“Eidetic,” as L.S. Vygotsky, - psychologists call a new direction of the doctrine of subjective visual images observed in children and adolescents in a certain phase of their development, and also sometimes preserved, mostly as an exception, in adults. Eidetic memory is a special type of memory. Eidetic, or visual, memory images are the result of the aftereffect of excitation of the sense organs by external stimuli. They are similar to representation in that they arise in the absence of an object, but they are characterized by such visibility that is inaccessible to ordinary representation. According to the figurative expression of W. James, with eidetic memory, “the brain perceives like wax, but retains it like marble.” The essence of the eidetic phenomenon lies in the fact that a person has the ability to see in the literal sense of the word on an empty screen an absent picture or object that was previously in front of his eyes. Eidetic images occupy, as it were, an intermediate position between after-images and representations, approaching one or the other in individuals.

scientific study human ability to experience vivid images began quite recently - at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1907, the Viennese doctor V. Urbancic drew attention to the ability of hard of hearing people to retain images of objects in their memory for several days. The next day, they described the contents of the pictures presented to them in such detail, as if they continued to see the pictures in front of them. V. Urbanchich did not connect it with the reserve capacity of memory, but considered it a pathology, since he observed this phenomenon in sick children. He called this phenomenon "the subjective-optical image". However, this discovery did not interest psychologists. In 1911, the German professor Eric Jensch (1883 - 1940) took up the study of this phenomenon. He created in Marburg psychological institute a group of like-minded people, which included his brother Walter Jensch, Oswald Koro, H. Freiling and others. E.

Jensch introduced his own name for the phenomenon discovered by V. Urbanchich - eidetism, and for the owner of this ability - eidetic (from the Greek word "eidos" - image).

At present, eidetism is considered as a kind of figurative memory, expressed in the preservation of vivid, visual images of objects after the termination of their interaction with the senses. As E. Jensch has shown, eidetic images have a polymodal nature. He described visual, auditory and tactile eidetism. Olfactory eidetism was already mentioned by G. Hesse, and gustatory eidetism is well known to gourmets.

In order to better imagine the position of eidetism among other psychological and psychophysiological phenomena, E. Jensch proposed an analogy with various shades of orange, which form a continuous series between red and yellow. Like this eidetic image occupies an intermediate position between sensation and representation.

According to a number of researchers, all people have eidetic ability to varying degrees. Moreover, some scientists believe that eidetism is a natural stage in the development of a child, the peak of eidetism falls on 11-16 years. It is believed that in adults it is less pronounced and only a few have this ability for life. Eidetic abilities were noted by some learned artists and writers: I.V. Goethe, D. London, V. Uundt, E. Mach, as well as A. Bely, V. Pilnyak, A. Tolstoy, K. Fedin, O. Forsh and others. Yes, K.

Fedin says: “First of all, I hear what I am writing,” and A. Tolstoy says about the images: “I physically saw them.” A. Einstein could figuratively “see” the current strength, voltage and other abstract physical quantities. When asked how he came to discover the theory of relativity, he said that he imagined himself racing at the speed of light, observing how the earth and everything that happens to it looks in this state.

L.S. showed great interest in the works of the Marburg School. Vygotsky, who highly valued E. Jensch as a researcher-experimenter. In his opinion, "E. Jensch's study of memory can serve as a model ... of experimental psychology penetrating into psychological research."

In a chapter specially devoted to eidetism, in the work “Basic Currents modern psychology”, L.S. Vygotsky defines the essence of this phenomenon as follows: it is the ability to “see, in the literal sense of the word, on an empty screen an absent picture or object…”. L.S. Vygotsky shares the opinion of O. Kro, that for the children of Central Europe the proportion of clearly expressed eidetics is about 40%, and if children with latent eidetics are included in the number of eidetics, i.e. hidden eidetic form, the proportion of eidetics will be almost 100%.

In "Pedology of a teenager" L.S. Vygotsky goes much further and considers eidetism as a natural stage of normal child development. He believes that "... visual eidetic images are characteristic of childhood, in particular, there is reason to believe that they are most characteristic of the earliest childhood"; “in eidetic images, according to L.S. Vygotsky, in an undivided form contains the beginnings of three future independent functions: memory, imagination and thinking, - and ... it is impossible to draw a precise line between the three processes. L.S. Vygotsky agrees with E. Jensch that “figurative representations are… like a transitional stage from perception to representations.

