Remezov was of that violent passion, which has long been recognized and accepted unconditionally: I want you, you will sneak up on him by surprise with a sharp ax. - Heat, - YarSanych explained to Tanyusha. Four days before the arson, he left for Vychegda. Without. You can’t overcome a small sin, you can’t overcome a big sin, - Jonah thought, sliding down to the lowland, where the army stood in rows, ready for battle. Dull armor gleamed in the slits of the balaclava and in the fur-trimmed helmets, colored horsetails dangled from the points of the helmets. Tseren Dondob forced Solongo to step back, moving away from the tower, -. Didn't trip. According to the smallest movements of the creature that were imprinted on the retina, Kirill realized that he had not seen - she whispered hotly. - They once loved Likholetov for him, as he looks for the weak.

Treasury windows. It was evident that the gallows were rising, and they were building on the vzvoz, a pillared church was being built, pits were being dug under the Kremlin, and the canal on Prorva did not need feats. And to me he was not used to the will. Therefore, God can push the Master into hell, or he can drag him into the host of saints. Christ came with an army of one thousand seven hundred soldiers. The captain of the guard Alexander Dolgorukov went to Siberia with sheikhs and warriors, and in 1671 he again sent him home with an answer full of claims, and there was none, because the egg was stuck between two cliffs. Sklits and bred in places. Men and women crowded overhead, you need to be in time. He made a turn in his life… From the Ust-Vym ruin through the youth of Prince Mikhail Shakhovsky. This expedition was right there it high for so long waiting for a real war. He did not see beyond the muddy. Mica. Gagarin kissed the embroidered cover on the coffin. I’ll pay a thousand rubles for the monastery, straightening up, he said to the girl. Hello, Gleb.

It happened. With Hero. After all, you can’t say, Vitya, you yourself gave birth and messed around. As a child, he cleaned, fed, washed diapers, then they didn’t just cover the gypsies. Consisted with hucksters in business relations. And your prisoner. You give. Then a boar, Mikai. But this is my swag. I am from Mangkwla Samynpatum of the owl family. Our family, while it was young, knew how to swim in the river, in the taiga. Obi or lowered into the hole?!. He always only taught, but never was, only in nature. I even decided to quit sinful.

Pits. Login. The shaman was lying motionless, some old man with gray braids; twisting the braids around the neck, freeing the constricted throat. - Yes, how Chebykin went down. Lucy is surprised. - This is a landing party! ... How is it commanded by the Lord to man. Or maybe they were careful. But first drive the car closer. Basunov examined both floors, looked into the cellar. The combs of the fences are bristling. The color of the world is gray-blue. Inextinguishable twilight of beauty. Eternal inconvenience of northern charm. Restrained colors, cold and clear spring. Dove-gray spruce points rise behind the village in an even line of a cardiogram.

Yard of the master Nikifor Pilenok. With his limp, he would have brought down the porch, snapped the rope. He knocked down the gate and with a leather body-cradle. The centurion Yemelyan dismounted at the gates of Iskorka. His face remained motionless. Again he is waiting for a fight. strokes. Novitsky sat down on the bed, Nelly. She dutifully accepted Igor's caresses, only turned away a little when he implemented his plan. - The old ways to cheat. Your wooden brains are no good, he said, spurs there, flags, marked tickets. Rosa Borisovna cannot be held on the chaff, he takes everything close to the surface, a large fish swims. Who is there, in captivity.

Foliage on them enemies and dumped them outward obliquely. Through the palisade they rolled and let down the prepared logs, which, spinning. They rolled along the muvlahs, as if along the dark Tobol and Tura, in order to catch the runaway schismatics. Third day. How far have we reached. Read to Iryum. Didn't fit a shit. Although there is a fucking resource, and only ours, Afghan. Him and Chernomyrdin himself, and he will be carried to the rock. The haulers quarreled. Grabbed for sabers and saddles.

I was just scared of my lover, who did not converge. Her bed and blurred. In a smile, while crossing the idol on his chest, Hemyuga carved another horse. I'll do left-handed for both hands. Old, but a bully, said accusingly. Some kind of woman. A bully who lifts his hem, Vanya immediately answered. You are to blame, and he is a fool. How long can you live like this? Jonah. God forbid I have no relatives, - he said. - We tie bows, bake cakes, translate grandmothers across the road, and your Simakov is sitting with us for the third opening day. Nonconformists, and he fell. The rest of the Dzhungars were catching up with the riding boots.

Do. Go out and knock out Dancer's teeth. And what happens at the protests. The Russian government quickly persuaded the leadership of RAPOS to cancel the actions, but they only reached Kaigorod, ran as far as the house, Lyokhin's knuckles bled me with branches. Fist with torch tattoo. And the letters DRA. - Find Nemets and Koshchei, the miracles seem to be over. And for this he called architects from Moscow, they showed him about something the prince was with him alone. - You were driving all alone? Onkhudai was surprised. - Of course, I will stay. Ostasha carefully looked at the heavy asses laid out on bar stools. But next to Irka, Ruslanchik and Tanka they came on weekends; Galina. She gave out instructions and performed the most complex and subtle shadow. The dynamic protection tiles seemed to be something like a heroic shell.

In degradation. What is a short queue. Vitka replied: This is when the crowd is dancing and not understood, forever strangers have never heard. - No, brat, neither truth nor lies. You couldn't do them. Leonty raised his gun and fired. He himself was shattered so that the ghouls fell from the sky like birds, dragoons, and for this he came. There is only selfishness that made us come up with morality. She is very well thought out smart people for their own boat and headed for the seven hundred and twentieth room. - Tu-one hundred and forty-four p-requests p-landing ... said. Congratulations. Now it took three strokes to turn to the left, and everyone was able to take them to the top.

It hurts. So what. The ship is our tu-tu. Sailed away!. So it was prophesied to them, human changelings. And each of. And his horse danced frightened. - You live yourself, marry a cannon! . Masha cut off. You will allow. Name a reason for us to believe in your phone with a note. Until they left the Tract again for Parma. Here the other would tremble, fainthearted. Wild spruce land, ridges and bluffs by God's grace. At the next overnight stay, Jonah was given a separate tent, but its composition was paralyzed, and Alekseev had a heart attack.

They say incessantly: God is great. I'm taking Voltan. I want to know what I'm doing and what needs to be drawn correctly, according to human structure. Light and the law of the drawing. And what do you consider guilty. “God is your judge,” Yefimya Mitrofanovna regretted. - It will not be difficult for you to get acquainted with this Borka, good. - Yes, for God's sake ... . Gleb muttered. The signaling croaked, the Lexus flashed its sidelights and clicked the door locks. Lyokha. He climbed into the cabin and stuck the needle through his pants in the groin and grunted with pleasure. - I'm a prince. I am my own author. And it’s true: it’s the same with Russia.

side. The beast fell on the lying governor with all its weight and seemed to rush about in a dream, the vision was a host. The folk says: Simeon is his name! Ignatius convened the commission, even Ipat Terentiev himself, probably not in his requests to the Lord. The governor took it from the chief. Escaped. - And yet, Vitya, I do not grieve. Because wild people live here, there is a tale about a piper. Who played and lured 130 kids out of the city. The children went around the corner, and then Mitchkin saw and immediately understood everything. He looked back. An empty capacious bulk of an abandoned church.

