4th ed. - M.: 2009. - 352 p.

The textbook contains: grammatical material for the program, designed for 120 hours of study time, and exercises for its assimilation; texts by Latin authors; Latin-Russian dictionary, including the vocabulary of textbook texts. Due to the specifics self-study the book contains tests, guidelines and comments on the texts. The selection of texts meets the interests of a wide range of readers.

For students of humanitarian faculties.

Format: djvu

The size: 2.5Mb

Download: drive.google

Format: pdf

The size: 31.4Mb

Download: drive.google

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction. Latin meaning 3
How the tutorial is built and what it teaches 8
What is Grammar 10
I part
I chapter 11
§ 1. Letters and their pronunciation (11). § 2. Combinations of vowels (13).
§ 3. Combinations of consonants (14). § 4. Longitude and shortness of vowels (number) (14). §5. Accent (15). Exercises (15).
II chapter 16
§ 6. Characteristics of the structure of the Latin language (16). § 7. Initial information about the noun (18). § 8.1 declination (20). § 9. The verb esse (to be) (22). § 10. Some syntactic remarks (22). Exercises (23).
III chapter 24
§eleven. Initial information about the verb (25). § 12. Characteristics of conjugations. General idea of ​​the dictionary (basic) forms of the verb (26). § 13. Basic (dictionary) forms of the verb (28). § 14. Praes-ensindicativiactivi. Imperativus praesentis activi (29). § 15. Negatives with verbs (31). § 16. Preliminary explanations for the translation (32). Exercises (38).
IV chapter 40
§ 17. Imperfectum indicativi activi (40). § 18. II declension. General remarks (41). § 19. Nouns of the II declension (42). §twenty. Phenomena common to I and II declinations (43). § 21. Adjectives I-II declensions (43). § 22. Possessive pronouns (45). § 23. Accusativus duplex (46). Exercises (46).
V chapter 47
§ 24. Futurum I indicativi activi (48). § 25. Demonstrative pronouns (49). § 26. Pronominal adjectives (51). § 27. Ablativus loci (52). Exercise(53).
Test 54
VI chapter 56
§ 28. III declension. General information(57). § 29. Nouns of the III declension (59). § 30. Correlation of forms of indirect cases with the form of the nominative case (60). § 31. Gender of nouns III declension (62). § 32. Ablativus temporis (62). Exercises (63).
VII chapter 64
§ 33. Adjectives of the III declension (64). § 34. Participium praesentis activi (66). § 35. Nouns of the III declension of the vowel type (67). Exercises (68).
Articles to read 69
II part
VIII Chapter 74
§ 36. Passive voice. Form and meaning of verbs (74). § 37. The concept of active and passive constructions (76). § 38. Personal and reflexive pronouns (78). § 39. Features of the use of personal, reflexive and possessive pronouns (79). § 40. Some meanings of genetivus (80). Exercises (81).
Chapter 82
§41. The tense system of the Latin verb (82). §42. The main types of formation of perfect and supine stems (83). § 43. Perfectum indicativi acti (84). § 44. Supinum and its derivational role (86). § 45. Par-ticipium perfecti passivi (87). § 46. Perfectum indicativi passivi (88). Exercise (89).
X Chapter 90
§ 47. Plusquamperfectum indicativi activi and passivi (91). § 48. Futurum II indicativi activi and passivi (92). § 49. Relative pronoun (93). § 50. The concept of complex sentences (94). § 51. Participium futuri activi (95). Exercise (96).
Test 97
XI Chapter 99
§ 52. The verb esse with prefixes (99). § 53. Compound verb posse (101). § 54. Accusativus cum infinitivo (102). § 55. Pronouns in turnover ace. With. inf. (103). § 56. Forms of the infinitive (104). § 57. Definition in the text and methods of translation of turnover ace. With. inf. (105). Exercises (107).
XII Chapter 108
§ 58. IV declension (109). § 59. Verba deponentia and semidepo-nentia (110). § 60. Nominativus cum infinitivo (112). § 61. Ablativus modi (113). Exercises (114).
XIII Chapter 115
§ 62. V declension (115). § 63. Dativus duplex (116). § 64. Demonstrative pronoun hie, haec, hoc (117). Exercises (117).
XIV Chapter 118
