolls down the slopes of the mountains into depressions, where it stagnates, causing the phenomenon of temperature inversion, which is very common in the mountains. In the Ivanovsky mine in winter, the temperature is higher or the same as in Zlatoust, although the latter is located 400 m below the Ivanovsky mine (the height of the Ivanovsky mine is 856 m, Zlatoust is 458 m).

Soils and vegetation. In accordance with the climatic conditions, the soils and vegetation of the Urals show latitudinal zonality from the tundra in the north to the steppes in the south. However, this zonality is special, mountain latitude, differing from zoning on the plains in that the soil-vegetation zones are displaced here far to the south.

The extreme north of the Urals from the foot to the top is covered with mountain tundra. Mountain tundra, however, very soon (to the north of 67°N) pass into a high-altitude landscape belt, at the foothills being replaced by mountain taiga forests.

Forests are the most common type of vegetation in the Urals. They stretch like a solid green wall along the ridge from the Arctic Circle to 52 ° N. sh., interrupted at high peaks by mountain tundra, and in the south, at the foot, by steppes.

The forests of the Urals are diverse in composition: coniferous, broad-leaved and small-leaved. Ural 3 coniferous forests have a completely Siberian appearance: in addition to Siberian spruce and pine, they also contain Siberian fir, Sukachev's larch and cedar. The Urals does not pose a serious obstacle to the distribution of Siberian conifers; they all cross the ridge, and the western border of their distribution runs along the Russian Plain.

Coniferous forests are most common in the northern part of the Urals, north of 58 ° N. sh. True, they are also found south of this latitude, but their role here sharply decreases due to an increase in the area of ​​small-leaved and broad-leaved forests. The least demanding coniferous species in terms of climate and soils is Sukachev's larch. It goes farther than other rocks to the north, reaching 68 ° N. sh., and together with pine further than other species, it descends to the south, only slightly short of the latitudinal segment of the Ural River. Despite the fact that Sukachev's larch has such a vast range, it does not occupy large areas and almost does not form pure stands. The main role in the coniferous forests of the Urals belongs to spruce-fir and pine plantations.

Broad-leaved forests begin to play a significant role south of 57 s. sh. Their composition in the Urals is very depleted: there is no ash and oak is found only on the western slope of the ridge. The Ural broad-leaved and mixed forests are characterized by linden, which often forms pure plantations in Bashkiria.

Many broad-leaved species do not go further east than the Urals. These include oak, elm, holly maple. But the coincidence of the eastern border of their distribution with the Urals is an accidental phenomenon: the advance of oak, elm and maple into Siberia is hindered not by the severely destroyed Ural Mountains, but by the Siberian continental climate.

Small-leaved forests are scattered throughout the Urals, but there are more of them in its southern part. The origin of small-leaved forests is twofold - primary and secondary. Birch is one of the most common tree species in the Urals.

Mountain podzolic soils of varying degrees of swampiness and podzolization are developed under forests in the Urals. In the south of the distribution of coniferous forests, where these forests acquire a southern taiga character, typical mountain podzolic soils give way to mountain soddy podzolic soils. Even further south, under the mixed, broad-leaved and small-leaved forests of the Southern Urals, gray forest soils are common.

The farther south, the higher and higher the forest belt of the Urals rises into the mountains. Its upper border in the Northern Urals lies at an altitude of 450-600 m above sea level, in the Middle Urals it rises to 600-750 m, and in the Southern Urals to 1000-1100 m.

Between the mountain forest belt and treeless mountain tundra stretches a narrow transitional belt, which P. L. Gorchakovsky (1955) calls the subbalt. In the subalpine belt, thickets of shrubs and twisted low-growing forests alternate with clearings of wet meadows on dark mountain meadow soils. Winding birch, cedar, fir and spruce entering the subalpine belt in places form a dwarf form.

