MINISTRY OF EDUCATION Nizhny Novgorod region
State budget educational institution
secondary vocational education
"Lukoyanovsky College of Education them. A.M. Gorky"
(GBOU SPO LPK)
Methodical development
TECHNOLOGY OF TEACHING PHONETIC SKILLS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE LESSONS
IN BASIC SCHOOL
Completed:
Sychev Vadim Vladimirovich
Specialty 050303
Foreign language
course 4, group 401
Supervisor:_________________
Chechenkova Marina Valentinovna,
foreign language teacher
Lukoyanov 2013
Introduction
Teaching phonetic skills at foreign language lessons in basic school
The concept of "phonetics", "hearing - pronunciation skill" "rhythmic-
intonation skill"
2. The use of small folklore genres for the formation of auditory
pronunciation and rhythmic intonation skills in the classroom
foreign language
2.1. Methodology for working on poetry in the classroom German language and
in extracurricular activities
2.2. The use of folk tales in teaching German
2.3. Proverbs and sayings
2.4.Using tongue twisters in German lessons
Conclusion
List of used literature
INTRODUCTION
At present, the issue of the technology of teaching phonetic skills in basic school is acute. Phonetic skills allow students to correctly perceive an audible sound pattern, associate it with meaning and adequately reproduce it in oral speech. Thus, relevance topics of this methodological development due to insufficient coverage of the problem of the formation of phonetic skills of foreign language oral speech activity among students in basic school and
undetected factors that impede the process of speech communication, due to the presence of phonetic and phonemic errors.
Object of study: the process of teaching phonetic skills in foreign language lessons in basic school.
Subject of study: features of the use of small folklore genres for the formation of auditory-pronunciation and rhythmic-intonation skills in foreign language lessons in primary school.
Purpose of the study: to consider and analyze the teaching of phonetic skills in foreign language lessons in primary school.
Research objectives:
1. Expand the concept of "phonetics", "hearing - pronunciation skill", "rhythmic-intonation skill".
2. Analyze the content of teaching phonetics in basic school.
3. Consider the use of small folklore genres for the formation of auditory pronunciation and rhythmic intonation skills in foreign language lessons.
To solve the tasks set, the following research methods:
1.Analytical (analysis of literature on the research problem)
2. Descriptive (the content of the work of teaching foreign languages in grade 5)
Working hypothesis: Starting the study, we assume that when studying a foreign language in a primary school, it is necessary to allocate a place in the lesson to work on the use of various methods and techniques aimed at developing hearing-pronunciation skills, rhythmic-intonation skills.
The structure of the methodological development: The work consists of an introduction, 2 chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.
TEACHING PHONETIC SKILLS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE LESSONS IN BASIC SCHOOL
1.1 The concept of "phonetics", "hearing - pronunciation skill" "rhythmic-intonation skill"
Phonetics as an aspect of learning is understood as the sound structure of a language, the totality of all sound means that make up its material side (sounds, sound combinations, stress, rhythm, melody, intonation, pauses), regardless of their meaningful functions.
Language as a means of communication arose and exists, first of all, as a sound language, and mastering its sound system is a prerequisite for communication in any form.
The main goal of teaching phonetics at school is the formation of auditory-pronunciation and rhythmic-intonation skills.
Phonetic skills are:
Under speech listening and pronunciation skills(SPN) refers to the skills of phonemically correct pronunciation of all studied sounds in the speech stream, understanding these sounds in the speech of others.
Under the rhythmic intonation skills(RIN) refers to the skills of intonational and rhythmically correct speech design and, accordingly, understanding the speech of others.
In the conditions of a general education basic school, it is impossible to achieve an absolutely correct pronunciation that is close to speech. Therefore, it becomes a task to achieve from schoolchildren relatively correct pronunciation. Work on it should be based on the principle of approximation, i.e. approaching the correct pronunciation of a native speaker.
For this purpose: a) the volume of phonetic material is limited; b) some decrease in the quality of pronunciation of individual sounds is allowed. Both take place within limits that do not disturb the process of communication. At the same time, in specialized educational institutions, as well as in the presence of favorable specific conditions (the presence of carriers, the presence of more audio and audiovisual learning, etc.) the principle of approximation can be minimized. And the range of tasks of a teacher in teaching the phonetic side of speech can be expanded, namely: the task is to approach the normative pronunciation of native speakers.
The linguistic component of the content of teaching phonetics offers:
a) phonetic minimum; b) features of vowels and consonants of the studied language in comparison with native ones; c) phonetic rules.
The phonetic minimum of the basic school includes: a) sounds (phonemes); b) intoonemes (intonation patterns) of the most common types of simple and complex sentences.
A phoneme is “an elementary unit of a sound language that makes it possible, alone or in combination with other phonemes, to distinguish units of oral speech” (R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev). Intonema is “an example of authentic intonation of various types of sentences - interrogative, imperative, affirmative” (R.K. Minyar-Beloruchev).
The phonetic minimum is selected in accordance with two principles: 1. The principle of meeting the needs of communication 2. The stylistic principle.
In accordance with the first principle, sounds and intoonemes that have a meaningful function are included in the minimum. The number of intonemes in the minimum is determined by the structural types of sentences and their syntactic (logical) meaning.
Based on the second principle, the object of instruction is the complete style of exemplary literary pronunciation. Dialectal deviations, as well as an incomplete (colloquial) pronunciation style, are not studied at school.
The sequence of studying the selected phonetic material is determined by the tasks of developing oral speech and reading. In different textbooks, even for the same class, depending on the sequence of studying speech samples, there will be a different sequence of studying phonetic material.
Comparing the phonemes of the native and studied languages, we can distinguish: a) phonemes that coincide in the two languages; b) phonemes that have similarities, but do not completely coincide in two languages; c) phonemes absent in one of the languages.
The first group of phonemes is the easiest. When teaching these phonemes, one can expect to transfer the skill of their pronunciation from the native language.
The second group of phonemes presents certain difficulties. There may be not only a transfer of skills, but interference may occur.
The third group of phonemes is the most difficult for students to master.
When working on individual sounds (vowels and consonants), the teacher can give elementary phonetic rules, for example, about the position of the tongue, lips, the degree of tension of the speech organs, etc.
Explanations of the teacher should be in the nature of practical instructions. They can be constructed deductively and inductively.
The psychological component in the content of teaching the phonetic side of speech includes: a) taking into account the interests and formation of a motive for students to master this side of speech (phonetic competitions); b) development of special abilities (phonetic and intonation hearing), i.e. the ability of the human mind to analyze and synthesize speech sounds based on various phonemes of a language and to distinguish between different types; c) phonetic skills of two types; d) the nature of the interaction of phonetic skills with others, for example, lexical and grammatical.
Phonetic skills go through the following stages in their development: a) approximately - preparatory; b) stereotyping - situational; c) varying - situational;
Each stage has its own purpose and content. Having passed these stages in their development, phonetic skills must acquire certain qualities inherent in speech skills. This is “automation and consciousness”, “strength and flexibility” (S. F. Shatilov).
The methodological component of teaching phonetics includes skills independent work on the phonetic side of speech, for example, in the laboratory; skills in working with phonetic reference books; the use of various schemes (for example, the articulatory apparatus), other possible supports and samples of foreign speech.
When organizing pronunciation training in the corresponding language, it is necessary to be guided by the following provisions: 1. Communicative orientation in teaching pronunciation. 2. Situational - thematic conditionality of phonetic material. 3. A rational combination of consciousness with imitation when working on pronunciation. 4. Ensuring visibility when presenting sounds and intotones. 5. Broad reliance on the activity and purposefulness of students' actions. 6. An individual approach to the formation of the pronunciation side of students' speech in the context of collective learning. 7. Correction of phonetic errors occurs based on exemplary pronunciation (teacher's speech, speaker's speech) (I. L. Bim).
In the work on pronunciation, two stages can be distinguished: stage 1 - the formation of the basics of pronunciation (2-3 grades or 5-6 grades); Stage 2 - improvement and maintenance of auditory-pronunciation and rhythmic-intonational foundations (4-11th grade or 7-11th grade).
Work on phonetics is carried out on the basis of typical phrases in the following sequence: a) perception of the phrase by ear; b) its comprehension; c) the teacher's selection of the word to be phonetically worked out; d) pronunciation of the word by students; e) isolation by the teacher of a sound in a word; f) an explanation of its articulation; g) repeated reproduction of sound by students; h) pronunciation of the word and phrase as a whole.
When working on pronunciation within the framework of a typical phrase, two ways are possible: 1st way - imitative (1st group of phonemes); 2nd way - analytical and imitative (2nd and 3rd group of phonemes).
When explaining phonetic material, the teacher can use the following methods: a) imitation of sound in the flow of speech; b) comparison of sound with a similar phenomenon in the native language; c) comparison of the phonetic phenomenon within the studied language; d) analysis of the phonetic phenomenon; e) explanation of the phonetic phenomenon (commentary); f) visual representation of a phonetic phenomenon.
The formation of auditory-pronunciation and rhythmic-intonation skills is a long and complex process. For these purposes, the following types of phonetic pre-speech, preparatory exercises can be recommended.
Exercises for the perception of sound by ear: a) in the flow of speech; b) in a separate word, isolated, in combination with the teacher's explanation; c) followed by repeated reproduction: first in a separate word, and then in a speech sample.
Exercises for the reproduction of a phonetic phenomenon (language phonetically directed exercise): a) reproduction of a phonetic phenomenon by individual students; b) choral reproduction together with the teacher; c) choral reproduction without a teacher; d) individual reproduction for control purposes.
Exercises to automate the pronunciation speech skill in conditionally speech phonetically directed exercises: a) work on rhymes; b) work on rhymes; c) work on songs; d) work on a poem; e) reading and pronunciation of speech patterns of a dialogic and monologue nature; f) reading aloud excerpts from educational and authentic texts.
Phonetic exercises can serve as a good exercise for maintaining and correcting phonetic skills. In it, the teacher includes the most phonetically difficult material from the upcoming lesson.
When teaching phonetics, it is considered appropriate to use technical means. TCOs provide students with a model for good pronunciation. Students imitate this pattern of speech and strive for it.
The control of hearing and pronunciation skills is carried out when performing speech exercises in the classroom, in speaking or reading aloud. Only in this case it is possible to objectively judge the degree of practical knowledge of the phonetic side of foreign speech.
When assessing the correctness of speech, one should distinguish between phonetic and phonological errors. The former distort the sound quality, but do not violate the meaning of the statement; the second - distort the content of the statement. Errors of the first type in students' speech are acceptable, and therefore, as a rule, they are not taken into account when evaluating answers. Phonological errors are regarded as a violation of the correctness of speech. They must be corrected by the teacher.