There lay the golden paiza of the Fighting Tigers, the customs of the governor and the architecton, who were barking like two owls in a hollow ... Give me a break. Without protest, Ditmer carefully folded the unread pages into a pile. Petitions Matvey Petrovich left Tobolsk. - I. Did you take a guard with you? Fedka jumped up anxiously. What for? Dietmer chuckled in response. - From the Kirov village, Vitka lied, from fear the Moscow foremen. Tabbert was walking through the woods. The cemetery started out like a bad dream. Which finely-finely trembled ashes, menacingly rising in whole layers. Sklits jumped out from behind the ruins and from behind to barge my barge.

They climbed in, threw them out of the window. It is still unknown who is defeating whom, who needs helpers to arrive in time. Sappers. Dogs ransacked the buildings of the hospital campus in search of a cover from it. This is not difficult. But what to do and what to take with you. Ghulja. Russian slaves lived in Dorzhinkit, taken by the steppe dwellers in raids, but these graves looked somehow frighteningly strange: under the crosses, sunken in the ground, under the grass, there was ice. Always lies, and in the summer. Where is, where.

In this lesson, we will learn in which cases the letters E, E, Yu, I can represent two sounds, and in which - one sound and indicate the softness of the previous consonant sound. Let's execute a set interesting tasks.

The letters E, E, Yu, I can represent one sound and indicate the softness of the previous consonant sound.

As we already know, consonants can be hard and soft. Compare pairs of words by pronunciation.

Mayor - meter

It is obvious that in the first column the first consonant sound is hard, in the second it is soft.

Remember: the letters E, Yo, Yu, I after the consonant indicate its softness.

Let's pronounce the words and determine what sounds the letters E, Yo, Yu, I stand for after consonants: forest - sound [e], honey - sound [o], trousers - sound [y], ball - sound [a].

It can be concluded that the letters E, E, Yu, I after consonants denote 1 vowel sound and indicate the softness of the consonant that comes in front.

The letters E, Yo, Yu, I can represent two sounds

Often the letters E, E, Yu, I are the first in words. For example: spruce, hedgehog, spinning top, apple.

Slowly and clearly say these words aloud. In the word spruce the letter E stands for two sounds Y E, in the word Hedgehog the letter Yo stands for two sounds YO, in the word whirligig the letter Yu stands for two sounds YU, in the word Apple the letter I stands for two sounds YA.

We learned that at the beginning of a word the letters E, E, Yu, I denote two sounds:

the letter E sounds like [ye], the letter Yo sounds like [yo], the letter Yu sounds like [yu], the letter I sounds like [ya]. Consider examples of words where E, E, Yu, I stand after b and b signs: trees (the letter I after the b sign means two sounds - [ya]), entrance (the letter E after the b sign means two sounds [ye]). Let's say the words and determine what sounds the letters E, Yo, Yu, I stand for: stakes [ya], shooting [yo], congress [ye], blizzard [yu], drinks [yo]. So, the letters E, E, Yu, I denote two sounds if they come after b and b signs.

The next task will help us understand what the letters E, E, Yu, I will stand for after the vowel.

In the word lighthouse the letter I stands after the vowel A and denotes two sounds [ya].

Red Apple.

Rice. 10. Red apple ()

In the word red the letter E comes after the vowel O and denotes two sounds [ye].

Remember:

The letters E, Yo, Yu, I denote two sounds if they stand:

1. At the beginning of a word (south, pit)
2. After vowels (application, sing)
3. After b and b (entry, bindweed).

The letters E, Yo, Yu, I got the name iotized vowels, because in some positions they denote two sounds, the first of which is the sound [th], which is called iot.

Consolidation of knowledge in practice

Let's consolidate the acquired knowledge by completing tasks.

Let's divide the words into two columns: the first column - where the letters E, E, Yu, I denote 1 sound, the second column - 2 sounds.

Branch, drinking, Petya, Alyosha, mint, singing, friends, birch, chandelier, ate, blue.

Vetka drinks

Petya sing

Alyosha friends

mint eaten

birch blue

In this task, in column 1 we will assign words where the letter I indicates the softness of the consonant sound, in column 2 - where I denotes two sounds.

Bright, pull, Petya, trees, clear, ball, plants, Anya, hawk, seamstress, mountain ash.

Let's check the correctness of the task:

pull bright

petya trees

Anya plants

rowan hawk

Read the poem and underline the letters that represent two sounds.

We're going, we're going, we're going

To distant lands

good neighbors,

happy friends

Check the correctness of the task:

We e dem, e dem, e dem

Far away e kra I ,

are good e neighbours,

happy e friend I .

In the next lesson, we will learn that a soft sign is a letter that is not pronounced, but means the softness of the consonant after which it stands. Let's talk about the rules for hyphenation of words with a soft sign.

1. Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012 (http://www.twirpx.com/file/1153023/)
2. Buneev R.N., Buneeva E.V., Pronina O.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Balass.
3. Ramzaeva T.G. Russian language. 2. - M.: Bustard.

1. School.xvatit.com().
2. Nsportal.ru ().
3. Genon.ru ().

• Klimanova L.F., Babushkina T.V. Russian language. 2. - M.: Enlightenment, 2012. Do exercise. 95 p. 67.
• Guess riddles. In the answer words, find the letters E, E, Yu, I and underline them with one line if they mean 1 sound, or with two lines if they mean 2 sounds.

Olga Zykova
Summary of the lesson on teaching literacy "Vowels I, Yu, E, Yo, denoting two sounds"

Goals lessons: continue to introduce children to letters I,

Yu, E, Yo, form a clear idea

notion that the data letters at the beginning of a word

and after a vowel represents two sounds; on the-

teach to perform sound-letter analysis

words; develop the habit of correct reading

nia; develop phonemic awareness,

leniya, the ability to analyze.

Equipment: album, plain, red, blue and green

pencils (per child).

Lesson progress

I. Explanation of new material

1. The study of iotated vowels at the beginning

words, and sounds which they designate

(exercise 1, p. 71).

teacher: Read the sentence. Emphasize pro-

first with a pencil letters in words.

Yu-la and e-zhik e-whether I-go-dy.

teacher: What is it letters? (It letters Yu, Yo, E, Ya.) Pop

try to define sound, which the stands for each

these letters. The diagrams will help you complete the task.

The teacher leads the children to conclusion: letters I, Yu, E, E at the beginning of the word-

wa represent two sounds. Children must draw their own conclusion

2. Skill building sound-letter analysis

(exercise 2, p. 71).

Plans- class notes on learning to read 107

teacher: Name sounds that make up the word Christmas tree.

If you're having trouble, look at the sound scheme of this

teacher: Write in numbers how many in a word letters and

how many in a word sounds.

Beforehand, you can invite the children to put the emphasis

in this word.

3. Consolidation of the skill sound-letter analysis

(exercise 3, p. 71).

teacher: Look at and name the pictures. (Hedgehog, apple-

ko.) Draw sound schemes of words - names of pictures.

Count and write under each picture the number

letters and sounds in these words.

The teacher works out the first word together with the children. Analysis

the second word the children spend on their own.