South of 57° N. sh. first, on the foothill plains, and then on the slopes of the mountains, the forest belt is replaced by forest-steppe and steppe on chernozem soils. The extreme south of the Urals, like its extreme north, is treeless. Mountain chernozem steppes, interrupted in places by mountain forest-steppe, cover the entire range here, including its peneplanated axial part.

Animal world The Urals is composed of three main complexes - tundra, forest and steppe. Following vegetation, northern animals in their distribution along the Ural Range move far to the south. Suffice it to say that until recently the reindeer lived in the Southern Urals, and the brown bear still sometimes comes to the Orenburg region from the mountainous Bashkiria.

Typical tundra animals inhabiting the Polar Urals are: reindeer, arctic fox, ungulate lemming, Middendorf's vole, white and tundra partridges; in summer there are many waterfowl of commercial importance (ducks, geese).

The forest complex of animals is best preserved in the Northern Urals, where it is represented by taiga species. Typical taiga-Ural species include: brown bear, sable, wolverine, otter, lynx, squirrel, chipmunk, red-backed vole; of game birds - hazel grouse and capercaillie.

The distribution of steppe animals is limited to the Southern Urals. As on the plains, there are many rodents in the steppes of the Urals: small and reddish ground squirrels, large jerboa, marmot, steppe pika, common hamster, common vole, etc. Of the predators, the wolf, corsac fox, and steppe polecat are common. The composition of birds in the steppe is diverse: steppe eagle, steppe harrier, kite, bustard, little bustard , saker falcon, gray partridge demoiselle crane, horned lark, black lark.

From the history of development Ural landscapes. In the Paleogene, on the site of the Ural Mountains, a low hilly plain rose, resembling a modern Kazakh hillock. From the east and south it was surrounded by shallow seas. The climate was then hot, evergreen tropical forests and dry woodlands with palms and laurels grew in the Urals.

By the end of the Paleogene, the evergreen Poltava flora is replaced by the Turgai deciduous flora of temperate latitudes. Already at the very beginning of the Neogene, forests of oak, beech, hornbeam, chestnut, alder, and birch dominated in the Urals. During this period, major changes occur in the relief: as a result of vertical tectonic movements, the Urals from a small hillock turns into a middle-mountain country. Together with the uplifts, the process of altitudinal differentiation of vegetation takes place: the tops of the mountains are captured by mountain taiga, bald vegetation is gradually formed, which is facilitated by the restoration in the Neogene of the continental connection of the Urals with Siberia, the birthplace of mountain-tundra vegetation.

At the very end of the Neogene, the Akchagyl Sea approaches the southwestern slopes of the Urals. The climate at that time was cold, the ice age was approaching; coniferous taiga becomes the dominant type of vegetation in the Urals.

In the era of the Dnieper glaciation, the northern half of the Urals is hidden under the ice cover, in the south at this time there is a cold birch-pine-larch forest-steppe, in some places spruce forests, and near the valley of the Ural River and along the slopes of the Common Syrt - the remains of broad-leaved forests.

After the death of the glacier, the forests moved to the north of the Urals, and the role of dark coniferous species increased in their composition. In the south of the Urals, broad-leaved forests have become more widespread, while the birch-pine-larch forest-steppe has degraded. Birch and larch groves found in the Southern Urals are direct descendants of those birch and larch forests that were characteristic of the cold Pleistocene forest-steppe.

- Source-

Milkov, F.N. Physical geography of the USSR / F.N. Milkov [and d.b.]. - M .: State publishing house of geographical literature, 1958. - 351 p.

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Ural mountains- the mountain range that crosses Russia from north to south is the border between two parts of the world and the two largest parts (macro-regions) of our country - European and Asian.

Geographical position of the Ural Mountains

The Ural Mountains stretch from north to south, mainly along the 60th meridian. In the north they bend towards the northeast, towards the Yamal Peninsula, in the south they turn towards the southwest. One of their features is that the mountainous territory expands as you move from north to south (this can be clearly seen on the map on the right). In the very south, in the region of the Orenburg region, the Ural Mountains connect with nearby elevations, such as General Syrt.

