Modern world very fast moving, changing and developing. Of course, all these changes are reflected in speech. That is why in the English language, as well as in Russian, every year a lot of neologisms appear that describe modern reality. They cover social problems, new technologies and phenomena. Let's see what neologisms of recent years have appeared in English.
technology
Technologies are developing by leaps and bounds. Now you almost never meet a person who does not have some fashionable “device”. In this regard, there are a great many neologisms in this area:
selfie- that's what needs no explanation, which of us has not photographed himself on a phone or tablet? We habitually translate into Russian as “selfie”.
digital hangover- means a feeling of shame that appears in a person who had great fun yesterday at a party, and today he is watching "compromising evidence" on the Internet. The so-called "digital hangover".
cloud computing- the possibility of storing data and information on servers, access to which is opened via the Internet. In Russian, this term is known to us as "cloud data storage".
Zenware- specially designed computer programs, allowing the user to focus on work, avoiding distractions.
Phablet- a term formed from the merger of two words - "phone" and "tablet". Means a smartphone that is larger than the screen of ordinary smartphones, but still not as big as a tablet. We affectionately call such gadgets "shovels".
Gloatgram- photos on Instagram showing the author's excellent life, travel or food. You can jokingly translate “hvastogram” into Russian.
iFinger- a real-life term, means a finger that we deliberately leave clean when eating in order to use a smartphone or tablet.
textretary- a playful word formed from "text" and "secretary". Means a person who is typing a message for another while driving. There is no exact correspondence in Russian, but "navigator-secretary" can be used descriptively.
digital detox- tired of endless social networks and "google"? Do you want to spend time in the real, not the virtual world? It is this pastime process that is called "digital detox" or digital detoxification.
Catfishing- communication on the Internet sometimes causes a temptation to exaggerate or embellish something when describing yourself and your life. In this case, you are engaged in "catfishing".
Phone-yawn- a phenomenon when one person takes out a mobile phone to, for example, see the time, as a result of which all the surrounding people also take out their phones. The "contagiousness" of this action is compared to yawning.
Guerilla proofreading- careful or rather meticulous searching for errors in the text of messages and then publicly pointing them out.
Cyberstalking is a term for the process of virtual stalking or monitoring. It is most often translated into Russian as "virtual persecution".
Cchild supervision- a phenomenon when children who are well versed in modern "gadgets" help their parents in using them.
Pancake people- a generation of active Internet users who at first glance know a lot, but in fact all their knowledge is rather superficial.
Dialogue
- Hey Tom. I can see that you"re using your smartphone again. You really need to have a digital detox.
- Hi, Mary. I wish I could. I keep receiving these messages from someone who threads me.
- That looks like cyberstalking.
- I don't think so, it seems like I receive messages from a pancake person. He makes so many mistakes!
- Maybe it's a child having fun?
- Well, it's definetely not funny for me.
Dialog
- Hi Tom! I see you are using your smartphone again. It's time for you to really digital detox.
- Hey, Mary! If I could. I keep getting messages from someone threatening me.
- Looks like cyber stalking.
- I don't think it looks like I'm getting messages from someone ignoramus. He makes so many mistakes!
- Maybe some kid is fooling around?
Well, I'm definitely not laughing.
social life
No less than in the technological sphere, neologisms appear in the household sphere. Here is a list of the most interesting and useful words on social topics.
bromance- this word describes the close friendship of two straight guys.
Facepalm- perhaps a well-known word that expresses a light slap on the face to express a whole range of emotions, from irritation to disappointment and even disgust. In Russian, we most often just say “facepalm”, in some cases you can hear the expression “hand-face”.
Dreamathon- probably a well-known term to everyone, means the process when a person turns off the alarm clock several times, while seeing a new dream before each next call. You can jokingly translate “snorafon” into Russian.
Chandelier earrings- we are talking about massive earrings made of beads, precious stones, etc. Earrings become so "complex" that they resemble a chandelier.
Defensive eating Have you ever eaten something so fast that it didn't go to someone else? If yes, then you are familiar with the “defensive eating” process.
Frenemy- a term formed from the merger of two words - friend (friend) and enemy (enemy). Means a person who pretends to be your friend, although in fact his intentions are far from friendly. Most often in Russian they use the word "vrug" according to the same principle.
staycation- another example of a combination of two words - stay (stay) + vacation (vacation). Describes the case when a person on vacation does not go anywhere, but stays at home.
helicopter parent- so figuratively describe parents who constantly monitor their children and do not step away from them. In Russian, you can often hear the expression "helicopter parent".
Crowdfunding- the word means the collection of money by a large number of people, despite the fact that each pays a small amount. Something like a modern version of the expression "with the world on a thread - a naked shirt."
bucket list- a phrase that means a list of things that you have never done, but you definitely want to do in your lifetime. The phrase became popular after the release of the movie "The bucket list" or "Until I played in the box."
Boomerang child- Many children, having barely reached the age of majority, try to move out from their parents and live separately. However, this is not always feasible due to financial situation or other reasons. Such “returned” children to their parents are called “boomerang children”.
Stuffocation- the already familiar method of merging two words - stuff (things) + suffocation (suffocation). A joking term that means so many things in the house that it becomes difficult to breathe.
Cougar- this word means a woman after 40 who is looking for relationships with younger men. We think that such representatives can be easily found among domestic and foreign stars.
Bridezilla- a fusion of the words "bride" (bride) and "Godzilla". This “affectionate” term is awarded to brides who, during preparation for the wedding, become too picky and irritable.
me time- this phrase means time spent on yourself. Turn off your phone, TV and tablet/computer/laptop and allow yourself to rest and relax at least for a short time. It is this process that is called "me time".
Dialogue
Hello Samantha. How are you?
Hello Chris. I "m fine, just tired.
- And why is that?
- Well, first of all, my sister is getting married soon and with all these preparations she has become a real bridezilla.
- She has all the right to be, it's her time.
- And I just want to have me time last! Besides, my son is going to live with me again because he has no money and his friend can't help him. So much for their bromance! So my son is now officially a boomerang child.
- Can I help you with something?
- No, but thanks for offering.
Dialog
- Hello, Samantha! How are you?
- Hello, Chris! It's okay, I'm just tired.
- Why?
- Well, first of all, my sister is getting married soon, and with all these preparations, she has turned into a real monster!
- She has every right, this is her time.
- And I want time for yourself finally! Plus, my son is going to live with me again because he has money and his friend can't help him. Here's to you male friendship! So my son is now officially boomerang baby.
- Can i help you?
- No, but thanks for the offer.