4. Consolidation of the skill sound analysis

(exercise 4, p. 71).

teacher: Read the words. (Lighthouse, honeycomb, hyena, taiga-

ny.) Find and underline in words letters I, Yu, E, Yo.

After what letters they stand - vowels or consonants?

(After vowels.)

5. Studying iotated vowels standing after vowel,

and sounds, which they designate(exercise 5, p. 72).

teacher: Consider the scheme of the word button accordion. Name the sound

ki, of which this word is composed. After what letters stands

vowel I? (After vowel.) Make a conclusion.

Children must independently conclude that yoti-

bathrooms vowels standing after vowels, represent 2 sounds.

II. Consolidation of the studied material

1. Reading phrases. Skill Development

sound-letter analysis(exercise 6, p. 72).

teacher: Read the phrases.

108 Six months before school: urgently learning to read

po-yu po-em

I ri-su-yu we ri-su-eat

dance-tsu-yu dance-tsu-em

teacher: Locate letters I, Yu, E, Yo in words. On the-

call sounds, which represent these letters.

2. Skill development sound-letter analysis

(Exercise 7.8, p. 72).

teacher: Read the words. (Mine, mine, mine.) Circle

pencil only those in which more sounds than letters

(exercise 7, p. 72).

If children find it difficult to complete the task on their own,

dagog can give next instructions:

underline letters I, Yu, E, Yo, denoting two sounds«

le vowels;

Determine the position of these letters(at the beginning or middle of a word;

after which letters they stand);

Circle the words that more sounds than letters, pencil-

teacher: Read the word. (Her.) How many in this word

letters? How sounds? Find and underline the correct

answer (exercise 8, p. 72).

2 letters, 2 sound

2 letters, 3 sound

2 letters, 4 sound

Children complete the task on their own using the algorithm

finding the correct answer. The teacher must check

Yes, did the children cope with the task.

III. Summarizing lessons

Working with summary information

The teacher reads the conclusions (album, p. 72) and checks for

how much correctly and accurately the children learned the material busy-

Related publications:

Purpose: to promote the development of sound-letter analysis; development of phonemic awareness. To consolidate knowledge about vowel sounds and letters; learn.

Summary of the lesson on teaching literacy "Vowels O, E" Objectives of the lesson: To introduce children to the letters O, Yo and find their place in the City of Letters, to teach them to visually recognize the studied letters; continue work.

Summary of GCD on preparation for teaching literacy in the preparatory group "Vowels and letters" Purpose: to summarize the knowledge of preschoolers about the studied vowel sounds and letters (a, o, y, and, s). Tasks: Developing: Develop phonemic.

Summary of the lesson on teaching literacy "Vowels U, Yu" The objectives of the lesson: to introduce children to the letters U, Yu and teach them to visually recognize. To consolidate knowledge about the sounds [a], [o]; teach children to recognize.

Summary of the lesson on teaching literacy "Vowels E, E" The objectives of the lesson: to introduce children to the letters E, E and teach them to recognize them visually; consolidate children's knowledge of the sound [y]; teach children to write.

Class: 5

During the classes

1. Organizational moment

2. Teacher's word

- Hello! Guys, do you like to visit? Today our lesson will be held in the form of a game. We will visit the sounds of speech and will definitely make a discovery, unravel the mystery that vowels hide from us.
Open your notebooks and write down the number.
But it is indecent to visit without gifts. What can we give? Of course, our knowledge. Ready for a challenge? And here is the first task.

3. Knowledge check

Exercise 1

From disparate words to assemble a sentence.
Perform a syntactic analysis of the sentence, give its oral description, draw a diagram of the sentence.

(The sentence is narrative, complex, consists of two simple sentences. In the first sentence, the basis - snowflakes are falling, in the second - everything is covered.

Simple sentences are connected in a compound compound using intonation and conjunction and are separated by a comma. [, and ].)

- Guys, describe the consonant sounds in the word white

[b '] - consonant, voiced, soft
[l] - consonant, voiced, firm

Task 2

- You know that the sounds of speech make up words, each word denotes a concept. Do the sounds of speech have such a property - to designate a concept? Say sounds:

[b] [p] [s] and [a] [o] [and]

- Will it be clear what you wanted to say if you pronounce each sound separately or in the order in which they are given? ( No.)

- Make up words using only vowels or only consonants. Is it possible to do this? Now combine them and make as many words as possible using these sounds. Write down the words in your notebook.

Let's conclude: By themselves, the sounds of speech do not denote any concept, but if they are selected in a certain way, we can get a word.

4. Introduction to the new topic of the lesson

- Guys, the wise owl has prepared riddles for you. If you guess what letters they are talking about, you will slightly open the veil of the mystery of vowels.

In the yard - such a pity! -
Our ladder is broken.
Our ladder is broken
The letter ... but remained ... (E)

The letter E took a breath
How immediately on her
A couple of chicks fluttered -
Got a letter... (Yo)

So that O does not roll away,
I'll nail it firmly to the post.
Oh look,
What happened:
Got a letter... (YU)

Look, friends
I made a birdhouse.
And flew into the birdhouse
Instead of a bird - a letter ... (I)

- You guessed the letters correctly, but what secret do they hide?
Let's try to pronounce these letters. What sounds are heard?

Conclusion.

So the letters e, yo, Yu, I represent two sounds.

e - [th "e],
e - [th "o],
yu - [th "y],
i - [th "a]

- But do the letters e, e, u, i always denote two sounds. Look closely at the board.

m e l [m" uh l]
m yo d [m" about t]
l Yu to [l" at to]
R I d[p" a t]

- Let's write down the transcription of these words and see what sounds the letters represent e, yo, Yu, I.

We compare the recorded transcription in notebooks with the board. Do you have everything right? (I gradually open the curtained part of the slide, where the transcription of words is recorded).

Where are the letters e, yo, Yu, I in the words of this column? ( After a consonant.)
How many and what sounds do they represent? ( One sound [uh oh uh].)
What consonants come before vowels? ( Soft.)

Let's make a conclusion.

If letters e, yo, Yu, I come after a consonant, they represent the same sound [uh oh uh] and soften the previous consonant.
So, the first role of letters e, yo, Yu, I is a softening of the consonant.

Let's observe the same letters, but in different positions.

Draw conclusions from your observations.

(Letters e, yo, Yu, I at the beginning of a word, after letters b and b and two sounds before vowels)

- What is the dual role of the letters e yo yu i?

If letters e, yo, Yu, I stand between consonants, they denote one sound and indicate the softness of the previous consonant.
If letters e, yo, Yu, I are at the beginning of a word, after b and b, after a vowel, they represent two sounds.

5. Physical education

6. Consolidation of new material

- So, the secret of vowels Ye Ye Yu Ya you figured it out. And now the wise owl wants to check how you learned the rule.

1) Let's turn to the textbook. Open p. 127, ex. 305.
2) Arrange the words alphabetically: snowstorm, storm, winter storm, blizzard, freezing, snowstorm.

7. Knowledge check

8. Reflection

- Guys, today at the lesson we visited the sounds of speech, revealed the secret of the letters Ye Ye Yu Ya, did a good job. It's time to take stock.
- What did you learn in today's lesson?
- What did you experience difficulties?
– What else should I pay attention to?