Strange as it may seem, the exact geological boundary of the Ural Mountains (hence the exact geographic boundary between Europe and Asia) still cannot be accurately determined.

The Ural Mountains are conditionally divided into five regions: Polar Urals, Subpolar Urals, Northern Urals, Middle Urals and Southern Urals.

To one degree or another, part of the Ural Mountains is captured by the following regions (from north to south): Arkhangelsk Region, Komi Republic, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Perm Territory, Sverdlovsk Region, Chelyabinsk Region, Republic of Bashkortostan, Orenburg Region , as well as part of Kazakhstan.

Professor D.N. Anuchin in the 19th century wrote about the variety of landscapes of the Urals:

“From the Konstantinovsky stone in the north to the Mugodzhar mountains in the south, the Urals show a different character in different latitudes. Wild, with rocky peaks in the north, it becomes forest, with more rounded outlines in the middle part, it becomes rocky again in the Kyshtym Urals, and especially near Zlatoust and beyond, where the high Iremel rises. And these charming lakes of the Trans-Urals, bordered from the west by a beautiful line of mountains. These rocky shores of Chusovaya with its dangerous "fighters", these rocks of Tagil with their mysterious "scribes", these beauties of the southern, Bashkir Urals, how much material they provide for a photographer, painter, geologist, geographer!

Origin of the Ural Mountains

The Ural Mountains have a long and complex history. It begins back in the Proterozoic era - such an ancient and little-studied stage in the history of our planet that scientists do not even divide it into periods and epochs. Approximately 3.5 billion years ago, on the site of future mountains, a rupture of the earth's crust occurred, which soon reached a depth of more than ten kilometers. Over the course of almost two billion years, this fault widened, so that about 430 million years ago an ocean up to a thousand kilometers wide was formed. However, soon after this, the convergence of lithospheric plates began; the ocean disappeared relatively quickly, and mountains formed in its place. It happened about 300 million years ago - this corresponds to the era of the so-called Hercynian folding.

New large uplifts in the Urals resumed only 30 million years ago, during which the Polar, Subpolar, Northern and Southern parts of the mountains were raised by almost a kilometer, and the Middle Urals by about 300-400 meters.

At present, the Ural Mountains have stabilized - no major movements of the earth's crust are observed here. Nevertheless, to this day they remind people of their active history: from time to time earthquakes happen here, and very large ones (the strongest had an amplitude of 7 points and was recorded not so long ago - in 1914).

Features of the structure and relief of the Urals

From a geological point of view, the Ural Mountains are very complex. They are formed by breeds of various types and ages. In many ways, the features of the internal structure of the Urals are associated with its history, for example, traces of deep faults and even sections of the oceanic crust are still preserved.

The Ural Mountains are medium and low in height, the highest point is Mount Narodnaya in the Subpolar Urals, reaching 1895 meters. In profile, the Ural Mountains resemble a depression: the highest ridges are located in the north and south, and the middle part does not exceed 400-500 meters, so that when crossing the Middle Urals, you can not even notice the mountains.

View of the Main Ural Range in the Perm Territory. Author of the photo - Yulia Vandysheva

It can be said that the Ural Mountains were “unlucky” in terms of height: they were formed in the same period as Altai, but subsequently experienced much less strong uplifts. The result - the highest point of Altai, Mount Belukha, reaches four and a half kilometers, and the Ural Mountains are more than two times lower. However, such an "elevated" position of Altai turned into a danger of earthquakes - the Urals in this respect is much safer for life.

Despite relatively low altitudes, the Ural Range serves as an obstacle to air masses moving mainly from the west. More precipitation falls on the western slope than on the eastern slope. In the mountains themselves, in the nature of the vegetation, altitudinal zonation is pronounced.

