The Russian language has a constantly changing vocabulary: some previously frequently used vocabulary is now almost never used, while others, on the contrary, are increasingly used by us. Examples obsolete words and neologisms are numerous, which indicates the development of the language.
These phenomena are closely related to the change public life: a new word arises with the advent of a new concept, and if people no longer refer to some object or phenomenon, then the term that serves to designate it is not used either. In this article we will look at obsolete words and their uses, types and features.
Obsolete words: definition
Obsolete words are those that in a given period of time are either very rarely used or not used at all (for example, right hand, child, Red Army soldier, mouth, people's commissar).
Word obsolescence is a process, so different concepts can be at different stages of it. Still not out of active use, but used less often than before, the words are called "obsolete vocabulary".
Neologisms and archaisms are used for different purposes. The latter are used, for example, to name phenomena and objects, that is, they perform a nominative function (for example, in scientific and historical works). In works of fiction devoted to a historical theme, such vocabulary plays a nominative-stylistic role - it serves not only to designate a specific reality, but also creates a certain flavor of a given era.
In a literary text, obsolete words can be used to indicate the time when an action takes place. Archaisms (and neologisms) can also serve their own stylistic purpose. give the text solemnity, being a means of expressiveness.
Neologisms: definition
We will answer the question of what neologisms are, we will also try to give examples. These are new words that have not yet become everyday and familiar. Their composition is constantly changing, some of the neologisms take root in the Russian language, while others do not. So, the word "satellite" in the middle of the 20th century was a neologism. Every year, the media use tens of thousands of new terms and concepts, but not all of them are in everyday use. Some are used only once in oral speech or in any text, while others are included in the linguistic composition and, being used repeatedly, lose their novelty. Certain new terms, having not yet entered the main lexical fund, immediately fall out of use and become obsolete (such a fate befell, for example, the vocabulary of the post-revolutionary years: general education, zhendelegatka, businessman, kerenka).
Ways of the emergence of new words
Obsolete words and neologisms of the Russian language are a very interesting phenomenon. It is especially interesting to learn how new concepts appear. They arise in several ways:
The formation of a lexical neologism (a new term) from morphemes and words already existing in the language according to existing models: drywall, disk drive, fiber optic;
By borrowing a certain foreign word with the subsequent formation of new words from it according to the word formation models existing in the language: scanner, scan, scan;
The formation of a new lexical meaning of a term that already exists in the language (in this sense, words are called semantic neologisms), which occurs, among other things, by tracing the meanings of words in another language: a mouse is both a device for entering information into a computer and an animal; a hard drive is both a device for storing information in a computer and a gun;
The formation of some stable phrases with a new meaning (including tracing): motherboard, hard drive.
Archaisms and historicisms
Among obsolete vocabulary, archaisms and historicisms are distinguished. Obsolete words and neologisms, examples of which are given in this article, have a different fate.
It is determined by their use in speech, and not by "age": those who call necessary, vital concepts and terms do not age for centuries, while others quickly become archaic, we stop using them, since the objects themselves, denoted by these words, disappear. For example, the education system in our country has changed, and therefore such terms as cool lady, college student, realist (meaning "a student of a real school") have left the speech.
The concept of "historicism"
Words that serve as names for concepts, objects and phenomena that have already disappeared are called historicisms. All of the above terms apply to them. These words occupy a special position in our language, since they are the only designations for obsolete objects. Historicisms, therefore, do not and cannot have any synonyms. AT works of art, historical literature about the past of the people, they are inevitably used, because thanks to them the color of a particular era is recreated. These words give features of historical authenticity to the description of the past.
Thus, historicisms are words that we have ceased to use due to the fact that the phenomena and objects they designate have disappeared: caftan, bursa, posadnik. They are used mainly in various texts describing the past (both artistic and scientific).
The concept of "archaism"
Archaisms are words that have passed into a passive reserve because the phenomena, objects and concepts they designate that still exist today have new names. There are different types of them, depending on which aspect of a particular word is outdated:
Lexical, if the word itself is outdated and its sound-letter complex is no longer used, and the meaning is now indicated by a new vocabulary unit;
Semantic - in the case when the word in modern language exists, but has lost some meaning or several of them ("to deprive the stomach");
Phonetic - if the sound appearance of a particular term has changed, reflected in its spelling ("eighteen years");
Derivational - when the very word-formation structure of this word ("poison caplet");
Grammar - if certain grammatical forms are out of use.
Archaisms are fundamentally different from historicisms. If the latter are the names of some obsolete objects, then the former are the obsolete names of ordinary concepts and phenomena that we encounter in everyday life.