They usually disappear with the end of childhood, but they do not disappear without a trace, but turning, on the one hand, into a visual basis for representations, and on the other, entering into perception as constituent elements. “Memory passes from eidetic images to forms of logical memory, ... it is characteristic for eidetic images that they do not disappear at all from the sphere of intellectual activity of a teenager, but move, as it were, to another sector of the same sphere. Ceased to be the main form of memory processes, they become at the service of imagination and fantasy, thus changing their basic psychological function. Eidetic manifestations reach their maximum by 11-12 years. With the onset of adolescence at the age of 15-16, visual images begin to disappear. In this L.S. Vygotsky saw the influence of the development of speech when concepts begin to take the place of former images. (L. Vygotsky, S. Gellerstein, B. Fingert, M. Shirvind "Basic Theories of Modern Psychology" 1930)

Method of "Visual drawing"

The "Visual drawing" method is a method of visually connecting a symbol with a real image or object visible in this moment. Seeing this real object or image again, a person can also reproduce the remembered symbol. By the concept of "visual connection" we mean the mental drawing of the contour of a symbol on any surface. This method is usually used to memorize numbers and simple symbols. Let's take the following example. Look at this picture and find in it elements similar to the number “7”. Moreover, the figure can be not only in the usual position, but also lie on its side, hang upside down, be small or large, clearly visible or poorly. All this does not matter. The main thing is to find it. So let's take a closer look. That's great, found it. And now let's complicate the task, now find in the picture three numbers “4”, “2” and “9”, located either from top to bottom or from right to left. There is a certain tension, but after a while everything will work out. This method was first proposed by I.Yu. Matyugin in the book "How to develop a good memory."

For many years I have been working as a teacher, trying to give preference to those methods of work that allow you to gain knowledge easily and interestingly. Working with students at school primary school,I use one of the directions practical psychology which is called eidetic.

Eidetic is the development of attention, memory, thinking, imagination, intuition, creativity. Nowadays modern man have to work with an avalanche of information. In order to feel comfortable in this information flow, it is important to know the tools for working with information.

Eidetics is such a toolkit, an ordered set of methods and exercises that help to master the meaningful use of one's imagination to display any information. Knowledge of eidetics gives everyone even more chances, even more opportunities in their development and spiritual growth. It's great!

When working with my students, I choose eidetic methods that are easily adapted to the school curriculum. They are described in the book "Magic of Memory" by Igor Matyugin, the author of this unique technique. In my lessons there is always creativity and fantasy, laughter and jokes.

The basic techniques of eidetics

I think that children should be happy in the classroom! Non-standard techniques evoke positive emotions in children, teach them to see in images, fantasize, think creatively. Figurative thinking is retained by students for life, numbers and letters are no longer just dry signs, they have a smell, taste, color, they talk and move. Fantasy and imagination make children liberated and natural, their thoughts become the same, thus, their creative potential is revealed.

1. One of the most beloved eidetic methods by students is the pictogram method. Children get great pleasure and satisfaction from the tasks performed. A pictogram is an image that conveys some information with a drawing. Pictograms are very good to use when processing texts and poems.

In reading lessons, they are useful both in terms of memorizing words and in terms of developing artistic thinking. First, the whole work is read from beginning to end, then line by line or part of the plan. After that, the student draws a pictogram for each passage. Then I continue to read, and the child listens and draws again. In this case, the picture should resemble text.

After such an exercise, the student thinks about the essence of each word, asks to explain the new and incomprehensible, since in order to draw a concept diagram, you need to imagine everything well. At the same time, the pictogram does not require the ability to draw well, it is schematic, performed very quickly and helps to easily remember and retell the plot.

It is interesting that pictograms help to memorize information without unnecessary stress, without mechanical memorization. material is remembered meaningfully and consciously. Making pictograms, the child reflects on lexical meaning each individual word, whole phrase, line (if we are talking about a poem), talks about the direct and figurative meaning of words, analyzes them, selects words that are consonant with the data.

2. When studying multiplication, I use the following techniques:

- "With zero" - there is an exercise called "The Magician's Hat". If you cover it with any object, a hare or a bouquet of flowers, we will see only a hat. That's the same zero, covering like a hat, any number - gives zero.

