AT Turkish there are no prepositions like in Russian, but there are six types of case affixes that replace them. All case affixes are stressed, I join the root of the word.

Cases of the Turkish language briefly:

1. Dative-a/ -e or -ya/ -ye answers Kime's question? - “To whom?”, “To whom?”, Neye? "What?", Nereye? - "Where?"
2. local case-da/ -de answers Nerede's question? - "Where?", Kimde? - "Who?"
3. original case-dan/ -den or -tan/ -ten answers Nereden's questions? "where?", Kimden? "(from) whom?", Neden? “from what?”, “why?
4. Accusative-yi/ -yı/ -yu/ -yü or ı/ -i/ -u/ -ü answers Kimi's questions? - "Who?", Neyi? - "What?
5. Instrumental case ile, together: -yle/ -yla or -le/ -la answers Kiminle's questions? - "With whom?", Neyle? - "With what?"
6. Genitive-in/ -ın/ -un/ -ün or -nin/ -nın/ -nun/ -nün answers Kimin's questions? - "Who?", Neyin? - "What?"

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Now let's see how each of the Turkish cases is used:

Accusative

In Turkish, the accusative may or may not take an affix: the case does not take an affix when the object is an indefinite or inanimate object. For example: Ne yapıyorsun? Kitap okuyorum. (What are you doing? I'm reading a book)

When the object is a proper name, personal or demonstrative pronoun, an animate object or an inanimate object belonging to a person, as well as the plural. For example: Arkadaşlarını gördüm (I saw your friends)
Onu bekliyorum (I'm waiting for him)
Şu kitabı istiyorum (I want that book over there)

Ben - beni
Sen-seni
O-onu Biz-bizi
Siz-sizi
Onlar - onlarI

Dative

This case is also called directional. Indicates the direction of action or movement.
For example:
Bugun kime gidiyorsun? (Who are you going to today?)
Bugün Ali "ye gidiyorum (Today I'm going to Ali)
Nereye gidiyorsun? (Where are you going?)
Okula gidiyorum (I go to school)

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben-bana
Sen-sana
O-ona Biz-bize
Size
Onlar - onlara

original case

The original case indicates the starting point of the movement, action.
Nereden geliyorsun? (Where are you coming from?)
Piknikten geliyorum (I'm coming back) from a picnic)

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben - benden
Sen-senden
O - ondan biz - bizden
siz - sizden
onlar - onlardan

Instrumental case

The combination of the postposition ile with nouns and pronouns in Turkish is expressed in the instrumental case.
The postposition ile is usually written separately from the word, but you can also find the form -la, -le after consonants and -yla, -yle after vowels.

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!
Ben - benimle
Sen - seninle
O-onunla biz-bizimle
siz - sizinle
onlar - onlarla

Genitive

The genitive case of the Turkish language corresponds to a combination of two nouns, one of which in Russian is formed in the genitive case (door handle, friend's book, etc.) and is called the two-affix isafet.
For example:
Bu kimin arabasI? (Whose car is it?)
Arkadaşımın arabası (Friend's car)

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!

Ben - benim
Sen-senin
O - onun biz - bizim
siz - sizin
onlar - onlarIn

local case

The local (prepositional) case is used when denoting the location of an object and, as well as when denoting the owner of the object (for me, for you, etc.)
For example: Kitap nerede? (Where is the book?) Kitap masada (The book is on the table)

Don't forget to learn the case forms of personal pronouns!

Ben - bende
Sen-sende
O - onda biz - bizde
siz - sizde
onlar - onlarda

And now let's practice using cases with the song Eteği Belinde by the Turkish singer Manush Baba. His real name is Mustafa Ozkan. He took the pseudonym Manush Baba under the influence of his mother, who called him Manush in childhood - which meant good, nice, sweet. Baba, which means papa, was the first word that little Mustafa said.

The song Eteği Belinde (meaning literally "skirt at the waist") tells about the love of a young man for a girl and impatient expectation of a wedding. The clip shows us the atmosphere of old Istanbul, good neighborly relations and the simple joys of people whose fates were connected by one ancient district.

