2.1. Principles, methods and means of ensuring the safety of activities.
Principle- this is an idea, a thought, a basic position. Method is a way, a way to achieve the goal, proceeding from the knowledge of the most general patterns. The principles and methods of ensuring security are interrelated in a certain way and are classified as private, special, in contrast to common methods inherent in dialectics and logic.
Facilities security in a broad sense is a constructive, organizational, material embodiment, a concrete implementation of principles and methods.
Since any of his activities can cause harm to a person, life safety studies the dangers of the industrial, domestic and urban environment, both in conditions Everyday life, and in the event of emergency situations of man-made and natural origin.
The basis scientific problem security a person is supposed to axiom of potential danger, which claims that any activity is potentially dangerous. This axiom has at least two important implications for building security systems:
The inability to develop (find) an absolutely safe type of human activity (for example, considering the production activity of a person, it is impossible to create an absolutely safe technique or technological process);
No activity can provide absolute safety for a person (there are no zero risks).
The implementation of the goals and objectives of life safety includes the following main stages scientific activity :
Identification and description of the impact zones of the hazards of the technosphere and its individual elements (enterprises, machines, devices, etc.);
Development and implementation of the most effective systems and methods of protection against hazards;
Formation of systems for monitoring hazards and managing the state of safety of the technosphere;
Development and implementation of measures to eliminate the consequences of the manifestation of hazards;
Organization of training of the population in the basics of safety and training of specialists in life safety.
The main task of the science of life safety is a preventive analysis of the sources and causes of hazards, forecasting and assessing their impact in space and time.
When determining main practical functions of the BJD should be considered historical sequence of negative impacts, formation of zones of their action and protective measures.
The identity of the sources of influence in all zones of the technosphere requires the formation of common approaches and solutions in such areas of protective activity as labor safety, life safety and security natural environment . All this is achieved by the implementation of the main functions of the Belarusian Railways.
These include:
Description of the living space by its zoning according to the values of negative factors based on the examination of the sources of negative impacts, their relative position and mode of action, as well as taking into account the climatic, geographical and other features of the region or zone of activity;
Formation of safety and environmental requirements for sources of negative factors - the appointment of maximum allowable emissions (MAP), discharges (MPD), energy impacts (MAI), acceptable risk, etc.;
Organization of monitoring of the state of the habitat and inspection control of sources of negative impacts;
Development and use of means of ecobioprotection;
Implementation of measures to eliminate the consequences of accidents and other emergencies;
Education of the population in the basics of safety and training of specialists of all levels and forms of activity to implement the requirements of safety and environmental friendliness.
Main directions practical activities in the field of BJD are the prevention of causes and the prevention of conditions for the occurrence dangerous situations.
2.2. The concept of risk.
In those cases when the flows of masses and energies from the source of negative impact into the environment can grow rapidly and reach excessively high values (for example, in case of accidents or other emergencies), the acceptable probability (risk) of such an event is taken as a safety criterion.
Risk - the probability of a negative impact in the area of human presence.
The value of risk from a particular danger can be obtained from the statistics of accidents, cases of illness, cases of violent acts against members of society for various periods of time: shift, day, week, quarter, year. The probability of occurrence of emergency situations in relation to technical objects and technologies is estimated on the basis of statistical data or theoretical studies.
When using statistical data the magnitude of the risk determined by the formula
R = (N chs / N o) ≤ R add,
where R- risk; N chs - the number of emergency events per year; N o is the total number of events per year; R add - acceptable risk.
Hazards can be realized in the form of injuries or diseases only if the zone of hazard formation (noxosphere) intersects with the zone of human activity (homosphere). In production conditions, where the working area and the source of danger are one of the elements of the production environment, there are individual and collective (social) risk.
Individual risk characterizes the realization of the danger of a certain type of activity for a particular individual. The indicators of occupational injuries and occupational morbidity used in our country, such as the frequency of accidents and occupational diseases, are an expression of individual occupational risk.
Collective risk- this is an injury or death of two or more people from the impact of hazardous and harmful production factors. The use of risk as a single harm index when assessing the impact of various negative factors on a person is now beginning to be used to reasonably compare the safety of various sectors of the economy and types of work, to argue social benefits and benefits for a certain category of people.