As you can see, most neologisms describe mainly 2 things: modern technologies that have firmly entered our lives (for better or worse) and social phenomena of society. Familiarize yourself with them, and you will have a great opportunity to "shine" them in a conversation with a foreigner. good luck!
Big and friendly family EnglishDom
Once upon a time, the appearance of the first radios, telephones and televisions shocked the whole world. It was truly amazing! New phenomena demanded names. Thus, words-neologisms entered the Russian speech, which until now were not in it and could not be.
Today, the words "telephone" and "TV" can hardly be attributed to the category of "neologisms". Examples of modern new words refer to other realities. “Computer”, “cellular”, “mobile” were also neologisms quite recently. But they very soon left the pedestal of novelty. Today, every kid easily operates with these words.
"Promoter", "restyling", "rebranding", "nanotechnology", "franchising" - these words are not yet understood and known to everyone. Therefore, it is still possible to define them in the group of "neologisms". Examples of these new words are a temporary phenomenon. After all, very soon people will get used to them and will use them in everyday speech.
Although this often happens: neologisms do not take root in Russian speech! Examples of such rejection are words that are inconvenient in pronunciation, dissonant. And although they are used in speech, however, many try to avoid letter combinations that press on the ear. This is what happened with the word “photocopy”, which was formed from “photocopy”. And everything seems to be correct, but it is not very pleasant to hear.
Basically, the words listed above were borrowed by the Russian language from foreigners, these are the so-called "neologisms that came from other languages." Examples of this phenomenon may have another way of appearance. For example, there are new author's, individual-stylistic words.
This process is called word-formation derivation. That is, someone, using well-known morphemes and generally accepted word models, forms a new, more brightly colored word in the stylistic aspect. Examples of neologisms invented by writers are Gogol's adjective "green-haired", released by Mayakovsky "sickle", "hammered", "hulk". True, today these words can already be called archaisms: both the sickle and the hammer have disappeared from the coat of arms of the country, and the image of the “green-haired birch” is present in every second poem.
There are several ways to transfer foreign words into Russian. It can be a full tracing-paper of a word, for example, "Internet", "computer", "Skype". The ending is simply added to these words in speech.
Sometimes the process of transliteration can be traced in the language. That is, the word, as it were, is assimilated under the influence of the rules of pronunciation of the language that accepts it. This happened with the Latin word "intonatio", which in Russian began to sound like "intonation".
Today it has become very fashionable to “joke” with the language, composing your own words, mixing foreign words and Russian or morphemes. It often turns out to be a rather ridiculous neologism. Examples are the expressions “face about the table”, “Skype”, “geymanul”.
Most literary scholars believe that excessive clogging of the Russian language harms it rather than helps it develop. After all, many phenomena can be called in Russian. This is especially true of new job titles and positions that, if you think about it, already exist.
The Russian language has a constantly changing vocabulary: some previously frequently used vocabulary is now almost never used, while others, on the contrary, are increasingly used by us. Examples obsolete words and neologisms are numerous, which indicates the development of the language.
These phenomena are closely related to the change public life: a new word arises with the advent of a new concept, and if people no longer refer to some object or phenomenon, then the term that serves to designate it is not used either. In this article we will look at obsolete words and their uses, types and features.
Obsolete words: definition
Obsolete words are those that in a given period of time are either very rarely used or not used at all (for example, right hand, child, Red Army soldier, mouth, people's commissar).
Word obsolescence is a process, so different concepts can be at different stages of it. Still not out of active use, but used less often than before, the words are called "obsolete vocabulary".
Neologisms and archaisms are used for different purposes. The latter are used, for example, to name phenomena and objects, that is, they perform a nominative function (for example, in scientific and historical works). In works fiction devoted to a historical theme, such vocabulary plays a nominative-stylistic role - it serves not only to designate a specific reality, but also creates a certain flavor of a given era.
In a literary text, obsolete words can be used to indicate the time when an action takes place. Archaisms (and neologisms) can also serve their own stylistic purpose. give the text solemnity, being a means of expressiveness.
Neologisms: definition
We will answer the question of what neologisms are, we will also try to give examples. These are new words that have not yet become everyday and familiar. Their composition is constantly changing, some of the neologisms take root in the Russian language, while others do not. So, the word "satellite" in the middle of the 20th century was a neologism. Annual funds mass media use tens of thousands of new terms and concepts, but not all of them are included in everyday use. Some are used only once in oral speech or in any text, while others are included in the linguistic composition and, being used repeatedly, lose their novelty. Certain new terms, having not yet entered the main lexical fund, immediately fall out of use and become obsolete (such a fate befell, for example, the vocabulary of the post-revolutionary years: general education, zhendelegatka, businessman, kerenka).
Ways of the emergence of new words
Obsolete words and neologisms of the Russian language are a very interesting phenomenon. It is especially interesting to learn how new concepts appear. They arise in several ways:
The formation of a lexical neologism (a new term) from morphemes and words already existing in the language according to existing models: drywall, disk drive, fiber optic;
By borrowing a certain foreign word with the subsequent formation of new words from it according to the word formation models existing in the language: scanner, scan, scan;
The formation of a new lexical meaning of a term that already exists in the language (in this sense, words are called semantic neologisms), which occurs, among other things, by tracing the meanings of words in another language: a mouse is both a device for entering information into a computer and an animal; a hard drive is both a device for storing information in a computer and a gun;
The formation of some stable phrases with a new meaning (including tracing): motherboard, hard drive.
Archaisms and historicisms
Among obsolete vocabulary, archaisms and historicisms are distinguished. Obsolete words and neologisms, examples of which are given in this article, have a different fate.
It is determined by their use in speech, and not by "age": those who call necessary, vital concepts and terms do not age for centuries, while others quickly become archaic, we stop using them, since the objects themselves, denoted by these words, disappear. For example, the education system in our country has changed, and therefore such terms as cool lady, college student, realist (meaning "a student of a real school") have left the speech.
The concept of "historicism"
Words that serve as names for concepts, objects and phenomena that have already disappeared are called historicisms. All of the above terms apply to them. These words occupy a special position in our language, since they are the only designations for obsolete objects. Historicisms, therefore, do not and cannot have any synonyms. In works of art, historical literature about the past of the people, they are inevitably used, because thanks to them the color of a particular era is recreated. These words give features of historical authenticity to the description of the past.
Thus, historicisms are words that we have ceased to use due to the fact that the phenomena and objects they designate have disappeared: caftan, bursa, posadnik. They are used mainly in various texts describing the past (both artistic and scientific).