Lyrics:

Geliyor bak kalem kaşlı (She walks, thin eyebrows literally: like a pencil line)
Etegi belin de gül de takmış, gül de takmış (Waist skirt, rose pinned, rose pinned)
Al dudaklar, mor sümbüller (Scarlet lips, purple hyacinths)
Öyle de güzel ince de belli ince de belli (So pretty, thin waist, thin waist)

Yar Belin e Belin e sarIlamam, ah gece den
Ah öte den beri den bakış atma ah yerim de
Ah yıkadım kuruttum çarşaf ı , serdim ipek yorganı (Ah, washed, dried the sheets, laid a silk blanket)
Ah gunah ı sevab ı boynuma, gel bu gece koynuma (Oh, sin and joy, all mine, come to my arms tonight)

Dedim o na, ey guzel! (I told her, hey beauty!)
Böyle mi geçer bu geceler, bu geceler? (So ​​will these nights go, these nights?)
Neymiş anam bizim bu keder (Mom, what kind of fate is this)
Ne zamana kadar böyle gider, böyle gider? (How long will it last, how long)

Yar beline beline sarılamam, ah gece den duramam (Darling, I can't hug your waist, I can't wait for the night)
Ah öte den beri den bakış atma ah yerim de duramam (Ah, don't look back and forth, ah, I can't stand still)
Ah yıkadım kuruttum çarşafı, serdim ipek yorganı (Ah, washed, dried the sheets, laid a silk blanket)
Ah günahı sevabı boynuma, gel bu gece koynuma (Ah, sin and joy, all mine, come to my arms tonight)

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The accusative case denotes a direct object, that is, the object to which the action expressed by the verb passes. Does the accusative case answer kimi's questions? whom? neyi? ne? what?

Accusative suffixes: -ı/ -i/ -u/ -ü.

For example:

katalogu catalogue, sarayı palace, mimarı architect, albümü album, rehberi guide.

If the word ends in a vowel, then between it and the suffix of the accusative case there is a lining consonant: galeriyi gallery, tabloyu picture, manzarayı landscape, kopyayı copy.

If the accusative suffix is ​​attached to a word with the third person belonging suffix, then a spacer consonant n appears between them: sergi salonunu exhibition hall, para koleksiyonunu coin collection, el yazmalarını manuscripts.

In Turkish, there are formalized accusative(when case suffixes are attached) and unformed accusative(when case suffixes are not attached) cases.

The accusative case is issued in the following main cases:

- when a direct object is expressed by its own name:

Cengiz "i bekliyorum. I'm waiting for Cengiz.
İstanbul "u beğendim. I liked Istanbul.

- when a direct object is indicated by a personal, demonstrative pronoun (bu, şu, o) or an interrogative pronoun kim:

Beni duymuyor musun? You do not hear me?
Bunu anlamadım. I didn't get it.

— To the interrogative pronoun ne? what? the suffix may or may not be attached:

Ne ariyorsunuz? What are you looking for?
Neyi arıyorsunuz? What are you (exactly) looking for?

- when a direct object is expressed by a noun denoting a one-of-a-kind object (sun, moon, etc.):

Bulutlar goğü kaplıyor. Clouds cover the sky.
Ayı gormüyorum. I don't see the moon.

- when a direct object is preceded by a demonstrative pronoun or the word hangi? which? which the?:

Bu kiliseyi gezmedik. We have not visited this church.
Hangi tabloları beğendiniz? What pictures did you like?

- when a suffix of belonging is attached to a direct object:

Portremi gördünüz mü? Have you seen my portrait?
Para koleksiyonunuzu satmışsınız. They say you sold your coin collection.

- when the direct object is separated from the verb by other words and at the same time there is no word bir before it (as an indefinite article):

Gazeteyi her gun okurum. I read newspapers every day.
Bileti bana da mı almadın? You didn't buy me a ticket, did you?

- when the action applies to the entire object, in its entirety:

Butun suyu içmiş. It looks like he drank all the water.
Sen peyniri yemissin! You ate cheese! (assuming all cheese)

- when the certainty, specificity of the subject is revealed by the context or situation, and also when the direct object has already been discussed before:

Catalog getirsene. - Bring the catalog.
- Dun bir engraving aldım. - I bought an engraving yesterday.

The accusative case is not formed when the direct object is:

- an indefinite single object (ex. “Bring me some (any) book”); in Turkish, the indefinite article bir is used in these cases;

- several or many indefinite objects, each of which does not differ from the others ("I ate several apples"; "I bought twenty notebooks");

- any object or kind of objects not taken in full (“The boy eats apples”).