Acceptable risk. This is such a low level of mortality, injury or disability of people that does not affect the economic performance of an enterprise, sector of the economy or the state. The need to form the concept of acceptable (tolerable) risk is due to the impossibility of creating an absolutely safe activity (technological process). Acceptable risk combines technical, economic, social and political aspects and represents some compromise between the level of safety and the possibilities of achieving it. Economic Opportunities to Improve Safety technical systems are not limitless. So, in production, spending excessive funds on improving the safety of technical systems can cause damage social sphere production (reducing the cost of purchasing overalls, medical care, etc.).
Currently there are ideas about the quantities acceptable (acceptable) and unacceptable risk. Unacceptable risk has a probability of realization of a negative impact of more than 10 -3 , acceptable - less than 10 -6 . With risk values from 10 -3 to 10 -6, it is customary to distinguish between the transition range of risk values.
There are four methodological approach to the definition of risk:
1. Engineering, based on statistics, calculation of frequencies, probabilistic safety analysis, construction of hazard trees.
2. model based on building models of the impact of harmful factors on an individual, social, professional groups, etc.
3. Expert, in which the probability of events is determined on the basis of a survey of experienced specialists, i.e. experts.
4. Sociological based on a population survey.
It is necessary to apply these methods in combination, since they reflect different aspects of risk, and for the first two methods there is not always sufficient data.
2.3. The concept of security. Security systems.
Security- this is a state of activity in which, with a certain probability, potential hazards that affect human health are excluded.
All hazards are then real when they affect specific objects (objects of protection). Objects of protection, as well as sources of danger, are diverse. Each component environment may be subject to hazard protection. In order of priority, the objects of protection include: man, society, state, natural environment (biosphere), technosphere, etc.
Speaking about the implementation of the security state, it is necessary to consider the object of protection and the totality of the dangers acting on it.
Security systems according to the objects of protection, which actually exist at the present time, fall into the following main types: personal and collective security a person in the process of his life; system environmental protection(biosphere); system state security and system global security.
Integrated system under production conditions are the following protection measures: legal, organizational, economic, technical, sanitary and hygienic and treatment and prophylactic.
To ensure the safety of a specific production activity, the following three conditions (tasks) must be met:
- First- a detailed analysis (identification) of the hazards generated in the activity under study is carried out. The analysis should be carried out in the following sequence: elements of the habitat (production environment) are identified as sources of danger. Then, an assessment is made of the hazards present in the activity under consideration in terms of qualitative, quantitative, spatial and temporal indicators.
- Second- effective measures are being developed to protect humans and the environment from identified hazards. Effective means such measures to protect a person at work, which, with a minimum of material costs, give the greatest effect: they reduce morbidity, injuries and mortality.
- Third- effective measures are developed to protect against the residual risk of this activity (technological process). They are necessary, since it is impossible to ensure absolute security of activity. These measures are used when it is necessary to save a person or the environment. In the conditions of production, such work is performed by health services, fire safety, emergency response services, etc.
Security - state of the protected object, at which the impact on it of all flows of matter, energy and information does not exceed the maximum allowable values.
Thus, the desire of a person to achieve high productivity of his activity, comfort and personal security in an intensively developing technosphere is accompanied by an increase in the number of tasks solved in the “human life safety” system.
Solving problems related to ensuring the safety of human life is the foundation for solving security problems at higher levels: technospheric, regional, biospheric, global.
To fulfill the conditions (tasks) for ensuring the safety of activities, it is necessary to choose the principles of ensuring safety, determine the methods for ensuring the safety of activities and use the means of ensuring the safety of a person and the production environment.
Preventive - warning, safety; ahead of the actions of the opposite side.
1. Theoretical basis and practical functions of the BJD
The concept of "life safety" is very multifaceted and means, among other things, the science of the safe interaction of a person with the technosphere, and in a broader sense - with the environment. In other words, traditionally, in this scientific direction, only the local system of vital activity is considered mainly as a
developing a kind of security foundation for a higher-level system, the so-called global system of life. Accordingly, it is possible to single out the space of local life safety, which is part of a more general space of global life safety.
In addition, when speaking about local life safety, it should be taken into account that in recent times there has also been a tendency for a generalized consideration of life safety as a complex system property that requires the use systems approach to the problem of protection of political, entrepreneurial, informational and other types of activities that are not so much technogenic as social in nature.
Risk is the ratio of certain realized hazards (injury, occupational disease, death of a person at work) to the possible number for a certain period of time.
To analyze the state of labor protection in production, individual, social and technical risks can be distinguished.