§ 65. Degrees of comparison of adjectives (119). § 66. Comparative degree (119). § 67. Superlatives (120). § 68. Formation of adverbs from adjectives. Degrees of comparison of adverbs (121). § 69. Suppletive degrees of comparison (122). Exercise (124)
Articles to read 125
III part
XV Chapter 129
§ 70. Participle turnovers (129). § 71. Ablativus absolutus (130). §72. Definition in the text and ways of translating turnover abl. abs. (132). § 73. Ablativus absolutus without participle (133). Exercises (134).
XVI chapter 135
§ 74. Numerals (136). § 75. The use of numerals (137). § 76. Definitive pronoun idem (138). Exercise (138).
XVII Chapter 139
§ 77. Forms of the conjunctiva (139). § 78. Meanings of the conjunctiva (142). § 79. Shades of the meaning of the subjunctive in independent sentences (143). § 80. Additional and target clauses (144). § 81. Relative clauses of the corollary (146). Exercises (147).
XVIII Chapter 148
§ 82. Forms of the conjunctiva of the perfect group (149). § 83. The use of the subjunctive of the perfect group in independent sentences (150). § 84. Consecutio temporum (150). §85. Relative clauses are temporary, causal and concessive (151). Exercises (153).
XIX Chapter 154
§ 86. Indirect question (154). Exercise (155).
Test 155
XX Chapter 159
§ 87. Conditional sentences (159). Exercise (160).
XXI Chapter 161
§ 88. Gerund and gerund (161). § 89. Use of the gerund (162). § 90. Use of the gerund (164). § 91. Signs of difference between gerund and gerund and comparison of their meanings with the infinitive (164). Exercises (165).
IV part
Selected passages from the works of Latin authors
C. Julius Caesar. Commentarii de bello Gallico 168
M. Tullius Cicero. Oratio in Catilinam prima 172
Cornelius Nepos. Marcus Porcius Cato 184
C. Plinius Caecilis Secundus Minor. Epistulae 189
Velleius Paterculus. Historiae Romanae libri duo 194
Eutropius. Breviarium historiae Romanae ab U. c 203
Antonius Possevinus. De rebus Muscoviticie 211
Alexander Gvagninus. Muscoviae descriptio 214
P. Vergilius Maro. Aeneis 224
Q. Horatis Flaccus. Carmen. Satira 230
Phaedrus. Fabulae 234
Pater Noster 237
Ave, Maria 237
Gaudeamus 238
Aphorisms, winged words, abbreviations 240
grammar guide
Phonetics 250
Morphology 250
I. Parts of speech (250). P. Nouns. A. Case endings (251). B. Patterns of Declensions (252). V. nominativus III declension(252). D. Features of the declension of individual nouns (253). III. Adjectives and their degrees of comparison (254). IV. Numerals (254). V. Pronouns (257). VI. Verb. A. Education verb forms from the three foundations (259). B. Depositional and semi-depositional verbs (262). B. Insufficient verbs (262). D. Archaic verbs (out of conjugations) (262). VII. Adverbs (266). VIII. Prepositions (267). Simple Sentence Syntax 267
IX. Word order in a sentence (267). X. Use of cases (268). XI. Accusativus cum infinitivo (271). XII. Nominativus cum infinitivo (272). XIII. Ablativus absolutus (272). XIV. Gerundium. Gerundivum (272). XV. Meaning of the conjunctiva (272).
Syntax complex sentence 273
XVI. Unions. A. Composing (most common) (273). B. Subordinating (most common) (274). XVII. Cop-secutio temporum (274). XVIII. Subject clauses (275). XIX. Definitive clauses (275). XX. Definitive sentences with adverbial meaning (276). XXI. Additional subordinate clauses (276). XXII. Relative clauses of purpose (276). XXIII. Relative clauses of the corollary (277). XXIV. Temporal subordinate clauses (277). XXV. Causal clauses (278). XXVI. Concessive subordinate clauses (278). XXVII. Conditional clauses (279). XXVIII. Indirect question (279). XXIX. Indirect speech(279). XXX. Attractio modi (280). XXXI. Relative clauses with conjunctions ut, quum, quod (280).
Elements of word formation 282
Applications 287
About Roman names 287
About the Roman calendar 288
On Latin Versification 292
About notes 293
About etymology and vocabulary 294
Key to control work 295
Latin-Russian dictionary 298

WikiHow carefully monitors the work of editors to ensure that each article is in line with our high standards quality.