Types of archaisms
Among the archaisms, specific groups of words can be distinguished. Some of them differ from their commonly used synonyms by specific features in sound, non-vowel sound combinations (young - young, gold - gold, city - hail, coast - shore, raven - vran; the second words in these pairs sound archaic). These obsolete words are called phonetic archaisms. These include terms such as klob (club in modern vocabulary), numer (number), stora (curtain), goshpital (hospital) and other obsolete words and phrases in Russian that can be found among writers and poets of the 19th century. They often differ from their "rivals" in just one sound, less often in several of them or in an outdated accent.
As you can see from the examples, the obsolete vocabulary is distinguished by the degree of its archaism: some words are still used in speech, for example, by poets, while others are known to us only from the works of literature of the last century. There are some that are completely forgotten today.
A very interesting phenomenon is the archaization of a certain meaning of a word.
Its result is the appearance of semantic, or semantic, archaisms, that is, such words that are used in an outdated, unusual meaning for us. Their knowledge helps to correctly understand the language of classical literature.
How neologisms appear
We have already answered the question of what neologisms are, we have given examples of them above. Now let's find out how they arise in Russian. What appears faster: archaisms and neologisms? Let's figure it out.
The speed of appearance is different for such layers of vocabulary as obsolete words and neologisms, examples of which are proposed in this article. Much more intense and faster is the process of replenishing the language with a new lexical composition. AT last years, in about 15-20 years, there have been great historical changes in our country, which directly affected the state of the vocabulary of the Russian language. The neologisms that appeared at this time include such formations that did not exist before, not only in the literary language, but also in any other areas of its use (territorial and social dialects, functional styles). Only with perestroika did the vocabulary include such concepts as agrobank (that is, a land bank), corporatization (transformation of a state enterprise into a joint-stock company by issuing and selling various shares), targeted (addressed to a specific group of people), anti-market (that is, an opponent of the transition countries to a market economy), as well as hyperinflation (inflation that is rapidly developing and threatening economic collapse) and some others.
Types of neologisms
As you have already noticed, neologisms are opposed to obsolete words. The new units of vocabulary in their design are either separate words (tenancy, anti-Stalinism, audio cassette, ATM, bandit formation), or compound names (UFO - poverty line - a certain level of well-being of the population, providing a minimum amount of consumption of basic material goods).
Such neologisms are considered lexical. Phraseological ones can also be noted here, which are recently emerged, for example: turn on (that is, start additional printing of paper money, which is not supported by the production of goods), hang noodles on your ears (meaning "to mislead someone"), etc.
Lexico-phraseological neologisms are phraseological units, compound terms and words.
Four groups of neologisms
As you can see, the functions of obsolete words and neologisms are different. We have already mentioned the role of the former. All new words according to their purpose can be divided into four main groups.
The first of them includes the names of concepts and realities that did not exist earlier in the life of the people: revivalists - followers of the pseudo-patriotic movements of Russia, striving for its revival, grant - certain subsidies, which are a form of additional financial security scientific research, and etc.
The second group of neologisms is created to designate phenomena that already take place in public life, but for some reason, for example, ideological, did not receive their designation: returnee - voluntarily returned from emigration to his homeland, extrajudicial - who is outside the boundaries of legal proceedings, Leninist, command-bureaucratic and etc.
The third group consists of those pointing to realities that do not exist in real life, but are possible in fantasies, predicted with the further development of technology and science: a spaceship, nuclear winter, a cyborg.
The last, fourth group includes lexical units that duplicate words with a certain lexical meaning. This includes ideographic (full) synonyms that are identical in stylistic coloring and meaning: thoughtful - balanced, statesman - sovereign, historical - fateful, servile - loyal.
Interstyle and neologisms peculiar to a certain style of speech
Neologisms in terms of use are mainly interstyle, that is, used in all (intergirl, image, case, yogurt, beneficiary, liberal democratic, drug business, interbank). However, a certain part of them is characteristic of a specific style: journalistic (dissenter, rollback, drug lord, integrator, balance), scientific (bio-locator, aura, ozone hole, radioecology, clone), business (dealer, depositary, natural monopoly) or colloquial (xerite, compromising evidence, cash, cheating, bad luck, strained).
We answered the question about what obsolete words and neologisms are. There are a variety of examples of them, only a few of them have been indicated in this article. In fact, both of them represent a significant layer of vocabulary. There are even special dictionaries where you can find other examples of obsolete words and neologisms.
Once upon a time, the appearance of the first radios, telephones and televisions shocked the whole world. It was truly amazing! New phenomena demanded names. Thus, words-neologisms entered the Russian speech, which until now were not in it and could not be.
Today, the words "telephone" and "TV" can hardly be attributed to the category of "neologisms". Examples of modern new words refer to other realities. “Computer”, “cellular”, “mobile” were also neologisms quite recently. But they very soon left the pedestal of novelty. Today, every kid easily operates with these words.