Individual risk characterizes the danger of a certain type for an individual. Social risk (group risk) is the risk of danger for a certain group of people (including those united on a professional basis). AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA
Technical risk expresses the probability of accidents during the operation of machinery and equipment, the implementation of technological processes, operation of industrial buildings.
Thus, reducing the number of negative production factors, i.e. by reducing the base of the pyramid, the number of accidents can be proportionately reduced. Consequently, the main strategy in reducing production risk is presented as a scrupulous identification of negative factors of the labor production process and the systematic exclusion of these factors at all stages of the labor process and at all stages of the life cycle of elements of the production environment. First of all, the factors that are the causes of accidents at work are determined and, if possible, completely excluded.
The solution of life safety problems must be carried out on a scientific basis.
Science is the development and theoretical systematization of objective knowledge about reality.
In the near future, humanity must learn to predict negative impacts and ensure the safety of decisions made at the stage of their development, and to protect against existing negative factors, create and actively use protective equipment and measures, limiting the areas of action and levels of negative factors in every possible way.
The implementation of goals and objectives in the system of "human life safety" is a priority and should be developed on a scientific basis.
The science of life safety explores the world of dangers operating in the human environment, develops systems and methods for protecting a person from dangers. In the modern sense, life safety studies the dangers of the industrial, domestic and urban environment both in everyday life and in the event of emergencies of man-made and natural origin. The implementation of the goals and objectives of life safety includes the following main stages of scientific activity:
Identification and description of the impact zones of the hazards of the technosphere and its individual elements (enterprises, machines, devices, etc.);
Development and implementation of the most effective systems and methods of protection against hazards;
Formation of systems for monitoring hazards and managing the state of safety of the technosphere;
Development and implementation of measures to eliminate the consequences of the manifestation of hazards;
Organization of education of the population in the basics of safety and training of specialists in life safety.
The main task of the science of life safety is a preventive analysis of the sources and causes of hazards, forecasting and assessing their impact in space and time.
The modern theoretical base of the BJD should contain at least:
Methods for analyzing hazards generated by elements of the technosphere;
Fundamentals of a comprehensive description of negative factors in space and time, taking into account the possibility of their combined impact on a person in the technosphere;
Fundamentals of the formation of initial indicators of environmental friendliness for newly created or recommended elements of the technosphere, taking into account its state;
Fundamentals of managing the safety indicators of the technosphere based on monitoring hazards and applying the most effective measures and means of protection;
Fundamentals of the formation of requirements for the safety of activities to the operators of technical systems and the population of the technosphere.
When determining the main practical functions of the Belarusian Railways, it is necessary to take into account the historical sequence of the occurrence of negative impacts, the formation of their zones of action and protective measures. For a long time, the negative factors of the technosphere had the main impact on a person only in the sphere of production, forcing him to develop safety measures. The need for more complete human protection in industrial areas has led to labor protection. Today, the negative impact of the technosphere has expanded to the limit, when people in the urban space and housing, the biosphere adjacent to industrial zones, have also become objects of protection.
In almost all cases of manifestation of hazards, the sources of impact are elements of the technosphere with their emissions, discharges, solid waste, energy fields and radiation. The identity of the sources of influence in all zones of the technosphere inevitably requires the formation of common approaches and solutions in such areas of protective activity as labor safety, life safety and environmental protection. All this is achieved by the implementation of the main functions of the Belarusian Railways. These include:
Description of the living space by its zoning according to the values of negative factors based on the examination of the sources of negative impacts, their relative location and mode of operation, as well as taking into account the climatic, geographical and other features of the region or zone of activity;
Formation of safety and environmental requirements for sources of negative factors - the appointment of maximum allowable emissions (MAP), discharges (MPD), energy impacts (MAI), acceptable risk, etc.;
Organization of monitoring of the state of the habitat and inspection control of sources of negative impacts;
Development and use of means of ecobioprotection;
Implementation of measures to eliminate the consequences of accidents and other emergencies;
Education of the population in the basics of BJD and training of specialists
BJD is the science of preserving human health and safety in everyday life, production and emergency situations. Her goals :
achievement of accident-free situations;
injury prevention;
maintaining health;
increase in working capacity;
improving the quality of work.
In the course of achieving these goals, decides the following tasks:
identification of negative environmental impacts;
protection from dangers or their prevention;
elimination of the consequences of hazards;
creation of a comfortable state of the human environment.