The technique of multiplying by one is called "Mirror". Who will we see in the mirror if we look into it? Its reflection, that is, itself. In the same way, any number, looking at the unit in the mirror, will see itself.

As a primary school teacher, my acquaintance with the methods of eidetics has given me a lot. Their use allows you to rationalize the lesson and get the best result. Eidetics makes it possible to study various school subjects with the help of memory, imagination and extraordinary thinking. In general, these methods optimize conscious perception and assimilation curriculum developing active creative thinking skills.

The purpose of the master class

Tasks:

• To give teachers an idea of ​​what eidetics is.
• To acquaint with the variants of games based on the eidetic method for development mental processes older preschoolers.
• Show the possibilities of games based on the eidetic method to consolidate the knowledge that children have in various sections of the OOP DO.

Expected results:

• The participants of the master class will form ideas about eidetics in general, about the need to apply eidetics methods in their work with preschoolers.
• Teachers will get acquainted with the options for games that can be used in working with children.
• The participants of the master class will come up with new plots for an educational game based on the eidetic method to consolidate the knowledge that children have in various sections of the OOP DO.

Dear colleagues, carefully look at the table for 10 seconds.

On the table are the following items: a book, a box, a cup, a house, a doll, a matryoshka.

Please close your eyes (at this time, swap items and cover with a scarf).

Can you tell me where the items are?

(Answers of the participants of the master class)

This game is aimed at the development of figurative memory, thinking, imagination, attention, it is based on the eidetic method.

Topic of my workshop"The use of the eidetic method for the development of mental processes in children of older preschool age."

The purpose of the master class- the development of educational games based on the eidetic method for the development of figurative memory and the consolidation of the knowledge that children of senior preschool age have in various sections of the OOP DO.

So, what is an eidetic? "Eidos" means "image" in Greek. Eidetism - a kind of figurative memory - is a natural and convenient, and simply a necessary ability to very vividly imagine an object that is not in the field of our perception. The Serbian scientist Viktor Urbancic was the first to study eidetism in 1907 as a specific type of memory that is capable of memorizing and reproducing objects or phenomena at a figurative level. He also coined the term "eidetic". A deeper study of this phenomenon was undertaken by the German scientist Eric Jensch in 1911. In Russia, many famous scientists dealt with eidetic problems in the 1920s and 1930s: P.P. Blonsky, L.S. Vygotsky, M.P. Kononova, A.R. Luria, S.L. Rubinstein, B.M. Teplov. L.S. Vygotsky argued that eidetism is a normal phenomenon in the ontogeny of every child.

What is the principle, the essence of the methodology? The eidetic method is based on the principle of figurative associations, thanks to which a child can memorize material faster, better, save it and easily reproduce it. You probably all know very well how easy it is to remember all the colors of the rainbow for the rest of your life according to the simple joke “Every hunter wants to know where the pheasant is sitting”? The thing is that, pronouncing these verses, we clearly imagine a “rainbow” pheasant. An image accessible to the imagination + positive emotions - as a result, a vivid “file” with the necessary information is stored in the memory for a long time. It is noteworthy that this is how the memory of a preschool child works. Such a mental feature must be used in training. Since 1989, the school of eidetics has been opened, educational process which is aimed at the development of abstract-figurative memory in children and adults. The founder of the school of eidetics is Igor Matyugin, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences, author of many scientific papers, a series of books that reveal the basic principles of eidetics and its methods, of which there are more than 20.

Today I want to introduce you to a game based on the principles and methods of eidetics, which I made for older preschoolers (Photographic memory).

I demonstrate the game “Look and remember”, photographs from the collection “Monuments to fairy-tale and literary characters”, a plot picture to consolidate knowledge about the parts of the day with preschoolers.

All games have as one common task- the development of figurative memory, attention, thinking, as well as tasks related to consolidating existing knowledge in children in various sections of the OOP DO. Children like games of this kind very much, they are happy to find the correct answers to the questions posed, the competitive moment stimulates children very well (who has more emoticons at the end of the game).

I tell you that the stimulus material can be the most diverse (you can take ready-made pictures from the Internet, from books; draw a picture yourself; compose an illustration using computer programs etc.). Such a game can be played during the GCD, used to consolidate certain knowledge. The plot of the illustration will depend on the tasks set by the teacher.