USE OF SMALL FOLKLORE GENRES FOR FORMATION OF AUDIO-PRONUTIOUS AND RHYTHMIC-INTONATION SKILLS IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE LESSONS
2.1 Methods of working on poetry in German lessons and extracurricular activities
The methodological methods of working on poetry are as follows: you can write a poem in advance on a blackboard or on pieces of paper and distribute them to students. Unfamiliar words and expressions with Russian equivalents are given in the margins. You can read a poem or (use a magnetic recording), then the class repeats after the teacher in chorus and makes a phonetic markup of the poem. The teacher, together with the students, translates a poem or difficult-to-understand lines into Russian.
In subsequent lessons, students read the poem in its entirety, having previously listened to it again. Poems help to bring up high moral qualities in children.
At the middle and senior stages of education, it becomes more difficult to find time for poetry in the classroom. Circle and extracurricular activities provide an opportunity to continue this work. So, in the classroom, the guys read poems, and carry out further work outside of school hours.
For work in the upper grades, poems that are valuable in terms of content are already being selected. An important factor in this work is the selection of poems that correspond to the age interests of students. While translating poetry, students work a lot with the dictionary at school and at home. Students read their translations in the classroom and extracurricular activities. Acquaintance with German poetry, all types of work with poetry help to stimulate the interest of schoolchildren in the subject and maintain it throughout the years of study at school
Neue Liebe, Neues Leben
[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]
Herz, mein Herz, was soll das geben?
Was bedranget dich so sehr?
Welch ein fremdes, neues Leben!
Ich erkenne dich nicht mehr.
Weg ist alles, was du liebtest,
Weg, warum du dich betrübtest,
Weg dein Fleiß und deine Ruh" -
Ah, wie kamst du nur dazu!
Fesselt dich die Jugendblüte,
diese liebliche gestalt,
Dieser Blick voll Treu" und Güte
Mit unendlicher Gewalt?
Will ich rasch mich ihr entziehen,
Michermannen, ihr entfliehen,
Führet mich im Augenblick,
Ach, mein Weg zu ihr zurück!
Und an diem Zauberfädchen,
Das sich nicht zerreißen läßt,
Hält das liebe lose Mädchen
Mich so wider Willen fest;
Muß in ihrem Zauberkreise
Leben nun auf ihre Weise.
Die Verändrung, ach, wie groß!
Liebe! Liebe! laß mich los!
1775
TRANSLATIONS:
New love - new life
[AT. A. Zhukovsky]
What happened to you suddenly, my heart?
What are you whining? What's again
Boiled, blazed?
How to unravel you?
Everything has disappeared, what you lived for,
What is so sweetly sad!
Where is the carelessness? where is peace?
Oh, what happened to you?
Blooming youth,
Words full of soul
Look at the fiery sweetness
Have you been so possessed?
Do I want to cheer up
Break away, get away -
Throw a languid, languid look!
Oh! I'm flying back to her!
I am unwilling, fascinated!
I'm golden to captivity
Weakened, chained
Silk one!
And run enchantment
There is neither strength nor desire!
Happy longing! I want to love!
It can be seen, the heart, still be!
Mitten in der Nacht
Keine Ahnung, wo ich bin.
Nichts als Dunkel um mich her
Wie im Bauch von einem Fisch
meilentief im Schwarzen Meer.
Lebt noch jemand au?er mir?
Oder bin ich ganz allein!
Diese Stille. Dieses Dunkel.
Gleich beginne ich zu schrein.
Da entdeck ich in der Schwörze
einenschmalen Strich aus Licht.
Das ist meine Zimmert?re!
Allesklar, ichschreienicht
Mein Vater heisstHanz.
Mein Opa heisst Franz.
Meine Mutter heisst Renate.
Meine Schwester heisst Beate.
Meine Oma heisst Ottilie.
Das ist meine family.
Ich heisse Fritz.
Und mein Hund heisst Spitz
Poems in a foreign language have a positive impact on the moral and aesthetic education of the individual. In addition, the use of poetic texts helps to solve practical problems in teaching a foreign language. They are addressed to work out pronunciation, lexical and grammatical material, development of speech, learning expressive reading. The repeated repetition of the same linguistic phenomena in a poem, the rhythmic pattern, the melody of the poem help to achieve the set goals. The analysis of the poem, the idea of which is expressed in poetic form, develops the creative abilities of students, teaches them observation, reasoning, encourages them to express their thoughts. As you know, memorizing poetry also develops memory.
When selecting poems in a foreign language, one should be guided by the following requirements: they must be accessible - do not contain a large amount of new vocabulary; do not include unfamiliar grammatical phenomena; be small in volume (their recording should not take much time); be of educational value and include topics for conversation.
Poems are used at all levels of teaching a foreign language, and work on them takes place in several stages.
The main stages of work on a poem
Removal of language difficulties.
Expressive reading of the poem by the teacher.
Paraphrasing and translation of the poem.
Copying the text of the poem from the board.
Analysis of the poem - clarification of the difficulties encountered: composition, images, ideas, style, etc.
Re-reading by the teacher in order to place students in pauses, stresses in the text.
Choral reading of the poem following the teacher along the completed lines.
Reading of the poem by individual students.
Discussion and evaluation of the poem: why you didn’t like it, what images, thoughts, feelings it evokes.
Comparison of existing literary translations, discussion of translations made by students.
Of course, the recommended working method is not required for every poem. Everything will depend on the task that the teacher sets. If the goal is not to teach expressive reading of a poem, you can omit paragraphs 5, 7, 8, 9. Not every poem is suitable for stylistic analysis, not always the teacher can implement paragraph 1. Naturally, if the poem does not contain language difficulties, there is no need to paragraph 2, and if it is not intended to be memorized, paragraph 5 is omitted.
We will show below how the conversation is based on the poem. It can be a conversation on any topic. For example, after studying several poems on the topic “Autumn”, the teacher invites students to answer the following questions: “Welches Gedichtzum Thema “Herbst” kenntihr? Was meint ihr: Welchen Monat zeigt das Gedicht "Herbstlied", "Herbstgold"? Welches Wort wiederholt sich im Gedicht "Herbstgold"? Warum? Welches Bild eines großen russischen Malers passt zu diesem Bild?". The teacher can also bring a reproduction of the painting "Golden Autumn" by Levitan and ask: "WelchesGedichtpasstzudiesemBild?". The conversation can also concern only one poem.
Around each poem, you need to create a certain atmosphere, a "big context" that contributes to the correct perception and its subsequent reproduction. At the senior stage of education, acquaintance plays an important role in this regard. With the life and work of the poet. Here's how the class works SO students over a poem by the famous German poet Theodor Storm "Weihnachtsabend".
Weihnachtsabend
Die fremde Stadt durchschritt ich sorgenvoll,
der Kinderdenkend, die ich ließ zu Haus.
Weihnachten war "s; durch alle Gassen scholl
Der Kinderjubel und der Markts Gebraus-
Und wie der Menschenström mich fortgespüllt,
drang mir ein heisser Stimmlein an das Ohr:
"Kauft, lieber Herr!" Ein mag "res Händchen hielt
feilbietend mir ein ärmlich Spielzeug vor.
Ich schrak empor, und beim Latemenschein
sah ich ein bleiches Kinderangesicht;
wes Alters und Geschlechts es möchte sein,
erkannt" ich im Vorübertreiben nicht.
Nur vor dem Treppenstein, darauf es saß,
noch immer hört "ich, mühsam, wie es schien:
"Kauf, lieber Herr!" den Ruf ohn" Unterlass;
Doch hat wohl keiner ihm Gehör verlieh "n.
And ich? - War's Ungeschick, war es die Scham,
am Weg zu handeln mit dem Bettelkind?
Eh" meine Hand zu meiner Borse kam.
verscholl das Stimmlein hinter mir im Wind.
Doch als ich endlich war mit mir allein,
erfasste mich die Angst im Herzen so.
als saß mein eignes Kind auf jenem Stein
und schrie nach Brot, indessen ich entfloh
As a result of working with poetic texts, students increase their interest in learning a foreign language, enrich their vocabulary, acquire a taste for creativity, and activate cognitive activity. Approximate theme of poems
2.2 The use of folk tales in teaching German
Folk tales are widely used not only in the lessons of the native language, but also in
teaching a foreign language Usually work on fairy tales goes as follows: the class is divided into three groups. Particular attention is drawn to the title of the tale. By the title, the children determine what the story will be about. Then they read the story. The teacher highlights some words from the text that are difficult. After removing these difficulties, the students answer questions about the content of the tale. Then they write out the key words from the fairy tale on special sheets of paper that are hung on the board. To control the completeness and adequacy of understanding the content and meaning of the tale, it is proposed to complete a number of tasks:
The beginning of the sentence is given, the children must find the ending;
The teacher calls several sentences, the students must say which of them correspond to the content of the tale;
Students determine which character the words named by the teacher belong to;
Pupils fill in the gaps in the dialogues with the appropriate sentences from the fairy tale, then read the dialogue by roles, stage it.
The teacher can invite the children to make drawings on the content of this fairy tale and characterize the characters depicted in these drawings. Based on key words and drawings, a representative of each group conveys the content of the tale in German. The use of fairy tales in the classroom helps to develop and improve the communication skills of students.
Children learn to convince, to express their opinion about good and evil, to characterize positive and negative characters. Fairy tales are also an excellent source of maintaining a good emotional microclimate in the classroom during the formation of foreign language teaching and speech activity.