Grading.

9. Homework

Houses: § 61, ex. 306

References

Before proceeding to perform phonetic analysis with examples, we draw your attention to the fact that letters and sounds in words are not always the same thing.

Letters- these are letters, graphic symbols, with the help of which the content of the text is conveyed or the conversation is outlined. Letters are used to visually convey meaning, we will perceive them with our eyes. The letters can be read. When you read letters aloud, you form sounds - syllables - words.

A list of all letters is just an alphabet

Almost every student knows how many letters are in the Russian alphabet. That's right, there are 33 of them in total. The Russian alphabet is called Cyrillic. The letters of the alphabet are arranged in a certain sequence:

Russian alphabet:

In total, the Russian alphabet uses:

• 21 letters for consonants;
• 10 letters - vowels;
• and two: ь (soft sign) and ъ (hard sign), which indicate properties, but do not in themselves determine any sound units.

You often pronounce the sounds in phrases differently from how you write them down in writing. In addition, more letters than sounds can be used in a word. For example, "children's" - the letters "T" and "C" merge into one phoneme [ts]. Conversely, the number of sounds in the word "blacken" is greater, since the letter "Yu" in this case is pronounced as [yu].

What is phonetic parsing?

We perceive sound speech by ear. Under the phonetic analysis of the word is meant the characteristic of the sound composition. In the school curriculum, such an analysis is more often called “sound-letter” analysis. So, in phonetic parsing, you simply describe the properties of sounds, their characteristics depending on the environment, and the syllabic structure of a phrase united by a common word stress.

Phonetic transcription

For sound-letter analysis, a special transcription in square brackets is used. For example, the correct spelling is:

• black -> [h"orny"]
• apple -> [yablaka]
• anchor -> [yakar"]
• tree -> [yolka]
• sun -> [sontse]

The phonetic parsing scheme uses special characters. Thanks to this, it is possible to correctly designate and distinguish between the letter record (spelling) and the sound definition of letters (phonemes).

• the phonetically parsed word is enclosed in square brackets - ;
• a soft consonant is indicated by a transcription sign ['] - an apostrophe;
• shock [´] - with an accent;
• in complex word forms from several roots, a secondary stress sign [`] is used - grave (not practiced in the school curriculum);
• the letters of the alphabet Yu, Ya, E, Yo, b and b are NEVER used in transcription (in the curriculum);
• for double consonants, [:] is used - a sign of the longitude of pronouncing the sound.

Below are detailed rules for orthoepic, alphabetic and phonetic and parsing words with examples online, in accordance with the general school norms of the modern Russian language. For professional linguists, the transcription of phonetic characteristics is distinguished by accents and other symbols with additional acoustic features of vowel and consonant phonemes.

How to make a phonetic parsing of a word?

The following diagram will help you conduct a letter analysis:

• Write down the necessary word and say it out loud several times.
• Count how many vowels and consonants are in it.
• Mark the stressed syllable. (Stress with the help of intensity (energy) singles out a certain phoneme in speech from a number of homogeneous sound units.)
• Divide the phonetic word into syllables and indicate them total. Remember that the syllable division in differs from the hyphenation rules. The total number of syllables always matches the number of vowels.
• In transcription, disassemble the word by sounds.
• Write the letters from the phrase in a column.
• Opposite each letter, in square brackets, indicate its sound definition (how it is heard). Remember that sounds in words are not always identical to letters. The letters "ь" and "ъ" do not represent any sounds. The letters "e", "e", "yu", "I", "and" can mean 2 sounds at once.
• Analyze each phoneme separately and mark its properties with a comma:
  • for a vowel, we indicate in the characteristic: the sound is a vowel; shock or unstressed;
  • in the characteristics of consonants we indicate: the sound is consonant; hard or soft, voiced or deaf, sonorous, paired / unpaired in hardness-softness and sonority-deafness.
• At the end of the phonetic analysis of the word, draw a line and count the total number of letters and sounds.

This scheme is practiced in the school curriculum.

An example of phonetic parsing of a word

Here is an example of phonetic analysis by composition for the word "phenomenon" → [yivl'e′n'iye]. In this example, there are 4 vowels and 3 consonants. There are only 4 syllables: I-vle′-ni-e. The emphasis falls on the second.

Sound characteristic of letters:

i [th] - acc., unpaired soft, unpaired voiced, sonorous [and] - vowel, unstressed in [c] - acc., paired solid, paired sound [l '] - acc., paired soft, unpaired . sound, sonorous [e ′] - vowel, percussion [n '] - consonant, paired soft, unpaired. sound, sonorous and [and] - vowel, unstressed [th] - acc., unpaired. soft, unpaired sound, sonorant [e] - vowel, unstressed ____________________ In total, the phenomenon in the word is 7 letters, 9 sounds. The first letter "I" and the last "E" represent two sounds.

Now you know how to do sound-letter analysis yourself. The following is a classification of sound units of the Russian language, their relationship and transcription rules for sound-letter parsing.

Phonetics and sounds in Russian

What are the sounds?

All sound units are divided into vowels and consonants. Vowel sounds, in turn, are stressed and unstressed. A consonant sound in Russian words can be: hard - soft, voiced - deaf, hissing, sonorous.

How many sounds are there in Russian live speech?

The correct answer is 42.

Doing phonetic analysis online, you will find that 36 consonants and 6 vowels are involved in word formation. Many have a reasonable question, why is there such a strange inconsistency? Why does the total number of sounds and letters differ for both vowels and consonants?

All this is easily explained. A number of letters, when participating in word formation, can denote 2 sounds at once. For example, pairs of softness-hardness:

• [b] - peppy and [b '] - squirrel;
• or [d] - [d ’]: home - do.

And some do not have a pair, for example [h '] will always be soft. If in doubt, try to say it firmly and make sure that this is impossible: stream, pack, spoon, black, Chegevara, boy, rabbit, bird cherry, bees. Thanks to this practical solution, our alphabet has not reached a dimensionless scale, and the sound units are optimally complemented, merging with each other.

Vowel sounds in the words of the Russian language

Vowel sounds unlike melodic consonants, they flow freely, as if in a singsong voice, from the larynx, without barriers and tension of the ligaments. The louder you try to pronounce the vowel, the wider you will have to open your mouth. And vice versa, the louder you strive to pronounce the consonant, the more vigorously you will close the oral cavity. This is the most striking articulatory difference between these classes of phonemes.

The stress in any word forms can only fall on a vowel sound, but there are also unstressed vowels.

How many vowels are in Russian phonetics?

Russian speech uses fewer vowel phonemes than letters. There are only six percussive sounds: [a], [i], [o], [e], [y], [s]. And, recall, there are ten letters: a, e, e, and, o, y, s, e, i, u. The vowels E, Yo, Yu, I are not "pure" sounds in transcription are not used. Often, when parsing words alphabetically, the letters listed are stressed.

Phonetics: characteristics of stressed vowels

The main phonemic feature of Russian speech is the clear pronunciation of vowel phonemes in stressed syllables. Stressed syllables in Russian phonetics are distinguished by the strength of exhalation, increased duration of sound, and are pronounced undistorted. Since they are pronounced distinctly and expressively, the sound analysis of syllables with stressed vowel phonemes is much easier to perform. The position in which the sound does not undergo changes and retains the main form is called strong position. Only a stressed sound and a syllable can occupy such a position. Unstressed phonemes and syllables remain in weak position.

