» Compound sentence as a syntactic unit. Compound sentence Is a syntactic relationship possible between parts of a complex sentence without conjunctions

Compound sentence as a syntactic unit. Compound sentence Is a syntactic relationship possible between parts of a complex sentence without conjunctions

§one. Difficult sentence. General concepts

Difficult sentence is a unit of syntax.

complex are called sentences consisting of two or more grammatical bases, connected into a single whole in meaning, grammatically and intonationally.
A complex sentence differs from a simple sentence in that in a simple sentence there is one grammatical basis, and in a complex sentence there is more than one. A complex sentence, therefore, consists of parts, each of which is framed as a simple sentence.
But a complex sentence is not a random collection of simple sentences. In a complex sentence, parts are interconnected in meaning and syntactically, with the help of syntactic links. Each part, being framed as a sentence, does not have semantic and intonational completeness. These features are characteristic of the entire complex sentence as a whole.

Complex sentences, like simple ones, are characterized by the purpose of the utterance. They can be non-exclamatory and exclamatory.

Unlike a simple sentence, a complex one requires determining how many parts it consists of and what connection its parts are connected by.

§2. Types of syntactic connection of parts of a complex sentence

The syntactic relationship between parts of a complex sentence can be:

  • allied
  • unionless

Allied connection- this is a kind of syntactic connection expressed with the help of unions.

Allied connection can be:

  • writing
  • subordinating

Coordinating syntactic connection- this is a type of syntactic connection with an equal relationship of parts. A coordinating syntactic connection is expressed with the help of special means: coordinating unions.

The storm passed and the sun came out.

Subordinating syntactic connection- this is a type of syntactic connection with an unequal relationship of parts. The parts of a complex sentence with a subordinating link are different: one is the main sentence, the other is a subordinate sentence. The subordinating syntactic connection is expressed with the help of special means: subordinating conjunctions and allied words.

We didn't go for a walk because a thunderstorm started.

(We didn't go for a walk- main proposition because the storm has begun- subordinate clause.)

Associative syntactic relationship is a meaningful connection. Parts of a complex sentence are connected only by punctuation. Neither conjunctions nor allied words are used to express an allied syntactic connection. Example:

The coach got sick, the class was rescheduled for next week.

The nature of the syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence- is the most important classification feature complex sentences.

§3. Classification of complex sentences

The classification of complex sentences is a classification according to the syntactic relationship between its parts. Complex sentences are divided into:

into 1) allied and 2) non-union, and allied, in turn - into 1) compound and 2) compound.

Therefore, there are three types of complex sentences:

  • compound
  • complex subordinate
  • unionless

Each of these types is subject to further classification by meaning.

test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

  1. How many grammatical bases are in a complex sentence?

    • two or more

  2. How are parts of a complex sentence related?

    • within the meaning of

  3. Does a part of a complex sentence have a completeness?

    • yes, each part is a separate independent proposal

  4. Are complex sentences characterized by the purpose of the utterance?

  5. Can complex sentences be exclamatory?

  6. Is it correct to assume that the syntactic connection between the parts of a complex sentence is only allied?

  7. What can be an allied connection between parts of a complex sentence?

    • main
    • adnexal

  8. Is it possible to have a syntactic connection between parts of a complex sentence without conjunctions?

  9. What type of allied syntactic connection is characterized by an equal relationship of parts of a complex sentence?

    • an equal relationship characterizes a subordinating relationship

  10. What type of allied syntactic connection is characterized by an unequal relationship of parts of a complex sentence?

    • unequal attitude characterizes the coordinative connection

Right answers:

  1. two or more
  2. in meaning and syntactically (using a syntactic link)
  3. no, only all the parts together are an independent offer
  4. coordinating and subordinating
  5. equal relationship characterizes the coordinative connection
  6. unequal attitude characterizes a subordinating relationship