Stages of scientific activity:
Identification and description of zones of influence of the technosphere and its individual elements;
development and implementation of effective systems and methods of protection against hazards;
formation of systems for monitoring hazards and managing the state of safety of the technosphere;
development and implementation of measures to eliminate the consequences of the manifestation of hazards;
organization of training of the population in the basics of security and training of specialists in the life safety.
Functions of practical activity:
Description of the living space according to the values of negative factors, taking into account the climatic, geographical features of the region or zone of activity;
setting maximum allowable emissions, discharges, concentrations, etc.;
organization of condition control and inspection control of hazard sources;
development and use of means of ecobioprotection;
implementation of measures to eliminate the consequences of accidents and other emergencies.
organizing training of the population in the basics of security and training of specialists at all levels on security issues.
6. The role and tasks of executives in ensuring life safety.
The production manager is responsible for:
Provide optimal (permissible) conditions for the work of employees subordinate to him.
Identify traumatic and harmful factors associated with the production process.
Ensure the use and proper operation of protective equipment for workers and the environment.
Constantly (periodically) monitor the conditions of activity, the level of impact of traumatic and harmful factors on workers.
Organize instruction or training of employees in safe methods of activity.
Personally observe safety rules and monitor their observance by subordinates.
In the event of accidents, organize rescue of people, localization of fire, impact electric current, chemical and other hazardous effects.
7. Functions and structure of the nervous system.
Functions:
interacts with the environment;
unites the organs and systems of the body into a single whole and coordinates their activity;
carries out mental activity (sensations, perception, thinking)
The nervous system is conditionally divided into two parts: somatic (controlling the muscles of the skeleton and some internal organs - tongue, larynx, pharynx), vegetative (innervating all the muscles of the skin, blood vessels, organs).
The nervous system is divided into central (spinal cord and brain) and peripheral (nerve roots, nodes, plexuses, peripheral nerve endings) departments. The central and peripheral parts of the nervous system contain elements of the somatic and vegetative parts, which achieves unity nervous system.
The structural and functional unit of the nervous system is the nerve cell ( neuron ). The main properties of nerve fibers are excitability and conduction . The conduction of excitation along the fiber is possible only in the case of its anatomical integrity and normal physiological state. Excitation is also not carried out when squeezing, cessation of blood supply, with severe cooling, poisoning with poisons or drugs, when using certain medicinal substances (novocaine)
The place of transmission of nerve excitation from one nerve cell to another, or from a nerve cell to a muscle or glandular cell, is called synapse. Synapses provide unilateral conduction of excitation.
Nerves that conduct excitation from the central nervous system to the working organs - descending, centrifugal or motor . Nerves that transmit excitation from organs and parts of the body to the central nervous system - ascending, centripetal or sensitive. Motor nerves end with motor endings - effectors , sensory nerves with sensory endings receptors .
Receptors - specialized nerve cells that have selective sensitivity to the effects of certain factors.
The functions of the nervous system are carried out according to the mechanism reflex (reaction of the body to irritation from external or internal environment mediated by the CNS).
The basis of any reflex is the activity of a system of neurons connected to each other, forming the so-called reflex arc .
Elements of the reflex arc:
receptor that converts stimulus energy into nervous process associated with an efferent neuron.
The central nervous system (its various levels from the spinal cord to the brain), where excitation is converted into a response and switched from centripetal to centrifugal fibers.
efferent neuron that performs a response (motor or secretory).
A prerequisite for the implementation of the reflex is the integrity of all elements of the reflex arc.
Spinal cord located in the spinal canal. Performs reflex and conduction functions. Departments:
lumbar
sacral.
Brain located in the cranial cavity. Departments:
terminal brain or large hemispheres;
diencephalon;
midbrain;
cerebellum;
medulla.
The cerebral cortex is the highest part of the central nervous system, which appeared last in the process of evolution and is formed before other parts of the brain in the course of individual development.
With a relatively small weight (only 2% of the total body weight), the bark consumes about 18% of the oxygen entering the body. Therefore, even a short-term cessation of blood circulation (for a few seconds) leads to loss of consciousness, and 5-6 minutes after bleeding, the brain dies.
One of the most important functions of the cerebral cortex is analytical, i.e. there is an analysis of signals from all receptors of the body and the synthesis of responses.