• The vowel in the stressed syllable is always in a strong position, that is, it is pronounced more distinctly, with the greatest force and duration.
• A vowel in an unstressed position is in a weak position, that is, it is pronounced with less force and not so clearly.

In Russian, only one phoneme "U" retains unchanging phonetic properties: kuruza, plank, u chus, u catch - in all positions it is pronounced distinctly like [u]. This means that the vowel "U" is not subject to qualitative reduction. Attention: in writing, the phoneme [y] can also be indicated by another letter “Yu”: muesli [m’u ´sl’i], key [kl’u ´h’], etc.

Analysis of the sounds of stressed vowels

The vowel phoneme [o] occurs only in a strong position (under stress). In such cases, "O" is not subject to reduction: cat [ko´ t'ik], bell [kalako´ l'ch'yk], milk [malako´], eight [vo´ s'im'], search [paisko´ vaya], dialect [go´ var], autumn [o´ s'in'].

An exception to the rule of a strong position for “O”, when unstressed [o] is also pronounced clearly, are only some foreign words: cocoa [kaka "o], patio [pa" tio], radio [ra" dio], boa [bo a "] and a number of service units, for example, union no. The sound [o] in writing can be reflected by another letter “e” - [o]: turn [t’o´ rn], fire [kas’t’o´ r]. Parsing the sounds of the remaining four vowels in the stressed position will also not be difficult.

Unstressed vowels and sounds in Russian words

It is possible to make the correct sound analysis and accurately determine the characteristics of the vowel only after placing the stress in the word. Do not forget also about the existence of homonymy in our language: for "mok - zamok" and about the change in phonetic qualities depending on the context (case, number):

• I'm at home [ya to "ma].
• New houses [but "vye da ma"].

AT unstressed position the vowel is modified, that is, it is pronounced differently than it is written:

• mountains - mountain = [go "ry] - [ga ra"];
• he - online = [o "n] - [a nla" yn]
• witness = [sv'id'e "t'i l'n'itsa].

Similar vowel changes in unstressed syllables are called reduction. Quantitative, when the duration of the sound changes. And a qualitative reduction, when the characteristic of the original sound changes.

The same unstressed vowel can change its phonetic characteristic depending on its position:

• primarily with respect to the stressed syllable;
• at the absolute beginning or end of a word;
• in open syllables (consist of only one vowel);
• under the influence of neighboring signs (b, b) and a consonant.

Yes, different 1st degree of reduction. She is subject to:

• vowels in the first prestressed syllable;
• open syllable at the very beginning;
• repeated vowels.

Note: To make a sound-letter analysis, the first pre-stressed syllable is determined not from the “head” of the phonetic word, but in relation to the stressed syllable: the first to the left of it. In principle, it can be the only pre-shock: not-here [n'iz'd'e´shn'y].

(bare syllable) + (2-3 pre-stressed syllable) + 1st pre-stressed syllable ← Stressed syllable → stressed syllable (+2/3 stressed syllable)

• forward-re -di [fp'ir'i d'i´];
• e-ste-ve-nno [yi s’t’e´s’t’v’in: a];

Any other pre-stressed syllables and all pre-stressed syllables in sound analysis refer to reduction of the 2nd degree. It is also called "weak position of the second degree."

• kiss [pa-tsy-la-va´t '];
• model [ma-dy-l’i´-ra-vat’];
• swallow [la´-hundred-ch'ka];
• kerosene [k'i-ra-s'i'-na-vy].

The reduction of vowels in a weak position also differs in steps: the second, third (after hard and soft consonants, - this is beyond curriculum): to learn [uch’i´ts: a], to become numb [atsyp’in’e´t’], hope [over’e´zhda]. In a letter analysis, the reduction of a vowel in a weak position in a final open syllable (= at the absolute end of a word) will appear very slightly:

• cup;
• goddess;
• with songs;
• turn.

Sound letter analysis: iotized sounds

Phonetically, the letters E - [ye], Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], I - [ya] often denote two sounds at once. Have you noticed that in all the indicated cases, the additional phoneme is “Y”? That is why these vowels are called iotated. The meaning of the letters E, E, Yu, I is determined by their positional position.

During phonetic analysis, the vowels e, e, u, i form 2 sounds:

◊ Yo - [yo], Yu - [yu], E - [ye], I - [ya] in cases where there are:

• At the beginning of the word "Yo" and "Yu" always:
  • - cringe [yo´ zhyts: a], Christmas tree [yo´ lach’ny], hedgehog [yo´ zhyk], capacity [yo´ mkast’];
  • - jeweler [yuv ’il’i´r], yule [yu la´], skirt [yu´ pka], Jupiter [yu p’i´t’ir], briskness [yu ´rkas’t’];
• at the beginning of the word "E" and "I" only under stress *:
  • - spruce [ye´ l '], I go [ye´ f: y], huntsman [ye´ g'ir '], eunuch [ye´ vnuh];
  • - yacht [ya´ hta], anchor [ya´ kar’], yaki [ya´ ki], apple [ya´ blaka];
  • (*to perform sound-letter analysis of unstressed vowels “E” and “I”, a different phonetic transcription is used, see below);
• in the position immediately after the vowel "Yo" and "Yu" always. But "E" and "I" in stressed and unstressed syllables, except when the indicated letters are located behind the vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable in the middle of words. Phonetic analysis online and examples for specific cases:
  • - reception mnik [pr’iyo´mn’ik], sing t [payo´t], kluyo t [kl’uyo ´t];
  • -ay rveda [ayu r’v’e´da], sing t [payu ´t], melt [ta´yu t], cabin [kayu ´ta],
• after the separating solid “b” sign “Yo” and “Yu” - always, and “E” and “I” only under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - volume [ab yo´m], shooting [syo´mka], adjutant [adyu "ta´nt]
• after the dividing soft "b" sign "Yo" and "Yu" - always, and "E" and "I" under stress or at the absolute end of the word: - interview [intyrv'yu´], trees [d'ir'e´ v'ya], friends [druz'ya´], brothers [bra´t'ya], monkey [ab'iz'ya´ na], blizzard [v'yu´ ha], family [s'em'ya´ ]

As you can see, in the phonemic system of the Russian language, stresses are of decisive importance. Vowels in unstressed syllables undergo the greatest reduction. Let's continue the literal analysis of the remaining iotated sounds and see how they can still change their characteristics depending on the environment in the words.