"Promoter", "restyling", "rebranding", "nanotechnology", "franchising" - these words are not yet understood and known to everyone. Therefore, it is still possible to define them in the group of "neologisms". Examples of these new words are a temporary phenomenon. After all, very soon people will get used to them and will use them in everyday speech.
Although this often happens: neologisms do not take root in Russian speech! Examples of such rejection are words that are inconvenient in pronunciation, dissonant. And although they are used in speech, however, many try to avoid letter combinations that press on the ear. This is what happened with the word “photocopy”, which was formed from “photocopy”. And everything seems to be correct, but it is not very pleasant to hear.
Basically, the words listed above were borrowed by the Russian language from foreigners, these are the so-called "neologisms that came from other languages." Examples of this phenomenon may have another way of appearance. For example, there are new author's, individual-stylistic words.
This process is called word-formation derivation. That is, someone, using well-known morphemes and generally accepted word models, forms a new, more brightly colored word in the stylistic aspect. Examples of neologisms invented by writers are Gogol's adjective "green-haired", released by Mayakovsky "sickle", "hammered", "hulk". True, today these words can already be called archaisms: both the sickle and the hammer have disappeared from the coat of arms of the country, and the image of the “green-haired birch” is present in every second poem.
There are several ways to transfer foreign words into Russian. It can be a full tracing-paper of a word, for example, "Internet", "computer", "Skype". The ending is simply added to these words in speech.
Sometimes the process of transliteration can be traced in the language. That is, the word, as it were, is assimilated under the influence of the rules of pronunciation of the language that accepts it. That's what happened with Latin word"intonatio", which in Russian began to sound like "intonation".
Today it has become very fashionable to “joke” with the language, composing your own words, mixing foreign words and Russian or morphemes. It often turns out to be a rather ridiculous neologism. Examples are the expressions “face about the table”, “Skype”, “geymanul”.
Most literary scholars believe that excessive clogging of the Russian language harms it rather than helps it develop. After all, many phenomena can be called in Russian. This is especially true of new job titles and positions that, if you think about it, already exist.
abstract, oh, oh; -ten, tna, tno (book). 1. Abstract, obtained by abstraction; opposite specific. abstract concepts. 2. Using abstraction, based on abstraction (scientific).
Authoritarian
Aya, oh; -ren, -rna (book). Based on unquestioning obedience to power, dictatorship. authoritarian regimes.
Adequate
[lat. adaequatus - equated] - 1) quite corresponding to smth., identical, coinciding; 2) unfold right.
Aktsi "z
(fr. accise) - a type of indirect (included in the price or tariff) taxes on goods, mainly mass consumption, services of private enterprises; paid by buyers (consumers).
Actual
Aya, oh; - flax, - flax. Important, relevant to the present moment. Actual topic.
Alternative
(French alternative, from Latin alter - one of two), the need to choose one of two or more mutually exclusive possibilities; each of the mutually exclusive possibilities.
Ambition
(from lat. ambitio): The desire to achieve goals, ambition. The demand for external signs of respect, honor. Pride, dignity. According to TSB: ambition, vanity, arrogance, swagger; increased resentment.
Andegra "und
underground (English unerground - underground) in relation to Russian. culture is a form of consistent aesthetic. and existential protest against the state-bureaucratic style of managing claims and literature.
Antinomy
and, well. [Greek antinomia] (philos). A contradiction between two laws, regulations, principles, categories. and, g. [Greek antinomia] (philos). Contradiction between two laws, regulations, principles, categories.
Apocalypse
(Greek apokalypsis - revelation) - The Revelation of John, one of the books of the New Testament, the oldest surviving Christian literary work (ser. 68 - early 69). The Church attributes to John the authorship of the prophecy about the "end of the world", about the struggle between Christ and the Antichrist, the "Last Judgment", "the thousand-year kingdom of God."
area
(from Latin area - area, space), part of the earth's surface (or water area), within which one or another species (genus, family, etc.) of animals or plants is found.
Aura
(lat. aura - “breeze”, “breeze”) - astral shell, colorful phenomena, “shining around physical person and enveloping him like a cloud (as if in the shape of an egg) ”(Steiner)
Ba "ikers
(eng. biker, from bike ← motorbike ← motorbicycle "motorcycle") - lovers and fans of motorcycles. Unlike ordinary motorcyclists, bikers have a motorcycle as part of their lifestyle.
Banal
oh, oh; -flax, flax, flax [fr. banal]. Lost expressiveness due to frequent repetition, battered, very ordinary, vulgar. Banal phrase. Banal denouement of the play. B. gesture.
Barter
(from French barater - to exchange) - natural barter, in which one thing is exchanged for another without monetary payment, a trade transaction carried out according to the "goods for goods" scheme.