A complex sentence is a structural, semantic and intonational combination of predicative units that are grammatically similar to a simple sentence. A complex sentence has its own grammatical meaning and grammatical form, its own structural indicators. A complex sentence is a syntactic communicative unit of a higher order than a simple sentence.
Similarities Between Simple Sentence and Compound Sentence:
  1. Each part of a complex sentence is built on the model of a simple sentence.
  2. In each part of a complex sentence there is a composition of main members, minor members, and complicating components are possible.
The difference between a simple sentence and a complex sentence:
  1. Structural: a simple sentence contains one predicative unit (a simple sentence is a monopredicative unit), a complex sentence contains two (or more) predicative units (a complex sentence is a polypredicative unit). A simple sentence is built from words and phrases, and a complex one is built from simple sentences, which in some cases remain unchanged, while in others they undergo structural changes, entering the complex as its components.
  2. Semantic: parts of a complex sentence are deprived of independence - semantic completeness; intonation completeness; components of the “dependence” of parts of a complex sentence that are not characteristic of a simple sentence may appear: unions, allied words, demonstrative words, functional equivalents.
What are the parts of a complex sentence?
According to school grammar, "A compound sentence is a sentence consisting of two or more simple sentences."
“Sentences that have in their composition two or more predicative units that form a semantic, structural and intonational unity are called complex” (N.S. Valgina).
So, the components of a complex sentence were called and are called differently: simple sentences (school), predicative units (university textbooks).
Indeed, a complex sentence consists of parts that are similar to simple sentences. Experiment: take simple sentences and make complex sentences out of them.
Nr, Father spent the whole evening reading a new story. The story was fantastic. Her father liked her.
When constructing a complex sentence from simple sentences, the latter cease to have the most important features of the sentence - semantic and intonational independence. A complex sentence in meaning and structure is never an "arithmetic sum" of simple sentences. The content of the parts of a complex sentence becomes clear only as part of a complex sentence (as morphemes in a word).
A complex sentence is a fact of saving language resources. Certain relationships are established between the parts of a complex sentence, which deprive the parts of semantic, intonational, and sometimes structural completeness.
A simple sentence undergoes a whole system of changes, becoming a component of a complex sentence. Thus, despite the fact that there is some commonality between a simple and a complex sentence (predicativity), when entering a complex sentence, these predicative units acquire features that significantly distinguish them from simple sentences. Simple sentences lose their semantic and intonational completeness, and therefore it is more expedient to call parts of a complex sentence predicative units.
The grammatical features of a complex sentence are determined by two points: 1) each of its parts is built according to one or another scheme of a simple sentence; 2) the combination of parts of a complex sentence constitutes a structural-semantic unity (V.A. Beloshapkova).
This duality of the complex sentence has led to a different understanding of its syntactic essence:
  1. A.M. Peshkovsky, A. A. Shakhmatov, who understood a complex sentence as a chain of simple sentences, abandoned the term complex sentence. A.M. Peshkovsky called a complex sentence a “complex whole”, A.A. Shakhmatov called it a “combination of sentences”.
  2. V.A. Bogoroditsky described a complex sentence as a single and integral structure. This idea was deepened by N.S. Pospelov, V.A. Beloshapkova,
S.E. Kryuchkov, L.Yu., Maksimov, for whom a complex sentence is a structural-semantic unity of predicative parts.
Features of a complex sentence.
  1. Structural features of a complex sentence:
1. Polypredicativity;
  1. The presence of lexical and grammatical means of communication: conjunctions, allied words, correlative words (indicative words), particles, intonation.
N-r, You are many years late, but still I am glad for you.
Know how to live even when life becomes unbearable.
3. The presence of common members of the proposal.
  1. Structural incompleteness of any predicative part of a compound sentence (usually the second).
  1. Semantic features of a complex sentence:
  1. Polypropositivity.
  2. The lexico-thematic unity of the parts of a complex sentence, which entails their logical compatibility.
  3. Between the predicative parts of a complex sentence, certain relationships are established that are associated with certain communicative premises, i.e. for each type of complex sentence, a certain grammatical meaning is characteristic.
The independence of a complex sentence is manifested in the following:
  1. single complex semantics;
  2. single intonation pattern;
  3. availability of specific means of communication.
A complex sentence is a combination of predicative units built according to one or another structural scheme and intended to function as an integral unit of a message.

Difficult sentence is a structural, semantic and intonation association of predicative units, () grammatically similar to a simple sentence. A complex sentence has its own grammatical meaning and grammatical form, its own structural indicators. A complex sentence is a syntactic communicative unit of a higher order than a simple sentence.
Similarities Between Simple Sentence and Compound Sentence:

  1. Each part of a complex sentence is built on the model of a simple sentence.
  2. In each part of a complex sentence there is a composition of main members, minor members, and complicating components are possible.

predicative unit

predicative unit

1) A syntactic structure containing a predicate.

2) Part of a complex sentence, its building material.

« A compound sentence is a sentence that consists of two or more simple sentences.
“Sentences that have in their composition two or more predicative units that form a semantic, structural and intonational unity are called complex” (N.S. Valgina).
So, the components of a complex sentence were called and are called differently: simple sentences (school), predicative units (university textbooks).
Indeed, a complex sentence consists of parts that are similar to simple sentences. Experiment: take simple sentences and make complex sentences out of them.
Nr, Father spent the whole evening reading a new story. The story was fantastic. Her father liked her.
When constructing a complex sentence from simple sentences, the latter cease to have the most important features of the sentence - semantic and intonational independence. A complex sentence in meaning and structure is never an "arithmetic sum" of simple sentences. The content of the parts of a complex sentence becomes clear only as part of a complex sentence (as morphemes in a word).
A complex sentence is a fact of saving language resources. Certain relationships are established between the parts of a complex sentence, which deprive the parts of semantic, intonational, and sometimes structural completeness.
A simple sentence undergoes a whole system of changes, becoming a component of a complex sentence. Thus, despite the fact that there is some commonality between a simple and a complex sentence (predicativity), when entering a complex sentence, these predicative units acquire features that significantly distinguish them from simple sentences. Simple sentences lose their semantic and intonational completeness, and therefore it is more expedient to call parts of a complex sentence predicative units.
The grammatical features of a complex sentence are determined by two points: 1) each of its parts is built according to one or another scheme of a simple sentence; 2) the combination of parts of a complex sentence constitutes a structural-semantic unity (V.A. Beloshapkova).
This duality of a complex sentence has led to a different understanding of its syntactic essence.:

  1. A.M. Peshkovsky, A. A. Shakhmatov, who understood a complex sentence as a chain of simple sentences, abandoned the term complex sentence. A.M. Peshkovsky called a complex sentence a “complex whole”, A.A. Shakhmatov called it a “combination of sentences”.
  2. V.A. Bogoroditsky described a complex sentence as a single and integral structure. This idea was deepened by N.S. Pospelov, V.A. Beloshapkova,

S.E. Kryuchkov, L.Yu., Maksimov, for whom a complex sentence is a structural-semantic unity of predicative parts.
Features of a complex sentence.

  1. Structural features of a complex sentence:

1. Polypredicativity; (polypredicativity, which determines the presence of a complex mechanism for the mutual adaptation of predicative parts and the use of special means for this: The troika is waiting at the porch, in a rush. A quick run will take us away (P. Vyazemsky); Friendship is friendship, and service is service;)

  1. The presence of lexical and grammatical means of communication: conjunctions, allied words, correlative words (indicative words), particles, intonation.

N-r, You are many years late, but still I am glad for you.
Know how to live even when life becomes unbearable.
3. The presence of common members of the proposal.

  1. Structural incompleteness of any predicative part of a compound sentence (usually the second).
  1. Semantic features of a complex sentence:
  1. Polypropositivity. (polypropositivity - the presence of two or more event or logical propositions and the combination in the semantic structure of the sentence of nominations of two or more events (situations): The sky is deep in darkness, the dawn has risen (A. Pushkin).)
  2. The lexico-thematic unity of the parts of a complex sentence, which entails their logical compatibility.
  3. Between the predicative parts of a complex sentence, certain relationships are established that are associated with certain communicative premises, i.e. for each type of complex sentence, a certain grammatical meaning is characteristic.

The independence of a complex sentence is manifested in the following:

  1. single complex semantics;
  2. single intonation pattern;
  3. availability of specific means of communication.

A complex sentence is a combination of predicative units built according to one or another structural scheme and intended to function as an integral unit of a message.

Complex sentences are divided into types. The first division is according to the nature of the formal connection between the parts. If the parts are connected only by intonation, then the sentence is called unionless (BSP). If unions and allied words are used for communication, then the sentence refers to allied words. Allied, in turn, are divided into two categories according to the nature of the allied means used in them. If a coordinating union is used for the connections of parts, then the sentence refers to compound (CSP). If subordinating unions or allied words are used to connect the parts, then the sentence is characterized as complex (CPP).

Complex sentences

Allied non-Union

Compound complex

At the same time, the meaning expressed by different types of complex sentences can be the same, compare: 1. Night fell, Pinocchio headed to the Field of Miracles. 2. Night fell, and Pinocchio went to the Field of Miracles. 3. As soon as night fell, Pinocchio went to the Field of Miracles. The first sentence is non-union, the second refers to compound ones with connecting relations between parts, the third one is complex with a subordinate clause of time.

Almost any complex sentence can be transformed into a sentence of a different type: If you put money in a hole, a tree with a bunch of gold coins will grow (SPP) - If you put money in a hole, a tree of gold coins (BSP) will grow.

1.1. The concept of a complex sentence

1.2. Compound sentence and simple sentence: opposition and convergence

1.3. General classification of complex sentences

1.4. Means of expressing syntactic relations between parts of a complex sentence

Literature

1. Beloshapkova, V. A. Modern Russian language: Syntax / V. A. Beloshapkova, V. N. Belousov, E. A. Bryzgunov. - M.: Azbukovnik, 2002. - 295 p.

2. Valgina N.S Syntax of the modern Russian language: [Textbook. for universities on special "Journalism"] / N.S. Valgin. – M.: high school, 1991. - 431 p.