Typical vegetation of the mountain tundra belt in the Ural Mountains. The picture was taken on the slope of Mount Humboldt (Main Ural Range, Northern Urals) at an altitude of 1310 meters. Author of the photo - Natalia Shmaenkova

The long, continuous struggle of volcanic forces against the forces of wind and water (in geography, the former are called endogenous, and the latter exogenous) has created a huge number of unique natural attractions in the Urals: rocks, caves and many others.

The Urals is also known for its vast reserves of minerals of all types. This is, first of all, iron, copper, nickel, manganese and many other types of ores, building materials. The Kachkanar iron deposit is one of the largest in the country. Although the metal content in the ore is low, it contains rare, but very valuable metals - manganese, vanadium.

In the north, in the Pechora coal basin, hard coal is mined. There are noble metals in our region - gold, silver, platinum. Undoubtedly, Ural precious and semi-precious stones are widely known: emeralds mined near Yekaterinburg, diamonds, gems of the Murzinskaya strip, and, of course, Ural malachite.

Unfortunately, many valuable old deposits have already been depleted. "Magnetic mountains", containing large reserves of iron ore, have been turned into quarries, and malachite reserves have been preserved only in museums and in the form of separate inclusions at the site of old mines - it is hardly possible to find even a three-hundred-kilogram monolith now. Nevertheless, these minerals largely ensured the economic power and glory of the Urals for centuries.

Film about the Ural Mountains:

The Urals stretched in the meridional direction for 2000 km from north to south - from the Arctic islands of Novaya Zemlya to the sun-scorched deserts of the Turan Plain. A conditional geographical border between Europe and Asia is drawn along the Cis-Urals. The Ural Mountains are located in the inland boundary zone of the earth's crust between the ancient Russian platform and the young West Siberian plate. The folds of the earth's crust lying in the bases of the Ural Mountains were formed during the Hercynian orogeny. Mountain building was accompanied by intensive processes of volcanism and metamorphism of rocks, therefore, numerous minerals were formed in the depths of the Urals - ores of iron, polymetals, aluminum, gold, platinum. Then for a long time - in the Mesozoic and Paleogene - there were processes of destruction and alignment of the Hercynian mountains. Gradually, the mountains lowered and turned into a hilly hill. In the Neogene-Quaternary time, the ancient folded structures lying at its base split into blocks that rose to different heights. Thus, the former folded mountains turned into folded-blocky ones. There was a rejuvenation of the ancient destroyed mountains. Nevertheless, the modern ranges of the Urals are predominantly low. In the north and south, they rise to 800-1000 m. The highest peak of the Urals is Mount Narodnaya (1894 m). In the middle part, the height of the ridges does not exceed 400-500 m. Railways pass through the low passes of this part of the Urals, along which trains move between the European and Asian parts of Russia.

The uneven uplift of blocks of the earth's crust led to differences in the height of mountain ranges, their external forms. According to the features of the relief, the Urals is divided into several parts. The Polar Urals are stretched by four ridges, gradually rising from the Pai-Khoi hills to 1500 m. The ridges of the Subpolar Urals have many sharp peaks. The Northern Urals consists of two elongated parallel ridges that rise up to 800-1000 m. The western of these two ridges has flat tops. The eastern slope of the Urals abruptly breaks off towards the West Siberian lowland. The Middle Urals is the lowest part of the entire Urals: heights of about 500 m dominate. However, individual peaks rise up to 800 m here too. The Southern Urals is the widest, with predominance of foothill plateaus. Mountain tops are often flat.