Katze und Maus in Gesellschaft
Eine Katze hatte Bekanntschaft mit einer Maus gemacht und ihr soviel von grosser Liebe und Freundschaft vorgesagt, die sie zu ihr trüge, dass die Maus endlich einwilligte, mit ihr zusammen in einem Haus zu wohnen und gemeinschaftliche Wirtschaft zu führen. "Aber für den Winter müssen wir Vorsorge tragen, sonst leiden wir Hunger," sagte die Katze. "Du, Mäuschen, kannst dich nicht überallhin wagen und gerätst mir am Ende in eine Falle." Der gute Rat wurde also befolgt und ein Töpfchen mit Fett angekauft. Sie wussten aber nicht, wohin sie es stellen sollten. Endlich, nach langer Überlegung, sprach die Katze: “Ich weiss keinen Ort, wo es besser aufgehoben wäre, als die Kirche; da getraut sich niemand etwas wegzunehmen. Wir stellen es unter den Altar und rühren es nicht eher an, als bis wir es nötig haben.” Das Töpfchen wurde also in Sicherheit gebracht. Aber es dauerte nicht lange, so trug die Katze Gelüste danach und sprach zur Maus: “Was ich dir sagen wollte, Mäuschen, ich bin von meiner Base zum Gevatter gebeten. Sie hat ein Söhnchen zur Welt gebracht, weiss mit braunen Flecken, das soll ich über die Taufe halten. Lass mich heute ausgehen und besorge du das Haus allein!” - "Ja, ja," antwortete die Maus, "geh in Gottes Namen! Wenn du was Gutes isst, so denk an mich! Von dem süssen roten Festweintränk ich auch gern ein Tröpfchen!” Es war aber alles nicht wahr. Die Katze hatte keine Base und war nicht zum Gevatter gebeten. Sie ging geradewegs nach der Kirche, schlich zu dem Fettöpfchen und leckte die fette Haut ab. Dann machte sie einen Spaziergang auf den Dächern der Stadt, streckte sich hernach in der Sonne aus und wischte sich den Bart, sooft sie an das Fettöpfchen dachte. Erst als es Abend war, kam sie wieder nach Hause. "Nun, da bist du ja wieder!" sagte die Maus. "Du hast gewiss einen lustigen Tag gehabt." - "Es ging an," antwortete die Katze. "Was hat denn das Kind für einen Namen bekommen?" fragte die Maus. "Hautab," sagte die Katze ganz trocken. "Hautab," rief die Maus, "das ist ja ein seltsamer Name! Ist der in eurer Familie gebräuchlich?” - "Was ist da weiter!" sagte die Katze. "Er ist nicht schlechter als Bröseldieb, wie deine Paten heissen."
Nicht lange danach überkam die Katze wieder ein Gelüste. Sie sprach zur Maus: “Du musst mir den Gefallen tun und nochmals das Hauswesen allein besorgen; ich bin zum zweitenmal zum Gevatter gebeten, und da das Kind einen weissen Ring um den Hals hat, so kann ich’s nicht abschlagen.” Die gute Maus willigte ein, die Katze aber schlich hinter der Stadtmauer zu der Kirche und frass den Fettopf halb aus. "Es schmeckt nichts besser," sagte sie, "als was man selber isst," und war mit ihrem Tagewerk ganz zufrieden. Als sie heimkam, fragte die Maus: "Wie ist denn dieses Kind getauft worden?" - "Halbaus," antwortete die Katze. Halbaus! Was du sagst! Den Namen habe ich mein Lebtag noch nicht gehört. Ichwette, derstehtnichtimKalender.
2.3 Proverbs and sayings
The language material given here and in SAYINGS 1 and 2 can be used both at the beginning of the lesson in the form of a speech warm-up, as a phonetic warm-up, and as material for consolidating vocabulary, listening and reading skills.
| Der Appetit kommt beim Essen. | Appetite comes with eating. |
| Allessuseiner Zeit. | Everything has its turn. |
| Alle Wege führen nach Rom. | All roads lead to Rome. |
| Auch die Wände haben Ohren. | And the walls have ears. |
| AusnahmenbestätigendieRegel. | Exception proves the rule. |
| Auch die Sonne hat ihre Flecken. | There are lees to every wine. |
| AllerAnfangistschwer. | Down and Out trouble started. |
| Alte Lieberostetnicht. | Old love doesn't rust. |
| AndereLander, andereSitten. | Whatever the city, then burrows. |
| Der Apfel fallt nicht weit vom Stamm. | The apple never falls far from the tree. |
| Auf den ersten Schuss fallt keine Festung. | The first pancake is lumpy. |
| Besser ein Sperling / ein Spatz in der Hand als eine Taube auf dem Dach. | Better a sparrow / titmouse in the hands than a crane in the sky. |
| Baldgesagt, schwergetan. | The promised three years are waiting. |
| Besserspätalsnie. | Better late than never. |
| Bitten und bieten steht frei. | An attempt is not torture, but demand is not a problem. |
| Böse Beispiele verderben die Sitten. | A bad example is contagious. |
| BlinderEiferschadetnur. | A helpful fool is more dangerous than an enemy. |
| Das bose Gewissen verrät sich selbst. | On the thief and the hat is on fire. |
| Disteln sind dem Esel lieber als die Rosen. | Every man to his own taste. |
| Durch Schaden wird man klug. | Learn from mistakes. |
| Der Dümmste hat das meiste Gluck. | Fools are lucky. |
| Daheimist'sambesten. | Being a guest is good, but being at home is better. |
| Daheim ist der Himmel blauer und grüner sind die Bäume. | On the other side, and the spring is not red. |
| Eigene Last ist nothing schwer. | It does not carry its own burden. |
| Das Ei will klüger sein als die Henne. | Teach your grandmother to suck eggs. |
| Einmalistkeinmal. | Once doesn't count. |
| Einmal sehen ist besser als zehnmal hören. | Seeing once is better than hearing a hundred times. |
| Endegut, allesgut. | All is well that ends well. |
| Eng, abergemütlich. | In crowded but not mad. |
| There is safety in numbers. |
|
| Das Ende kront das Werk. | The end is the crown. |
| Er fragt nach Äpfeln, und du antwortest von Birnen. | I'm talking about boots, and he's talking about pies |
2.4 Using tongue twisters in German lessons
Tongue twisters are widely used at different stages of learning the German language, attracting various illustrations when working with them.
On the initial stage tongue twisters are used to process the sound side of speech. They help to put the pronunciation of individual difficult consonants, especially those that are absent in the Russian language.
At the middle and senior stages, learning tongue twisters can be used for speech charging. You can use the following phrases:
This provides a logical transition to the main stage, to the topic of the lesson.
When working on a tongue twister, the following stages can be distinguished:
1.Presentation
2. Work on the content. If necessary, remove lexical difficulties. The meaning of some words can be revealed with the help of comments, translation or synonyms.
3. Work on pronunciation. First, difficult sounds are pronounced, then words with these sounds, phrases, sentences. At first, hard work is carried out, then individual work.
Each new tongue twister is introduced after repeating those already learned. From lesson to lesson, the stock of learned tongue twisters grows.
Who will remember more tongue twisters in which the letter named by the teacher occurs.
Who will speak the chosen tongue twister faster.
Students take turns calling a tongue twister, the student who cannot remember any more tongue twisters is out of the game, the student who is the last one wins.
The teacher pronounces the beginning of the tongue twister, and the students complete it in unison.
Group competition. It is called alternately by one tongue twister. The group that names the tongue twister last wins.
The teacher or one of the students makes up a tongue twister and names one word from it - the rest of the students must guess the tongue twister.
The teacher mixes the words from the previously studied tongue twisters, and the students make up a tongue twister from them and pronounce it. This task is suitable for pair work.
Arrange the suggested tongue twisters in alphabetical order.
Thus, tongue twisters can be used both at the initial stage of teaching the German language, when students develop pronunciation skills, and at the middle senior stages of learning, when the use of tongue twisters not only helps to maintain and improve pronunciation skills, but also stimulates students' speech activity.
Assignments for high school students become more difficult:
Express agreement or disagreement with the proposed tongue twister.
Make up a situation that would confirm the proposed tongue twister. (This could be a written or oral assignment prepared at home or in class)
Listen to the dialogue (story) and say what tongue twister you can finish everything with.
The following is a list of tongue twisters that can be used at different stages of the lesson (phonetic exercises, speech warm-up, repetition of lexical material, consolidation of grammatical skills, etc.).
Thus, the use of tongue twisters in German lessons not only develops the creative initiative of students. Working with tongue twisters helps to solve a number of problems. Memorizing tongue twisters develops the memory of students, allows them to learn how to adequately select lexical units and develops the emotional expressiveness of speech.
The use of tongue twisters in the classroom contributes to a better mastery of the German language, expands knowledge about the language and the features of its functioning. Introduction to the culture of the language being studied through the element of folklore gives students a sense of belonging to the culture of the country of the language being studied.
Als wir noch in der Wiege lagen, gab's noch keine Liegewaagen.
Jetzt kann man in den Waagen liegen und sich in allen Lagen wiegen.
Am zehnten zehnten zehn Uhr zehn zogen zehn zahme Ziegen zehn Zentner Zucker zum Zoo.
Am Knusperhäuschen kaut Kurt knackige Körner und Kerne. Knackige Körner und Kerne kaut Kurt am Knusperhäuschen.
Bierbrauer Bauer braut braunes Bier. Braunes Bier braut Bierbrauer Bauer.
Bürsten mit weißen Borsten bürsten besser, als Bürsten mit schwarzen Borsten bürsten.
Blaukraut bleibt Blaukraut und Brautkleid bleibt Brautkleid.
CONCLUSION
The problem of organizing teaching foreign pronunciation in basic school is quite fully disclosed in domestic and foreign literature. This allowed us to conduct a thorough analysis of the literature on this issue and draw the following conclusions: the formation and development of pronunciation skills in primary school play an important role in teaching a foreign language, since violation of the phonemic correctness of speech and its intonation by the speakers leads to misunderstanding and misunderstanding on the part listener.
Phonetic skills are automated components in the ability to speak, listen, read aloud. Due to the fact that the formation of hearing-pronunciation skills in a foreign language is carried out in conditions where students already have automated hearing-pronunciation skills in their native language.
Phonetic exercise has a very important role in teaching a foreign language, since a sufficient level of development of hearing and pronunciation skills in students is an indispensable condition for the successful formation different types speech activity: oral speech (speaking and listening comprehension), reading (out loud and to yourself)
Therefore, in this methodological development, the content of teaching phonetics at foreign language lessons in primary school is considered and analyzed; pronunciation and rhythmic intonation skills in foreign language lessons.
All goals and objectives of the methodological development were fulfilled. It has been proved that when studying a foreign language in a primary school, it is necessary to pay great attention and allocate space in the classroom to work on the use of various methods and techniques aimed at developing auditory-pronunciation and rhythmic-intonation skills, since without teaching the phonetic side of foreign speech, it is impossible for students to communicate. in a foreign language.
LIST OF USED LITERATURE
Vasiliev V. A. Training English pronunciation in middle school. M: Enlightenment, 1978.
Nork O. A., Milyukova N. A. Phonetics of the German language. - M .: Education, 1977.
Pavlova S. V. Teaching foreign pronunciation on a communicative basis // Foreign languages at school. - 1990. - No. 1.
Ariyan M.A., Oberemko O.G., Shamov A.N. Methods of teaching foreign languages. General course. - Nizhny Novgorod., 2006.-321p.
Bayer H., Bayer A. German proverbs and sayings: Collection. – M.: graduate School, 1989.