3. Vostokov A.Kh. Russian grammar / A.Kh. Vostokov. - St. Petersburg: Printing house of I. Glazunov, 1831. - 408 p.

4. Peshkovsky A.M. Russian syntax in scientific coverage. – 8th ed. - M.: Editorial URSS, 2001. - S. 427 - 443.

5. Pospelov N.S. Complex sentence and its structural types / N.S. Pospelov // Questions of linguistics. - 1959. - No. 2. – pp. 19-27

1.1. THE CONCEPT OF A COMPLEX SENTENCE

A sentence that has in its composition two or more predicative units that form a semantic, structural and intonational unity is called difficult . A complex sentence is an integral syntactic structure that acts as a single communicative unit 1 . A complex sentence, like a simple one, performs a communicative function in the language, but, unlike a simple sentence, reports on two or more situations and the relationship between them.

It is important to note that a complex sentence as a special syntactic unit was recognized by scientists relatively recently, already in the 20th century. In the most significant syntactic descriptions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it is not represented as a syntactic unit. An intensive study of the complex sentence began in the second half of the 20th century, primarily in the works of V.V. Vinogradova, N.S. Pospelov, then in the works of L.Yu. Maksimova, V.A. Beloshapkova, M.I. Cheremisina and other researchers, whose works we will refer to in the course of presenting this topic. A complex sentence as a syntactic unit is opposed to a simple one, however, the definitions of a complex sentence, even the most modern ones, contain the traditional contradiction. It lies in the fact that the sentence is called both the whole complex formation and its constituent components. Let's look at these definitions. In the "Russian Grammar" of 1980 we read: "A complex sentence is a combination of two or more simple sentences, grammatically designed." In a school textbook: "A complex sentence is one that consists of two or more simple sentences." Similar definitions can be continued. The contradiction inherent in such definitions can be eliminated if the syntactic aspect to which this unit refers is established. This was first noticed by V.A. Beloshapkova. A complex sentence is opposed to a simple one in terms of syntactic structure, that is, in the formal grammatical (constructive) aspect. The most important feature of a simple sentence is predicativity, while a complex sentence consists of two or more predicative units. Consequently, a complex sentence is opposed to a simple sentence as a polypredicative unit to a monopredicative unit. Thus, a complex sentence is a syntactic unit, the components of which are predicative units, united by a syntactic connection and syntactic relations.



1.2. Compound sentence and simple sentence: opposition and convergence

The difference between a simple and a complex sentence is thus based on the structure of syntactic units: a simple sentence is monopredicative, a complex sentence is polypredicative, i.e. a structurally complex sentence differs from a simple one primarily in the presence of two or more predicative centers, while in a simple sentence there is always only one predicative center. In addition, if a simple sentence is included in a complex one, becoming part of it, it can change its structure. Most often this is due to a change in the structure of the part that becomes dependent: 1) Pinocchio could not solve the problem proposed by Malvina. He has never been to school. – Pinocchio could not solve the problem proposed by Malvina, since he had never been to school(the dependent part has become an incomplete sentence). 2) Malvina decided to settle in a house lost in the deep forest. She no longer wanted to play in the Barabas Theater. ‑ Malvina decided to settle in a house lost in the deep forest so that she would no longer play in the Barabas Theater(the dependent part has become a one-part impersonal sentence). There are also types of complex sentences in which the order of the parts is strictly defined, and, entering into such SPs (complex sentences), individual sentences obey this rule. Pinocchio could not eat. He didn't have a penny in his pocket. - Pinocchio did not have a penny in his pocket, so he could not eat.

Parts of a complex sentence do not have intonational completeness, unlike a separate simple sentence. The recognition of a complex sentence as "a holistic syntactic expression of a single complex thought" 1 leads to the identification of its grammatical specifics - the absence of a mechanical combination of simple sentences.

Simple and complex sentences also differ in their main grammatical meaning: in a simple sentence it is predicative, in a complex sentence it is semantic-syntactic relations between its parts, based on the interaction of the modal-temporal plans of these individual parts. To characterize a complex sentence, determine its typology, it is necessary to take into account the following aspects of its semantic-structural organization: syntactic connection between parts and means of its expression; the potential number of components, since this is due to the semantic-structural nature of the complex sentence; the order of the parts is strictly fixed or relatively free; some features of the lexical content of the parts.

Simple and complex sentences, on the one hand, are opposed as monopredicative and polypredicative units. But, on the other hand, there are linguistic facts that can be interpreted in different ways, since they combine the features of a simple and complex sentence.

First of all, this sentences with two or more predicates with one subject. Let's compare two sentences: 1) He was very worried and could not sleep for a long time. 2) He was so worried that he could not sleep for a long time. In traditional grammar, these sentences are interpreted in different ways: the first - as a simple one with homogeneous predicates, the second - as a complex one. In other words, it turns out that a coordinating connection is a sign of a simple sentence, and a subordinating one is a sign of a complex one. At the same time, from the point of view of their relation to predicativity, these sentences are the same: in both cases there are two predicates and one subject.