Briefing
a brief meeting of officials, representatives of commercial or other structures with representatives of the media, at which a position on a specific issue is stated.
Broker
(English broker) - an intermediary in the securities market (stock exchange) or on the commodity exchange, performing the functions of buying and selling securities or exchange goods on behalf of the client and at his expense.
Vernissage
(from the French vernissage - varnishing) - the grand opening of the artist. exhibitions. Name "AT." associated with the tradition of artists to cover the paintings with varnish the day before the opening of the exhibition.
Winchester
a drive on a hard magnetic disk (disks), which serves as the basis for external permanent memory of a PC. It consists of three blocks: the first one includes one or more disks, on the magnetic surface of which data is written.
Makeup artist-stylist
work with a face in order to find and give a certain image.
Genocide
actions aimed at the complete or partial destruction of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group by killing members of this group, causing grievous bodily harm to their health, forcibly preventing childbearing.
Guru
(from Sanskrit letters - “important person”) - in Hinduism (cm), Buddhism (cm), yoga (cm) - one whose words are more valuable than the most respected established and generally accepted principles; he is not a dictator, but an adviser.
Digest
publication or its department, in which the content of publications of many periodicals is condensed with excerpts in order to give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe most interesting that has found a place in the press for a certain period.
Display
(English display - show, distantion play - playback at a distance) - an electronic device designed to visually display information. The display in most cases can be called a part of a complete device used to display digital, alphanumeric or graphic information in an electronic way. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "display", as part of the device, and a monitor, which can have displays of different types - CRT, LCD, plasma, etc. For example, a mobile phone has a display for displaying information, but it can also have remote (connected) monitor.
Dissident
(lat. dissidens - disagree) - a person whose political views differ significantly from official regulations in the country where he lives; politically dissident.
Dilemma
(Greek δί-λημμα double lemma) - a polemical argument with two opposite positions, excluding the possibility of a third. [Sometimes misused to mean "problem"]
Dealer
(English dealer) - 1) an entrepreneur who retails products that he purchased in bulk. As a rule, D. is an agent of a large industrial corporation and is part of its dealer company.
Distributor
a wholesale organization that sells goods purchased under an agreement with a certain manufacturer on a long-term basis. D. purchases and sells goods on his own behalf and at his own expense.
Deposit
(from lat. depositum - a thing deposited) - 1) deposits in banks and savings banks; D. are: urgent, on demand, conditional; 2) entries in bank books confirming certain requirements of customers to the bank.
Deportation
(lat. deportatio - exile, expulsion) - the forced expulsion of a person or an entire category of persons to another state or other locality, usually under escort.
Depression
[de], and, f. [Latin. depressio]. 1. Oppressed, depressed mental state (honey). 2. Decline, stagnation in the economic life of the country (econ).
Deflation
(English - deflation from lat. deflatio - blowing, blowing away) - withdrawal from circulation of part of the money supply in order to prevent its growth and suppress inflation, a process opposite to inflation.
Dividend
(from lat. dividendus - subject to division) - part of the profit of a joint-stock company, which it distributes among shareholders (owners of shares) and pays them annually in accordance with their shares and taking into account dignity.
Image
(from the English. image - “image”, “image”) - an artificial image formed in the public or individual consciousness by means of mass communication and psychological influence.
Immunodeficiencies (IDS)
disorders of immunological reactivity due to the loss of one or more components of the immune apparatus or nonspecific factors closely interacting with it.
Impeachment
(English impeachment - accusation, from lat. impedivi - “hindered, stopped”) - the procedure for removing a high-ranking government official, up to the head of state.
Impresario
(Italian impresario - from impredere - to undertake, start), in some countries a private entrepreneur, organizer of entertainment enterprises or an agent of an artist, acting on his behalf, concluding contracts for him, etc.
Inauguration
also inauguration - the ceremony of taking office. The word inauguration comes from the Latin inaguro - "I dedicate". Basically, this ritual is borrowed from the coronation ceremonies of monarchs.
Invective
s, w. [from lat. invectivus - abusive, abusive] (book). An angry speech against someone, an insulting expression, abuse, an attack.
Invest
to invest in any enterprise, business.
Indexing
(from Latin index - list, register, index) - a means of protection against inflation, linking the amount of a contract, loan, salary, pension, allowances, deposits, etc. to the consumer price index.
Mortgage
Real estate pledge. In the general case, the mortgage scheme is as follows - a creditor (for example, a bank) issues a loan to the debtor for the purchase of real estate. The debtor acquires real estate through a loan.
Establishment
(from the English. Establishment - those in power, the ruling circles, the political elite): 1. Sectors of society that have a privileged position and are the backbone of this social system. 2. High profit margins... Indifferent - adj. 1. Showing no interest in smth., smth.; indifferent, indifferent, indifferent. // Expressing indifference, indifference, indifference. 2. Not influencing, influencing someone, smth., not coming into contact with someone, smth.