I suggest that the participants of the master class divide into teams and come up with plots of pictures and make up questions for them in order to consolidate the knowledge that children of older preschool age have in various sections of the OOP DO. Teams present their work, tell what knowledge children can consolidate using this picture.

I thank the participants of the master class for their work.

I invite the participants to evaluate the master class (lemon - did not like it, banana - liked it, apple - there were questions).

When communicating with a highly erudite person, we are surprised how he manages to remember so many facts, formulas, important dates, historical events, poems, musical works, results scientific research, information on business and at the same time quote the best pages of thematic literature verbatim. It's all about human memory. As a rule, only geniuses come into this world with a phenomenal memory from birth, the percentage of which is negligible (3% of the total population of the planet). Fortunately, you and I have the opportunity to develop our own memory and thinking with the help of eidetics.

A good memory guarantees us fast and high-quality learning, the ability to keep important dates in our heads, and not forget about the list of priority tasks. What is eideticism and eideticism? How does eidetics work? What can we achieve with this technique? What age is it best for? How to learn to memorize quickly?

What is eideticism and eideticism?

The origin of words is rooted in ancient Greek, where εἶδος means image, appearance.

Eidetism is a type of memory that allows you to reproduce in detail the image of a previously perceived object or phenomenon.

The image we are talking about is often perceived visually, however, it can be created using other sensory modalities: auditory, tactile, gustatory, motor, smell.

Eidetics is a technique for the development of figurative thinking. A good example of imaginative thinking is reading a book that is interesting to us. When we are passionate about quality literary text, images in your head appear automatically (the appearance and timbre of the voices of the characters, streets, cities, atmosphere, landscapes). In the future, even after many years, we easily recall what we read. The eidetic method of figurative thinking teaches to create similar images with each perception of new information, which contributes to its high-quality memorization.

In turn, historically, eidetics is considered from three problem areas:

1. eidetics as a private scientific theory explaining the phenomenon of memory - eidetism;
2. eidetics as a general psychological theory on a level with the philosophical and methodological problems of psychology;
3. "integration typology" is a racist and fascist pseudoscientific concept (in Nazi Germany developed by E. Jensch through the "synthesis" of eidetics and National Socialist ideas and slogans)

History of eidetics research

One of the first to describe the phenomenon of eidetism is the Serbian scientist Viktor Urbanchin. The scientist’s research dates back to 1907, from which we can conclude that eidetics is over a hundred years old today.

After 1933 in Germany in Marburg psychological school Erik Jensch conducted colossal studies of eidetism. As a result, an "integration typology" developed - a concept of ideologies that combines eidetics with National Socialist ideas.

Active development of psychology in Soviet time significantly influenced the formation of eidetics. The theory of eidetics was studied by: Pyotr Blonsky, Sergey Kravkov, Sergey Rubinshtein, Boris Teplov, Fedor Shemyakini and others. Scientific articles were published in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia, and in 1930, Academician Alexander Lurieya wrote A Little Book about Great Memory.

Today eidetic is incredibly popular! Psychologists, teachers, doctors, businessmen, writers, students and simply interested people turn to her.

Who is the eidetic technique suitable for?

The popularity of eidetics in our time is quite large. We may hear about child development eidetics, student eidetics, businessmen eidetics, lawyers eidetics… Well, eidetics is open to you if:

• the myth of a bad memory is on your heels, and you have a desire to open up more opportunities in front of you;
• you want to memorize easier and more, learn foreign languages;
• you want to be more creative and do your job more productively;
• you want your child to learn to think correctly from childhood and easily memorize the necessary information.

Eidetics for children

In junior preschool age The child develops the most important skills. Studies have shown that at the age of 3-5 years, children absorb information like sponges, and depending on their environment, a seed of success can be born. We believe that this is one of the most important periods of a person's life, because it shapes him in the future. Children should be as attentive as possible.

Eidetics has a positive effect on children: instead of memorizing homework, they have the opportunity to learn faster and better new material. Often, eidetic training in childhood takes place as games; children do not notice how time flies, perceiving information through associations.