The Russian Grammar takes a different point of view: sentences with several predicates with one subject are considered as complex both in the case of subordinating and coordinating connections - on the basis of their polypredicativity. The explanation of such structures is given by M.I. Cheremisina: she considers them as a special polypredicative construction in the conditions of monosubjectivity (in short, a monosubjective construction).

There are a number of constructions in which the signs of a simple and complex sentence are manifested.

Monosubject sentences with the union "to". For example: I have come to talk to you. Such sentences have both a complex feature (polypredicativity) and a simple feature (mono-subjectivity and the connection of the infinitive with the verb of motion, which is preserved even without the conjunction: I came to talk to you).

Offers with comparative turnover. For example: Gone are the youthful amusements, like a dream, like a morning mist. Comparative phrase does not contain a verbalized predicate, but can be considered as incomplete sentence with a non-repeating (missing) predicate "disappeared" (Young fun disappeared, as a dream disappears ...).

1.3. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF COMPLEX PROPOSALS

The classification of complex sentences can be based on various features.

1. Presence / absence of an allied means: alliance - non-union.

2. Type of syntactic connection: composition - submission.

3. The nature of the components between which there is a connection: dismemberment - non-dismemberment.

4. The number of PUs, the nature of the connection and the relationship between them.

1. Parts of a complex sentence can be combined: 1) with the help of unions and allied words, 2) without unions and allied words, using only intonation and the ratio of predicate forms. In this regard, complex sentences are divided into two big groups: allied complex sentences and unionless complex sentences. For example: 1) The girl's blue eyes opened wide in fright, and a tear sparkled in them.(Kor.); Frost understood. what conversation is over(Fad.); 2) Believe in your eyes- measure crookedly(M. G); It was five o'clock in the afternoon, the owners were not at home(Past.); The lower stones turned out to be wet: a puddle of clean water flowed to the bottom of the pool(Paust.).

2. Allied sentences, in turn, are divided into two groups depending on the type of unions and allied words: sentences compound - with coordinating unions; suggestions complex subordinate - with subordinating conjunctions and allied (or relative) words.

At essay parts of a complex sentence are combined as syntactically equal, with subordination - one of the parts (or several) is syntactically subordinate to the other, depends on it. Wed: The sun is at its zenith and all the shadows are burned by it(M. G.).- ... She knew well where her son's heart beats(M. G.); Rivers are easy to cross for those who were born and raised by the sea(M. G.). In the first sentence, the parts are connected as equals, they retain their relative independence, although lexically the second part is affected by the first: the form of the pronoun them in the second part indicates the subject Sun in the first part. In the second and third sentences, the dependent parts where the son's heart beats And who was born and raised by the sea completely devoid of the ability to function independently, they are completely subordinate to the first parts. In addition, the first parts of these sentences are not independent enough, that is, they cannot exist without dependent parts: in the sentence She knew well reveals a clear semantic insufficiency, since the verb knew needs an explanation; sentence Rivers are easy to cross also turns out to be incomplete, since the indication to that needs to be specified. This semantic and grammatical insufficiency of the first parts of the sentence is made up for by the dependent parts in the complex sentence. Thus, we can talk not only about the dependence of one of the parts of a complex sentence, but also about the interdependence of its constituent parts.

Composition and submission are not always clearly distinguished, and therefore there are transitional types allied compound sentence. This transitivity is manifested in the fact that in a number of complex sentences subordinating conjunctions are used, however, the semantic relations between the parts clearly resemble the relations in a compound sentence, and the role of the subordinating conjunction turns out to be so formal that it is not assigned to a specific part of the sentence, but can be equally included in one part to another. This is typical, for example, of complex sentences with comparative parts in which there are conjunctions while, meanwhile; if...then than...those and etc.: The closer to old age, the more often Levitan's thoughts stopped in the fall(Paust.); If Yashvili was all in an external centrifugal manifestation, Titian Tabidze was directed inward(Past.) - pass then in the second part.

The dual nature of the syntactic connection can also be seen in sentences in which the connection between parts is expressed not so much by conjunctions and allied words, but by other structural means, in particular, forms of moods of verbs, the order of parts. Such structurally related, non-free syntactic constructions are characteristic of the colloquial style. The connection in them is expressed only morphologically or by morphological means in combination with unions that have lost their subordinating character. For example: We did not have time to calm down from such an event, or rather, from such a turn of events, as Nyushka appeared on our doorstep(Sol.); Before the lava of the volcano had cooled down, oil scientists rushed to the scene(gas.); As soon as you turn your head, as a bizarre sensation would disappear without a trace.(Greene); If Mitrasha came here hungry and without a basket, what would he be doing here?(Prishv.). The transitional type is formed by such related structures as: Would come to me like a good one, I would give you both lard and bread(Chuk.); Don't run the boy on time- no one would know that the mobile shop is already here(Aitm.); And look from the side- we have hundreds of qualified sociologists(gas.). In all these sentences, the main constructive role is played by the verb form, and if a union appears, it clearly loses its subordinating meaning, especially since it is located in the conditionally called main part.