The concept of "archaism"
Archaisms are words that have passed into a passive reserve because the phenomena, objects and concepts they designate that still exist today have new names. There are different types of them, depending on which aspect of a particular word is outdated:
Lexical, if the word itself is outdated and its sound-letter complex is no longer used, and the meaning is now indicated by a new vocabulary unit;
Semantic - in the case when the word exists in the modern language, but has lost some meaning or several of them ("to deprive the stomach");
Phonetic - if the sound appearance of a particular term has changed, reflected in its spelling ("eighteen years");
Derivational - when the very word-formation structure of this word ("poison caplet");
Grammatical - if certain grammatical forms are out of use.
Archaisms are fundamentally different from historicisms. If the latter are the names of some obsolete objects, then the former are the obsolete names of ordinary concepts and phenomena that we encounter in everyday life.
Types of archaisms
Among the archaisms, specific groups of words can be distinguished. Some of them differ from their commonly used synonyms by specific features in sound, non-vowel sound combinations (young - young, gold - gold, city - hail, coast - shore, raven - vran; the second words in these pairs sound archaic). These obsolete words are called phonetic archaisms. These include terms such as klob (club in modern vocabulary), numer (number), stora (curtain), goshpital (hospital) and other obsolete words and phrases in Russian that can be found among writers and poets of the 19th century. They often differ from their "rivals" in just one sound, less often - in several of them or in an outdated accent.
As you can see from the examples, the obsolete vocabulary is distinguished by the degree of its archaism: some words are still used in speech, for example, by poets, while others are known to us only from the works of literature of the last century. There are some that are completely forgotten today.
A very interesting phenomenon is the archaization of a certain meaning of a word.
Its result is the appearance of semantic, or semantic, archaisms, that is, such words that are used in an outdated, unusual meaning for us. Their knowledge helps to correctly understand the language of classical literature.
How neologisms appear
We have already answered the question of what neologisms are, we have given examples of them above. Now let's find out how they arise in Russian. What appears faster: archaisms and neologisms? Let's figure it out.
The speed of appearance is different for such layers of vocabulary as obsolete words and neologisms, examples of which are proposed in this article. Much more intense and faster is the process of replenishing the language with new lexical composition. AT last years, in about 15-20 years, there have been great historical changes in our country, which directly affected the state of the vocabulary of the Russian language. The neologisms that appeared at this time include such formations that did not exist before, not only in the literary language, but also in any other areas of its use (territorial and social dialects, functional styles). Only with perestroika did the vocabulary include such concepts as agrobank (that is, a land bank), corporatization (transformation of a state enterprise into a joint-stock company by issuing and selling various shares), targeted (addressed to a specific group of people), anti-market (that is, an opponent of the transition countries to a market economy), as well as hyperinflation (inflation that is rapidly developing and threatening economic collapse) and some others.
Types of neologisms
As you have already noticed, neologisms are opposed to obsolete words. The new units of vocabulary in their design are either separate words (tenancy, anti-Stalinism, audio cassette, ATM, bandit formation), or compound names (UFO - poverty line - a certain level of well-being of the population, providing a minimum amount of consumption of basic material goods).
Such neologisms are considered lexical. Phraseological ones can also be noted here, which are recently emerged, for example: turn on (that is, start additional printing of paper money, which is not supported by the production of goods), hang noodles on your ears (meaning "to mislead someone"), etc.
Lexico-phraseological neologisms are phraseological units, compound terms and words.
Four groups of neologisms
As you can see, the functions of obsolete words and neologisms are different. We have already mentioned the role of the former. All new words according to their purpose can be divided into four main groups.
The first of them includes the names of concepts and realities that did not exist earlier in the life of the people: revivalists - followers of the pseudo-patriotic movements of Russia, striving for its revival, grant - certain subsidies, which are a form of additional financial security scientific research, and etc.
The second group of neologisms is created to designate phenomena that are already taking place in public life, but for some reason, for example, ideological, have not received their designation: returnee - voluntarily returned from emigration to their homeland, extrajudicial - who is outside the boundaries of legal proceedings, Leninist, command-bureaucratic and etc.
The third group consists of those pointing to realities that do not exist in real life, but are possible in fantasies, predicted with the further development of technology and science: a spaceship, nuclear winter, a cyborg.
The last, fourth group includes lexical units that duplicate words with a certain lexical meaning. This includes ideographic (full) synonyms that are identical in stylistic coloring and meaning: thoughtful - balanced, statesman - sovereign, historical - fateful, servile - loyal.
Interstyle and neologisms peculiar to a certain style of speech
Neologisms in terms of use are mainly interstyle, that is, used in all (intergirl, image, case, yogurt, beneficiary, liberal democratic, drug business, interbank). However, a certain part of them is characteristic of a specific style: journalistic (dissenter, rollback, drug lord, integrator, balance), scientific (bio-locator, aura, ozone hole, radioecology, clone), business (dealer, depositary, natural monopoly) or colloquial (xerite, compromising evidence, cash, cheating, bad luck, strained).
We answered the question about what obsolete words and neologisms are. There are a variety of examples of them, only a few of them have been indicated in this article. In fact, both of them represent a significant layer of vocabulary. There are even special dictionaries where you can find other examples of obsolete words and neologisms.
School Educational Research Conference
"Youth of Pomorie"
Linguistics Section
Modern
neologisms
Popov Maxim Evgenievich
9 "B" class MOU "Oktyabrskaya
secondary general education
Ustyansky district,
Arkhangelsk region
Scientific adviser:
L. N. Osipova,
Russian teacher and
Literature MOU "Oktyabrskaya
secondary general education
School № 1"
Oktyabrsky, 2007.
1. Introduction page 3
2. Modern neologisms page 4
3. Conclusion page 11
4. References p. 12
5. Appendix p.13
Introduction.
I chose the topic “neologisms” for my project, because I was very interested in the new words of the Russian language. The purpose of my research work is to find out in more detail what neologisms are, their origin and use in modern Russian. To achieve this goal, I will need to research the media, as new words are constantly appearing in them. Conduct a survey among your classmates on the topic: "My attitude to neologisms." You can learn about the ways of the origin of new words from popular science literature.
I think my research work will be of interest to many, because neologisms are an integral part of our speech.
The subject of research is the word.
I use as a method empirical research(observation), and methods of theoretical research (analysis - a method based on the process of decomposing an object into its constituent parts and induction - a kind of inference from particular facts, provisions to general conclusions).
modern neologisms.
“The Russian language is unusually rich” (V. Belinsky).
“The Russian language in skillful hands and in experienced lips is beautiful, melodious, expressive, flexible, obedient, dexterous and roomy” (A. Kuprin).