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The concept of "life safety" is very multifaceted and means, among other things, the science of the safe interaction of a person with the technosphere, and in a broader sense - with the environment. In other words, traditionally, in this scientific direction, only local the system of vital activity as forming a kind of security foundation for a system of a higher level, the so-called global system of vital activity. Accordingly, it is possible to single out the space of local life safety, which is part of a more general space of global life safety.
In addition, speaking of local life safety, it should be taken into account that recently there has also been a tendency to generalize the consideration of life safety as a complex system property that requires the use of a systematic approach to the problem of security of political, entrepreneurial, informational and other types of activities that are not so much man-made, how much social character.
Risk is the ratio of certain realized hazards (injury, occupational disease, death of a person at work) to the possible number for a certain period of time.
To analyze the state of labor protection in production, individual, social and technical risks can be distinguished.
Individual risk characterizes the danger of a certain type for an individual. Social risk (group) is the risk of danger for a certain group of people (including those united on a professional basis).
Technical risk expresses the probability of accidents during the operation of machinery and equipment, the implementation of technological processes, the operation of industrial buildings.
Thus, reducing the number of negative production factors, i.e. by reducing the base of the pyramid, the number of accidents can be proportionately reduced. Consequently, the main strategy in reducing production risk is presented as a scrupulous identification of negative factors of the labor production process and the systematic exclusion of these factors at all stages of the labor process and at all stages of the life cycle of elements of the production environment. First of all, the factors that are the causes of accidents at work are determined and, if possible, completely excluded.
The solution of life safety problems must be carried out on a scientific basis.
Science is the development and theoretical systematization of objective knowledge about reality.
In the near future, humanity must learn to predict negative impacts and ensure the safety of decisions made at the stage of their development, and to protect against existing negative factors, create and actively use protective equipment and measures, limiting the areas of action and levels of negative factors in every possible way.
The implementation of goals and objectives in the system of "human life safety" is a priority and should be developed on a scientific basis.
The science of life safety explores the world of dangers operating in the human environment, develops systems and methods for protecting a person from dangers. In the modern sense, life safety studies the dangers of the industrial, domestic and urban environment both in everyday life and in the event of emergencies of man-made and natural origin. The implementation of the goals and objectives of life safety includes the following main stages of scientific activity:
identification and description of the impact zones of the hazards of the technosphere and its individual elements (enterprises, machines, devices, etc.);
development and implementation of the most effective systems and methods of protection against hazards;
formation of systems for monitoring hazards and managing the state of safety of the technosphere;
development and implementation of measures to eliminate the consequences of the manifestation of hazards;
organization of training of the population in the basics of safety and training of specialists in life safety.
The main task of the science of life safety is a preventive analysis of the sources and causes of hazards, forecasting and assessing their impact in space and time.
The modern theoretical base of the BJD should contain at least:
methods for analyzing hazards generated by elements of the technosphere;
the basics of a comprehensive description of negative factors in space and time, taking into account the possibility of their combined impact on a person in the technosphere;
the basis for the formation of initial indicators of environmental friendliness for newly created or recommended elements of the technosphere, taking into account its state;
basics of managing the safety indicators of the technosphere, intentions and means of protection;
bases for the formation of requirements for the safety of activities to the operators of technical systems and the population of the technosphere.
When determining the main practical functions of the Belarusian Railways, it is necessary to take into account the historical sequence of the occurrence of negative impacts, the formation of their zones of action and protective measures. For a long time, the negative factors of the technosphere had the main impact on a person only in the sphere of production, forcing him to develop safety measures. The need for more complete human protection in industrial areas has led to labor protection. Today, the negative impact of the technosphere has expanded to the limit, when people in the urban space and housing, the biosphere adjacent to industrial zones, have also become objects of protection.
In almost all cases of manifestation of hazards, the sources of impact are elements of the technosphere with their emissions, discharges, solid waste, energy fields and radiation. The identity of the sources of influence in all zones of the technosphere inevitably requires the formation of common approaches and solutions in such areas of protective activity as labor safety, life safety and environmental protection. All this is achieved by the implementation of the main functions of the Belarusian Railways. These include:
description of the living space by its zoning according to the values of negative factors based on the examination of the sources of negative impacts, their mutual location and mode of operation, as well as taking into account the climatic, geographical and other features of the region or zone of activity;
formation of safety and environmental requirements for the sources of negative factors - the appointment of maximum allowable emissions (MAP), discharges (MPD), energy impacts (MAI), acceptable risk, etc.;
organization of monitoring of the state of the habitat and inspection control of sources of negative impacts;
development and use of means of ecobioprotection;
implementation of measures to eliminate the consequences of accidents and other emergencies;
education of the population in the basics of BJD and training of specialists
all levels and forms of activity to the implementation of safety and environmental requirements.