Structurally related to fuzzy syntactic relations are sentences with turnover as for ... then: As for Tolik and me, we ourselves did not do important things. We made boxes for these things.(War.). Such designs can be represented by even more reduced stylistically options: As for Aleksey Kuzmich, he is just a fine fellow and you owe him a lot(Ephr.); As for the protective role of fat, it does not need to be proven.(journal).

The dual nature of the syntactic connection also distinguishes sentences with double conjunctions of the type: true ... but, although ... but, let ... but, no matter how ... but (however) and others, in which the first part has a subordinating union, and the second - a coordinating one. These are sentences with a generalized concessive meaning: Even though you have new skin, but your heart is still the same(Cr.); True, his dinner consisted of two or three dishes prepared by a retired soldier, but champagne flowed like a river.(P.). Closer to compound sentences are sentences with the same meaning, but without the subordinating part of the union, the place of which is occupied by the particle union And, for example: And it's a pity for the father, yes, take him to the churchyard(last); And dashing trouble, but she is forgetful(last). Wed: Although it’s a pity for the father, yes, take him to the churchyard.

3. Dismemberment - non-dismemberment. This sign is typical for complex sentences (SPP) and non-union complex sentences (BSP) close to them in semantics. Undivided are sentences in which the subordinate part has a supporting component inside the main part in the form of a verb, noun, pronoun, adjective, comparative or adverb: 1. [ There will be people], (who will understand me): people (what?), which ... . The subordinate clause refers to the noun "people", which is determined by this clause, the sign of which the clause denotes (cf .: There will be people who understand me. There will be people who understand me).

2. I do not I doubt that he is a decent person. The subordinate clause refers to the word "doubt", making up for its informative insufficiency (cf .: I don't doubt his decency).

Dissected sentences include sentences in which the subordinate part does not have the position of a sentence member in the main part and distributes the content of the entire main part as a whole: The house was empty until they came from the city- two situations are correlated as a whole, the second relates to the first as its time reference, the limit to which the first situation existed.

4. Complex sentences can consist of two predicative parts - these are typical constructions: The shot is short - and the ball is in the goal. They are called elementary. At the same time, there are structures consisting of three or more units. Compound sentences consisting of more than two predicative units are distinguished by the nature of the syntactic connection between the parts: sentences with the same type of syntactic connection are usually called polynomial complex sentences, sentences with heterogeneous syntactic connection - complex syntactic structures.

And the steering wheel fidgets, / and the casing cracks, / and the canvases are taken into the reefs. This polynomial compound sentence is an open chain of three absolutely identical predicative units.

Depending on various combinations of types of connection between parts, the following types of complex syntactic constructions are possible:

1) with composition and submission: Lopatin began to feel sleepy, and he was delighted when the driver appeared at the door and reported that the car was ready.(Sim.);

2) with an essay and an allied connection: My direction is to another unit, but I lagged behind the train: let me, I think, I’ll look at my platoon and at my lieutenant(Cossack.);

3) with subordination and unionless communication: On a walk in the woods, sometimes, while thinking about my work, I am seized by a philosophical delight: it seems as if you are deciding the conceivable fate of all mankind.(Shv.);

4) with composition, subordination and non-union connection: But the river majestically carries its water, and what does it care about these bindweeds: spinning, they swim along with the water, as ice floes recently floated(Prishv.).

1.4. MEANS OF EXPRESSING SYNTACTICAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PARTS OF A COMPLEX SENTENCE

Recall that the constructive basis of a simple sentence is the predicative core , represented by a block diagram. The components of the block diagram are word forms. For example: N1 - Vf, Inf - N1, Vf 3pl, etc. The components of a complex sentence are predicative units (PU). But the mere presence of two or more predicative units does not yet indicate that this is a complex sentence. In order to form a complex sentence, it is necessary syntactic connection expressed by a special indicator or a set of formal indicators(unions, allied words, etc.). Let's give examples. Evening came,but it was still warm. Structural diagram: PE - but PE. I'll come back,when finish work: PE - when PE. I do notremember , when It was: specific means of communication - informatively insufficient verb "remember" in the main part, requiring mandatory distribution, and the allied word (K-word) in the subordinate part. Thus, exactly formal indicators of syntactic communication are the main structural elements of a complex sentence, its constructive basis .

Semantic and syntactic relations between the parts of a complex sentence are expressed using unions, allied words, correlates, intonation and order of parts, morphological and lexical means..

1. Unions connect parts of compound and complex sentences. In a compound sentence, conjunctions serve as the main means of communication, for example: There was no light in the room And everything outside the windows merged into one green mess(quiet); That cold, then very hot, then the sun will hide then shining too bright(Cr.); The old woman lay down on the stove but Daria, a young widow, went to visit the children(N.).