The vocabulary of the Russian language is constantly updated with new words. They, like leaves on trees, appear, the old ones “fly off”, and the new ones “grow up”. The international relations of the country are getting stronger. There are changes in cultural life. New sports are emerging. All this is reflected in the language. New words, or neologisms (from the Greek neos-new, logos-word) appear hourly, every minute, but not all words are stored in the people's memory, are recorded in various kinds of reference books.
For every generation of Russians, some words were new in their time. Older people well felt a few decades ago the novelty of such words as tape recorder, department store, TV. Those who were born in the 50s remember the appearance of the words satellite, space shuttle, moon rover. Now we are already accustomed to such words as computer, mobile communications, jet aircraft. But we also seem to be completely new, nanotechnologies that have arisen in our memory, laser beams, a laptop.
There are different ways to replenish vocabulary. The vocabulary of the Russian language is updated by the appearance of actually new words. The development of new meanings for old words also plays a significant role. It is no coincidence that the reference dictionary, published in 1971 and containing approximately 3,500 words, is called New Words and Meanings. This dictionary includes mainly vocabulary that replenished our vocabulary in the 60s. There, along with words new in those days, we also find those that at first glance do not seem new: denouement, gold, savage, start. These words have relatively recently acquired new meanings: interchange - a construction on roads that contribute to the continuous movement of transport; gold - gold medal; savage - a person who has a rest without a ticket.
Another way to replenish vocabulary is borrowing. As a result of political, trade, economic and cultural contacts, there has been and is a trade, cultural, scientific interchange, and, consequently, the penetration of foreign words.
The Russian language has always been open to borrowings. Starting from the era of Peter I, he focused on Western culture, which caused the penetration of numerous borrowings from Western European languages into it. Especially many words came into the Russian language from French. These are political words avant-garde, activist, amateur, dissident, minister, democracy, despot, institute, officer, career, president, reform, tribune), art criticism ( announcement, ballet, masterpiece, fashion, miniature, visit, newspaper, masterpiece, scenery, conductor, genre, juggler, medallion, orchestra, carnival, waltz, romance, seance, piano, screen), names of household items, clothes, products (vest, muffler, coat, hood, suit, boots, galoshes, tulle, wardrobe, briefcase, car, subway, postman, parachute, vestibule, sofa, vinaigrette, vanilla, broth, puree, compote, dessert, jelly), the words of others thematic groups (terrace, grandstand, toilet, pavement, farm, restaurant, platform, tablet), etc. Some names of household items and products are borrowed from the Polish language ( bottle, screw, guitar, colander, turkey, jam, pate), names of clothes ( jacket, shawl), words of other semantic groups ( holidays, comedy, figure, cheat sheet, pension, surname, distance, apartment, carriage, factory). Italian in origin are some words associated with art ( cello, libretto, opera), food names (vermicelli, tomato). From the Dutch came to the Russian language the words of the "marine" theme ( shipyard, pilot, dam) and some others ( umbrella, saucepan, flag).
“For everything in the Russian language there are a great many good words” (K. Paustovsky).
From time to time, some people made attempts to "cleanse" the Russian language from non-Slavic influence. So, Shishkov proposed replacing borrowings with equivalents created using the means of the Russian language, for example, the word galoshes replaced by wet shoes. However, these attempts did not give any significant results. Therefore, the Russian language is one of the languages in which borrowings are present in large quantities (unlike, for example, another Slavic language - Czech, which was formed in a difficult struggle with German linguistic influence and prefers “its own” lexical units to borrowed ones).
The tendency towards the "Americanization" of Russian life is reflected in the "Americanization" of the Russian language, which is expressed in the penetration into it of numerous Anglicisms and Americanisms (words borrowed from of English language and its American version).
Words from the English language were previously borrowed by the Russian language, for example: rally, inflation, import, interview, dollar, station, harvester, tape recorder, shampoo, capron, shorts, jeans, capron, cake, cracker and etc.
Let's analyze the language of some media, reflecting the state of the modern Russian language.
We will see that, first of all, groups of nouns with the suffix - ing(which are gerund forms of English: for example, bowling,roaming, lifting etc.), as well as with the suffix - ep(e.g. poster, roaster, biker, broker and etc.).
Borrowings are heterogeneous in composition. Among them are words that came into the language from another language as the name of a new object, a new reality, or are words - terms that have an international character. Their use in speech in most cases is justified, although the meaning is not always correctly understood due to ignorance of the English language.
From a thematic point of view, the most common words of this type can be divided into several groups:
1) words - terms, for example, economic: aboutoffshore, (offshore)aboutoffshoremoney , aboutoffshorezone in the meaning of "free", from English. off-shore “located at a distance from the coast, on the high seas” (“offshore money is a huge power”, AIF);
dumping- "decrease, decrease", from the English. damping, one of the meanings of which is “silencing, braking” (“The founder of the Swedish company IKEA began the conquest of the furniture market with what is called dumping in the language of business”, AIF);
roaming-- "Spread; the possibility of wide use", from English. to roam "wander, wander" ("Roaming around the world" - from advertising mobile phones on TV).
Some have firmly entered the Russian language political terms of English origin, for example,
speaker- President of Parliament, from the English. speaker - "speaker", as well as "the chairman of the House of Commons in England and the House of Representatives in the USA";
inauguration- "the ceremony of inauguration of the president of the country", from the English. inauguration "taking office";
In connection with the widespread use of computers, words entered the Russian language - terms related to computer technology, for example:
website- from English. site "location, location" ;
file-- from English. file "registrar; dossier, case; submission of a document" etc.
2) the names of some household items. Yes, in recent times Objects have firmly entered our lives, and the names denoting them have entered the language:
mixer-- from English. mixer "mixing apparatus or appliance";
toaster-- from English. toaster "device for toasting" (from toast "toasted slice of bread, toast");
roaster-- from English. roaster - "brazier" (from to roast "fry");
shaker-- from English. shaker "a vessel for making cocktails" (from to shake "to shake"), etc.
3) sports terms, as well as the names of some games or sports activities that have become fashionable and popular in recent times, for example:
bowling- a game in which a ball thrown on the floor must be knocked down by a group of skittles, from the English. bowl "ball; bowling";
diving- "scuba diving", from the English. to dive "dive, dive into the water" (hence diver- "a lover of scuba diving, a diver");
skateboard- "skating on a board with rollers", from the English. skate "skating, sliding" and board "board";
snowboard- "skating on a board in the snow", from the English. snow "snow" and board "board"; snowblade-- "skating in the snow on the largest stunt skis", from English. snowblade "stunt ski";
biker-- „cyclist; motorcyclist", from English. bike -- abbreviated, unfolded from bicycle "bike";
shaping-- from English. shaping "shaping" (from to shape "shaping"); fitness-- from English. fitness - "fit" (from to be fit "to fit, to be in shape", etc.