Lobacheva N.P. Fairy tales at the German lesson // Foreign languages at school., 2000.-№6.-36s
Zviling M.Ya. Russian-German dictionary of proverbs and sayings. M.: Russian language.-Media., 2006.-214p.
Bim, I. L. Steps 2 [Text]: German textbook for grade 6 general education. institutions / I. L. Bim, L. V. Sannikova. - M. : Enlightenment, 2001. - 352 p.
Bim I.L. German. Basic course. Concept, program. –M.: New school, 1995.
Galskova, N. D. Theory and practice of teaching foreign languages.
Municipal state educational institution "Tasharinskaya secondary school" Moshkovsky district of the Novosibirsk region Abstract on the discipline: "Methods of teaching the phonetics of a foreign language" On the topic: "Problems of Russian-speaking interference in teaching the German language" Performer: Lakina Elena Nikolaevna
Novosibirsk, 2017 Content Introduction……………………………………………………………………… p.3 1. Interference as a linguistic problem……………… ……….p.4 2. Causes and ways to overcome interlingual interference………….…………………………………………………..p.5 3. Problems of interference in learning German………….…p.9 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..p.13 References……………… ……………………………….………....p.14 2
Introduction In all spheres of Russian society, fundamental changes have taken place in recent decades, and the issue of teaching foreign languages is now more acute than ever. AT recent times Russian policy aimed at cooperation with other countries, a real opportunity to get education and work abroad, communication with the help of ongoing migration processes, new information technologies contribute to the growing role of a foreign language in society. From an academic subject, it turns into a basic element of the modern education system, into a means of achieving the professional realization of the individual. Learning a foreign language comes with many challenges. One reason is the problem of interference. "Interference" refers to deviations from the norms of a given language, caused by the influence of another language. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the role of the Russian language in the study of a foreign language in a bilingual situation is analyzed. Purpose of the work: to study the causes, consequences and problems of interlingual interference in teaching the German language in a secondary school. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1. Determine the essence of the concept of "interference as a linguistic problem"; 2. Identify the causes and ways to overcome interlingual interference; 3. Consider the problems of interference in teaching the German language. 3
In the course of the work, methods of linguistic description and comparison are used. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was the provisions developed in pedagogy, in psychology and in the methodology of teaching foreign languages. The abstract consists of an Introduction, three chapters, a Conclusion and a bibliography. 1. Interference as a linguistic problem Rapidly developing intercultural and interethnic relations, the trend towards globalization, and the widespread development of mass media have made bilingualism one of the most striking and widespread phenomena of modern reality. This is confirmed by the fact that, according to recent studies, there are more bilinguals and multilinguals in the world than monolinguals (about 70%). It should also be noted the growing popularity of children's bilingualism: it covers almost half of the children on the planet. The problems of bilingualism, multilingualism and the influence of languages on each other have long attracted the attention of not only linguists, but also representatives of other sciences. The creation and development of the theory of bilingualism was preceded by the emergence of the closely related theory of language contacts. The impetus for the creation of this theory was the outstanding work of W. Weinreich "Language Contacts". The influence of the native language causes the phenomenon of interference in bilingual speech. The term "interference" (from Latin inter between and ferentis bearing, transferring) was first introduced by members of the Prague Linguistic Circle. 4
Modern Russian scientists in general share the views of their predecessors. It is generally accepted to interpret interference as a result of the superposition of two language systems. The result of interference is often a violation of mutual understanding between people in the process of their verbal communication, therefore, the study of interference from the point of view of its communicative effect is extremely important, it allows you to anticipate errors and facilitate the task of correcting them. Researchers identify four aspects of the study of interference psychological, methodological and linguistic. Consider the classifications in which the basis for the selection of sociological types of interference was the levels of the language at which changes occurred. Such classifications are based on a linguistic approach to the study of interference. One of the most extensive is the classification of V.V. Alimov. He distinguishes the following types of interference: ∙ sound (phonetic, phonological and sound grammatical reproduction); spelling; (morphological, semantic; stylistic; intralingual (Alimov, 2005: 2). punctuation); syntactic, lexical; Thus, the ambiguous interpretation of the term interference in linguistics is caused, on the one hand, by the variety of situations in which language contacts are manifested, and, on the other hand, by the complexity of distinguishing between the psychological and linguistic aspects in speech. 2. Causes and ways to overcome interlingual interference 5
The condition for the occurrence of language interference in teaching students is language contact in a learning situation. Students often make mistakes, the cause of which is interlingual interference - the influence of the native language system on a foreign language. Interlingual interference occurs when a speaker equates units of one language with units of another because of their similarity in form, distribution, or both. When teaching foreign languages, sound interference can be regarded, for example, as "bad" and "mediocre" pronunciation in the target language. In this case, there is no interaction between the two language systems "speech" of students sounds mainly in the classroom. Achieving good pronunciation in a foreign language, the teacher primarily pursues general linguistic goals, since mastering the mechanisms of sounding speech is the key to mastering all the riches of a foreign language. Under conditions of interference, the "bad" quality of speech in a non-native language does not exclude good understanding, and with poor discrimination of the sounds of a non-native language, pronunciation errors are not necessary. Consider the manifestations of interlingual interference at different levels (lexical, syntactic). language (phonetic, grammatical) phoneme sequences in words 6
of the language being studied, in the unlawful identification of the rules of the native and foreign languages. Interlingual interference in the grammatical sphere arises as a result of a mismatch in the number of grammatical categories in two languages, their semantic boundaries, varying degrees of freedom in the order of words in a sentence, etc. This leads to a violation of the rules of declension, arrangement and choice of grammatical units. To overcome grammatical interference, it is necessary to identify similarities and differences and establish interlingual equivalents for their successful assimilation. This will allow you to find rational ways to explain and consolidate the language material. Lexical interlingual interference is the result of a different expression of the same conceptual content in two languages and a mismatch between the boundaries of the related words. At the syntactic level, interlingual interference leads to a violation of the order of words in a sentence, since in Russian it is free, and in a foreign language each member of the sentence has its own strictly defined place. Interlingual interference manifests itself in very complex and diverse forms. Using the mechanisms of a foreign language, students are forced to carry out the process of restructuring certain mental operations, abandoning the usual norms of thinking and structures in their native language. This creates certain difficulties in the generation of a foreign language speech message, and special efforts are required, both for the student and the teacher, to overcome these difficulties. interfering with the correct use and interference, the functioning of foreign language material in bilingual speech, has not 7
only different forms of manifestation, but also due to different reasons that contribute to its occurrence. One of the ways to overcome the negative impact of interlingual interference can be the analysis of the native and studied languages. Comparative analysis helps to identify grammatical phenomena that present the greatest difficulties due to the difference in form, meaning and use of structures, what kind of difficulties are contained in these phenomena, when violations of language norms can be expected, what forms of prevention and correction of errors are more rational. Given the possibility of interlingual interference in the study of a foreign language, we can prevent some errors, reduce their number, and thereby facilitate the learning process. The most effective in this regard are interlingual contrasting exercises, interlingual comparisons, translation, verbal explanation of the most difficult rules and situations. Extralinguistic factors that cause interlingual interference are the lack of a natural language environment and the vital need for communication in a foreign language. In the artificial conditions of mastering a foreign language, other factors join these factors. The phenomenon of interference is multifaceted and complex, it is often determined by the combination of various factors, the negative impact of native language skills on a foreign language. These factors often overlap with factors resulting from the negative impact of previously acquired foreign language skills. eight
In the process of learning a foreign language, there certainly comes a moment when the student begins to use the vocabulary of both his native and the language being studied. At the same time, not realizing that the spoken words belong to different languages, and others can hardly understand you. This is especially pronounced in junior schoolchildren. So, interlingual interference can occur for several reasons: if the lesson uses a native and foreign language; if there is a mixture of languages in the family; if the child uses a foreign language as a way of self-affirmation. In methodically correct classes, interlingual interference should not occur. For this, conditions must be created. Classes are conducted only in German. And on some spontaneous phenomena and on the child's attempts to assert themselves through knowledge of a foreign language (if they arise), you just need to ignore it. Thus, overcoming or reducing language interference when teaching a foreign language seems to be a very difficult task, but the use of authentic teaching materials, audio recordings, newspapers, magazines, etc., as well as the correct organization of the educational process, contributing to "immersion in the language", as well as learning to work thoughtfully on the features of the language being studied leads to its significant reduction. 3. The problem of interference in teaching German 9
The problem of interference occupies a controversial position in the methodology of teaching foreign languages. Depending on the general approaches of the methodologists of one school or another, interference is either given great attention or declared insignificant as a problem. In the modern methodology, global teaching of foreign languages is psycholinguistic hypotheses (or models) of teaching foreign languages. there are three. These are the "contrastive" hypothesis, the "identity" hypothesis, and the "interlingual" hypothesis. In accordance with the views of supporters of the contrastive hypothesis, the process of learning a foreign language is under the most direct influence of the first language, therefore the central categories of this hypothesis are interference and transfer (Galskova 2005: 9) . According to this concept, the greatest difficulties and mistakes in teaching foreign languages are caused by those linguistic phenomena that differ from similar phenomena in the native language, and therefore importance acquires the development of a methodological typology of the linguistic phenomena of both languages, which at the same time allows the already existing results to predict difficulties. typological studies comparing the structure of native and foreign languages in their various subsystems are recognized as insufficient. Phonetic interference is facilitated by typological differences in the phonological systems of the Russian and German languages: the presence of long vowels in the latter and their absence in Russian; stability of articulation of long vowels; a hard attack at the beginning of a word and syllable; lack of palatalization, aspiration of voiceless consonants; muffled voiced consonants; phrasal stress (unstressed article, negation) and other auxiliary words; stress in words with separable and inseparable prefixes; stress in compound words; intonation of an interrogative sentence without an interrogative word, etc. Sometimes students make mistakes in reading German letters that match 10