Latin (lingua latīna) is an ancient language with Indo-European roots. Many people classify Latin as a "dead" language because it is rarely spoken outside of specialized courses or certain religious services. However, Latin is not truly a "dead" language. She has influenced languages ​​such as French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, English and many others. In addition, knowledge of Latin is essential in many literary studies. By learning how to learn Latin, you will be able to better understand many modern languages, gain the status of an experienced connoisseur of foreign classical literature and become part of a tradition that has existed for thousands of years.

Steps

Part 1

Getting to know the Latin lexicon

Learn Latin verbs. In Russian, a verb is usually an action, but in Latin a verb can describe an action, a state of something, or any change in a person, place, or thing. Latin verbs consist of a word stem and a corresponding ending (the part of the word that makes it functional) and express the use of one of four categories:

• person (first: I/we; second: you/you; third: he/she/it)
• tense (past, present, future)
• pledge (active or passive)
• mood (indicative, conditional, imperative)

1. Learn Latin nouns. Nouns are a little more difficult than verbs, but they also do not cause much difficulty. Noun endings indicate number (singular and plural), gender (masculine/feminine/neuter), and case (nominative/genitive/dative/accusative/active/vocative).

   Understand Latin adjectives. In Latin, adjectives are modified in the same way as nouns, usually according to either the first and second declension (for example, magnus, magna and magnum are all forms of the adjective "great") or, at times, with the third declension (for example, acer, acris and acre are all forms of the adjective "sharp"). Adjectives in Latin are divided into three degrees of comparison:

   Learn Latin adverbs. Just like adjectives, adverbs have a comparative and a superlative degree. Adverbs are formed by appropriate changes in the ending: "-ius" for the comparative form, "-e" for the superlative. Adverbs formed from adjectives of the first and second declension have the ending "-e", and from the third - "ter."

   Use Latin conjunctions. Just like in Russian, conjunctions in Latin connect words, phrases, subordinate clauses and other sentences (for example, "and", "but" or "if"). Conjunctions have a fairly definite focus, and therefore there should be no difficulty in learning or using them. There are three main types of unions:

   • connecting (connect words / phrases / sentences with the same position) - et, -que, atque
   • separators (express opposition or choice) - aut, vel, -ve
   • adversatives (express contrast) - at, autem, sed, tamen

2. Buy a Latin dictionary. Having a dictionary with Latin words and many of their similar root similarities will greatly help you in replenishing your vocabulary. In general, any good Latin dictionary will do. If you're not sure which dictionaries are best for learning languages, read online reviews or ask for advice from those who have already learned the language.

   Make and use word cards. This is an excellent way to improve your vocabulary in any language. To get started, get a pack of blank cards. Then write a word or phrase in Latin on one side and his/her translation into your language in reverse side. Now you can test yourself. Keep a stack of flashcards with words or expressions that are difficult for you so that you can review and remember them later.

   Use mnemonics. Mnemonics is a learning technology that helps you remember something complex by associating it with another word, sentence, or picture. Acronyms (forming a word by adding the first letters of each word in a phrase) and rhymes are the two most common types of mnemonic devices. There are many mnemonic methods for learning Latin that you can find online or in books. You can also invent your own to help you learn.

   Set aside time to study. Finding a balance between work and free time can be difficult, and cutting off another chunk of the day for studying seems impossible at all. However, it will definitely be a manageable task if you manage your time properly by keeping your regular schedule and setting aside a little for studying each day.

   Determine your ideal learning environment. Some people find it easier to concentrate at night, while others prefer to study first thing in the morning. Some are comfortable studying in their own room, others go to the library to be less distracted. If you are studying Latin, you may need certain conditions for a calm and thoughtful study. So you need to figure out what is the best way for you to do it.

WikiHow is a wiki, which means that many of our articles are written by multiple authors. When creating this article, 15 people worked on editing and improving it, including anonymously.