The accusative unformed case (belirsiz yükleme durumu) is used when the object to which the action passes is indefinite, that is, it refers to objects that are indistinguishable (from the point of view of the speaker or his interlocutor) from other objects of the same kind.

The accusative unformed case is used in many well-established phrases (such as “cause difficulties”, “cause indignation”, “spend time”, “take measures”, etc.).

Compare:

Arkadaşım bir kitap aldı - My friend bought (some) book. It doesn't matter which book, the emphasis on action is bought. Unformed v.p.

Arkadaşım kitabı aldı - My friend bought (this) book. Emphasis on the book, this particular book, the one that we see or talk about. Decorated v.p.

Turkish nouns have six cases

Main case.

Genitive.

Dative.

Local drop.

Initial case.

Accusative.

The main case of the name speaks for itself in general corresponds to the Russian nominative case. Three more case names are the same as in Russian. Of course, the name is not everything, and there are some differences between the cases of "namesake" in Russian and in Turkish, but basically they still correspond to each other and answer the same questions. There is no prepositional case in Turkish, since there are no prepositions either, there are postpositions, which, unlike prepositions, do not precede the noun, but follow it, but they do not require a special, say, “postpositional” case, they are combined with nouns in different cases. There is also no instrumental case; its meanings are conveyed in other ways. But on the other hand, in the Turkish language we meet with exotic names "local case" and "original case". These are the so-called "spatial cases", their main meanings are respectively "there", "in" and "from there", "from"; these cases are complemented by the dative case, which could be called "directive" (as in some related languages, for example, in Tatar), since the main meaning of the dative case of the Turkish language is "there", "toward", "towards".

Case affixes can be attached directly to the root of a noun, to a plural affix, or to an possessive affix.

When attaching a case affix, the above described phonetic changes loss of a narrow vowel and voicing of the final consonant (see Accessory).

Case affixes are attached to proper names through an apostrophe: Moskova "da moscovada in Moscow; Estanbul" a istanbul in Istanbul; Eskiєehir "den eskishchehirden from Eskisehir.

Basic case

Names the subject of speech, he answers the questions: who? (kim? kim?) what? (ne? not?). The noun in the main case coincides with its dictionary form, has no affixes (more precisely, it has a zero affix). In terms of its main functions and form, the main case is equivalent to the Russian nominative case.

Examples: woman - father; ev- ev- house; oda - ode - room - tarla - field; kemer - kemer - belt at-at-horse; baє- bash- head; zocuk - chojuk - child - oyunjak - toymuayenehane - doctor's office

Genitive

Answers the questions: whose? whose? whose? whose? (kimin? kimin? in the case of an animate "possessor"; nenin? nenin? in the case of an inanimate "possessor").

Genitive case affixes

Examples of relative izafet At bayue at bashi horse head (any horse, horse in general)

Zocuk oyuncare chojuk oyunjay children's toyєzi muayenehanesi dischchi muayenehanesi dental officeprü kemeri kyopryu kemeri bridge span

The unformed genitive in the construction of the relative izafet is also used to indicate the material from which the object is made. word formation turkish noun speech

For example:

alten altyn gold; tarak tarak comb alten tarare altyn tara'y golden comb sof sof wool; gömlek gömlek dress sof gömlepi sof gemleyi woolen dress (The words altën and sof are not in the main, but in the unformed genitive case.)

Dative

Denotes an indirect object (animate or inanimate), on which the action is under the influence, or the final point of the movement or action. He answers the questions: where? (nereye? ee-reye?) to whom? to whom? (kime? kime?) what? for what? (neye? neye? or niye? niye?).

Dative affixes

The letter “n” is inserted between the affix of the 3rd person and the dative affix (as well as the local, original and accusative cases, and for the last two, affix variants starting with a vowel sound are taken).