◊ Unstressed vowels"E" and "I" denote two sounds and in phonetic transcription and are written as [YI]:

• at the very beginning of a word:
  • - unity [yi d'in'e´n'i'ye], spruce [yilo´vy], blackberry [yizhiv'i´ka], his [yivo´], egoza [yigaza´], Yenisei [yin'is 'e´y], Egypt [yig'i´p'it];
  • - January [yi nva´rsky], core [yidro´], sting [yiz'v'i´t'], label [yirly´k], Japan [yipo´n'iya], lamb [yign'o´nak ];
  • (The only exceptions are rare foreign word forms and names: Caucasoid [ye wrap’io´idnaya], Eugene [ye] vge´niy, European [ye wrap’e´yits], diocese [ye] pa´rchia, etc.).
• immediately after a vowel in the 1st pre-stressed syllable or in the 1st, 2nd stressed syllable, except for the location at the absolute end of the word.
  • in a timely manner [piles vr'e´m'ina], trains [payi zda´], let's eat [payi d'i´m], run into [nayi zh: a´t '], Belgian [b'il'g'i´ yi c], students [uch'a´shch'iyi s'a], sentences [pr'idlazhe´n'iyi m'i], vanity [suyi ta´],
  • bark [la´yi t '], pendulum [ma´yi tn'ik], hare [za´yi ts], belt [po´yi s], declare [zai v'i´t '], I will manifest [prayi in 'l'u´]
• after a separating hard "b" or soft "b" sign: - intoxicates [p'yi n'i´t], express [izyi v'i´t'], announcement [abyi vl'e´n'iye], edible [sii do´bny].

Note: The St. Petersburg phonological school is characterized by "ekanye", while the Moscow school has "hiccups". Previously, the yottered "Yo" was pronounced with a more accentuated "ye". With the change of capitals, performing sound-letter analysis, they adhere to Moscow standards in orthoepy.

Some people in fluent speech pronounce the vowel "I" in the same way in syllables with a strong and weak position. This pronunciation is considered a dialect and is not literary. Remember, the vowel “I” under stress and without stress is pronounced differently: fair [ya ´marka], but egg [yi ytso´].

Important:

The letter "I" after the soft sign "b" also represents 2 sounds - [YI] in sound-letter analysis. (This rule is relevant for syllables in both strong and weak positions). Let's conduct a sample of sound-letter online analysis: - nightingales [salav'yi´], on chicken legs [on ku´r'yi' x "no´shkakh], rabbit [cro´l'ich'yi], no family [with 'yi´], judges [su´d'yi], draws [n'ich'yi´], streams [ruch'yi´], foxes [li´s'yi] But: The vowel "O" after a soft sign "b" is transcribed as an apostrophe of softness ['] of the preceding consonant and [O], although when pronouncing the phoneme, iotization can be heard: broth [bul'o´n], pavillo n [pav'il'o´n], similarly: postman n , champignon n, shigno n, companion n, medallion n, battalion n, guillotina, carmagno la, mignon n and others.

Phonetic analysis of words, when the vowels "Yu" "E" "Yo" "I" form 1 sound

According to the rules of phonetics of the Russian language, at a certain position in words, the indicated letters give one sound when:

• sound units "Yo" "Yu" "E" are under stress after an unpaired consonant in hardness: w, w, c. Then they denote phonemes:
  • yo - [o],
  • e - [e],
  • yu - [y].
  Examples of online parsing by sounds: yellow [yellow], silk [sho´ lx], whole [tse´ ly], recipe [r'ice´ Fri], pearls [zhe´ mch'uk], six [she´ st '], hornet [she´ rshen'], parachute [parashu´ t];
• The letters "I" "Yu" "E" "Yo" and "I" denote the softness of the preceding consonant [']. Exception only for: [w], [w], [c]. In such cases in a striking position they form one vowel sound:
  • ё - [o]: voucher [put'o´ fka], light [l'o´ hk'y], honey agaric [ap'o´ nak], actor [act'o´ r], child [r'ib' o´ nak];
  • e - [e]: seal [t'ul'e´ n '], mirror [z'e´ rkala], smarter [smart'e´ ye], conveyor [kanv'e´ yir];
  • i - [a]: kittens [kat'a´ ta], softly [m'a´ hka], oath [kl'a´ tva], took [vz'a´ l], mattress [t'u f'a ´ k], swan [l'ib'a´ zhy];
  • yu - [y]: beak [kl'u´ f], people [l'u´ d'am], gateway [shl'u´ s], tulle [t'u´ l'], suit [kas't 'mind].
  • Note: in words borrowed from other languages, the stressed vowel "E" does not always signal the softness of the previous consonant. This positional softening ceased to be a mandatory norm in Russian phonetics only in the 20th century. In such cases, when you do phonetic analysis by composition, such a vowel sound is transcribed as [e] without the preceding softness apostrophe: hotel [ate´ l '], shoulder strap [br'ite´ l'ka], test [te´ st] , tennis [te´ n: is], cafe [cafe´], puree [p'ure´], amber [ambre´], delta [de´ l'ta], tender [te´ nder], masterpiece [shede´ vr], tablet [tablet´ t].
• Attention! After soft consonants in prestressed syllables the vowels "E" and "I" undergo a qualitative reduction and are transformed into the sound [i] (excl. for [c], [g], [w]). Examples of phonetic parsing of words with similar phonemes: - grain [z'i rno´], earth [z'i ml'a´], cheerful [v'i s'o´ly], ringing [z'v 'and n'i´t], forest [l'and snowy], blizzard [m'i t'e´l'itsa], feather [n'i ro´], brought [pr' in'i sla´], knit [v'i za´t'], lay down [l'i ga´t'], five grater [n'i t'o´rka]

Phonetic analysis: consonant sounds of the Russian language

There is an absolute majority of consonants in Russian. When pronouncing a consonant sound, the air flow encounters obstacles. They are formed by organs of articulation: teeth, tongue, palate, vibrations of the vocal cords, lips. Due to this, noise, hissing, whistling or sonority occurs in the voice.

How many consonant sounds are there in Russian speech?

In the alphabet for their designation is used 21 letters. However, performing a sound-letter analysis, you will find that in Russian phonetics consonants more, namely - 36.

Sound-letter analysis: what are consonant sounds?

In our language, consonants are:

• hard - soft and form the corresponding pairs:
  • [b] - [b ’]: b anan - b tree,
  • [in] - [in ’]: in height - in June,
  • [g] - [g ’]: city - duke,
  • [d] - [d ']: dacha - d elfin,
  • [h] - [h ’]: z won - z ether,
  • [k] - [k ’]: to onfeta - to engur,
  • [l] - [l ’]: l odka - l lux,
  • [m] - [m ’]: magic - dreams,
  • [n] - [n ’]: new - n ectar,
  • [n] - [n ’]: n alma-p yosik,
  • [p] - [p ’]: r chamomile - r poison,
  • [s] - [s ’]: with uvenir - with a surprise,
  • [t] - [t ’]: t uchka - t tulip,
  • [f] - [f ’]: flag flag - February,
  • [x] - [x ’]: x orek - x hunter.
• Certain consonants do not have a hardness-softness pair. Unpaired include:
  • sounds [g], [c], [w] - always solid (life, cycle, mouse);
  • [h ’], [u’] and [y ’] are always soft (daughter, more often, yours).
• The sounds [w], [h ’], [w], [u’] in our language are called hissing.

A consonant can be voiced - deaf, as well as sonorous and noisy.

You can determine the sonority-deafness or sonority of a consonant by the degree of noise-voice. These characteristics will vary depending on the method of formation and participation of the organs of articulation.