You can learn Latin on your own if you approach this issue correctly. All you need is a set of the right textbooks, doing the exercises, and practicing Latin writing. It is likely that your family and friends will not be able to speak to you in Latin, but the practice of speaking the language will help you to improve your knowledge of Latin in general. If you try, you can speak Latin as well as the Pope, and in no time at all.

Steps

1. Get a beginner's book with lots of exercises and answers. Answers are important because there is no one to check you.

   • Wheelock's Latin is a widely known answer book. This is perhaps the best choice for self-study. The book contains a huge number of exercises, as well as groups for learning on the Internet.
   • There are several public books with answers, for example:
     • Choosing the right dictionary is important for what you will be reading. If you are interested in Classical Latin, use Elementary Latin Dictionary or Oxford Latin Dictionary if you can buy it. If you are interested in late Latin, medieval, renaissance and neo-Latin, you are better off using the Lewis and Short's Latin Dictionary, although it is expensive. Otherwise, you will have to use Cassell, which is not very useful and not small in size. Unfortunately, choosing the right and inexpensive dictionary will not be easy.If you understand French, then the dictionary Grand Gaffiot would be a good choice.
     • While you are still learning from a textbook, you will have to memorize a lot: declensions, conjugations, vocabulary. There is no shortcut. In this case, your morale is very important.
     • Latin is a language with a poor vocabulary, in other words, one word can have several meanings. This also means that there are many idioms in Latin that you will also have to memorize. You will get to the point where you understand every word, but the meaning of the sentence as a whole will not be clear to you. This is because you think about the meaning of each word individually. For example, the expression hominem e medio tollere means "to kill a person", but if you do not know this phrase, then it literally translates to "remove a person from the center."
     • Avoid poetry while you're still learning prose. Would you recommend reading Shakespeare to someone who teaches English language still unable to read the newspaper. The same applies to the Latin language.
     • Learn words. Carry a list of words or flashcards with you to look up in the bus, restroom, or anywhere else.
     • Write in Latin. Even if you want to learn how to read, don't skip the English-to-Latin translation exercise.
     • Take your time. One session every few days is enough. If you are in a hurry, you will not have time to remember the information you need. On the other hand, don't hesitate. Try to exercise at least once a week.
     • If your answers don't match those in the tutorial, you're probably missing something. Get back to work and reread.

How I got the idea to take up Latin

A few years ago I decided to re-read " Dead Souls". Remember the footman Petrushka - Chichikov's servant from the famous Gogol poem? How he loved to read everything indiscriminately. The man was amazed at the great mystery: how is it that words suddenly come from letters? Great is the power of Gogol's word! I recently thought about this ridiculous description, and for some reason I had a very serious desire to learn languages. I decided that first I needed to learn Latin, the basis of several modern European languages.

And with what, actually, to begin? And how to learn a language: according to the available developed methods or according to your own understanding?

It would be nice to learn the language, as they say, "with mother's milk." For example, how did it happen with the 16th-century philosopher Montaigne, who in his childhood communicated only with a Latin teacher and did not hear anything around him except Latin, which became his native language. However, all this was unattainable for me, so there was only one option left - to “bite into the granite” of Latin on my own.

How did I start learning Latin?

I decided to come up with my own, albeit crude and clumsy, but my own methodology, and developed directly in the course of moving forward in learning the language.

And I didn’t think of anything smarter than going to bookstores and buying the thickest translation dictionary from Latin into Russian.

I leafed through the dictionary for a long time and realized that it should not be approached mechanically. I began to consider words as entertaining pictures, puzzles or crossword puzzles. I tried to notice the similarities and differences, counted the number of letters, almost tried the word with a tooth. A week later, I began to understand how words are formed and what parts of speech they are made up of, and how a verb differs from a noun, a noun from an adjective, an adjective from an adverb, etc.

In the preface to any good thick dictionary there is an introductory chapter that talks about the rules of reading and pronunciation.

How I chose the textbook and additional literature

After playing with the dictionary for a week and getting the first idea of ​​Latin, I download the textbook I like (self-study) from the World Wide Web. I also download several adapted books for reading (for example,
"Notes on the Gallic War" by Caesar). I always select a textbook with keys and correct answers to language tasks.