"institute", the use of the German phrase "Ich studiere am paedagogischen Institut" (instead of "an der paedagogischen Fakultaet") when translating the Russian phrase is incorrect. Quite typical are errors associated with violations of relations within synonymic series, when instead of one synonym, another is used that is inappropriate in this context. For example, instead of "Er kennt diesen Studenten" they translate "Er weiss diesen Studenten", or instead of "Er traff Marie um 7 Uhr" "Er begegnete Marie um 7 Uhr". The reasons for interference are, on the one hand, linguistic differences, on the other hand, insufficient knowledge of the rules of word usage and word compatibility, that is, ignoring these differences. For example, very often students mistranslate the verb “call” from Russian or substitute one for the other (anrufen telefonieren). The verb anrufen means - mit jm telefonisch Verbindung aufnehmen ((dial) call, talk on the phone), telefonieren (mit jm) means - mit jm per Telefon sprechen (talk on the phone). Sometimes graphic and spelling interference is manifested in writing: the rules for writing words of the native language are transferred to the target language. Examples are the following words from the German language: appell call; aggression aggression; adresse address, etc. A timely commentary on the “false friends of the translator”, as well as working with a dictionary, helps to prevent errors that arise by a false analogy with existing Russian words. As already mentioned, regular and communicatively significant lexico-semantic interference manifests itself to a greater extent at the initial stage of language learning. Examples are errors in the translation of texts. Thus, Schweizer is often translated as "porter" instead of "inhabitant of Switzerland", 12
Schal - like "shawl" instead of "scarf, muffler", Akademiker "academician" instead of "person with higher education, intellectual". Grammatical interference in German speech is due to differences in the grammatical structure of the Russian and German languages. The grammatical systems of the native and German languages have much in common, which manifests itself both at the morphological and syntactic levels, namely: these languages have the same parts of speech and sentence members. Differences are found when comparing any part of speech, for example, gender mismatch: child - das Kind, girl - das Maedchen, book - das Buch. The possessive and reflexive pronouns sich present a great difficulty. In Russian, ownership does not change depending on the person; in German, ownership is determined by faces (mein Auto dein Auto). The potential field of grammatical interference is created by differences in the grammatical categories of certainty / indefiniteness, gender, plural of nouns, aspect, tense and voice of the verb, etc. For example, the absence singular in Russian nouns "scissors", "tongs", "holidays" gives interference. Linguistic and regional interference - incorrect understanding of background vocabulary. When learning a foreign language, it is necessary to master not only the word, but also a typified image in the national consciousness of the people - the bearer of the language and culture; otherwise, the concepts of one language are transferred to the concepts of another. For example: der erste Stock first floor instead of second. In German, the first floor is referred to as Erdgeschoss. All these phenomena of language interference are foreseen in advance by the teacher when comparing two language systems and are prevented by performing purposeful, special exercises. thirteen
Conclusion Thus, the wide spread of bilingualism in the world (both natural and artificial, i.e. educational) creates unique conditions for studying it and studying the phenomenon of interference that occurs in a situation of bilingualism when teaching a non-native language. Interference is one of these linguistic phenomena, because it is possible only when there is interaction between two or more languages. Interference is the result of the overlap of several (usually two) language systems, and can have both positive and negative effects. Overcoming or reducing language interference when teaching a foreign language seems to be a very difficult task, but the use of authentic educational materials, audio media, newspapers, magazines, etc., as well as the proper organization of the educational process, “immersion in the language”, as well as training to work on features of the language being studied, leads to its significant reduction. In order to minimize this negative phenomenon, it is necessary not only to skillfully and competently correct emerging errors, but first of all to anticipate such errors and prevent their occurrence in advance. At the stage of explaining new material, students should be involved in active actions by comparing various linguistic phenomena of their native and foreign languages. To successfully master the skills of speaking in German, you need to: firstly, create a language environment; second, set aside more hours for 14
language learning for children who want it; thirdly, desire and diligence. The formation of oral speech in a foreign language contributes to the successful overcoming of interference when constructing a sentence in German. References 1. Abdygaliev S.A. Ways to overcome lexical interference in teaching German. Abstract diss. cand. ped. Sciences 1975. 16s. 2. Alimov V.V. Interference in translation (based on professionally oriented intercultural communication and translation in the field of professional communication): Proc. allowance. M.: KomKniga, 2005. 232p. 3. Alimov, V.V. Special translation and linguistic interference - M.: MOSU, 2003. - 134 p. 4. Akhmanova O.S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. M, 1969. 608s. 5. Badger, R.Yu. Fundamentals of teaching foreign languages in terms of bilingualism. - M., "Higher. school", 1970. - 176 p. 6. Weinreich U. Monolingualism and multilingualism // New in linguistics. M., 1972. Issue. 6. S. 2560. 7. Weinreich U. Language contacts: state and problems of research / transl. from English. and comment. Yu.A. Zhluktenko. Kyiv: Vishcha shkola, 1979. 263p. fifteen
8. Vishnevskaya, G.M. Bilingualism and its aspects - Ivanovo, 1997. - 100 s. 9. Galskova, N.D., Gez, N.I. Theory of teaching foreign languages: Linguodidactics and methodology. – M.: Publishing house. center "Academy", 2005. - 336 p. 10. Gorelov, I. N. On the meaning and methodology of the study of interference / I. N. Gorelov // Interference in oral and written German speech of students and schoolchildren: Sat. Art. / cafe. German lang. OGPI. Orenburg: Izdvo OGPI, 1969. 73 p. P.5 - 33. 11. Grigoriev E.I., Tychinina V.M. Sounds of speech and their communicative function: a textbook for students of philological specialties, graduate students and teachers / E.I. Grigoriev, V.M. Tychinin. – Tambov, TSU im. G.R.Derzhavin. – 84 p. 12. Zakiryanov K.Z. Bilingualism and interference. Ufa: Izdvo BGU, 1984. 82p. 13. Kosmin O.G., Bogomazova T.S. Theoretical phonetics of the German language. Textbook. M.: NVITezaurus. 2002. 257s. 14. Nork O.A., Milyukova N.A. Phonetics of the German language. A practical guide for secondary school teachers. M., Enlightenment. 1976. 143s. 15. Reformatsky A.A. On the comparative method // Russian language in the national school. 1962. No. 5. S. 2333. 16. Shchukin A.N. Learning foreign languages. Theory and practice. Textbook for teachers and students. M.: Philomatis. 2006. 480s. sixteen
The system of the teacher's work on the use of effective methods and techniques for teaching the phonetics of the German language, ways to integrate phonetic exercises into the lesson
Exercises aimed at introducing new phonetic material
According to the technology of teaching the phonetic side of foreign language speech, work on phonetics should be of a “hidden” nature, therefore, at the initial stage of mastering a foreign language, when new phonetic phenomena are being introduced, settings like: “We are working on phonetics” or “Today we are getting to know each other” are unacceptable. with a new sound. For students, working on a particular language phenomenon is a natural act of communication. And only at the end of the initial stage of teaching a foreign language is a gradual transition to the systematization of phonetic knowledge in a form acceptable to a student of primary school age
It is desirable to give phonetic exercises a playful character:
a) with the help of onomatopoeic games. For example, the sound [∫] - (die Schlange) - a snake hisses, [h] - (derHof) - we blow on a frozen palm, etc .;
b) speaking at different speeds, different voice strengths, different emotional coloring of the voice;
c) pronunciation accompanied by movement, clapping, etc.
Phonetic exercises are not recommended to be performed based solely on the textbook. The child must not only pronounce correctly, but also recognize this or that phonetic phenomenon in the sounding speech of other people, since in primary school the task is to form a phonemically correct pronunciation of sounds in the flow of speech, both intonationally and rhythmically correct in its design. Therefore, it is possible, for example, to conduct the game “Catch the word”, when the student listens to the words spoken by the teacher with long and short vowels and “catches” the “long / short” word with the corresponding movement. With the help of gestures and facial expressions, one can also explain the individual sounds of the language being studied, resorting, as already mentioned, to an analysis that is simple and understandable for a given age.
The phonemes of the second group are the most complex, since interlingual interference is especially manifested here. When getting acquainted with the sounds of this group, simple descriptions of articulation, comparison with the sounds of the native language, auditory differentiation of similar sounds in a foreign language, facial expressions and gestures are used. For example, the sound [e:] is pronounced like [e] in the word “these”, the sound [e] is like an unstressed Russian [e] after [g] and [w], for example, in the word “cough”.
Among the sounds of the third group, which have no analogues in the native language, there are those whose articulation is easy to show, for example, the sounds [d], [x], [s], and such sounds that are almost impossible to show [œ], [ç] and etc.
When teaching the phonetic side of foreign speech, each teacher should have at hand manual on practical phonetics corresponding language. The analysis of phonemes contained in it cannot always be used at various stages of teaching the phonetic side of foreign speech, since in most cases it is addressed to the teacher, and not to students. However, repeating the basics of phonetic theory will allow a more correct approach to the formation of auditory articulation skills by predicting possible difficulties and determining ways to eliminate them.
Teaching the phonetic side of foreign speech implies, as mentioned above, teaching students the intonational structures of both individual words and entire sentences. Intonation reflects the semantic and emotional-volitional side of the statement and is manifested in successive changes in pitch, in the rhythm and tempo of speech, as well as in the overall timbre of sound.
The form of motivation for a response speech action with the receipt of the required information generates an interrogative intonation. The expression of communicative intention in incentive sentences (requirement, order, request, etc.) is carried out using exclamatory intonation.
Thus, intonation is the main representative of the speaker's communicative intention and an indicator of the communicative types of sentences.
Intonation training is carried out on phrases as the smallest units of information perception, dialogic units and semantic pieces (mini-texts).
At the initial stage, mainly question-answer unities are used, at advanced stages other types of dialogic unities are also connected: a question-counterquestion, a message and a question evoked by it, a question and a message evoked by it, a message and a message evoked by it.
Summing up the above, we can conclude: for the effectiveness of the work on the introduction of new phonetic material in the lessons of a foreign language, the teacher must adhere to the following guidelines:
· in the modeling of training phonetic exercises to provide for the interaction of reception and reproduction;
Pronounce sentences at a slightly slower pace;
Include verbal and non-verbal supports in exercises
(phonograms, conducting, phonetic markings, tables,
hand movement, rhythm tapping, etc.);
allow double presentation of new phonetic material;
Conduct exercises on phrases, dialogic units
and semantic pieces;
use exercises in the classroom using authentic phonetic material that is accessible to children's understanding and develops regional motivation.
Listening exercises
The number of types of proper phonetic exercises in listening is relatively small (the development of auditory skills is carried out when performing exercises in listening), and all of them are aimed mainly at developing phonetic hearing and establishing differential features, studied or repeated (at the middle and senior levels) phonemes and intotones.
Listening should be active, so it should always be accompanied by a task that focuses the student's voluntary attention on a certain characteristic of a phoneme or intooneme.
Exercises can only be performed by ear and using graphic support (printed text).
As an example of the first exercises, the following tasks can be given:
· listen to a series of sounds/words, raise your hand when you hear the sound [...]; listen to pairs of sounds and raise your hand when both sounds of the pair are the same; listen to the sentence and say how many times the sound [...] occurs in it; listen to the sentences, raise your hand when you hear an interrogative (narrative, incomplete, etc.) sentence; listen to the sentences and determine how many syntagmas (bars, stresses) are in each; etc.