Insinuation
instigation (instigation), secret incitement, mood, conspiracy.
Catharsis
m. 1. Mental discharge experienced by the viewer in the process of empathy when viewing the tragedy (in the terminology of Aristotle). 2. trans. Moral cleansing experienced by a person in the process of empathy and.
Kidnapping
kidnapping of children or people in general. Crimes against the person.
Kickboxing
type of modern combat sport. It is a synthesis of European boxing fisticuffs and kicking techniques borrowed from a number of martial arts (karate, taekwondo, Thai boxing, etc.).
Kitsch
kitsch [German] Kitsch hack, bad taste] a tasteless, cheap work (e.g. painting, novel, film). The term originated at the beginning of the 20th century. in the circles of Munich artists.
Communicable
sociable, contact; easy, sociable, own, compatible, artel. At. closed, shy.
Competent
oh, oh; -nten, ntna, ntno [from Latin. competens - appropriate, capable] (book). 1. Knowledgeable, who is a recognized expert in some. question.
Collage
(from French collage - gluing) - a technical technique in fine arts, which consists in gluing onto the substrate objects and materials that differ from the base in color and texture.
Conversion
(from lat. conversio - transformation) - a significant transformation, a change in conditions, the replacement of some objects of production with others or one financial instrument with another.
Consensus
(from lat. consensus - consent) - a way of making decisions on the basis of general agreement in the absence of fundamental objections from the majority of stakeholders.
Conservative
oh, oh; -veins, vna, vno [Latin. conservativus - protective] (book). Defending the immutability of the past against any novelty of progress. conservative views.
Country dance
(French contredanse, from English countrydance, literally - village dance), English folk dance. Appeared in the 17-18 centuries. Later, as a ballroom dance, it became widespread in other European countries, in the 19th century. merged with the quadrille.
Contribution
tribute paid to the enemy: during the war - by the population of the occupied territory, at the end of the war - by the government of the defeated country.
Conjuncture
market conditions (from lat. conjungere - to bind) - the economic situation that is developing in the market, characterized by the levels of supply and demand, market activity, prices, sales volumes, movement of interest rates.
Copyright
Copyright - intellectual property, copyright.
legitimate
[legitimate] adj. Is in accordance with the law in force in the state; law.
Leasing
a type of investment activity for the acquisition of property and its transfer on the basis of a leasing agreement to individuals or legal entities for a certain fee, for a certain period and on certain conditions stipulated by the agreement.
Lobby
representatives of various groups who influence parliamentarians in the course of adopting laws that are beneficial to these groups. English Lobby - lobby Lobbying.
lumpen
lumpen-proletariat (from it. Lumpen - rags) - declassed sections of the population (tramps, beggars, criminal elements), who broke with production activities, alienated from property, morally degraded.
Marketing
(from the English market - market) - a wide range of activities in the field of the market of goods, services, securities, carried out in order to stimulate the sale of goods, develop and accelerate exchange.
Manager
(from English manage - manage) - a specialist in managing the production and circulation of goods, a hired manager. Managers organize work in the company, manage the production activities of groups of employees of the company.
mentality
[from lat. mens, mentis - mind and alis - others] - a system of originality of the mental life of people belonging to a particular culture, a qualitative set of features of their perception and assessment of the world around them.
Modem
an external or internal device connected to a computer for transmitting and receiving signals over telecommunication (telephone) lines. To transmit a signal, the modem converts the digital signal received from the computer into an analog form.
Multimedia
(multimedia, from English multi - a lot and media - media, environment). Non-text types of information - audio and video. Most websites use only text and pictures to present information.
Marginal
(lat. marginalis - edge, border, side) - a person who is outside his social group, an outcast.
Mercantile
oh, th; - flax, - flax, - flax. 1.only full. f.adj. to mercantilism (in 1 value). Mercantile system.2. trans. Petty-calculating, self-serving. Mercantile interests.
Misanthrope
a, m. (books). A misanthrope, unsociable, a person suffering from misanthropy.
Motivate
roar, roar, owls. and nonsov., that (book). Give (give) motives, arguments in favor of sth. M. your offer.
Notebook
(from English notebook - notebook, notebook) - a portable portable computer.
Halo
a, m. [from Latin. aureolus - gilded] (book). 1. Radiance around the face on the icon, the same as the halo (obsolete). 2. trans., only units. The charm of success, fame, surrounding some. event or person.
Office
(English office) - a representative office of a company. The office accepts clients, stores and processes documents, archives, etc. Office, main office - the official headquarters of the company, premises.
offshore
(from English offshore outside the coast, outside the borders) is one of the most famous and effective methods of tax planning. The basis of this method is the legislation of many countries, partially or completely exempting from taxation.