Another group of borrowings is words of foreign origin that have synonyms in Russian. Their penetration into the language creates lexical redundancy and can interfere with the understanding of the meaning. The presence of lexical doublets, “own” and “foreign” names, is eliminated over time: one of them is approved in the active composition of the language (as a result of its most frequent use), and the other goes to the periphery of the language system. It is sad to realize that after a few decades in the Russian language there may be a large number of words of English origin, replacing their original Russian equivalents. Now such words are actively used in the media, in the language of numerous advertisements. But in many cases this can be avoided by using Russian synonymous words and expressions. So, the following anglicisms can be completely replaced by Russian equivalents:
3) the names of some phenomena of musical culture, culture in general, for example, hit- "popular song", from English. hit, one of the meanings of which is “success, luck” (“And what is not in his hits of nerve, anguish and other energy catalysts is the lot of others”, “World of News”);
single-- "song recorded separately", from English. single - “one, the only one” (“Songs that exist as separate singles also sound”, AIF);
remake (remake)- "alteration", from English. remake in the same sense ("Evgeny Popov wrote a remake of Turgenev's novel "On the Eve", AIF);
image- "image", from English. image “image, image” (“In his past programs there was adequacy to his image”, “The world is new.”);
design-- "decoration" from English. design "an idea, a plan; construction” (“The fondue tabletop brazier is distinguished by a rather clumsy design”, AIF);
poster- "a small poster with the image of an artist", from the English. poster - "poster, poster";
2) names of some professions, type of activity (which have become widespread recently), for example:
security- "protection", from English. security “security, reliability; protection, protection"; provider-- "supplier", from English. provider with the same value; realtor- “real estate agent”, from “Amer. realtor (from English realty "real estate"); broker- from English. broker „commission agent, appraiser; a person who sells property”; killer- "professional killer", from English. killer "killer" from to kill "kill"; racketeer- "extortionist", from Amer. racketeer „participant in a fraudulent enterprise; gangster, bandit-extortionist" from Amer. racket "blackmail, extortion", etc.;
3) terms used in cosmetology:
lifting- "tightening", from English. lifting "rise, lifting";
peeling- "cleansing the face", from the English. peeling "cleansing, cleaning" from to peel "to peel, peel; peel";
scrub- "cream for exfoliating, cleansing the skin", from the English. to scrab - “scratch”, etc.
second hand- "clothing, second-hand", from the English. second-hand "second-hand, second-hand" ("Now in the capital in every district you will definitely find one or two second-hand" , "The world is new.");
lunch(lunch) - from English. lunch “second breakfast” (“After a short lunch, I went up to my room”, “Koms. Pravda”);
teenager-- from English. teen-ager "teenager, boy or girl from 13 to 18 years old" ("The scale of beer addiction of teenagers, born under the influence of rampant advertising of a foamy drink, is becoming menacing", AIF);
parking-- from English. parking (“parking lot” (“The house provides for underground parking, centralized security, satellite TV”, “Koms. Pravda”);
sale-- from English. sale “sale at a reduced price at the end of the season” (“What about the famous Ramstore sales?”, AIF);
microvan- "minibus", from the English. van (abbreviated from caravan) "van" ("Audi's first microvan - aluminum", - headline in "Koms. Pravda"), etc.
Words of English origin used unmotivated are often agnonyms (that is, words whose meaning is not clear, unknown to most native speakers). Often they require special decoding, semantization by means of mother tongue. Such vocabulary clogs our language, leads to misunderstanding of speech, moreover, it can be easily replaced by Russian counterparts.
And back to the media:
showroom-- from English. show-room “an exhibition hall, a showroom for displaying samples of goods” (“In addition to the showroom, where all Volkswagen cars officially sold in Russia are constantly exhibited, a technical center is located here”, “Koms. Pravda”);
prime time-- from English. prime time “the best time” (“Brazilian serials have no place in prime time!”, - the headline in “Koms. Pravda”);
blockbuster-- „sensation; a film that has huge popularity ", from the English. unfold block-buster, the original meaning of which is “a large-caliber high-explosive aerial bomb” (“Today, one of the main blockbusters of the year, the film “Outcast”, “Koms. Pravda” comes out on the screens of Russian cinemas);
spread- "soft butter", from the English. spread, one of the meanings of which is “what can be spread on bread”, from to spread “to spread, cover, spread” (“Where did this “soft happiness” fall on us? Like many things in recent years - from -for borders, where spreads have been in use for a long time”, AIF);
development firm - "construction, developing the construction of houses", from the English. to develop “to develop, improve, develop” (“The activity of real estate market participants - real estate, appraisal, development firms, which began to experience an urgent need for personnel”, “Green Avenue” became more active);
multiplex- "multi-hall complex", from the English. multiplex "complex, multiple" ("There will be a multiplex here - a multiplex cinema", "Koms. Pravda");
tuning- "turning work", from the English. turning turning” from to turn “rotate, sharpen” (“In addition to basic services, Rus-Lan also offers the installation of anti-theft systems, tuning and a wide range of spare parts”, Koms. Pravda).
The names of some professions also require further clarification, for example: handmaker- "one who does manual work", from the English. hand “hand” and make “to do” (“Specialists promise a great future for handmakers - those who are able to create high-quality and original things with their own hands”, “The world is new.”);
image maker- "the one who develops the image", from the English. image “image” and make “do” (“Who is your image maker?” - from an interview in the “World of News”);
futures trading - work with money;
leasing- long-term rental of machines and equipment, Vehicle, industrial facilities, etc.;
tender- competition;
tocasting- selection (English);
rentier(French rentier, from rente - rent), persons living on interest from capital lent out or from securities;
time management- organization of work (plan);
half building- formation of a group of people, a team;
diversification(from medieval Latin diversificatio - change, diversity),
1) the penetration of firms into industries that do not have a direct industrial connection or functional dependence on the main industry of their activity. Diversification is associated with the process of concentration of production at the intersectoral level and the restructuring of the economy, which received the greatest development after the 2nd World War.
2) In a broad sense - the expansion of economic activity into new areas (expansion of the range of products, types of services provided, etc.;
investment- the attachment;
recruiter- a person involved in the employment of people;
catering- exit restaurant;
guest worker- employee;
climbing- urban climbing;
merchandiser- "the one who is engaged in the design of retail shelves", from the English. merchandise "goods, trade" (From the announcement: "The company invites merchandisers to work (work on the design of shelves of chain supermarkets)"), etc.