Examples: grandmother to father, to father ata ata horse, to horse field rose, to rose dieziye to child dentist, to dentist (girmek) oday (girmek) (enter) into the room araca (zekmak) aaja (chykmak) (climb) on a tree binmek) of the tram (binmek) (sit) in the tram keza kyza girl, to the girl kezlara kyzlara girls, to the girls kezema kyzyma of my daughter, to my daughter kezlarema kyzlarima to my daughters, to my daughtersmeve house, to your house, to your houseevlerinise your house houses, to your houses kezena kyzyna of your daughter, to your daughter; his daughter, to his daughter kazlarena kyzlaryn your daughters, to your daughters; to his daughters, to his daughters; their daughters, to their daughter; to their daughters, to their daughters, to your house, to your house; to his house, to his house, to your houses, to your houses; his houses, to his houses; their house, to their house; their homes, their homes.

As can be seen from the last four examples, the Turkish language does not distinguish between the dative case of singular nouns with 2nd person singular possessive affixes and singular nouns with 3rd person singular possessive affixes (“your ” = “his one”), as well as the dative case of plural nouns with possessive affixes of the 2nd person singular, plural nouns with possessive affixes of the 3rd person singular, nouns in the singular , equipped with affixes of possession of the 3rd person plural, and nouns in the plural, equipped with affixes of possession of the 3rd person plural (“your” = “his many” = “their one” = “their many”).

local case

Denotes the location of an object in space or the position of an event, phenomenon in time (in such and such a year, month). He answers the questions: where? (nerede? nerede?) from whom? (kimde? kim-de?) what? in what? (nede? nede?).

Local case affixes

Examples: yel - yyl - year; ay - ah - month; an - an - instantaneously yelda - gochmishch yylda - last yearayda - bu ayda - this month єu anda - shu anda - at the same moment odada - odada - in the room, odalarda - odalar - yes - in the roomhevde - in the house, at home ; evimde- evim-de- in my house kezda- kyzda- at the girl's; kezemda- kyzym- yes - my daughter kezenda- kyzynda- your daughter; his daughter; kezlarenda- kyzlarynda- with your daughters; his daughters, their daughter; with their daughters-evinde-in your house; in his house evlerinde- evlerinde- in your houses; in his houses, in his house; in their homes.

As can be seen from the last examples, Turkish does not distinguish between the local case forms of singular nouns with 2nd person singular possessive affixes and singular nouns with 3rd person singular possessive affixes (“your ”, “in yours” = “he has one”, “in his one”), as well as local case forms of plural nouns with possessive affixes of the 2nd person singular, plural nouns with possessive affixes 3rd person singular, singular nouns with 3rd person plural possessive affixes, and plural nouns with 3rd person plural possessive affixes (“at yours”, “in yours” = "in his many", "in his many" = "in their one", "in their one" = "in their many", "in their many").

original case

Designates the starting point of a movement or action and answers the questions: from where? (nereden? nereden?) from whom? (kimden? kimden?) from what? from what? (neden? neden?) why? (niсin? nichin?). A noun in the form of the original case in a sentence can be an adverb or an object.

Affixes of the original case

Examples: cuma- juma- Friday; cumadan-juma-dan-from Friday, odadan-from the room; odalardan - odalardan - from the rooms; evden - from the house; evimden - evimden - from my house kezdan - kyzdan - from a girl; kezemdan - kyzymdan - from my daughter kezendan- kyzyndan - from your daughter; from his daughter kazlarendan - kyzlaryndan - from your daughters; from his daughters; from their daughter; from their daughters - evinden - from your house; from his house evlerinden- evlerinden- from your houses; from his houses; from his house; from their homes.

As can be seen from the last examples, Turkish does not distinguish between the original case of singular nouns with 2nd person singular possessive affixes and singular nouns with 3rd person singular possessive affixes (“from your ”, “from yours” = “from his one”, “from his one”), as well as the forms of the initial case of plural nouns with possessive affixes of the 2nd person singular, plural nouns with possessive affixes 3rd person singular, singular nouns with 3rd person plural possessive affixes, and plural nouns with 3rd person plural possessive affixes (“from yours”, “from yours” = "from his many", "from his many" = "from their one", "from their one" = "from their many", "from their many").

Accusative

Denotes the direct object of the action expressed by the verb (as well as the accusative case of the Russian language). He answers the questions: who? (Kimi? kimi?) what? (neyi? her and? or ne? not?).