Not all functions of the BDZ are now equally developed and put into practice. There are certain developments in the field of creation and application of means of ecobioprotection, in the formation of safety and environmental requirements for the most significant sources of negative impacts, in the organization of monitoring the state of the environment in industrial and urban conditions. At the same time, it is only recently that the foundations for the examination of the sources of negative impacts, the foundations for the preventive analysis of negative impacts and their monitoring in the technosphere have appeared and are being formed.
The main areas of practical activity in the field of HR are the prevention of the causes and the prevention of the conditions for the occurrence of dangerous situations.
An analysis of real situations, events and factors already today allows us to formulate a number of axioms of science about life safety in the technosphere.
So, the world of technogenic hazards is quite cognizable and that a person has enough means and methods of protection against technogenic hazards. The existence of man-made hazards and their high significance in modern society are caused by insufficient attention of a person to the problem of technogenic safety, propensity to risk and neglect of danger. This is largely due to the limited knowledge of a person about the world of dangers and the negative consequences of their manifestation.
In principle, the impact of harmful technogenic factors can be completely eliminated by man; the impact of technogenic traumatic factors is limited to an acceptable risk due to the improvement of sources of danger and the use of protective equipment; exposure to natural hazards may be limited by preventive and protective measures.
Tasks and functions of the Belarusian Railways
The USSR Civil Defense became the foundation for organizing a centralized system for alerting the authorities and the population, accumulating a fund of shelters and shelters, personal protective equipment, stocks of technical equipment and devices for equipping the forces, etc.
However, this system was based on specific social and economic conditions. Therefore, existing within the rigid centralized state, GO USSR wore and negative traits command and control system. The absence of a legal and economic base in this area deprived civil defense of a reliable support.
In addition, in the late 80's. 20th century there have been a number of disasters Chernobyl accident in 1986, Spitak earthquake in 1988, a train crash in Bashkiria in 1989), which demonstrated a low degree of readiness of the civil defense forces to eliminate peacetime emergencies. This led to the reform of the USSR Civil Defense, which in the early 90s. 20th century became an integral part of the United state system prevention and liquidation of emergency situations.
It should be noted that in our country citizens were trained in the field of security. Until the beginning of the 90s. 20th century disciplines "Labor protection", "Civil defense" and "Nature protection" were taught as independent disciplines. However, as it turned out later, these sciences have much in common. All of them study the interaction of a person and his environment (natural, technogenic), their mutual influence, and also develop measures to preserve human life and health in the process of this interaction. Moreover, it was found that harmful production factors affect not only people working in industry, but also the entire population of cities as a whole.
AT last years 20th century the conclusion that the system of knowledge about the protection of people and the environment from the dangers caused by human activities should become an independent science became generally accepted. Therefore, a new integral academic discipline was created - "Life Safety" (BZD). In 1990 in educational plans universities introduced the course of the safety of life, and in 1991 schools began to teach the course "Fundamentals of life safety".
By the end of the XX century. it was found that the dangers are constantly growing, and the means of protection against them are created and improved with a delay. The severity of security problems has always been assessed by the result of the impact of negative factors - the number of victims, material damage, the disappearance of many species of animals and plants.
Protective measures formulated on this basis have turned out to be untimely, insufficient and, as a result, ineffective. An example is the environmental boom that began in the 1970s. thirty years late, which to this day in many countries, including Russia, has not gained the necessary strength.
Assessing the consequences of the impact of negative factors on the final result is a gross miscalculation of mankind, which led to huge victims and the crisis of the biosphere.
The problems facing humanity in early XXI c., are too big. In particular, this is the problem of the accumulation of nuclear weapons. As studies have shown, its use is simply impossible, since it would lead to a "nuclear winter" - a worldwide environmental catastrophe that destroys the entire human race.
Another serious problem is the degradation of the natural environment. Due to the growth in the scale of industrial production, its impact on the environment, the possibilities of many ecosystems for self-cleaning have been exhausted. It turned out that even having provided human protection, we do not guarantee the safety of flora and fauna.
In addition, the dangers of international terrorism, global organized crime, the criminalization of entire states and regions, the spread of drugs, infectious diseases, etc.