The distribution of minerals in the Urals is determined by the peculiarities of its geological structure. In the west, in the Cis-Ural trough, sedimentary strata of limestones, gypsums, and clays accumulated, which are associated with significant deposits of oil, potassium salts, and coal. In the central part of the Urals, metamorphic rocks of the inner folds of the mountains appeared on the surface - gneisses, quartzites and shales, broken by tectonic faults. Igneous rocks intruded along the faults led to the formation of ore minerals. Among them, the most important role belongs to the ores of iron, polymetals, and aluminum. During the years of the first five-year plans, a large iron ore plant and the city of Magnitogorsk were built on the basis of iron ore deposits. The eastern slope of the Urals is composed of various geological rocks - sedimentary, metamorphic and volcanic, and therefore the minerals are very diverse. These are ores of iron, non-ferrous metals, aluminum, deposits of gold and silver, precious and semi-precious stones, asbestos.

The Urals is a climate division between the temperate continental climate of the East European Plain and the continental climate of Western Siberia. Despite their relatively low height, the Ural Mountains have an impact on the climate of our country. Throughout the year, moist air masses, brought by cyclones from the Atlantic Ocean, penetrate the Urals. When air rises along the western slope, the amount of precipitation increases. The lowering of air along the eastern slope is accompanied by its drying. Therefore, 1.5-2 times less precipitation falls on the eastern slopes of the Ural Mountains than on the western ones. The western and eastern slopes differ both in temperature and in the nature of the weather. Average January temperatures vary from -22° in the north to -16° C in the south. On the western slope, winters are relatively mild and snowy. Little snow falls on the eastern slope, and frosts can reach -45 ° C. Summer is cool and rainy in the north, warm in most of the Urals, and hot and dry in the south.

Many rivers originate in the Urals. The largest among them flow to the west. These are Pechora, Kama, Belaya, Ufa. The Ishim flows to the east, the Urals to the south. On the meridional sections, the rivers flow calmly along wide valleys in the basins between the ridges. On latitudinal segments, they rapidly rush across the ridges along tectonic faults along narrow rocky gorges with many rapids. The alternation of narrow gorges and wide sections of valleys gives the rivers an amazing variety and beauty, favors the construction of reservoirs. In the Urals, the need for water is very high, which is needed in large quantities for numerous industrial enterprises and cities. However, many rivers are heavily polluted by wastewater from industrial enterprises and cities and need to be cleaned up. The economic importance of the Ural and Cis-Urals rivers is great and varied, although their role in shipping and energy is not so great. Hydropower reserves of the Ural rivers are below the national average. The average annual capacity of the middle rivers of the Urals is about 3.5 million kW. The Kama basin is richest in hydropower. A number of large hydroelectric power plants have been built here. Among them are Kamskaya and Votkinskaya HPPs. The largest reservoir of the Kamskaya HPP stretches for 220 km. A hydroelectric power station of significant capacity was built on the river. Ufa. Despite the abundance of Ural rivers, only a few of them are suitable for navigation. This is primarily Kama, Belaya, Ufa. In the Trans-Urals, ships sail along the Tobol, Tavda, and in the high waters along Sosva, Lozva and Tura. For shallow-draft vessels, the Urals are also navigable below the city of Orenburg.

To improve water supply, ponds and reservoirs have long been built on the rivers of the Urals. These are Verkhne-Isetsky and city ponds in Yekaterinburg, Nizhne-Tagilsky and others. Reservoirs have also been created: Volchikhinsky on Chusovaya, Magnitogorsky and Iriklinsky in the Urals.

For industrial, agricultural purposes, recreation and tourism, numerous lakes are used, of which there are more than 6 thousand lakes.

The Ural crosses several natural zones. Along its peaks and upper parts of the slopes, they are shifted to the south. Mountain tundras are common in the Polar Urals. To the south, on the western slopes, under conditions of high moisture, dark coniferous spruce-fir forests dominate, along the eastern slopes - pine and cedar forests. In the Southern Urals on the western slope there are coniferous-broad-leaved forests, to the south they are replaced by linden and oak forest-steppe. On the eastern slope of the Southern Urals there is a birch-aspen forest-steppe. In the extreme south of the Urals and in the low mountains of Mugodzhary, there are dry steppes and semi-deserts.