Designers of various equipment, devices, etc. try to foresee, prevent and reduce the consequences of such human behavior. The term is used in psychology, engineering, industrial design, statistics, ergonomics and anthropometry.
Expression human factor often used as an explanation of the causes of catastrophes and accidents that resulted in losses or loss of life.
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The human factor as a cause of erroneous actions
Every person has limitations or mistakes. The psychological and psychophysiological characteristics of a person do not always correspond to the level of complexity of the tasks or problems being solved. Characteristics arising from the interaction of a person and technical systems often referred to as the "human factor". Errors, called the manifestation of the human factor, as a rule, are unintentional: a person performs erroneous actions, regarding them as correct or most appropriate.
The reasons contributing to the erroneous actions of a person can be grouped into several groups:
- lack of information support, lack of consideration of the human factor;
- errors caused by external factors;
- errors caused by the physical and psychological state and properties of a person;
- limited resources to support and implement the decision.
The lack of complete confidence in the success of the upcoming action, doubts about the possibility of achieving the goal of the activity give rise to emotional tension , which manifests itself as excessive excitement, intense experience by a person of the process of activity and expected results. emotional tension leads to a deterioration in the organization of activities, overexcitation or general inhibition and stiffness in behavior, an increase in the likelihood of erroneous actions. Degree emotional tension depends on a person's assessment of his readiness to act in given circumstances and responsibility for their results. The appearance of tension is facilitated by such individual characteristics of a person as excessive impressionability, excessive diligence, insufficient general endurance, and impulsive behavior.
The source of errors can be decreased attention in a familiar and relaxed environment. In such a situation, a person relaxes and does not expect any complication to arise. During monotonous work, errors sometimes appear that almost never occur in stressful situations.
Errors in the performance of certain actions may be associated with unsatisfactory mental state person. At the same time, a person has a depressed mood, increased irritability, slow reactions, and sometimes, on the contrary, excessive excitement, fussiness, unnecessary talkativeness. A person's attention is scattered, errors occur when performing the necessary actions, especially with unexpected equipment failures or sudden changes in the situation.
The reasons contributing to the emergence of such a state may be the experience of some unpleasant event, fatigue, the beginning of the disease, as well as lack of confidence in one's abilities or insufficient preparedness for this complex or new type of activity.
The reason for the appearance of human errors may be the lack or insufficiency information support(special handlers for such situations in the software, visual materials and instructions); This problem is especially pronounced in extreme situations and in conditions of lack of time to make a decision.
Notes
see also
Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations
Human factor
1) psychological and other characteristics of a person, his capabilities and limitations, determined in the specific conditions of his activity;
2) the cause of an accident, accident, incident as a result of wrong human actions.
Contribution of Ch.f. in emergencies at POO is very essential. So, for nuclear power plants it is 30-80%. Ch.f. played a fatal role in the accidents at the nuclear power plant "Three Mile Island" and in Chernobyl. Therefore, the selection and level of qualification of personnel, training and training on simulators, organization of workplaces, information support, interaction and distribution of responsibility of personnel are given in last years great attention. With regard to personnel, two aspects are usually considered: an incorrect decision that leads to erroneous actions that can become initiating events for accidents, or contribute to the development of an emergency that has already occurred into an accident; unauthorized actions that are the subject of special consideration. The main ways to improve reliability: qualification and psychological selection and training of candidates for the positions of operators; automation of routine operations that do not require intellectual effort; improvement of the workplace, information support and support for the operator, organization of management.
Online edition
How to eliminate the human factor
Professional mistakes, from which none of us are immune, can simply lead to embarrassing situations, or they can lead to serious disasters and loss of life. How to eliminate the very possibility of human interference in the systems on which our security depends? This is stated in an ergonomics specialist, professor at the University of Nottingham Sarah Sharples, published by the British online publication. We invite you to read it translated into Russian.
Todd Landman, a professor of political science, when invited to speak on the BBC's Breakfast TV show in the morning, did not expect that when he arrived he would be asked to talk about mountain climbing. In fact, he was invited to a specially appointed and pre-planned program, the theme of which was supposed to be Donald Trump.