Exercises performed with a graphical support may look like this:
In a row of words (phrases, sentences), underline the one that the teacher/announcer pronounces, only one word/sentence is pronounced from each row; underline in the sentence/text the words that are stressed in the speech of the teacher/announcer; mark pauses in the sentences / text that you hear with dashes; underline the words at which the voice of the teacher/announcer rises, etc.
As you can see from the examples given, many exercises can be performed with a tape recorder. The advantage of using a tape recorder is that it can be used to control the pace of work; thus, the natural conditions for the perception of sounding speech are reproduced (according to most methodologists, all recordings from the very beginning should be given at a normal pace of oral speech).
However, it should be remembered that each new type of task is first performed on the basis of the perception of the teacher's speech, and only after the students have successfully completed it, can one proceed to similar exercises using phonograms.
Playback exercises
The effectiveness of this group of exercises included in the system of special training exercises used in teaching the phonetic side of foreign speech in secondary educational institutions increases significantly if playback is preceded by listening to a sample, regardless of whether new material is being trained or previously studied is repeated.
The material of these exercises are individual sounds, syllables, words, phrases, sentences. In our opinion, the following types of tasks performed by ear (without reliance on printed text) are relevant:
Pronounce sounds (syllables / words / combinations / sentences), paying attention to ... (a sign is indicated) after the teacher / speaker; remember the words containing the sound [...];
Repeat the sentence, adding to it the word prompted by the teacher.
The same exercises can be performed with visual support. In addition, the following can be mentioned:
Arrange accents / pauses in sentences and read them aloud;
Read the sentences aloud, changing intonation (logical stresses);
Read several sentences using the substitution table, keeping a single rhythmic and intonation pattern in them.
In addition to special exercises for setting, maintaining and improving the pronunciation of students, memorizing tongue twisters, rhymes, poems, dialogues, excerpts from prose and reading aloud excerpts from texts studied from the textbook are widely used. These types of work have two goals: to achieve, firstly, the maximum correctness of pronunciation and, secondly, its fluency. After that, the corresponding dialogue / passage or poem is set for memorization, but if the material was intended only for reading aloud, then the work is considered completed.
Reading aloud and memorizing by heart will give tangible results only if at the same time the most correct pronunciation is achieved every time. Therefore, it is recommended to select small excerpts (up to 10 - 12 lines), the work with which must necessarily go through both stages.
A special place for the formation and development of skills to reproduce phonetic phenomena in speech is occupied by phonetic charging. It may include several tasks of the above types, which are performed by students in chorus or individually at the teacher's command: "Repeat after me, paying attention to sound / stress / intonation" in turn. The duration of phonetic charging is 3-5 minutes. Its content can be:
● individual sounds, words, phrases (selected in such a way that they are related to the lesson material);
● individual sounds, words and phrases that are the most difficult to reproduce and have no analogues in the native language;
● dialogues, poems, rhymes, tongue twisters and songs that are learned in whole or in part and repeated synchronously or after the announcer on a phonogram recorded on audio media or by a teacher.
Phonetic exercises, as a rule, are carried out before reading a text or before performing exercises in oral speech in order to remove phonetic difficulties and prevent phonetic errors.
The control of hearing and pronunciation skills is carried out when students perform speech exercises - in listening and when speaking or reading aloud unprepared in advance, as soon as in this case it is possible to objectively judge the degree of practical possession of them.
In conclusion, we can state the following:
a solid foundation for the phonetic base of the German language should be actively formed with the help of a methodically well-constructed system of special training exercises;
For the effectiveness of the process of forming phonetic skills, a foreign language teacher needs to use phonetic exercises, the purpose of which is to remove the appearance of possible phonetic difficulties (auditory, pronunciation, rhythmic-intonation) and neutralize the influence of the sound environment in the native language;
the use in the educational process of exercises for the restructuring of the articulation apparatus from the Russian way of life to a foreign one allows you to create and strengthen the images of words, according to which students self-correct as by standards;
The use of the given various exercises and interactive teaching methods in the teaching activity of the teacher not only allows to optimize the pedagogical process, but also has a positive impact on the formation and further development of phonetic skills and knowledge about the rules of articulation and intonation of foreign speech, contributes to the development of normative pronunciation and the practical use of the acquired knowledge and skills in the educational foreign language communicative activity of students, provided that these exercises are used at each foreign language lesson in secondary educational institutions.
German language teacher
GUO "UPK Nachsky nursery-kindergarten-secondary school" Spetelun M.I.
Appendix 1
Phonetic exercises in German lessons:
When teaching a foreign language, games, proverbs, sayings, counting rhymes are very often used.
Rhymes - a very valuable material for instilling the correct pronunciation. AT school age students have a highly developed imitative ability. Students imitate well, easily catch by ear, correctly produce sounds, intonation. Rhymes are usually used as speech phonetic exercises (Abzählreime).
1) Eins, zwei, drei, undubistfrei.
2) Eins, zwei, drei, Butter in den Brei.
3) Eins, zwei, drei, alt ist nicht neu, neu ist nicht alt, warm ist nicht kalt.
4) Eins, zwei, drei, vier in die Schule gehen wir, in die Schule gehen wir, und bekommen "Fünf" und "Vier".
Tongue Twisters help in a relaxed way to work out the pronunciation of individual consonants, especially those that are absent in the Russian language (Zungenbrecher).
Fischer Fritz fischt frische Fische.
Kurze Kleider, kleine Kappen kleiden kleinekrausköpfige Kinder. Zwischen zwei Steinen liegen zwei Schlangen und zischen dazwischen.
Die Katze tritt die Treppe herunter.
Esel fressen Nesseln nicht, Nesseln fressen Esel nicht.
Hans hackt heute Holz hinter Hoffmanns Haus.
Kritze - kratzi macht die Katze mit der Tatze.
Zehn Ziegen ziehen zehn Zentner Zucker zum Zug.
Selten esse ich Essig, ich esse Essig im Salat.
Riddles memorization in poetic form is no less useful than memorizing poetry. Riddles provide memorization for long time, enrich our speech (RÄTSEL)
1. Im Garten steht ein schönes Haus,
die Kindergehen ein und aus,
sie lernen, singen, turnen hier.
Wie heist das Haus? Wer sagt mir? (die Schule)
2. Ich habe vier Füße und kann nicht gehen, ich werde niemals müde und werde immer stehen. (der Tisch)
3. Beine habe ich und kann nicht gehen,
viele Menschen muss ich tragen in jedem Zimmer kannst du mich sehen? (der Stuhl)
4. Weich und rund, glatt und bunt, es springt hin, es springt her, dieses Rätsel ist nicht schwer! (Der Ball)
1) Eins, zwei, drei, und du bist frei.
2) Eins, zwei, drei, Butter in den Brei.
3) Eins, zwei, drei, alt ist nicht neu, neu ist nicht alt, warm ist nicht kalt.
4) Eins, zwei, drei, vier in die Schule gehen wir, in die Schule gehen wir, und bekommen "Fünf" und "Vier"
Fischer Fritz fischt frische Fische.
Die Katze tritt die Treppe herunter.
Esel fressen Nesseln nicht, Nesseln fressen Esel nicht.
Hans hackt heute Holz hinter Hoffmanns Haus.
Kritze - kratzi macht die Katze mit der Tatze.
Zehn Ziegen ziehen zehn Zentner Zucker zum Zug.
Pinke pank, die Puppe ist krank,
Sie liegt auf der Bank
pinkie, panke, pu,
raus bist du.
Paul packt pausenlos Pakete.
Pakt Paul pausenlos Pakete.
Bis, Suppe, sagen, Maus, nass, Sommer, Hase, bist, Nase, heißen, gießen, Sand.
Plan:
1. learning objectives.
3. methodology for working on pronunciation
4. exercise.
1. It is possible to single out practical, developing, educational and educational purpose learning phonetics.
Practical Goals teaching pronunciation skills involves:
1) the development of phonemic hearing of students, that is, the ability to listen and hear, distinguish between phrases, words, sounds
2) development of pronunciation skills, that is, automated possession of the articulatory base of the German language.
3) The development of internal pronunciation as the psychophysiological basis of external speech.
Development goals involve the development of attention, speech apparatus, auditory memory.
educational goal involves the aesthetic education of students on the basis of samples, standards of German-speaking speech.
With regard to school pronunciation standards, the principle of approximation applies (pronunciation standards are close to the standard). The main share of teaching pronunciation skills is given in the first year of study. Here, students master the pronunciation of all German sounds and the basic intonation patterns of a German sentence. First of all, this is an affirmative sentence with a decrease in intonation and an interrogative sentence without an interrogative word with an increase in intonation, including expressing doubt and surprise. Questions with an interrogative word, pronunciation with a decrease in intonation, already with the aim of requesting information.
2. It is generally considered that mastering German pronunciation does not cause difficulties for students. Nevertheless, work on pronunciation should be carried out constantly, throughout the entire course of study: through phonetic exercises, phonetic exercises, including the use of technical teaching aids. The content of teaching German pronunciation includes, first of all, sounds German language. For educational purposes German sounds and others phonetic phenomena share into three groups:
1) sounds similar to the native language (relatively similar). For example, a, d, m, n.
2) Sounds that have some differences (o, t, l).
3) Sounds that are very different from the sounds of the native language (s, R, η, labialized vowels that are absent in Russian (ü, ö), a hard attack).
In this regard, the problem of the phonetic minimum arises. At school, as a rule, there is no division into an active or passive phonetic minimum (as in teaching vocabulary and grammar).
The phonetic minimum includes:
1) All the sounds of the German language that are studied in the first year of study;
2) Phonetic phenomena that cause difficulties for students:
Longitude and shortness of vowels, because it has a semantic difference;
· Closed and open vowels, especially e, ε;
Stability of articulation of long vowels;
· Solid attack;
· Breathing voiceless vowels;
Muffled voiced consonants and muting at the end (Buch, ausgeben);
Reduction (or lack of it);
Lack of palatalization;
Phrasal stress, unstressed articulation of service words, denials;
· Stress in words with separable and inseparable prefixes;
Stress in complex words
Intonation models of sentences.
3. Pronunciation work is often done in the form of phonetic exercises (Die Mundgymnastik). Rhyming material is most often given at the beginning of the lesson in order to adjust the speech apparatus to a new pronunciation, and an attempt is also made to create a foreign language environment. Phonetic exercises can also be carried out in the middle of the lesson, using a technique called “error collection”.