Subordinating conjunctions connect parts of a complex sentence, for example: Frost understood. what conversation is over(Fad.); Must go, if he advises(Gonch.); The deck of the Hispaniola was lower than the embankment, so it was possible to descend on it without a gangway(Greene).

2. The role of a connecting element in a complex sentence can be performed by relative (union) word, which is a member of the proposal: The shepherd looked up at the sky where drizzling rain(Ch.); Dibich guessed in impenetrable darkness, to whom own the votes(Fed.). Always allied words are lexemes which, which, whose, how much, where, where, from where, what in prepositional-case forms. Lexemes act as a union and a union word what, how, when.

3. Correlates, or correlative pairs, are used in a complex sentence of a pronominal-correlative type, for example: 1) Who looking for, 2) that will always find(V.I. Lebedev-Kumach). In the main part, a demonstrative pronoun or a pronominal adverb is used that, that, there, there, so, so much, such etc., the meaning of which is revealed with the help of the subordinate part.

4. The way to express the relationship between the parts of a complex sentence is also order of parts . In offers It got stuffy, I left the room And I left the room: it became stuffy the sequence of cause-and-effect relationships is expressed in different ways. Many complex sentences have a certain specific arrangement of parts. There are structures with a strictly fixed order of parts. Others, although they allow variants in the arrangement of parts, however, change the semantic-syntactic relations between them, for example: Since in the forest was already dark, we decided to leave our search.- We decided to leave our search because it was already dark in the forest- the causal relationship in the first sentence is transformed into a causal justification relationship in the second. The semantic differences that are created here by the order of the parts are inherent in the given sentence as a certain structure and are not related to the context 1 . The order of words within the parts of a complex sentence, especially in the dependent part, is by no means an arbitrary phenomenon, but is determined by the structure of the entire sentence as an integral unit.

5.Intonation in a complex sentence, it is a means of combining parts into a whole. A separate part of a complex sentence does not have intonational completeness. The intonation of the end is characteristic only of the final part of a complex sentence. The role of intonation in a non-union complex sentence is especially important, since here it is an indicator of the semantic relations between the parts, for example: Morning will come, let's go to the field- enumerative intonation; Morning will come- let's go to the field- intonation of conditionality, conveying conditional-temporal meanings.

6. Morphological means.

A) The formal elements of the structure of a complex sentence can be words related to a certain part of speech: a noun, a comparative. For example: I came to city where I spent my childhood(the second, subordinate part of the sentence refers to a noun); He turned out better than we thought of him(for the structure of this sentence, a comparative is needed: it is its meaning that is extended by the subordinate clause).

B) Correlation of morphological forms. For example: Vf of the perfect form in the past tense in relation to the same forms in other components of the complex Bell rang, wagon flew (A. Pushkin). Vf in the form of the imperative in relation to Vf in the form of the subjunctive creates a conditional-effect relationship: turn out next to a friend, troubles would not happen.

C) the use of certain verb forms with certain unions: "to" + Inf, "to" + Vf with the suffix "l": Came to talk, I'll come early so we can talk.

7. Lexical means:

A) Semantic function: correlation of situations. The lexical content of the components of a complex sentence predetermines certain syntactic relations of these components.

B) Design function:

Synsemantic words: words with the meaning of speech and thought activity, perception, expression of will ( I know, I understand, I know, clearly, understandably, surprisingly, I see, I hear, it seemed, I ask, I demand and many others) are formal indicators of the structure of complex explanatory sentences. For example: I know that you are my friend, It's amazing how you guessed it, Father demanded that I go with him;

Lexical ratios: Ratios lexical meanings individual words can be a means of expressing syntactic relations between the components of a complex sentence. For example, antonyms (including contextual ones) are involved in the expression of opposition: You are rich - I am very poor, you are a prose writer - I am a poet, you are ruddy, like a poppy color - I am like death, and thin and pale;

Phrase diagrams with significant vocabulary: “it’s worth it”, “it didn’t have time - how”, “it’s enough to”. For example: cost open his mouthhow everyone started laughing. The phraseological scheme "cost - how" expresses temporal relationships: the second situation occurs simultaneously with the first. Oftenenough it was emptyto Chaliapin fell into a violent rage. The phrase scheme "enough - to" expresses the relationship of conditionality: the second situation is a consequence of such a condition, which should not lead to such a consequence

SELF-CHECK QUESTIONS

1. What contradiction is contained in the definitions of a complex sentence, even the most modern ones?

2. What is the essence of opposing a simple sentence to a complex one? What are the similarities and differences between simple and complex sentences?