Accusative affixes

babaye- babayy-father (“I see my father.” Not to be confused with the genitive case - “no father”, “father’s house”) babame - babamy - my father babalarеmeze - babalarymyzy - our fathers dostu - dostu - friend dostumu - dostumu - my friend

The declension of nouns in Turkish is as follows:

ev - home => ev-den - from home

Peculiarities:

1. If the noun is in the plural, then the AFF of Cases is assigned after the AFF of the plural.

k?z-lar - girls => k?z-lar-dan - from girls

2. If the word ends in the consonants c, k, p, t, then the letter is converted to c, g, b, d, respectively.

tavuk - chicken => tavu-g-u - chicken

3. Words ending in -ain, -se are declined as consonants.

4. Case Affixes and Affiliation Affixes

Ben, Biz + AFF Accessory + AFF Case

Sen, Siz + AFF Accessory + AFF Case

O, Onlar + -?n, -in, -un, -un | -s?n, -sin, -sun, -sun + Case AFF

5. The affix -ki changes to the affix -kin

bende-ki - mine => ben-de-kin-e - I have

6. Declension of personal pronouns:

7. Demonstrative pronouns are transformed: bu => bun su => sun

Case Inflection in Turkish

The determining factor for Russian morphology is the fact that the Russian language is inflectional. The declension is called inflectional if the ending of the noun cannot be “cut” into two parts so that it turns out that one of them expresses a number and the other a case. For example, in the word dogs-and the ending -i expresses both the nominative case and the plural; these two values ​​are “glued together” in one indicator. Let's compare some forms of the Russian word dog and the Turkish word kopek with the same meaning.

As can be seen from this table, in Turkish it is possible to distinguish a morpheme common to all plural case forms (ler) and a morpheme common to the dative case in singular and plural (e). Languages ​​of this type are called agglutinative; in them, the form of the noun is obtained by adding to the stem first a number indicator, and then a case indicator (note that languages ​​\u200b\u200bthat would use the reverse order - first the case indicator, and then the number indicator, apparently do not exist). The table also shows another feature of agglutinative languages, which is that most often the singular and the nominative case in such languages ​​do not have a special indicator and therefore the form of the nominative case of the singular coincides with the stem of the noun (in Russian, such a coincidence also takes place, but only in the second and third declensions). In the languages ​​of the world, the agglutinative declension is much more common than the inflectional one. Strictly speaking, the inflectional declension exists almost exclusively in the Indo-European languages ​​(which include the Russian language, as well as, for example, Latin, Greek, Lithuanian, Old Indian). But even the Indo-European languages ​​are not all inflectional - many simply lost their declension (like French or English), and some turned into agglutinative ones (for example, Armenian) in the course of their development.

An important feature of the Russian declension (as well as most other inflectional languages) is that the endings of the same case differ not only in the singular and plural forms (which follows from the definition of inflection), but simply for different nouns. So, the Russian genitive case has the ending -а in the word muzh-a, -ы in the word zhens-s for the singular, -е in the word det-s, -ov in the word fathers-ov for the plural, and in the genitive case there is no plural from the word mountain (mountains), in fact. (In the latter case, however, they say that the ending is zero, and use a special sign?: mountain-?; they also describe the form of the nominative case in the second and third declensions: friend-?, mouse-?.) In other words, Russian nouns can be broken into several classes (types of declension, or, as they often say, declensions), depending on which ending they express which case. Most Russian nouns change according to one of the following patterns:

The differences between the subtypes "t" (hard) and "m" (soft) are in a certain sense insignificant. Indeed, the letters a and i in terms of -a ~ -ya, -am ~ -yam, -ami ~ -yami, -ah ~ -yah correspond to the same sound in phonetic transcription; cf. [lady-a] and [pool "-a], and the distribution of indicators -o ~ -e, -oh ~ -e, -ohm ~ -eem is automatic, determined by the final sound of the stem (nouns with a stem to soft or [f , sh, c] change according to the soft subtype, and nouns with a stem to other hard consonants - according to the hard subtype). But based only on the knowledge of the stem, a foreigner will not be able to mechanically determine which declension the word belongs to, i.e. the distribution of stems by declension is unmotivated. for example, the noun of the first declension mouth-a and the noun of the second declension mouth.