Our speech is also clogged with barbarisms - words of foreign origin, used with the preservation of their phonetic and graphic appearance. Sometimes they are so replete with the speech of our correspondents, television and radio hosts.
Numerous Anglicisms and Americanisms penetrating the Russian language are a natural phenomenon, reflecting the economic, political, cultural, social ties and relations between Russia and other countries, in particular with America, that have become more active in the last decade. On the other hand, we have to state with sadness that (for the umpteenth time) in the pursuit of everything foreign, in an effort to copy Western models, we are increasingly losing our originality, including in language, because language reflects the way of life and way of thinking. As a consequence of this, there is a loss of interest in the native (Russian) language, Russian literature and culture, tongue-tiedness, a decrease in literacy and linguistic and general culture. Perhaps, where it is possible to get by with the means of the Russian language, one should not resort to foreign language elements, paying tribute to fashion and following the tendency not only to live, but also to think in an American way?
“Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this is our heritage, passed on to us by our predecessors” (I. Turgenev).
Conclusion.
After completing research work, I managed to learn a lot about neologisms, their origin and use in modern Russian. Analysis of the newspapers: "Arguments and Facts", "Komsomolskaya Pravda", "World of News", "Green Avenue", helped in compiling his mini-dictionary of neologisms. A survey I conducted among 18 classmates showed that opinions about neologisms are different, even among a small number of people, but none of today's teenagers is against neologisms (for examples, see "Appendix" p. 1 p. 14). Also, the collected data helped to compile the percentage of opinions (see "Appendix", paragraph 2, p. 15). I find this hobby very useful. After all, the role of collectors of words is great. Among such heroes-zealots of the Russian word, in the first place is Vladimir Ivanovich Dal, who devoted his entire conscious life to collecting folk and foreign words, expressions, their systematization and compiling an explanatory dictionary.
I think my work will continue and next year there will be more neologisms in my dictionary.
Bibliography.
1. Gudkov L. New Russian Russian//Knowledge is power. - 1998. - from 23-31.
2. Neologisms//The Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius. - 2005 (CD)
3. Neologisms//Encyclopedic Dictionary of a Young Philologist/Comp. M. V. Panov. - M .: Pedagogy, 1984. - s166-167; 188-189.
4. Periodicals: Arguments and Facts (AIF). - 2006. - No. 1-8. TVNZ. - 2006. - No. 1-6. World of news. - 2006. - No. 1-8.
Application.
1. one). I do not care. I don't understand some words that appear in Russian.
2). My attitude to neologisms is neutral. It seems to me that people already have enough words to express their thoughts. Most neologisms are associated with high technology, for example, with a computer. But the computer is absolutely useless for me. There are people for whom it is the meaning of life, and they encounter neologisms every day. Probably, when I grow up, I will meet with neologisms, but now they are not at all interesting for me.
3). In my opinion, neologisms are needed in speech. Because in the Russian language there are not many terms that are used in certain areas of science and technology. I think neologisms cannot but exist. Everyone uses new words. The Russian language will not become poor from the abundance of neologisms, but, on the contrary, will gain strength, and its verbal treasury will become much larger.
four). It seems to me that neologisms are needed in the Russian language. They enrich the Russian language. It is useful to know new words, although our language is already full and difficult, but it will not become more difficult from neologisms. I think if there are a lot of new words, it will become easier to understand the modern language and easier to communicate. I myself often use them in my speech.
5). It seems to me that in the Russian language neologisms should be in moderation. In my opinion, these words should still exist, because they make our speech modern and beautiful. But the excessive use of new words makes our language not quite Russian. Neologisms in our speech are most often used by teenagers. Some of them speak only new words, but it seems to me that this is not correct. Often people who speak modern language do not know the meaning of the words used. In my opinion, there should not be many neologisms so that they do not overshadow the true beauty of the Russian language.
abstract, oh, oh; -ten, tna, tno (book). 1. Abstract, obtained by abstraction; opposite specific. abstract concepts. 2. Using abstraction, based on abstraction (scientific).
Authoritarian
Aya, oh; -ren, -rna (book). Based on unquestioning obedience to power, dictatorship. authoritarian regimes.
Adequate
[lat. adaequatus - equated] - 1) quite corresponding to smth., identical, coinciding; 2) unfold right.
Aktsi "z
(fr. accise) - a type of indirect (included in the price or tariff) taxes on goods, mainly mass consumption, services of private enterprises; paid by buyers (consumers).
Actual
Aya, oh; - flax, - flax. Important, relevant to the present moment. Actual topic.
Alternative
(French alternative, from Latin alter - one of two), the need to choose one of two or more mutually exclusive possibilities; each of the mutually exclusive possibilities.
Ambition
(from lat. ambitio): The desire to achieve goals, ambition. The demand for external signs of respect, honor. Pride, dignity. According to TSB: ambition, vanity, arrogance, swagger; increased resentment.
Andegra "und
underground (English unerground - underground) in relation to Russian. culture is a form of consistent aesthetic. and existential protest against the state-bureaucratic style of managing claims and literature.
Antinomy
and, well. [Greek antinomia] (philos). A contradiction between two laws, regulations, principles, categories. and, g. [Greek antinomia] (philos). Contradiction between two laws, regulations, principles, categories.
Apocalypse
(Greek apokalypsis - revelation) - The Revelation of John, one of the books of the New Testament, the oldest surviving Christian literary works(ser. 68 - early 69). The Church attributes to John the authorship of the prophecy about the "end of the world", about the struggle between Christ and the Antichrist, the "Last Judgment", "the thousand-year kingdom of God."
area
(from Latin area - area, space), part of the earth's surface (or water area), within which one or another species (genus, family, etc.) of animals or plants is found.
Aura
(lat. aura - “breeze”, “breeze”) - an astral shell, colorful phenomena “shining around a physical person and enveloping him like a cloud (as if in the shape of an egg)” (Steiner)
Ba "ikers
(eng. biker, from bike ← motorbike ← motorbicycle "motorcycle") - lovers and fans of motorcycles. Unlike ordinary motorcyclists, bikers have a motorcycle as part of their lifestyle.
Banal
oh, oh; -flax, flax, flax [fr. banal]. Lost expressiveness due to frequent repetition, battered, very ordinary, vulgar. Banal phrase. Banal denouement of the play. B. gesture.
Barter
(from French barater - to exchange) - natural barter, in which one thing is exchanged for another without monetary payment, a trade transaction carried out according to the "goods for goods" scheme.
Briefing
a brief meeting of officials, representatives of commercial or other structures with representatives of the media, at which a position on a specific issue is stated.