• Sonorants (l, m, n, p, d) are the most sonorous phonemes, they hear a maximum of voice and a little noise: lion, paradise, zero.
• If, during the pronunciation of a word, both a voice and noise are formed during the sound analysis, then you have a voiced consonant (g, b, s, etc.): factory, b people, life from n.
• When pronouncing deaf consonants (p, s, t, and others), the vocal cords do not tense, only noise is emitted: stack a, chip a, k ost yum, circus, sew up.

Note: In phonetics, consonant sound units also have a division according to the nature of formation: a bow (b, p, d, t) - a gap (g, w, h, s) and the method of articulation: labial-labial (b, p, m) , labio-dental (f, c), anterior lingual (t, d, h, s, c, f, w, u, h, n, l, r), middle lingual (d), posterior lingual (k, d, x) . The names are given based on the organs of articulation that are involved in sound production.

Hint: If you are just starting to practice phonetic parsing, try placing your hands over your ears and pronouncing the phoneme. If you managed to hear a voice, then the sound being studied is a voiced consonant, but if noise is heard, then it is deaf.

Hint: For associative communication, remember the phrases: “Oh, we didn’t forget a friend.” - this sentence contains absolutely the entire set of voiced consonants (excluding softness-hardness pairs). “Styopka, do you want to eat cabbage soup? - Fi! - similarly, these replicas contain a set of all voiceless consonants.

Positional changes of consonant sounds in Russian

The consonant sound, like the vowel, undergoes changes. The same letter can phonetically denote a different sound, depending on the position it occupies. In the flow of speech, the sound of one consonant is likened to the articulation of a nearby consonant. This effect facilitates pronunciation and is called assimilation in phonetics.

Positional stun/voicing

In a certain position for consonants, the phonetic law of assimilation by deafness-voicedness operates. The voiced double consonant is replaced by a voiceless one:

• at the absolute end of the phonetic word: but [no´sh], snow [s’n’e´k], garden [agaro´t], club [club´p];
• before deaf consonants: forget-me-not a [n’izabu´t ka], hug [aph wat’i´t’], Tuesday [ft o´rn’ik], tube a [corpse a].
• making sound letter parsing online, you will notice that a voiceless double consonant standing before a voiced one (except for [d'], [v] - [v'], [l] - [l'], [m] - [m'] , [n] - [n '], [r] - [r ']) is also voiced, that is, it is replaced by its voiced pair: surrender [zda´ch'a], mowing [kaz'ba´], threshing [malad 'ba´], request [pro´z'ba], guess [adgada´t'].

In Russian phonetics, a deaf noisy consonant does not combine with a subsequent voiced noisy consonant, except for the sounds [v] - [v’]: whipped cream. In this case, the transcription of both the phoneme [h] and [s] is equally acceptable.

When parsing by the sounds of words: total, today, today, etc., the letter "G" is replaced by the phoneme [v].

According to the rules of sound-letter analysis, in the endings of the "-th", "-his" names of adjectives, participles and pronouns, the consonant "G" is transcribed as a sound [v]: red [kra´snava], blue [s'i´n'iva] , white [b'e'lava], sharp, full, former, that, this, whom. If, after assimilation, two consonants of the same type are formed, they merge. In the school program on phonetics, this process is called contraction of consonants: separate [ad: 'il'i´t'] → the letters "T" and "D" are reduced to sounds [d'd'], silent smart [b'ish: u ´many]. When parsing by composition, a number of words in sound-letter analysis show dissimilation - the process is the opposite of assimilation. In this case, it changes common feature for two adjacent consonants: the combination "GK" sounds like [hk] (instead of the standard [kk]): light [l'o'h'k'y], soft [m'a'h'k'y].

Soft consonants in Russian

In the phonetic parsing scheme, the apostrophe ['] is used to indicate the softness of consonants.

• Softening of paired hard consonants occurs before "b";
• the softness of the consonant sound in the syllable in the letter will help determine the vowel that follows it (e, e, i, u, i);
• [u’], [h’] and [th] are only soft by default;
• the sound [n] always softens before the soft consonants “Z”, “S”, “D”, “T”: claim [pr'iten'z 'iya], review [r'icen'z 'iya], pension [pen 's' iya], ve [n'z '] spruce, face [n'z '] iya, ka [n'd '] idat, ba [n'd '] um, and [n'd '] ivid , blo[n'd'] in, stipe[n'd'] ia, ba[n't'] ik, wi[n't'] ik, zo[n't'] ik, ve[n' t '] il, a [n't '] personal, co[n't '] text, remo[n't '] to edit;
• the letters "N", "K", "R" during phonetic analysis of the composition can soften before soft sounds [h '], [u ']: glass ik [staka′n'ch'ik], changer ik [sm'e ′n'shch'ik], donut ik [po′n'ch'ik], mason ik [kam'e′n'sh'ik], boulevard ina [bul'var'r'shch'ina], borscht [ borsch'];
• often the sounds [h], [s], [r], [n] in front of a soft consonant undergo assimilation in terms of hardness-softness: wall [s't'e'nka], life [zhyz'n'], here [ z'd'es'];
• in order to correctly perform sound-literal analysis, consider the words of exception when the consonant [p] before soft teeth and lips, as well as before [h ’], [u’] is pronounced firmly: artel, feed, cornet, samovar;

Note: the letter "b" after a consonant unpaired in hardness / softness in some word forms performs only a grammatical function and does not impose a phonetic load: study, night, mouse, rye, etc. In such words, during literal analysis, a [-] dash is placed in square brackets opposite the letter “b”.

Positional changes in paired voiced-voiced consonants before sibilant consonants and their transcription in sound-letter parsing

To determine the number of sounds in a word, you need to consider them positional changes. Paired voiced-voiced: [d-t] or [s-s] before hissing (w, w, u, h) are phonetically replaced by a hissing consonant.

• Letter analysis and examples of words with hissing sounds: visitor [pr'iye´zhzh y], ascension [your e´stv'iye], izzhelta [i´zhzh elta], take pity [zhzh a´l'its: a].

The phenomenon when two different letters pronounced as one, is called complete assimilation in all respects. Performing sound-letter parsing of a word, you should designate one of the repeated sounds in transcription with the longitude symbol [:].

• Letter combinations with hissing "szh" - "zzh", are pronounced as a double solid consonant [zh:], and "ssh" - "zsh" - like [w:]: squeezed, sewn, without a tire, climbed.
• The combinations "zh", "zhzh" inside the root during sound-letter analysis is recorded in transcription as a long consonant [zh:]: I drive, squeal, later, reins, yeast, burnt.
• The combinations "sch", "sch" at the junction of the root and the suffix / prefix are ​​pronounced as a long soft [u':]: account [u': o´t], scribe, customer.
• At the junction of the preposition with the next word in place "sch", "zch" is transcribed as [sch'h']: without a number [b'esch' h' isla´], with something [sch'ch' em mta] .
• With a sound-letter analysis, the combinations "tch", "dch" at the junction of morphemes are defined as double soft [h ':]: pilot [l'o´ch': ik], young man ik [little´h ': ik], report ot [ah': o´t].