Work on a poem. We can suggest such a sequence.
1) presentation of a poem (teacher or cassette), preferably with visual support;
2) give presentation of unfamiliar vocabulary;
3) translation (frontal, individually, with the help of a teacher);
4) phonetic practice after a sample, the teacher has the right to stop to practice individual sounds;
5) collective reading;
6) individual reading.
Principles of working on pronunciation. I.L. Beam identifies the following principles:
1. A communicative orientation should be ensured when teaching pronunciation. This means that teaching pronunciation should not be perceived as an end in itself, but should be subject to the requirements of verbal communication. That is why (c) is given to students already in the first lesson, so that they learn to say hello and so on. Many exercises, therefore, are given a conditionally communicative character, rhymes, songs, etc. are used.
2. It is necessary to ensure the situational and thematic conditionality of the phonetic material;
3. It is necessary to combine consciousness and intuition. This means that only those sounds that are not difficult for students should be imitated. In other cases, you need to go analytically, i.e. explain the pronunciation of a sound, or combine explanation and imitation.
4. It is necessary to ensure the visibility of the presented sound or phonetic phenomenon. For example, "conducting technique", exemplary presentation of phonetic material by the teacher and the use of technical teaching aids;
5. A prerequisite for learning German pronunciation is activity students, therefore it is very important, especially during frontal work, to monitor the vigorous activity of each student;
6. An individual approach is needed to the formation of the pronunciation side of students' speech in the context of collective learning. Mastering pronunciation is not the same for everyone, so it is important to take into account the individual characteristics of each student: the mobility of the speech apparatus, the development of phonemic hearing, timidity and other character traits.
7. It is advisable to correct phonetic errors without interrupting the student's speech, but by giving a sample after the answer or by doing this with the help of a repeat question. Most typical mistakes should be fixed in order to then give additional exercises for these sounds.
4. There are preparatory exercises and speech exercises. A speech exercise in phonetics is speech itself in compliance with phonetic rules. Preparatory exercises vary by levels:
a. at the level of sound (imitation, differentiation or juxtaposition)
b. at the word level
c. at the level of a phrase;
d. at the offer level.
6. Passov E.I., Kuzovlev V.P., Tsarkova V.B. Foreign language teacher: Skill and personality. - M.: Enlightenment, 1993.
7. Schukin A.N. Methods of teaching Russian as a foreign language. - M.: Higher school, 2003.
I.B. Smirnov*
ACCOUNT OF THE TYPOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE PHONETIC SYSTEMS OF THE GERMAN AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES IN THE FORMATION OF PHONETIC SKILLS IN THE PRIMARY
STAGE OF TRAINING
Key words: analytical and imitative method of teaching, vowels, diphthongs, longitude and shortness of vowels, interference, intonation, transfer, pronunciation, pronunciation, consonants, hard attack, phonetic exercise, phonetic system, phonetic skills, word stress, phrasal stress
The article deals with the formation of phonetic skills at the initial stage of teaching the German language; for methodological purposes, the features of the phonetic system of the German language are analyzed in comparison with the Russian pronunciation system for more effective organization phonetic exercises in German classes.
The article is devoted to the problems of forming phonetic skills at the initial stage of training German and considers specific features of German phonetic system in comparison with the pronounciational system of Russian from methodical viewpoint to reach more effective organization of phonetic exercises at the German lessons.
* Smirnov Igor Borisovich, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Leningrad State University them. A.S. Pushkin.
1. The role and place of phonetic charging in the classroom for
foreign language
The formation of pronunciation skills of students is one of the fundamental tasks of the initial stage of education. The attitude to phonetic skills and methods of their formation has always been considered in domestic methodological science and teaching practice with great reverence, especially at a time when the means for their formation were significantly limited by a rather cramped financial situation educational institutions and the technical capabilities of publishing houses, which mostly produced only phono materials. However, the place of a gramophone record or tape recording was always clearly defined by the teacher in planning the course of the lesson and found a worthy implementation during phonetic exercises. Educational and methodological kits in a foreign language of the 60-80s of the last century offered poems, rhymes, sayings, children's songs in a textbook for students and in a recording. Due to the fact that modern teaching materials provide the teacher with complete freedom in planning and selecting educational material for the lesson, phonetic exercises sometimes fall out of the teacher's field of vision. Teachers are concerned, first of all, with the volume of the lexicogrammatic material of the lesson and believe that priorities should be directed to the development of students' oral speech, and not to entertaining phonetic exercises, the material of which is rarely used in students' speech in the future. There is a very common point of view among teachers of foreign languages, according to which, with the communicative method of teaching, it is completely in vain to form phonetic skills artificially, outside the speech situation. During the performance of special phonetic exercises, students try to pronounce correctly
sounds and pay attention to intonation, but as soon as they move on to speech exercises or begin to speak freely in the lesson in the proposed communicative situations, their attention to the phonetic design of the statement fades into the background. Of course, the core of the communicative teaching method is learning to communicate in communication. According to N.I. Gez, "mastery of the phonetic side of speech is not an end in itself, it is subject to the needs and tasks of verbal communication and develops in close connection with learning to listen, speak, read and write while developing lexical and grammatical skills" . The communicative method of teaching a foreign language assumes the presence of a speech sample in the lesson, which also acts as a pronunciation model for students during educational speech communication. In addition, the speech of the teacher should also act as a pronunciation model for students. Imitation in pronunciation plays a really big role, however, at the initial stage of learning, in the absence of a language environment for constant communication in a foreign language, the conscious assimilation of the features of the phonetic structure of the studied foreign language should always be in the teacher's field of vision. And if in his activity the teacher goes not only by imitation of the formation of phonetic skills in students, but also by analytic and imitation, then in this case the students will know the features of the formation of sounds of a foreign language, take them into account when pronouncing and, thus, form their own mechanism for controlling literate pronunciation corresponding to the literary norm of the language being studied.
The formation of a phonetic skill is associated with training in the perception of a phonetic image, its identification, internal
speaking and playing. Therefore, the formation of phonetic skills is impossible without the simultaneous formation of auditory skills. Perception and identification of foreign language material, internal pronunciation of what is heard is an important link in the formation of pronunciation skills at the initial stage of learning.
Great importance for the formation of a phonetic skill, the use of sound, sound combinations, words in various substitutions is necessary, since the phonemic, lexical environment, phrasal stress not only leave a significant imprint on the phonetic image of a language unit, but sometimes change its semantic meaning. The phoneme exists in different variants, which are necessary to know for its identification when perceived by ear and when adequately reproduced in oral speech. So, the more often the trainee meets the trained sounds in different environments, the more often he perceives them in different contexts, the sharper his phonemic hearing becomes, the richer the auditory experience, the more perfect the technical side of pronunciation, which brings the student of a foreign language closer to the authentic design of his own speech statement.
The formation of the phonetic skills of students should serve as a systematic and systematic phonetic exercise performed at each lesson. The place of phonetic exercises was given in the traditional domestic methodology at the very beginning of the lesson, immediately after the organizational moment and speech exercises, or before it. In fact, this provision is justified, since phonetic exercises are designed to tune the students' speech apparatus to the pronunciation system of a foreign language, its articulatory basis, and it is better to do this at the very beginning of the lesson. It should still
to clarify that phonetic exercises should find their place in the structure of the lesson in accordance with the logic of its conduct and not fall out of its general thematic, methodological and didactic outline. Therefore, at the initial stage of learning in the structure of the lesson, there can be as many phonetic exercises and exercises as required to complete the tasks of a particular lesson, and their location and sequence are consistent with the logic of the development of the storyline of the lesson.
The types of phonetic charging are determined by the object of formation of the pronunciation skill: whether the pronunciation skills of a single sound, individual lexical units, phrasal units, various types of sentences for the purpose of a communicative utterance or complex formation of phonetic skills based on a solid text are being formed at this stage.
2. Formation of phonemic speech hearing and pronunciation skills of individual sounds
When forming phonetic skills in pronouncing individual sounds of the German language, it is necessary to build on the comparative typology of the sound systems of the German and Russian languages.
In the consonant system, apparent identity in the pronunciation of consonants contributes to phonetic errors and mispronunciation, which leads to a strong accent that makes it difficult to communicate with representatives of German-speaking countries. It is widely believed that the pronunciation of German sounds is not much different from the pronunciation of the sounds of the Russian language. The differences are, in fact, so subtle that
just this fact is a stumbling block in the way of mastering the phonetic system of the German language.
The pronunciation of German consonants is always accompanied by muscular tension of the speech apparatus, expressed in a strong aspiration of voiceless fricative and explosive consonants [p], [t], [k], moreover, both at the beginning of a word before stressed vowels, and at its end or even in the middle the words:
Gesund Gesundheit
On the other hand, the German pronunciation system is characterized by the stunning of voiced consonants, which distinguishes it from the Russian pronunciation system. Therefore, the German consonants [b], [g], [d], [w], although they are considered voiced, are pronounced, however, with a certain degree of stunning and are called semi-voiced:
*binden *Buch *Ausdruck *sein *ausgeben
Specific to the German phonetic system is the impossibility for the Germans to pronounce the sound [x] at the beginning of a word. Hence the well-known [karasho] in the German version. Therefore, special attention should be paid to the pronunciation of the following words with the sound [k] at the beginning of the word: Chaos, chaotisch, Charakter,
charakterisieren, charakteristisch, charakterlos, Chor, Christ, Christus, Christbaum, Christkind, christlich, Chrom, Chronik, chronisch.
Quite often, teachers pay special attention to students starting to learn the German language to pronounce the sound [r], which is essentially unjustified, since in German three variants of pronouncing this sound coexist on an equal footing: vibrant [r], uvular [R] and anterior lingual variant corresponding to Russian
sound [p]. It is important, however, to teach students how to pronounce this sound correctly at the end of a word after long vowels and in unstressed syllables when [r] is vocalized and almost not pronounced: der, her, Meer, wir, hier, vergessen, Person, werden, länger, etc. .d. It is the pronunciation of the sound [r] in this position that creates the strongest accent (cf.).
A great difficulty for students is the pronunciation of the fricative [x] in a position after closed vowels, diphthongs, as well as [r], [l]: mich, dich, weich, Teich, Teilchen, heucheln, horchen, gehorchen, and also before closed vowels : Chemie, Chemikalie, chemisch.