Broker
(English broker) - an intermediary in the securities market (stock exchange) or on the commodity exchange, performing the functions of buying and selling securities or exchange goods on behalf of the client and at his expense.
Vernissage
(from the French vernissage - varnishing) - the grand opening of the artist. exhibitions. Name "AT." associated with the tradition of artists to cover the paintings with varnish the day before the opening of the exhibition.
Winchester
a drive on a hard magnetic disk (disks), which serves as the basis for external permanent memory of a PC. It consists of three blocks: the first one includes one or more disks, on the magnetic surface of which data is written.
Makeup artist-stylist
work with a face in order to find and give a certain image.
Genocide
actions aimed at the complete or partial destruction of a national, ethnic, racial or religious group by killing members of this group, causing grievous bodily harm to their health, forcibly preventing childbearing.
Guru
(from Sanskrit letters - “important person”) - in Hinduism (cm), Buddhism (cm), yoga (cm) - one whose words are more valuable than the most respected established and generally accepted principles; he is not a dictator, but an adviser.
Digest
publication or its department, in which the content of publications of many periodicals is condensed with excerpts in order to give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe most interesting that has found a place in the press for a certain period.
Display
(English display - show, distantion play - playback at a distance) - an electronic device designed to visually display information. The display in most cases can be called a part of a complete device used to display digital, alphanumeric or graphic information in an electronic way. It is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "display", as part of the device, and a monitor, which can have displays of different types - CRT, LCD, plasma, etc. For example, a mobile phone has a display for displaying information, but it can also have remote (connected) monitor.
Dissident
(lat. dissidens - disagree) - a person whose political views differ significantly from official regulations in the country where he lives; politically dissident.
Dilemma
(Greek δί-λημμα double lemma) - a polemical argument with two opposite positions, excluding the possibility of a third. [Sometimes misused to mean "problem"]
Dealer
(English dealer) - 1) an entrepreneur who retails products that he purchased in bulk. As a rule, D. is an agent of a large industrial corporation and is part of its dealer company.
Distributor
a wholesale organization that sells goods purchased under an agreement with a certain manufacturer on a long-term basis. D. purchases and sells goods on his own behalf and at his own expense.
Deposit
(from lat. depositum - a thing deposited) - 1) deposits in banks and savings banks; D. are: urgent, on demand, conditional; 2) entries in bank books confirming certain requirements of customers to the bank.
Deportation
(lat. deportatio - exile, expulsion) - the forced expulsion of a person or an entire category of persons to another state or other locality, usually under escort.
Depression
[de], and, f. [Latin. depressio]. 1. Oppressed, depressed mental state (honey). 2. Decline, stagnation in the economic life of the country (econ).
Deflation
(English - deflation from lat. deflatio - blowing, blowing away) - withdrawal from circulation of part of the money supply in order to prevent its growth and suppress inflation, a process opposite to inflation.
Dividend
(from lat. dividendus - subject to division) - part of the profit of a joint-stock company, which it distributes among shareholders (owners of shares) and pays them annually in accordance with their shares and taking into account dignity.
Image
(from the English. image - “image”, “image”) - an artificial image formed in the public or individual consciousness by means of mass communication and psychological influence.
Immunodeficiencies (IDS)
disorders of immunological reactivity due to the loss of one or more components of the immune apparatus or nonspecific factors closely interacting with it.
Impeachment
(English impeachment - accusation, from lat. impedivi - “hindered, stopped”) - the procedure for removing a high-ranking government official, up to the head of state.
Impresario
(Italian impresario - from impredere - to undertake, start), in some countries a private entrepreneur, organizer of entertainment enterprises or an agent of an artist, acting on his behalf, concluding contracts for him, etc.
Inauguration
also inauguration - the ceremony of taking office. The word inauguration comes from the Latin inaguro - "I dedicate". Basically, this ritual is borrowed from the coronation ceremonies of monarchs.
Invective
s, w. [from lat. invectivus - abusive, abusive] (book). An angry speech against someone, an insulting expression, abuse, an attack.
Invest
to invest in any enterprise, business.
Indexing
(from Latin index - list, register, index) - a means of protection against inflation, linking the amount of a contract, loan, salary, pension, allowances, deposits, etc. to the consumer price index.
Mortgage
Real estate pledge. In the general case, the mortgage scheme is as follows - a creditor (for example, a bank) issues a loan to the debtor for the purchase of real estate. The debtor acquires real estate through a loan.
Establishment
(from the English Establishment - those in power, the ruling circles, the political elite): 1. Sectors of society that have a privileged position and are the backbone of this social order. 2. High profit margins... Indifferent - adj. 1. Showing no interest in smth., smth.; indifferent, indifferent, indifferent. // Expressing indifference, indifference, indifference. 2. Not influencing, influencing someone, smth., not coming into contact with someone, smth.
Insinuation
instigation (instigation), secret incitement, mood, conspiracy.
Catharsis
m. 1. Mental discharge experienced by the viewer in the process of empathy when viewing the tragedy (in the terminology of Aristotle). 2. trans. Moral cleansing experienced by a person in the process of empathy and.
Kidnapping
kidnapping of children or people in general. Crimes against the person.
Kickboxing
type of modern combat sport. It is a synthesis of European boxing fisticuffs and kicking techniques borrowed from a number of martial arts (karate, taekwondo, Thai boxing, etc.).
Kitsch
kitsch [German] Kitsch hack, bad taste] a tasteless, cheap work (e.g. painting, novel, film). The term originated at the beginning of the 20th century. in the circles of Munich artists.
Communicable
sociable, contact; easy, sociable, own, compatible, artel. At. closed, shy.
Competent
oh, oh; -nten, ntna, ntno [from Latin. competens - appropriate, capable] (book). 1. Knowledgeable, who is a recognized expert in some. question.
Collage
(from French collage - gluing) - a technical technique in fine arts, which consists in gluing onto the substrate objects and materials that differ from the base in color and texture.
Conversion
(from lat. conversio - transformation) - a significant transformation, a change in conditions, the replacement of some objects of production with others or one financial instrument with another.
Consensus
(from lat. consensus - consent) - a way of making decisions on the basis of general agreement in the absence of fundamental objections from the majority of stakeholders.
Conservative
oh, oh; -veins, vna, vno [Latin. conservativus - protective] (book). Defending the immutability of the past against any novelty of progress. conservative views.
Country dance
(French contredanse, from English countrydance, literally - village dance), English folk dance. Appeared in the 17-18 centuries. Later, as a ballroom dance, it became widespread in other European countries, in the 19th century. merged with the quadrille.