Slowly, I get acquainted with each lesson of the textbook and diligently perform all the exercises. I write down the last in the largest notebook that I could find in the store. I divide the sheets of the notebook in half with a vertical line. On the left side I complete tasks, on the right side - corrections for my mistakes and incorrect answers. I write down, so to speak, the history of my "nonsense". For every mistake made on the left side of the notebook, I come up with a punishment for myself and draw a corresponding picture on the right side of the sheet - a blow with a stick, rods, a fist, a haircut, shaving off my mustache, etc. I punish myself not only in the picture, but also mentally. Then I graciously forgive myself. At the same time, mistakes made are very easy to remember, which will not be repeated in the future.

I keep the notebook in such a way that there is a lot of free space both between the lines and on the right side of the sheet. I use free spaces to write the correct sentences and words next to the mistakes. I paint unmistakable phrases and words up to 10 times until I remember.

I enjoy learning Latin

After diligently completing the course of the Latin textbook, I do the following. I read ancient Roman prose, for example, Julius Caesar's "Notes on the Gallic War" or the speeches of Mark Tullius Cicero.

When reading the same "Notes" of Caesar for the first time, I do not look into the dictionary, but try to guess the meaning of unfamiliar words in accordance with the context. I write the words that I understand in a notebook. I approach each word as having several meanings, as one of a whole "bundle", "family" of related words. I write this “bundle” in a notebook, using fantasy and looking at the same time in the dictionary. And for better memorization of words, I write them down with ballpoint pens of different colors.

How do I learn words

I start a separate notebook for the dictionary, which I develop carefully and diligently. What for? To make it easier to remember words. I divide the notebook page into three vertical parts. The left column is for writing Latin word. The middle one is needed to write out all related words, that is, “bundles”. And I give the right column for drawings on the topic of the written word. Here, using my imagination, I imagine some unusual situations or scenes associated with a certain word. Having imagined such a situation, I clothe it in the form of a comic drawing. In the right column, in addition to the picture, I also write down the word association. For example, I accompany the word Latina (Latin) in the right column with the similar-sounding word "platinum", comparing the Latin language with the most precious metal; and to incunabulis (cradle) I attribute Russian word"incubator" - a kind of cradle for chickens. Of course, this takes a lot of time, but right word will be remembered for a lifetime.

I mentioned above that I write words with different colored pens. I will give a simple example: I write the adjective "black" in black. Red, blue, etc. - in the corresponding color.

What color to write, for example, the word brutus (heavy)? For some reason, I associate it with brown. What about the word acutus (sharp)? In my imagination, it turned bright red. Color associations are individual for each person. It was much more difficult when choosing verbs. For example, the verb edo (to eat) was written in green pen, imagining a vegetarian eating dill or parsley. I experienced the biggest difficulty in choosing a color with abstract words, for example, with the verbs decidere (decide) and aestimare (count). In this situation, without choosing a color, I limited myself to the right column, drawing a playful drawing in it.

After six months of compiling the dictionary, I already had a notebook with two thousand words and “connections” drawn up using the method described above. The notebook helped me master the necessary vocabulary.

How I came to audio courses

For three months I was engaged in oral speech according to the textbook. But then got into a mess, by accident
meeting with a man who has mastered Latin well. He was a general practitioner, to whom I came as a patient. When the therapist wrote out the prescription, I, wanting to show off my knowledge of Latin, began to read the prescription. In response, I received a comment about poor pronunciation and advice to listen to audio materials. It turned out that the doctor is a great lover of Latin.

I realized the mistake, downloaded some educational audio materials and started listening to them every day. I felt that things were not going very well. Then I cut the audio recordings using computer software into separate sentences, then grouped the five repetitions of each sentence, and finally glued them back into a coherent audio recording. The result was an audio course with a large number of repetitions, which was what I needed.

It's been about two years since I started learning Latin on my own. It seems to me that I have achieved some success: I understand oral speech about half; Latin unadapted texts can be understood by seventy percent, the rest I translate with a dictionary. My pronunciation has improved, but not as much as I would like. That's why I'm still working on it. I think that learning a language is a long process, for years to come.