When mastering the system of consonant sounds of the German language, it is worth paying attention to the active participation of the uvula in the pronunciation of such consonants as [r] and [x]:
verkrustet verachten
The system of German vowels differs significantly from Russian. And first of all, the fact that in German there are both short and long vowels. They are also in the Russian language, however, the opposition in longitude - brevity does not play a meaningful role in Russian. In the German language, on this basis, a sense of distinction of lexical units occurs:
er legte (he laid) - er leckte [e] (he licked)
Saat (sowing) - satt [a] (satiated)
sag (say!) - Sack [a] (bag)
Weg (way) - weg [e] (away)
Staat (state) - Stadt[a] (city)
Assimilation of the system of long and short vowels is a long and painstaking task, complicated by phonetic interference. In our opinion, conscious assimilation of the differences in the system of German and Russian vowels, constant training and a system in the work of a teacher can lead to the formation of strong phonetic skills in the correct pronunciation of German vowels.
German vowels vary in degree of open/closed: long vowels are closed and short vowels are open:
ihn - in Beet - Bett fühlen - fullen
Umlauted vowels are a great difficulty for Russian-speaking students: [y] (fünf), (Übung), (könnte), (schön), [E] (Bär). Great attention should be paid to practicing the pronunciation of these vowel sounds, since they create a strong accent of the speaker.
Particular attention should be paid to the formation of the skill of pronouncing three sounds, which in Russian correspond to only one [e]: closed (See, Tee), middle [E] (treffen) and open (Mädchen). In addition, in German there is the so-called Murmel -e [E], a reduced sound in unstressed syllables, which, as a rule, is not pronounced clearly or not at all. Moreover, such a reduction can be subjected to both all types of the above mentioned sound [e], and other unstressed vowels:
matte reisen
Wohin gehst du?
A phenomenon completely absent in Russian is a hard attack (Knacklaut) when pronouncing a German vowel at the beginning of a word or syllable that begins with a vowel. We have already talked about tension when pronouncing consonants. The same tension of the diaphragm is also characteristic when pronouncing vowels at the beginning of a word, which creates a specific sound of German speech and does not allow syllables and words to merge, which distinguishes German from both English and French:
Anfang be|obachten
Ilse Nebenkosten|abrechnung
Untergang Weltanschauung
über|all geontwortet
Another complex phenomenon for the Russian ear is diphthongs, which are not in the Russian language as independent phonemes. Although diphthongoid vowels are quite common in Russian pronunciation, German compound vowels are difficult because they are not pronounced as two consecutively sounding separate sounds, but as a single coherent whole of two vowels in one syllable. The first part of the diphthong smoothly flows into the second:
Laufen, auch, Bauch Ei, kein, meinen heute, Beutel, träumen Thus, the most complex sounds of the pronunciation system of the German language, identified in the process of comparison with the pronunciation system of the Russian language, become the material for phonetic charging. The training of these sounds and phonetic phenomena occurs both separately, in
special exercises, and in words and phrases, as well as in connected texts: rhymes, poems, tongue twisters,
proverbs, sayings, songs. It is important that all types of sound development - from knowing the features of its articulation to recognizing its variants in speech and the ability to pronounce it in different environments - find a natural place in the educational process.
3. Mastering word stress
German word stress is not fixed, unlike the Russian language. But, if in Russian the stress is characterized not only by freedom, but also by greater mobility, i.e. when changing the form of a word or during word formation, it can move (leg, legs, legs, legs, foot), then in the German word the stress, as a rule, has the so-called etymological character, i.e. it is attached to the root of the word and, when changing the word or forming cognate words, it retains its attachment to the root of the word, its semantics:
Freund, Freunde, freundlich, Freundschaft, freundschaftlich Most of the stressed are the first root syllables of German words. They remain stressed during word formation, when unstressed prefixes or suffixes are added to the word:
wohnen, Wohnung, bewohnen, Bewohner, wohnhaft However, in German there are words with stressed prefixes and suffixes. Therefore, it is very important to teach students to distinguish between stressed and unstressed prefixes and suffixes.
When forming the phonetic image of German words, it is important to learn that most of the suffixes of nouns and adjectives are unstressed:
Chen, -e, -el, -er, -heit, -ig, -in, -ing, -keit, -lein,
Ler, -ling, -ner, -nis, sal, -schaft, -tum, -ung -bar, -(e)n, -ern, -haft, -ig, -isch, -lich, -sam
Unstressed prefixes found on verbs and nouns are:
be-, ge-, emp-, ent-, er-, ver-, zer-Prefix miss- can be either stressed or unstressed. As the verb prefix miss- does not carry stress:
missbrauchen, missglücken, misslingen, misstrauen But if it is the second one of the verb, it becomes stressed: missverstehen, missgestalten The prefix Miss- of nouns and adjectives is stressed:
Missbrauch, Misserfolg, Missernte, Missverständnis,
Stress prefixes, which are word-building elements of a large number of verbs and nouns, are:
ab-, an-, auf-, aus-, bei-, ein-, her-, hin-, nach-, ur-, vor-
Both stressed and non-stressed can be prefixes durch-, hinter-, über-, um-, unter-, wieder-, wider-The prefix un-, as a rule, carries the stress: unangenehm, unartig, Unrecht, Unsinn, the accent can also fluctuate (two options are possible):
unmenschlich, unmöglich, unsterblich,
untröstlich, unübersehbar, unübertroffen, ununterbrochen, unwillkürlich, unverzeihlich, unwiderstehlich
syllable. At the same time, the stronger - most importantly - emphasis is on the first part compound word(defining word), and the second part (defining word) carries a secondary stress:
There are, however, word-building models of word formation in which the second element carries the main stress:
W W W g W W g W W g W W
Jahr hundert, Jahr zehnt, Jahr tausend, Lebe wohl,
Dreiund zwanzig, vierund dreissig
hi naus, he rein, wo hin
4. Mastering phrasal stress
Phrasal (logical) stress is associated with the semantic load of the sentence: information that is most relevant for the speaker is highlighted through phrasal stress, i.e. the language units that express it bear not only verbal, but also strong - the second - phrasal stress. As a rule, such members of a sentence take place either at its beginning, or at the end or closer to the end of the sentence.
Ungenügend hat er gekriegt.
"Gut hat er das gemacht.
Jetzt will ich das nicht machen.
Er will einen "Brief schreiben.
Er hat die Sache "vollkommen abgeschlossen.
A feature of the German sentence is the unstressed pronunciation of function words: articles, prepositions, conjunctions,
auxiliary verbs and the negative particle nicht. However, they can carry a phrasal (logical) stress if it fulfills the intentional task of the speaker:
"Nimm dich in acht!", fuhr sie mich an. "Dubist nun mal nicht wie andere Mädchen. Du bist eine Tänzerin. Ich habe es dir immer schon gesagt: Karriere oder Liebe. Ein Und gibt es nicht".
"Es führen eben viele Wege nach Rom!", erklärte sie mir. "Die eine schafft es mit Fleiß, und die andere..." The word bearing the logical stress is the logical predicate or communicative center of the sentence. In principle, each member of the sentence can become, under certain conditions, the communicative center of the sentence.
"Als meine Haare endlich den Farbton einer Marilyn Monroe angenommen hatten, grunzte meine Balettmeisterin zufrieden: "Das ist es!"
Phrasal stress is carried out by means of increased emphasis on the stressed syllable in the word that carries the semantic load in the sentence:
Er hat einen Mercedes.
Er hat einen Mercedes.
Er hat einen Mercedes.
Er hat einen Mercedes.
The stressed syllable of a phrasal stressed word is pronounced louder, slower, and with a change in tone.
If in a sentence several words have the same semantic content - for example, in the case of enumeration - then the very last word takes on the function of the communicative center of the sentence and carries a phrasal stress:
Auf dem Tisch lagen Zeitungen, Zeitschriften und "" Bücher.
Thus, students must learn to understand the intentional task that the speaker sets himself in a certain communicative situation in order to adequately determine either the speaker's intentions when listening, or ways of expressing their own communicative intentions when speaking.
5. Formation of the skill of intonational design of sentences of different types for the purpose of the statement
With the communicative-cognitive method of teaching, involuntary (spontaneous) mastery of the main syntactic models of sentences occurs. At the initial stage of training, students get acquainted with the intonational design of the main types of sentences according to the communicative purpose of the statement: narrative, interrogative, exclamatory and incentive sentences. Mastering the intonation pattern of a sentence in a foreign language involves multiple listening to different types of sentences, their imitative reproduction, as well as correction of students' independent statements by the teacher.
The mastering of intonation models of narrative, exclamatory and incentive sentences occurs on the basis of transfer from the native language and, as a rule, does not present much difficulty for students. German intonation patterns
the sentences are in many respects similar to the Russian ones. The existing differences are very subtle, which greatly complicates the perception and assimilation of the correct German intonation.
A feature of German intonation is a descending scale, in which the tone falls gradually, distributing stepwise over all stressed syllables. Unstressed syllables are adjacent to the previous stressed ones at the same level. In Russian, the descending scale is not found, unstressed syllables are usually located below the stressed ones, which leads to a wider range of Russian speech and its melodious character.
The main difficulty for Russian-speaking students is the intonation model of an interrogative sentence with an interrogative word - intonation in a general question:
Wohin farst du?
Woher "kommen Sie?
Wohnen Sie dort?
When it is mastered, the interfering influence of the native language acts, which consists in raising the tone at the end of the sentence, which is typical for the intonation of this type of sentences in Russian. In a German interrogative sentence without an interrogative word, the tone of voice is lowered, for example:
Woh in gehen wir?
This model has all three elements of the intonation structure: pre-tact, core and off-beat. The movement of the tone in the nucleus is ascending-descending, the fall of the tone is steep and fast and reaches a low level. The prebeat lies in the neutral level, it can be either flat or ascending. Zatakt can be either smooth or descending, its level is low. The prevalence of pre-beats depends on the lexical content of the model.
Sentences of this type, in which the tone rises sharply when pronouncing an interrogative word, and then sharply decreases towards the end of the sentence, require repeated training in the formation of the skill of authentic intonation of the interrogative sentence, which, among other things, should be the subject of phonetic charging in the classroom.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Galskova N.D., Gez N.I. Theory of teaching foreign languages. Linguodidactics and methodology. - M.: Akademia, 2004.
2. Milyukova N.A., Nork O.A. Phonetics of the German language. - M.: Academy, 2004.
3. Baranova M.V. Improving oral and written speech using the original text of the novel "Two Women" by Diana Beata Helman: an educational method. allowance. - St. Petersburg: Leningrad State University im. A.S. Pushkin, 2006.
4. Uroeva R.M., Kuznetsova O.F. Reference book on phonetics and grammar of the German language (for 1st and 2nd courses of correspondence departments and faculties). - M.: Higher school, 1972.