Publicity
(from English publicity - publicity, publicity) - a term meaning: 1. The fame or popularity of something, determined by publicity or openness to receive information from its source.
Punk, punks
(English punk - transl. colloquial bad, trashy) - a youth subculture that arose in the mid-60s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia.
Playboy
noun hawk, reveler, reveler Syn: reveller, flaneur (colloquial) playboy, rake, loafer, playboy young actor unreliable, irresponsible man playboy playboy, playboy.
player
compact tape recorder with headphones.
Pluralism
in constitutional law means the possibility of free existence in society of various political views, schools, ideologies, various political parties and organizations with different goals and programs.
Poltergeist
(from German poltern - “make noise”, “knock” and Geist - “spirit”) - a term that is used to denote inexplicable, paranormal phenomena associated with noise and knocks, spontaneous movement (throwing) of objects, spontaneous combustion, etc.
Populism
(from lat. populus - people) - a political position or style of rhetoric that appeals to the broad masses of the people. Populism is based on the desire of one or another political force to win the trust and support of the masses, to please the people.
Price list
an ordered list of goods with prices. Prices of goods.
rave
1. Modern techno style dance music with lighting effects. 2. The direction of the youth subculture, cultivating such music. 3. Pastime of youth associated with such music, with dancing under.
Rating
(New) scales are designed to quantify performance, either overall, or by individual parameters, or as a combination of both. Goal-based evaluations are used in conjunction with goal-based management approaches.
Respondent
the person answering the questionnaire.
Realtor
a legal or natural person carrying out entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity, carrying out intermediary and other activities in the real estate market on the basis of a special license.
rockers
Mn. 1. Informal youth groups that emerged in the early 80s. of the 20th century, opposing themselves to society with their demeanor, appearance and extreme riding through the night streets of the city on motorcycles without observing traffic rules.
Roller
m. 1. One who rides roller skates [roller skates I] (roller skates or skis, as well as a rollerboard) in the appropriate equipment: in a protective helmet, with knee pads and elbow pads. 2. An athlete involved in roller skating.
Racket
(English racket - noise, fuss) - extortion, usually taking the form of organized gang crime with the use of threats, brutal violence, hostage taking.
Summit
(from English summit) - a summit meeting, that is, negotiations of heads of state and / or governments. The term was not used in Russian until the second half of the 1980s.
Sequester
prohibition to use any property imposed by the authorities.
Certificate
from lat. sertifico - I certify A. Document, evidence, certifying a certain fact. B. Type of bonds. B. A document certifying the quality of the goods (certificate of quality, certificate of conformity). D. A document containing the conditions.
Scanner
(eng. scanner) - a device that, by analyzing an object (usually an image, text), creates a digital copy of the image of the object. The process of obtaining this copy is called scanning.
Sponsor
1) surety, guarantor; 2) an individual or legal entity financing an economic project, holding social events; 3) customer, organizer, organizer of a major event.
Stress
(English stress tension; a synonym for stress reaction) is a non-specific reaction of the body that develops under the influence of various intense or new influences (pain, cold, excessive physical exertion, psycho-emotional trauma, etc.).
Suicide, suicide
(from Latin sui caedere - to kill oneself) - purposeful deprivation of one's life, as a rule, voluntary (although there are cases of forced suicide).
Charisma
[from Greek. charisma - gift] - attributing or recognizing to a person a set of such properties, traits and qualities that ensure the admiration of her followers.
Hospice
Provides outpatient and inpatient care to patients. Outpatient care is provided at home by hospice outreach teams (“hospice at home”). Inpatient care depending on the needs of the patient and his family.
Charter
(English charter) - in international merchant shipping and air traffic, a type of contract for the carriage of goods, passengers and baggage, the same as a charter contract.
Before proceeding to the consideration of the very topic of the course work, it is still worthwhile to clarify what neologisms are and what they are.
Using the definition taken from the encyclopedia "Russian language", we can say that neologism (from the Greek neos - "new", logos - "word") is a word or figure of speech created to denote a new subject or expression of a new concept.
In modern Russian, neologisms are divided into linguistic and author's, or individual stylistic 2 .
Language neologisms are created mainly to designate a new subject, concept. They are included in the passive vocabulary and are noted in the dictionaries of the Russian language 3 . A neologism is a word as long as it feels fresh. So, at one time the word "cosmodrome" was a neologism. Now this word is included in the lexical composition of the modern Russian language. And this, in turn, suggests that if the concept is relevant and the word naming it is well connected with other words, then the word will soon cease to be a neologism.