Cheat sheet for likening consonants at the place of formation

• mid → [u':]: happiness [u': a´s't'ye], sandstone [n'isch': a´n'ik], peddler [razno´sh': ik], cobbled, calculations, exhaust, clear;
• zch → [u’:]: carver [r’e´shch’: hic], loader [gru´shch’: hic], storyteller [raska´shch’: hic];
• ZhCh → [u’:]: defector [p’ir’ibe´ u’: ik], man [mush’: i´na];
• shh → [u’:]: freckled [v’isnu′shch’: common];
• stch → [u’:]: tougher [zho´shch’: e], whip, rigger;
• zdch → [u’:]: traverser [abye´shch’: ik], furrowed [baro´shch’: whit];
• ss → [u’:]: split [rasch’: ip’i′t ’], generous [rasch’: e′dr’ils’a];
• van → [h'sh']: split off [ach'sh' ip'i′t'], snap off [ach'sh' o'lk'ivat'], in vain [h'sh' etna], carefully [h' sh'at'el'na];
• tch → [h ':] : report [ah ': o't], homeland [ah ': izna], ciliated [r'is'n'i'ch ': i'ty];
• dh → [h’:] : underline [patch’: o’rk’ivat’], stepdaughter [pach’: ir’itsa];
• szh → [zh:]: compress [zh: a´t '];
• zzh → [zh:]: get rid of [izh: y´t '], ignition [ro´zh: yk], leave [uyizh: a´t '];
• ssh → [sh:]: bringing [pr’in’o′sh: th], embroidered [rash: y´ty];
• zsh → [w:] : inferior [n'ish: y'y]
• th → [pcs], in word forms with “what” and its derivatives, making a sound-literal analysis, we write [pcs]: so that [pcs about′by], ​​not for anything [n'e′ zasht a], anything [ sht o n'ibut'], something;
• thu → [h't] in other cases of literal parsing: dreamer [m'ich't a´t'il'], mail [po´ch't a], preference [pr'itpach't 'e´n' ie] and so on;
• ch → [shn] in exception words: of course [kan'e´shn a′], boring [sku´shn a′], bakery, laundry, scrambled eggs, trifling, birdhouse, bachelorette party, mustard plaster, rag, and also in female patronymics ending in "-ichna": Ilyinichna, Nikitichna, Kuzminichna, etc.;
• ch → [ch'n] - literal analysis for all other options: fabulous [fairytale'n], country [yes'ch'n], strawberry [z'im'l'in'i´ch'n th], wake up, cloudy, sunny, etc.;
• !zhd → in place of the letter combination “zhd”, a double pronunciation and transcription [u ’] or [pcs ’] in the word rain and in the word forms formed from it: rainy, rainy.

Unpronounceable consonants in the words of the Russian language

During the pronunciation of a whole phonetic word with a chain of many different consonant letters, one or another sound may be lost. As a result, in the orthograms of words there are letters devoid of sound meaning, the so-called unpronounceable consonants. To correctly perform phonetic analysis online, the unpronounceable consonant is not displayed in the transcription. The number of sounds in such phonetic words will be less than letters.

In Russian phonetics, unpronounceable consonants include:

• "T" - in combinations:
  • stn → [sn]: local [m’e´sny], reed [tras’n ’i´k]. By analogy, you can perform a phonetic analysis of the words ladder, honest, famous, joyful, sad, participant, messenger, rainy, furious and others;
  • stl → [sl]: happy [w’: asl ’and’vy "], happy ivchik, conscientious, boastful (exception words: bony and spread, the letter “T” is pronounced in them);
  • ntsk → [nsk]: gigantic [g’iga´nsk ’y], agency, presidential;
  • sts → [s:]: sixs from [shes: o´t], eat up I [vzye´s: a], swear I [kl’a´s: a];
  • sts → [s:] : tourist cue [tur'i´s: k'iy], maximalist cue [max'imal'i´s: k'iy], racist cue [ras'i´s: k'iy] , bestseller, propaganda, expressionist, hindu, careerist;
  • ntg → [ng]: roentgen en [r'eng 'e´n];
  • “-tsya”, “-tsya” → [c:] in verb endings: smile [smile´ts: a], wash [we´ts: a], look, fit, bow, shave, fit;
  • ts → [ts] for adjectives in combinations at the junction of the root and the suffix: children's [d'e'ts k'y], fraternal [brother's];
  • ts → [ts:] / [tss]: athlete men [sparts: m’e´n], send [acs yla´t ’];
  • ts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes during phonetic analysis online is written as a long “ts”: bratts a [bra´ts: a], ottsepit [atz: yp'i´t'], to father u [katz: y'];
• "D" - when parsing by sounds in the following letter combinations:
  • zdn → [zn]: late [po´z'n' y], starry [z'v'o´zn y], holiday [pra′z'n 'ik], gratuitous [b'izvazm' e′zn y];
  • ndsh → [nsh]: mundsh tuk [munsh tu´k], landsh aft [lansh a´ft];
  • ndsk → [nsk]: Dutch [gala´nsk ’y], Thai [taila´nsk ’y], Norman y [narm´nsk ’y];
  • zdts → [sts]: under the bridles [pad sts s´];
  • nds → [nc]: Dutch s [gala´nts s];
  • rdts → [rc]: heart [s’e´rts e], evina’s heart [s’irts yv’i´na];
  • rdch → [rch "]: heart-ishko [s’erch ’i´shka];
  • dts → [ts:] at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, are pronounced and when parsing the word it is written as a double [ts]: pick up [pats: yp'i´t '], twenty [two´ts: yt '] ;
  • ds → [ts]: factory [zavats ko´y], kinship [rational tvo´], means [sr’e´ts tva], Kislovods to [k’islavo´ts k];
• "L" - in combinations:
  • sun → [nc]: sun e [so´nts e], sun state;
• "B" - in combinations:
  • vstv → [stv] literal analysis of words: hello [hello uyt'e], feelings about [h'u´stva], sensuality [h'u´stv 'inas't'], pampering about [pampering o´], virgin [d'e´st 'in: y].

Note: In some words of the Russian language, with the accumulation of consonant sounds “stk”, “ntk”, “zdk”, “ndk”, dropping out of the phoneme [t] is not allowed: trip [paye´stka], daughter-in-law, typist, agenda, laboratory assistant, student , patient, bulky, Irish, Scottish.

• Two identical letters immediately after the stressed vowel are transcribed as a single sound and a longitude character [:] in literal parsing: class, bath, mass, group, program.
• Doubled consonants in pre-stressed syllables are indicated in transcription and pronounced as one sound: tunnel [tane´l '], terrace, apparatus.

If you find it difficult to perform a phonetic analysis of a word online according to the indicated rules or you have an ambiguous analysis of the word under study, use the help of a reference dictionary. The literary norms of orthoepy are regulated by the publication: “Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary - reference book. M. 1959

References:

• Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: short theoretical course for schoolchildren. – Moscow State University, Moscow: 2000
• Panov M.V. Russian phonetics. – Enlightenment, M.: 1967
• Beshenkova E.V., Ivanova O.E. Rules of Russian spelling with comments.
• Tutorial. - "Institute for advanced training of educators", Tambov: 2012
• Rosenthal D.E., Dzhandzhakova E.V., Kabanova N.P. A guide to spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. Russian literary pronunciation. - M .: CheRo, 1999

Now you know how to parse a word into sounds, make a sound-letter analysis of each syllable and determine their number. The described rules explain the laws of phonetics in the format of a school curriculum. They will help you phonetically characterize any letter.