In addition, parents learn to support the methodology in everyday life: give creative tasks, do joint simple exercises, learn poems through images, play games (which not only keep the child entertained, but also develop his cognitive abilities).

Eidetics for adults

It has been scientifically proven that the older we get, the harder it is for us to learn. Therefore, a good investment in your future, in your own professional and personal success is an investment of knowledge. The sooner you acquire this knowledge, the better. Classes with eidetics for adults often take place in mini groups (up to 10 people), as well as individually with a specialist. These classes improve concentration, develop photographic memory, promote non-standard thinking and creativity, guarantee the memorization of educational, work and everyday information.

Methods and results of eidetics.

Most often, eidetics classes are held in the form of training for the development of memory. It includes a psychological conversation, an explanation of the methodology, a set of various exercises, tests. Today, professionals offer different ways conducting training:

• individual consultation via Skype
• field training
• corporate training to improve work in the company
• group trainings
• individual trainings
• family activities

This makes the methodology accessible and understandable. Evaluate its quality of course you.

The site team recommends the school of memory development in Kyiv "Shaleny Ravlik" under the guidance of Elena Kalachikova! Designed trainings for adults and children of all ages. Eidetics is a popular mnemonics that allows you to remember any necessary information in the form of pictures or images in game form. Together with professional educators you will achieve positive results in many ways!

Outcome

It is no coincidence that the phrase “Who owns the information rules the world” is included in a number of winged phrases. When you easily memorize important material for you, you feel confident and have more opportunities, you are an encyclopedia. Learning to think correctly and easier to remember is completely real. Eidetic learning is an excellent investment in your own future.

Children perceive and remember information through the world of images. In the first case, a bright image became the basis for memorization, and in the second case, information imposed on adults. For the first 5-7 years, the right hemisphere, responsible for imagination, develops in a person faster than the left, responsible for logical and analytical thinking. That is why vivid images are so important in the lives of children.

How to help a child remember the necessary information and remember it in time? How to arouse interest, encourage preschoolers to speech activity, give a sense of success?

These questions are answered by eidetics. What does this mean?

Eidetics is not only the development of attention, imagination, memory, various types of thinking, but also a way of presenting educational material . It attracts all the analyzers of the child: it allows not only to see, but also to touch, hear, taste, smell; presents the new through images familiar to children.

The eidetic states that there is no bad memory, but we just often do not know how to use it. And the reason for this is insufficiently developed associative thinking.

The eidetic method is built on simple principles:

Imagination + positive emotions = learned information.

Joyful, fun atmosphere.

Mobility and availability of game material.

Separation of information, according to the characteristics of each child.

Rules for using eidetics:

1. Each game is a set of tasks that a child performs with the help of pictures, toys, tactile cards, cubes, bricks, and the like.

2. Tasks are given to the child in different forms: in the form of models, diagrams, planar drawings, written and oral instructions.

3. The tasks are placed in order of increasing complexity, i.e. they use the principle of folk games: from simple to complex.

4. Most of the games are not limited to the proposed samples, but allow children to compose new versions of tasks, engage in creative activities.

5. Games are not compatible with coercion, they create an atmosphere of free and joyful creativity.

Games should be repeated, because this is a necessary condition for the developmental effect.

Eidetika proposes to build work with children on the basis of:

Free associations associated with objective images;

color associations;

associations associated with geometric shapes;

Tactile associations;

subject associations;

sound associations;

Taste associations;

Olfactory associations;

Graphic associations;

The main question during the training of associative thinking is: “What did you think about?”

Free association games associated with subject matter. From the very name “free associations” it follows that no subject images can be used during classes. After all, young children do not yet have sufficiently formed ideas about the world around them, they have little life experience to build associative links on their own. Therefore, at the first stage of work, the baby needs the help of an adult. You need to start like this:

Educator:

I have a chicken. What did you think?

Children:

I thought about watermelon because chickens love to eat watermelon seeds.

I thought of the sun, because it is yellow, like chickens.

At this stage of the lesson, the main thing is that children learn to justify their associative choice.

Color associations . For this type of work, cards with painted spots of various colors are needed, but not color images of objects or phenomena.

The teacher gives the child or shows the whole group a picture with a spot of a certain color. The task of each is to choose among the pictures of different objects exactly the one whose image he associates with a given color. The child must justify the answer.