3. What is the constructive basis of a simple sentence? What about complex?

4. Can a predicative unit acting as part of a complex sentence change its structure? Give examples.

5. Name four features by which complex sentences are classified.

6. Name seven indicators of formal syntactic connection in a complex sentence.

7. How do unions differ from allied words?

A sentence is complex if it has two or more predicative units (structures of simple sentences) that form a semantic, structural and intonational unity. In speech, a complex sentence acts as one communicative unit, despite the complexity and volume of its structure.

A complex sentence is characterized by a number of structural and semantic features that significantly distinguish it from a simple sentence:

1. A simple sentence is built from words and phrases and represents one predicative unit, while the structural components of a complex sentence are predicative units. So, the sentence Under the blue skies with magnificent carpets, shining in the sun, the snow lies, the transparent forest alone turns black, and the spruce turns green through the hoarfrost, and the river shines under the ice (A. Pushkin) is complex, as it consists of four predicative units (parts) : the first - Under the blue skies with magnificent carpets, shining in the sun, snow lies (the predicative basis is the subject snow and the predicate lies), the second - the transparent forest one turns black (the predicative basis is the subject forest and the predicate turns black), the third - and the spruce turns green through the frost (the predicative basis is the subject spruce and the predicate turns green), the fourth - and the river under the ice shines (the predicative basis is the subject river and the predicate shines).

2. In the predicative parts of some complex sentences, there are such structural components that are not characteristic of a simple sentence:

a) pronominal correlative words in the main part of a complex sentence, to which the subordinate part belongs (Who lived a lot, he saw a lot);

b) subordinating conjunctions and allied words in a complex sentence (when, if, because, which, whose, who, etc.).

3. The predicative parts of many complex sentences do not have semantic and intonational completeness.

These features are inherent in a complex sentence as a whole.

The unity and integrity of a complex sentence is created by the following means:

1) intonation, which, firstly, defines the boundaries of a complex sentence in the flow of speech: at the end of each predicative part, there is an increase in tone and only at the end of the last predicative part - its decrease (end intonation), and secondly, it combines parts of a complex sentence, expressing various relationships between them, for example: The horses set off, the bell rang, the wagon flew (with the help of intonation, enumerative relations between parts of a complex sentence are expressed). I looked out of the wagon: everything was darkness and a whirlwind (A. Pushkin) (explanatory relationships between parts of a complex sentence are expressed intonation).

2) unions and allied words. Conjunctions that combine parts of a complex sentence are divided into two types according to their meaning and function:

Compositional, with the help of which compound sentences are created (and, yes, but, but, or, or, etc.);

Subordinate, participating in the creation of complex sentences (because, because, if, while, etc.).

Allied words (pronouns (which, which, whose, etc.) and pronominal adverbs (where, when, etc.) act in this role) not only combine parts of a complex sentence, but are also members of a sentence.

3) the syntactic structure of the predicative parts:

a) structural parallelism of parts, that is, the same type of syntactic construction - the similarity of the arrangement of the main and secondary members of the sentence, which is accompanied by the same type of intonation pattern, the same type of allocation of the communicative center with the help of logical stress: He gets everything easily, but I never have any luck ;

b) incompleteness of one of the parts: The cat sat motionless on the mattress and pretended to be asleep (A. Chekhov). The first part is incomplete in meaning, therefore, it needs to be extended with the help of the second, which, in turn, omits the subject cat in order to avoid unnecessary repetition.

4) the order of the parts. Most complex sentences have a flexible structure, a free order of the predicative parts. However, some types of complex sentences have an inflexible structure - they allow only one specific order of the parts: In a word, there were losses that were considered in the order of things (K. Simonov).

5) the ratio of forms of verbs-predicates. In some sentences, the ratio of aspectual-temporal forms of verbs-predicates or mood forms in parts of a complex sentence is important, for example, when describing simultaneously occurring events in all parts of a complex sentence, imperfective verbs-predicates are used: The old prince was still in the city, and they were waiting for him every minute (L. Tolstoy).

Compound sentences are heterogeneous in structure and meaning. Depending on the grammatical means of combining parts, all complex sentences are divided into allied (their parts are combined into a single whole with the help of unions and allied words) and non-union (their parts are combined into a single whole without the help of unions and allied words).

Allied sentences, depending on the meaning of the unions with which their parts are connected, are divided into compound sentences, the constituent parts of which are combined with the help of coordinating unions, and compound sentences, the constituent parts of which are combined with the help of subordinating unions and allied words.

In general, the types of complex sentences can be represented in the following scheme:

Questions for self-control

1. What are the structural features of a complex sentence?

2. How is the unity of the parts of a complex sentence created?

3. On the basis of what are complex sentences divided into compound, compound and non-union?

You can download ready-made answers for the exam, cheat sheets and other study materials in Word format at

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COMPLEX SENTENCE AS A SYNTACTIC UNIT

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