For the formation of some forms, however, additional information is needed. For example, the choice of the indicator of the nominative case of the singular of the same declension depends on the grammatical gender of the noun (-?, i.e. zero ending, for masculine words, -o (-e) for neuter words), the choice of the accusative case in the second declension and in the plural of all declensions is determined by whether the noun is animate or inanimate, and the choice between the endings -а (-я) and -ы (-и) of the nominative plural of the second declension, strictly speaking, is not formally quite predictable at all ( compare nose - nose-s, but eye - eye-a; wind - wind-s, wind-a).

It is noteworthy that the types of declension differ more strongly in the singular than in the plural. This is generally characteristic of languages ​​with inflectional declension. The table also shows that in Russian the same ending is used to form forms of different cases, and different case forms of the same noun often coincide with each other. So, on the one hand, in the word wives-a, the indicator -a denotes the nominative case, and in the word husband-a - the genitive, and on the other hand, the word shadow has the ending -i at the same time denotes the genitive, dative and prepositional cases of the singular. Why do we say that in the sentence Petya is afraid of his shadow, the word shadow is in the genitive case, and in the sentence Petya bowed to his shadow - in the dative case? Is it the same form? The fact is that if you substitute another word in this sentence, for example, mom, then it will stand in different forms. And when describing the declension, it is more convenient to say that the word shadow of the form of the genitive, dative and prepositional case coincides than to assume that the word mother has six cases, and the word shadow has only three.

There are 8 cases in Turkish. Some cases coincide with cases in Russian grammar, and some differ both in meaning and in the questions they define. Let's look at each case in more detail:

Nominative (basic) case - Yalın hal

The nominative case in Turkish answers the questions: Kim? (Who?), Ne? (What?) . In this case, to the noun no suffixes added. This is the original form of the word, which is used, for example, in dictionaries.

Dun (ne?) cay ichtim. - Yesterday I drank tea.
(Kim?) Ahmet footbolu seviyor. - Ahmed loves football.

Accusative - Belirtme hali

The accusative answers the questions: Kimi? (Whom?), Neyi? (What?) . In Turkish grammar, the accusative case is also called the case of definition, as it indicates certain objects.

The accusative case is formed as follows:

+ suffixes-ı / -i / -u / -ü

The correct suffix is ​​selected using

For example:

We form a win.pad into the shape. words mimar (architect). We add the suffix ı to the word mimar itself, since according to the law of vowel harmony: only the vowel ı can follow the vowels a, ı. As a result, we get the word mimarı (kimi?).

Ben (kimi?) mimarı aradım ve istediklerimi soyledim. - I called architect and spoke of her wishes.

Ben (neyi?)İstanbul "u özledim. - I missed around Istanbul.

Ben (neyi?) o tabloyu çizdim. - I have painted this scheme.

To proper names, the suffix vin.pad. is attached only with the sign " , as, for example, in the second sentence.

If the word ends in a vowel, then a consonant y appears between it and the suffix of the accusative case, so that two vowels do not merge (as in the third sentence). This applies to all cases in Turkish.

As you can see, in Turkish we used questions Whom? and What? To whom? What? What?

Belirtme hali Belirtme hali they are also different (this is -ı / -i / -u / -ü). Therefore, for starters, endings can help you determine the desired case. And already in the future, when fixing the language, already when translating the sentence and the semantic meaning, you will be able to determine the desired case.

If you want to build a sentence yourself in Turkish, but you have difficulties, then you need to navigate by semantic meaning. As mentioned above, the accusative case in Turkish is the case of the definition and indicates certain objects / people. Here, as a rule, before the noun, you can simply insert the word this, this, this, and at the same time the meaning of the sentence will not change, but, on the contrary, will acquire even greater coloring. Convinced of the semantic meaning, you will understand what it is Belirtme hali. Next, you just have to ask Kimi questions? (Whom?), Neyi? (What?), and transform the noun into the desired form (add suffixes -ı / -i / -u / -ü).

Dative - Yönelme hali

The dative case answers the question Kime? (To whom?), Neye? (What?), Nereye? (Where?) and denotes the person or object to which the action is directed.

The dative case is formed as follows:

Noun in original form + suffixes-a / -e

YarIn (Nereye?) Ankaraya toplantıya gidiyoruz. - Tomorrow we go to the meeting to Ankara.

Çalışmıyorum cünkü evde (Kime?) cosuğa bakıyorum. - I don't work because I watch at home for a child.