There are a lot of examples of linguistic neologisms in the Russian press. Take at least a borrowed word from English rating(a numerical indicator of the evaluation of someone's activities, the popularity of someone, something in relation to others, usually based on the results of public polls or on the opinion of experts). "In November rating Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev, according to the All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM), finally made a significant leap up, reaching the level of 13-17% "/" Russian Newsweek "from 11/27/2006.
However, if we delve into the classification of new words, then among linguistic neologisms we can distinguish lexical and semantic ones.
To lexical neologisms include those words that are newly formed according to the models available in the language or borrowed from other languages 4 .
An example of a lexical neologism formed according to the models available in the language is the word video smuggling(illegal secret duplication and distribution of video products that violate the copyright of its creators). “There are no fewer counterfeit video products on our markets. Against, video smuggling flourishes." // "Russian Newsweek" from 11/27/2006. As we can see, the word was formed on Russian soil by adding the root video and the word smuggling.
An example of a borrowed lexical neologism is a technical term decoder(device for decoding digital coded data; synchronous decoder). “The whole problem is that today most of the MMDS television networks are not encrypted, so illegal immigrants can not buy decoders, - and therefore - not to pay a subscription fee. // "Russian Newsweek" dated 11/20/2006.
This neologism was borrowed due to the appearance of a new device, the name of which did not exist before.
It should be noted that most of the neologisms we found are lexical ones.
Semantic neologisms are previously known words that, in the light of recent language changes, have acquired new meanings 5 . Such processes are not uncommon for the Russian language, so we encountered quite a lot of semantic neologisms in the publications under consideration.
An excellent example of this kind of neologism is the word mac.. In the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, edited by S.I. Ozhegova and N.Yu. Swedish it is defined as "a coat or raincoat made of rubberized fabric." This is the original meaning of the word mac. Now it has acquired another meaning (an Apple Computer, not compatible with IBM) and has become a neologism. “At the awards ceremony, it was especially noted that Apple has gone all the way in the development of computer music from its very beginnings, starting with the release of the Macintosh computer, and is the leading creator ...” // “Russian Newsweek” from 12/4/2006.
Word catalog(from the Greek katalogos - "list") also acquired an additional meaning. In the Big Academic Dictionary, this word has the meaning:
A list of any items (books, exhibits, goods), compiled in a certain order.
Library catalog - a list of printed works available in the library. AT Russian libraries differ in purpose (reader and service catalogs), grouping method (alphabetical, systematic, subject catalogs), types of printed works, etc.
Now this word also means a directory in computer science. "Its own small LCD screen displays information about how full the drive is, what processes are running, battery status, and even the structure of the stored directories." // "Russian Newsweek" from 01/22/2007.
Author's, individual stylistic neologisms are created by writers, poets to give figurativeness to a literary text 6 . Neologisms of this type are "attached" to the context and have an author. According to the very purposes of their creation, they are called upon to preserve unusualness, freshness. Author's neologisms formed according to productive models are called potential words.
Unfortunately, we were not able to find a single author's neologism in the edition under consideration. This is explained by the fact that today's magazines rarely resort to artistic means of giving imagery. In dictionaries, of course, individual stylistic neologisms are also not recorded. Therefore, as an example of the author's neologism, we will give a classic example from Pushkin: Half milord, half merchant ...
Occasionalisms (from the Latin occasionalis - "random") - these are author's neologisms created according to unusual models. They do not exist outside of a particular context 7 .
“This is not quite a piece of Moscow. It - Luzhzone". // "Russian Newsweek" from 11/27/2006.
Also in this paper we will consider updated words, which can also be attributed to neologisms. We will talk about the actualization of concepts or realities below.
The world is changing rapidly, and our language is changing with it. Many words are forgotten and become archaisms, and we, in pursuit of modernity, use foreign words - first because of the technical language, and then in everyday life. There's nothing wrong with that, as long as it's in moderation. But do not forget that not only life creates language, but it also shapes our life.
I will now try to remind you of this measure by giving a translation of words often heard in different areas politics, economics and life. There were many borrowed words in the past, including from Latin, French and English. Since the beginning of the nineties, it has become especially fashionable to use catchy foreign words to give greater significance where it is most wanted - in business.