For those wishing to learn Latin, I would like to give some advice:

1. I am not talking about diligence, perseverance and a great desire to learn Latin, just as I am not talking about the requirement of daily language lessons. It is clear to every person that these conditions are the most important;
2. Many experts advise every day to engage in various forms of studying Latin - and lessons from a textbook, and reading art or other books, and listening to an audio course on a player or smartphone, and so on. I believe that this is not entirely correct. I prefer classes in a certain sequence according to the planned schedule - for example, study for two months only with a textbook, then devote the same amount of time to reading books, then listen to materials for three months in order to understand oral speech and develop pronunciation;
3. Cramming is not worth doing, it will not work anyway. Let slowly, but it is necessary to delve deeply into educational material in order to understand, compare and present figuratively individual words and expressions;
4. Do not only the tasks of the textbook, but come up with your own exercises. To do this, use all your imagination. For example, if you are moving around the city or the countryside, then I advise you to translate into Latin objects that come across along the way - shop signs, door signs, roadside banners, names of plants and animals, and the like;
5. Still, some important auxiliary phrases that are not easy to master are not a sin to memorize. For example, Ab initio (from the beginning), Absque omni exceptione (without any doubt), and other similar phrases;
6. Don't get discouraged when things don't go your way. Remember that you are bound to succeed! Viam supervadet vadens ("The one who walks will master the road").

Happy learning!!!

It is customary to call the Latin language dead, but nevertheless its knowledge is mandatory for those who have associated themselves with the profession of a biologist, physician or lawyer, and it is interesting for those who want to know the origin of many famous words and expressions. Knowledge of Latin is a serious assistant in the study of any modern European language. Quite often you can find a word in Russian, which is somehow interpreted using a Latin dictionary.

To help those who are interested in All Courses, Kom has compiled a selection of the most useful and free youtube channels for learning Latin.

Latin for everyone

The channel contains over twenty meaningful Latin lessons. The teacher will introduce students to the alphabet, sounds and letters, Russian words with Latin roots, word order in a Japanese sentence, Roman numerals, Latin cases, Latin verb. Everyone will be able to learn nouns, adjectives and declensions, verb forms, tenses, learn how to build phrases correctly, learn more about Roman life and much more.
The channel also contains useful educational videos on Spanish, English grammar, a section on psychology, physics and legal law.

Latin with Ilyas Gimadeev

The author of the channel and the project manager is a Latin teacher from Moscow.
Constantly updated channel this moment can provide more than ten informative lectures for the free study of Latin, which cover the topic of nouns and adjectives, declensions, verbs. Students will be able to get acquainted with the alphabet, master the rules of reading in Latin. Suitable for beginners and will fill the knowledge in the minds of those who continue to study.

Latin with Peter Makhlin

The author of the project, who is part-time teacher of the channel, is a philologist by education, novelist, author of books on linguistics, as well as scientific and about a hundred popular science articles on linguistics, teacher foreign languages Petr Makhlin conducts language lessons in Kyiv, as well as remotely. His channel contains about 70 Latin lessons, and the material presented neatly and in detail is suitable for beginners and those who continue to learn the language.
Also, with the help of the channel materials, you can master or improve your knowledge of English, Italian, Latin, Ancient Greek, French, German or Spanish.

Latin with Svetlana Golovchenko

The disadvantages of some videos include not very good sound quality, which slightly interferes with the perception of the text. The material is presented in detail and with attention to the topic.
The channel contains a number of useful videos designed to help learners of Latin. Students will be able to get acquainted with the noun, prepositions, inconsistent definitions, recipe writing features, adjectives, declensions and much more. Simple and clear about Latin for physicians.

Latin in lectures

A series of open lectures on the Latin language from teacher Dmitry Novokshonov. Despite the fact that the video was filmed from a lecture audience, the level of video and sound allows you to get the required knowledge in a quality manner. Dmitry will help you understand the noun, adjective, declension, verb and other principles.

Latin for Medical Students

The video is a detailed two-hour lecture for those who want to learn the basics of the Latin language with medical terminology, the field is optics. The teacher explains in great detail and meaningfully, the lecture consists of presentations.
During the webinar, the history of the language, clinical terminology in ophthalmology, and the creation of term elements are outlined. Prefixes, roots, doublets, suffixes in Latin, final term elements, the topic of naming muscles according to their functions are considered in detail. In addition to dry information, there are also topics such as the interesting origin of terms and famous expressions.