Under these conditions, the approach to ensuring the safety of mankind, based on the principle of "react and correct" (simple application of protective measures, statement of damage, assessment of consequences) is no longer sufficient for the preservation of human civilization. Action on the principle of "anticipate and prevent" is needed. And to implement this principle, it is necessary to form a person of a safe type, to train a citizen competent in matters of security.
Tasks and functions of the Belarusian Railways
Life safety is a field of scientific knowledge that studies the general dangers that threaten every person and develops appropriate ways to protect against them in any human habitat. In addition, BJD can be called the science of safe human interaction with the environment.
The main goal of safety science is to protect a person from the negative impacts of anthropogenic and natural origin and to achieve comfortable living conditions.
The means of achieving this goal is the implementation by society of knowledge and skills aimed at reducing physical, chemical, biological and other negative impacts in the technosphere to acceptable values. This determines the totality of knowledge included in the science of life safety, as well as the place of the BJD in the general system of knowledge.
The tasks of the BZD are:
1. Identification (recognition) of hazards - their types, spatial and temporal coordinates, magnitude, possible damage, probability of implementation, etc.
2. Prevention of possible dangers.
3. Development of systems and methods of protection against hazards.
4. Formation of systems for monitoring hazards and managing the state of environmental safety.
5. Development of measures to eliminate the consequences of hazards.
The listed tasks of the Belarusian Railway can be formulated in one motto: “Foresee danger, avoid it if possible, act if necessary!”.
The Belarusian Railways carries out an examination of the sources of negative impacts, their mutual location and mode of operation, taking into account the climatic, geographical and other features of the region.
The function of safety science is also the formation of safety and environmental requirements for sources of negative factors - the establishment of the values of maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the environment, maximum permissible emissions, discharges, energy impacts, acceptable risk, etc.
The Belarusian Railway organizes monitoring of the state of the habitat and inspection control of sources of negative impacts. Important activities of the Belarusian Railways are the organization of training the population in the basics of safety and training of specialists in the field of the Belarusian Railways, the development and use of ecobioprotection means, as well as the implementation of measures to eliminate the consequences of accidents and other emergencies.
Like any other science, BJD has a number of axioms, that is, provisions that do not require proof.
The first axiom is about the danger of activity. Any activity is potentially dangerous. Since the appearance of the species on Earth Homo sapiens Man exists in conditions of constantly changing potential dangers. Absolute security does not exist.
The second axiom is about the optimal factor. Optimal environmental factors do not cause diseases or health problems detectable modern methods research in the process of work or in the long-term life of the present and subsequent generations. For any environmental factor, such an optimal exposure intensity or concentration can be found.
The third axiom is about the resistance of the human body to the influence of external factors. The resistance of the human body to the effects of external factors is not unlimited, and its limits are different for different people.
The fourth axiom is about risk. The risk of exposure to hazards is constant. The magnitude of the risk is different and depends on the characteristics of the "man - environment" system.
The fifth axiom is about the priority of security issues. Dangers threaten not only a person, but also society and the state as a whole. Therefore, the prevention of dangers and protection from them is the most important state task.
The science of security includes several sections. The first of them - the general theory of security - is a system of ideas and ideas designed to study the full range of dangers for a person from his interaction with the environment and to identify an exhaustive system of security measures.
Ecology develops natural aspects of safe human interaction with the environment. Based on the study of the patterns of interaction between nature and man, she gives recommendations on nature protection, nature management and reproduction of natural resources.
The issues of life safety in the conditions of production are considered by labor protection. It investigates occupational hazards and develops methods to protect workers.
Separate sections make up the "BZD in emergency situations", which ensures the protection of the population in case of accidents, natural disasters, as well as the "Fundamentals of a Healthy Lifestyle", which considers ways and means of maintaining health.
The expediency of studying the BJD as a scientific field and a comprehensive academic discipline associated with an ever-increasing negative impact economic activity to the environment that surrounds a person. The decline in the quality of the environment, the production of new, previously unknown substances, the genetic modification of agricultural plants, the dilapidated production equipment and technological processes, the use of a large number of chemicals and various mechanisms in everyday life require knowledge of the factors that affect the human condition, and the most necessary methods and methods. possible reduction of the negative impact of these factors. Life safety is a complex discipline that is based on knowledge from many disciplines: the basics of ecology, psychology and physiology of labor, chemistry, physics, sociology, demography, and requires a healthy lifestyle.