For example:

Here is the color red. What did you think?

Children.

I thought about the car because it has to stop at a red light.

I thought of a tomato because it turns red when ripe.

I thought about a bunny; he ate a red apple.

You can change the course of the game: on the contrary, offer a series of subject images and write down: “What color did you think of? Why?"

Associations associated with geometric shapes . For this type of work, you will need pictures with images geometric shapes and various items.

Ask questions in the same way: “I have a circle. What items did you think of?

Tactile associations . For this type of work, you need to have a set of tactile pictures proposed by Professor, Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Igor Matyugin. The main idea of ​​these cards is that each of them has its own texture: fur, sandpaper, flannel, rope, sticks, wax drops, velor...

You can add a card with buttons, buckwheat, pieces of wire, leatherette coated to the collection.

The principles of work remain the same as in the previous types of work: “What did you think about when you touched this picture?” (I thought of a bunny because it is fluffy.....)

Subject associations . This type of association involves the establishment of links between objects, either among themselves, or with their features. To use this technique, you need to have a set of different items: a thread, a stick, a tube, a piece of paper, a piece of cloth, a cone, a chestnut, a pebble, a shell, a coin, a button.

The teacher takes the thread: says: "Long and flexible." What did you think? Or you hold a coin and say: "Round and iron." What did you think? (jar, it is closed with a lid ..)

Partial Display Games . For this game, a house with a window was made (the size of the window corresponds to the size of the picture). The window has shutters.

sound associations . Eidetic uses audio recordings of various sounds and noises. You can create a whole collection of sounds by dividing them into different groups: household noises, nature sounds, musical sounds, street sounds, and the like. There is also a second way to use sounds.

You need to make bags and put various objects in them that generate sounds. For example: put paper in one bag, coins in another, a box with plastic balls, pebbles, beans and the like in others. We put a number of subject pictures (book, onion, hedgehog, leaf) in front of the child on a typesetting canvas and, using a sound bag with cellophane paper, offer the selected sound, after which we ask: “What did you think about when you heard this sound?” (I thought about the book , because when it is flipped, the pages rustle). You should not guess what is in the bags, it is important to create associative images of sounds. In addition, you need to prepare a glass of water, a tube, a pipe, a whistle, a musical hammer. Suggest a sound, such as the clinking of coins, and ask, “What did you think when you heard that sound?” Try to hide behind the palm of these sources of sounds that cannot be put in a bag: scissors, a pipe, a glass of water ...

Taste associations . Perhaps there is not a single teacher who would not play the game “Guess the Taste” with children. But eidetics does not provide for guessing. The question will be the same as before: "What did you think?" For older children, you can use combinations of sweet and hot, salty and cold. Optionally, you can also give tactile and taste sensations: crispy, juicy, solid, liquid, etc.

Olfactory associations . The olfactory analyzer is perhaps the smallest of all those named. Therefore, when involving him in working with babies, one must be especially careful, since the ability to perceive various aromas has not yet been sufficiently studied. You can use olfactory boxes with different aromas: perfume, mint aroma, aromas of herbs, spices.

Drudles are used to develop associative thinking- It's a riddle - a puzzle; a drawing about which it is impossible to clearly say what it is. So children can turn a circle into a sun, a flower, an apple, glasses. Drudles are needed in any class.

For example: they will help to remember animals, vegetables, fruits, transport, plants, etc. When showing a drudle, rotate it at different angles so that the children see as many angles of this image as possible in order to use more of the reserves of the selected drudle. The use of drudles contributes to the development of associative and divergent thinking, memory, teaches to find non-standard approaches to various tasks.

Work with drudles should start from the second half of the year junior group. On the early stages This work uses subject images that are easily associated with the proposed drudle. At this stage, drudles are used and parallel to them are pictures depicting a rainbow, a jump rope, a bucket with a handle, a handkerchief, which are similar in shape to these drudles. When children begin to easily match pictures to drudles, the work becomes more difficult. In practical work, doodles are used separately or included in games. For example, they suggest compiling a story based on a series of drudles that children select on their own and lay them out in a certain sequence, and then come up with a story based on them.

Using these and other eidetic techniques in daily work is an extremely effective, moreover, an interesting way of self-development and the formation of thinking, memory, speech, creativity in preschoolers.