household
Active (active) - active, alive
Lunch (English lunch) - lunch
Supermarket (English market) - market. Hence marketing - trade
Barrel (oil) - barrel
Rubric (Latin rubrica - the title of the law) - section, heading
Fazenda (from por. fazer - to make, produce) - a country house
Admiral (arab. amir al) - leader
Parking (parking) - car parking
Condition (condition) - state, degree of readiness
Permanent (permanent) - permanent
Study (it studieren) - study, study
Opportunity (lat. occasio) - auspicious or convenient occasion
Bohemia (from fr. boheme) - social class stratum between the intelligentsia and other classes
Grocery (tour. tank-al) - a shop selling non-perishable products for a long time
Business and Politics
Retailer (eng. retail) - a retail company
Advertising - advertising
Billboard - advertising platform
Consulting (English consulting) - meeting, discussion
Rally (meeting) - meeting, assembly
VIP (very important person) - special guest
Establishment (establishment) - influential / ruling circles, power, state, organization
To intensify (intensify) - to strengthen, strengthen
Conjuncture (lat. conjungere) - a set of conditions, a situation that has arisen
Presentation - report, show
Introduction (intro) - introduction
Management (English management) - management (resources)
Reception, prescription, reception (English receipt) - reception
Propaganda (lat) - to spread, to preach
Deadline (English deadline) - the time of delivery (project)
Background (English background) - biography, history of events
Information technology
Tag (English tag) - label, keyword
Device (English device) - a device (with microelectronics)
Interactive (interaction) - interaction
Proprietary - private, proprietary, proprietary
Digital (digital) - digital (camera)
Option (option) - choice, additional function
Signature (signature) - signature, imprint
Pattern (pattern) - style of behavior, model, pattern
Shared - allocated, accessible (files between users)
Feedback (feedback) - feedback (readers, electric circuit)
Phraseologisms
Neologisms are, of course, not only borrowed words, but also "domestic" word forms that appeared both from abbreviations and from the composition of new ones (mainly by poets and writers) in sound or semantic similarity. Phraseological units are higher-level language constructs (therefore phrase) - they are just as incomprehensible in meaning as neologisms, but they sound quite natural, and in order to understand them, you need to know how they were formed.
Tryn-grass- under-fence grass, i.e. useless, indifferent weed to everyone
Pour in the first number- In the old school, students were flogged every week, regardless of who was right and who was wrong. And if the “mentor” overdoes it, then such a spanking was enough for a long time, until the first day of the next month.
Goal like a falcon- Terribly poor, beggar. The bird has nothing to do with it, in fact, the "falcon" is an old military ramming gun. It was a completely smooth (“bare”) cast-iron ingot, mounted on chains. Nothing extra!
Orphan Kazan- Pretending to be unhappy, offended, helpless in order to pity someone. After the conquest of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible, the mirzas (Tatar princes) turned out to be subjects of the Russian tsar and tried to beg him for all sorts of indulgences, complaining about their orphanhood and bitter fate.
unlucky person- In the old days in Russia, "way" was called not only the road, but also various positions at the prince's court. The falconer's path is in charge of princely hunting, the trapping path is dog hunting, the equerry's path is carriages and horses. The boyars, by hook or by crook, tried to get a way from the prince - a position. And to those who did not succeed, they spoke of those with disdain: an unlucky person.
Inside out- In the time of Ivan the Terrible, the guilty boyar was put back to front on a horse in clothes turned inside out and in this form, disgraced, they drove around the city to the whistle and ridicule of the street crowd.
lead by the nose- To deceive, promising and not fulfilling the promise. Gypsies took bears to fairs for a nose ring and forced them, poor fellows, to do various tricks, deceiving them with the promise of handouts.
Scapegoat- A person who has been blamed for something else. The ancient Jews had a rite of absolution. The priest laid both hands on the head of a live goat, thereby, as it were, shifting the sins of the whole people onto him. After that, the goat was driven out into the wilderness. Many, many years have passed, and the rite no longer exists, but the expression lives on.
Sharpen laces- Lyasy (balusters) are chiseled figured railing posts at the porch. Only a real master could make such beauty. Probably, at first, “sharpening balusters” meant having an elegant, bizarre, ornate (like balusters) conversation. But craftsmen to conduct such a conversation by our time became less and less. So this expression began to denote empty chatter.
Nick down- "Nose" was called a commemorative plaque, or a tag for records. In the distant past, illiterate people always carried with them such boards and sticks, with the help of which all kinds of notes or notches were made as a keepsake.
Break a leg- This expression arose among hunters and was based on the superstitious idea that with a direct wish (both down and feather), the results of the hunt can be jinxed. Feather in the language of hunters means a bird, fluff - animals.
Beat the thumbs- For a long time, handicraftsmen have been making spoons, cups and other utensils from wood. To cut a spoon, it was necessary to chip off a chock - a baklusha - from a log. Apprentices were entrusted with preparing buckwheat: it was an easy, trifling matter that did not require special skills. Cooking such chocks was called “beating bucks”. From here, from the mockery of the masters over the auxiliary workers - "bucketers", our saying went.
After the rain on Thursday- The pagan god of thunder and lightning of the Russians, Perun, was dedicated to one of the days of the week - Thursday, to which prayers were offered for rain in a drought. Prayers often remained in vain, and the saying began to apply to everything that is not known when it will be fulfilled.