Contribution
tribute paid to the enemy: during the war - by the population of the occupied territory, at the end of the war - by the government of the defeated country.
conjuncture
market conditions (from lat. conjungere - to bind) - the economic situation that is developing in the market, characterized by the levels of supply and demand, market activity, prices, sales volumes, movement of interest rates.
Copyright
Copyright - intellectual property, copyright.
legitimate
[legitimate] adj. Is in accordance with the law in force in the state; law.
Leasing
a type of investment activity for the acquisition of property and its transfer on the basis of a leasing agreement to individuals or legal entities for a certain fee, for a certain period and on certain conditions stipulated by the agreement.
Lobby
representatives of various groups who influence parliamentarians in the course of adopting laws that are beneficial to these groups. English Lobby - lobby Lobbying.
lumpen
lumpen-proletariat (from it. Lumpen - rags) - declassed sections of the population (tramps, beggars, criminal elements), who broke with production activities, alienated from property, morally degraded.
Marketing
(from the English market - market) - a wide range of activities in the field of the market of goods, services, securities, carried out in order to stimulate the sale of goods, develop and accelerate exchange.
Manager
(from English manage - manage) - a specialist in managing the production and circulation of goods, a hired manager. Managers organize work in the company, manage the production activities of groups of employees of the company.
mentality
[from lat. mens, mentis - mind and alis - others] - a system of originality of the mental life of people belonging to a particular culture, a qualitative set of features of their perception and assessment of the world around them.
Modem
an external or internal device connected to a computer for transmitting and receiving signals over telecommunication (telephone) lines. To transmit a signal, the modem converts the digital signal received from the computer into an analog form.
Multimedia
(multimedia, from English multi - a lot and media - media, environment). Non-text types of information - audio and video. Most websites use only text and pictures to present information.
Marginal
(lat. marginalis - edge, border, side) - a person who is outside his social group, an outcast.
Mercantile
oh, th; - flax, - flax, - flax. 1.only full. f.adj. to mercantilism (in 1 value). Mercantile system.2. trans. Petty-calculating, self-serving. Mercantile interests.
Misanthrope
a, m. (books). A misanthrope, unsociable, a person suffering from misanthropy.
Motivate
roar, roar, owls. and nonsov., that (book). Give (give) motives, arguments in favor of sth. M. your offer.
Notebook
(from English notebook - notebook, notebook) - a portable portable computer.
Halo
a, m. [from Latin. aureolus - gilded] (book). 1. Radiance around the face on the icon, the same as the halo (obsolete). 2. trans., only units. The charm of success, fame, surrounding some. event or person.
Office
(English office) - a representative office of a company. The office accepts clients, stores and processes documents, archives, etc. Office, main office - the official headquarters of the company, premises.
offshore
(from English offshore outside the coast, outside the borders) one of the most famous and effective methods tax planning. The basis of this method is the legislation of many countries, partially or completely exempting from taxation.
Publicity
(from English publicity - publicity, publicity) - a term meaning: 1. The fame or popularity of something, determined by publicity or openness to receive information from its source.
Punk, punks
(English punk - transl. colloquial bad, trashy) - a youth subculture that arose in the mid-60s in the UK, USA, Canada and Australia.
Playboy
noun hawk, reveler, reveler Syn: reveller, flaneur (colloquial) playboy, rake, loafer, playboy young actor unreliable, irresponsible man playboy playboy, playboy.
player
compact tape recorder with headphones.
Pluralism
in constitutional law means the possibility of free existence in society of various political views, schools, ideologies, various political parties and organizations with different goals and programs.
Poltergeist
(from German poltern - “make noise”, “knock” and Geist - “spirit”) - a term that is used to denote inexplicable, paranormal phenomena associated with noise and knocks, spontaneous movement (throwing) of objects, spontaneous combustion, etc.
Populism
(from lat. populus - people) - a political position or style of rhetoric that appeals to the broad masses of the people. Populism is based on the desire of one or another political force to win the trust and support of the masses, to please the people.
Price list
an ordered list of goods with prices. Prices of goods.
rave
1. Modern techno style dance music with lighting effects. 2. The direction of the youth subculture, cultivating such music. 3. Pastime of youth associated with such music, with dancing under.
Rating
(New) scales are designed to quantify the performance of work, either as a whole, or by individual parameters, or as a combination of both. Goal-based evaluations are used in conjunction with goal-based management approaches.
Respondent
the person answering the questionnaire.
Realtor
a legal or natural person carrying out entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity, carrying out intermediary and other activities in the real estate market on the basis of a special license.
rockers
Mn. 1. Informal youth groups that emerged in the early 80s. of the 20th century, opposing themselves to society with their demeanor, appearance and extreme riding through the night streets of the city on motorcycles without observing traffic rules.
Roller
m. 1. One who rides roller skates [roller skates I] (roller skates or skis, as well as a rollerboard) in the appropriate equipment: in a protective helmet, with knee pads and elbow pads. 2. An athlete involved in roller skating.
Racket
(English racket - noise, fuss) - extortion, usually taking the form of organized gang crime with the use of threats, brutal violence, hostage taking.
Summit
(from English summit) - a summit meeting, that is, negotiations of heads of state and / or governments. The term was not used in Russian until the second half of the 1980s.
Sequester
prohibition to use any property imposed by the authorities.
Certificate
from lat. sertifico - I certify A. Document, evidence, certifying a certain fact. B. Type of bonds. B. A document certifying the quality of the goods (certificate of quality, certificate of conformity). D. A document containing the conditions.
Scanner
(eng. scanner) - a device that, by analyzing an object (usually an image, text), creates a digital copy of the image of the object. The process of obtaining this copy is called scanning.
Sponsor
1) surety, guarantor; 2) an individual or legal entity financing an economic project, holding social events; 3) customer, organizer, organizer of a major event.
Stress
(English stress tension; a synonym for stress reaction) is a non-specific reaction of the body that develops under the influence of various intense or new influences (pain, cold, excessive physical activity psycho-emotional trauma, etc.).
Suicide, suicide
(from Latin sui caedere - to kill oneself) - purposeful deprivation of one's life, as a rule, voluntary (although there are cases of forced suicide).
Charisma
[from Greek. charisma - gift] - attributing or recognizing to a person a set of such properties, traits and qualities that ensure the admiration of her followers.
Hospice
Provides outpatient and inpatient care to patients. Outpatient care is provided at home by hospice outreach teams (“hospice at home”). Inpatient care depending on the needs of the patient and his family.
Charter
(English charter) - in international merchant shipping and air traffic, a type of contract for the carriage of goods, passengers and baggage, the same as a charter contract.