Dun sevdigim (Ney?) filme baktık. - We watched our favorite yesterday movie.

As you can see, in Turkish we used questions To whom; to what?, and in translation into Russian to nouns we ask questions For whom? What?

In order to further understand and distinguish Yönelme hali we will give a short instruction: if you meet a sentence in Turkish, then noun endings will come to your aid. At Yönelme hali they are also different (it's -a / -e). Therefore, for starters, endings can help you determine the desired case. And already in the future, when fixing the language, already when translating the sentence and the semantic meaning, you will be able to determine the desired case.

If you want to build a sentence yourself in Turkish, but you have difficulties, then you need to navigate by semantic meaning. As it was said above, Yönelme hali denotes the person or object towards which the action is directed. Convinced of the semantic meaning, you will understand what it is Yönelme hali. Next, you just have to ask Kime questions? (To whom?), Neye? (What?) and transform the noun into the desired form (add suffixes -a / -e).

Local case - Bulunma hali

Does the locative answer Nerede's questions? (Where?), Kimde? (Who?), Nede? (On what?) and is used primarily to indicate the location of an item.

The local case is formed as follows:

Noun in original form + suffixes-da / -de / -ta / -te

Selecting the correct suffix is ​​done with .
a, ı, o, u + voiced consonant -da
e, i, ö, ü + voiced consonant -de
a, ı, o, u + voiceless consonant -ta
e, i, ö, ü + voiceless consonant -te

Let's transform the word uçak (aircraft) into the local case form. Since this word ends in a voiceless consonant k and the last syllable includes the vowel a, we choose the suffix ta. That is, we get the word (nerede?) uçakta (on the plane).

(Nerede?) Uçakta çok az kişi vardı. - In airplane there were very few people.

Bugun (Kimde?) arkadaşlarımda kitaplar yoktu. - Today friends there were no books.

Original case - AyrIlma hali

Does the original case answer Nereden's questions? (From where?), Kimden? (From whom?), Neden? (From what?) and denotes the starting point of the movement or action.

The original case is formed as follows:

Noun in original form + suffixes-dan / -den / -tan / -ten

The choice of the correct suffix is ​​carried out using the Law of vowel harmony on "2" and the Law of consonant harmony
That is, the desired case affix is ​​chosen according to the last letter in the word:
a, ı, o, u + voiced consonant - dan
e, i, ö, ü + voiced consonant - den
a, ı, o, u + voiceless consonant - tan
e, i, ö, ü + voiceless consonant - ten

biz (nereden?) havalimanIndan geliyoruz. - We go from airport.

Gazeteyi (kimden?) arkadaşımdan alıyorum. - I take the newspaper friend.

Instrumental - Vasita hali

Does the instrumental answer Kiminle's questions? (With whom?), Ne ile? (With what?) .

The instrumental case is formed as follows:

Noun in original form + suffixes-la / -le

The choice of the correct suffix is ​​carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on "2"

university (kiminle?) kardesimle gidiyorum. - I go to university with my brother.

Onlarla (ne ile?) telefonla konuşuyoruz. - We talk to them by phone.

Genitive - İlgi hali

Does the genitive answer Kimin's questions? (Whose? Whom?) and Neyin? (Whose? What?) and is used to express ownership.

The genitive case is formed as follows:

Noun in original form + suffixes -ın / -in / -un / -ün; -nIn / -nin / -nun / -nun

The choice of the correct suffix is ​​carried out using the Law of vowel harmony on "4".
The suffixes -ın / -in / -un / -ün are added if the word ends in a consonant.
The suffixes -nın / -nin / -nun / -nün are added if the word ends in a vowel.

Bu (neyin?) bavulun çekisi çok ağır. - This suitcases heavy weight.

(Kimin?) Amcanın evi çok güzeldi. - At uncles very beautiful house.

Case of action and opinion - Eşitlik hali

Does this case answer the questions Kimce? (For whose?) Nece? (How?) and conveys the speaker's point of view.

Formed as follows:

Noun in original form + suffixes-ca/-ce

The choice of the correct suffix is ​​carried out using the Law of Vowel Harmony on "2"

(Kimce?) Sense İstanbul güzel mi? - according to you Is Istanbul beautiful?

(Kimce?) Onlarca Ali çalışkan değil. - In their opinion, Ali is not hardworking.