However, a series of primitive mistakes led to an embarrassing misunderstanding: the host of the morning show only during the live broadcast, much to the delight of journalists from competing publications and users of social networks, realized that his interlocutor was not Leslie Binns, a climber and a former British soldier from North Yorkshire, but a university scientist with an American accent.
Mistakes like this happen often. Many remember a similar confusion when a BBC presenter attempted to interview Congolese IT worker Guy Goma on air about a lawsuit between Apple Computer and The Beatles, mistaking him for British journalist Guy Cuene.
No one was personally to blame for the mess Todd got into. Due to an unusual combination of coincidences and misunderstandings, the BBC presenters and editors sincerely thought Todd was Leslie Binns, and this despite the careful planning procedures of each program. How is it that simple mistakes can lead to such significant failures in complex system with many levels of checks? By answering this question, we will get closer to understanding how to prevent much more serious mistakes, for example, during medical operations or in an accident on board an aircraft.
A science such as ergonomics will help us in this. It studies the influence of the human factor and can suggest how to design devices and systems, taking into account the abilities and limitations inherent in a person. People often make decisions based on incomplete information and resort to rough rules known as heuristics to jump to the most desirable solution or hypothesis. The problem with the decisions we make based on these rules is that they can be biased.
In Todd's case, neither he nor the BBC employee simply expected such a mix-up to occur. For this reason, each of them in his own way understood the lines that they managed to exchange before filming. An employee who met Todd at the office turned to him with the words: “Hello, Leslie, yes, you are in a suit,” meaning by this the absence of climbing equipment. Todd took it another way: "Hello, [my name is] Leslie," followed by an insignificant remark about his appearance. Due to this difference in interpretation, as well as the lack of time in the studio, neither of them realized that a mistake had occurred.
Confirmation bias
In systems where security is a critical factor, the consequences of such biases and actions based on them can be much more serious than the embarrassment resulting from the confusion at the BBC Breakfast. In 1989, the pilots of British Midland Flight 92 mistakenly thought they had received a signal that the right engine was on fire. When they turned it off, the plane's vibration, which had begun shortly before, stopped.
So confirmation bias crept into their decision-making process—their action produced exactly the result they expected, so they thought they had fixed the problem. Unfortunately, they initially misinterpreted the information received and turned off the wrong engine. The plane crashed on approach to the airport and 47 passengers were killed.
Decisions are not made in a social vacuum. We follow social norms and behave in a way that meets the expectations of others both at work and outside of it. Just as Todd didn't look into the misunderstanding even though he noticed that something had gone wrong before the show even started, we don't want to challenge or discuss someone's decisions in certain situations where we fear embarrassment or responsibility. does not lie with us.
For example, in hospitals, patients and paramedics often assume that doctors are never wrong. Unfortunately, the case of Elaine Bromiley, who died of asphyxiation during the most routine operation, shows the dangers of miscommunication in the operating room. Several factors led to the death of the patient at once, but it was especially emphasized that the nurses who assisted during the operation saw the danger before the doctors had time to realize the seriousness of what was happening. Unfortunately, the nurses did not dare to bother the doctors with questions.
Today, hospitals in the UK take special care to ensure that all members of the staff can discuss medical decisions and challenge them if to someone - even the youngest of colleagues - they seem wrong.
In the case of Flight 92, passengers heard the pilots announcing a problem with the right engine on the internal radio, but through the windows they could see that the left engine was on fire. The survivors of the crash later said that they noticed a discrepancy between what they saw with their own eyes and what the crew commander announced, but it did not occur to them that this was an elementary mistake and urgent corrections needed to be made in the actions of the pilots.
When something out of the ordinary begins to happen within a dynamic system, we turn on our intellectual and social skills to eliminate the possible danger. This state is known as stress insight, or unconscious competence. The most difficult dynamic systems should be built taking into account both the features of technology and the human factor. They should be functional, based on the possible behavior of people in different situations, and include components to prevent errors, such as mandatory checks and a formalized communication process.
However, it is important to make sure that these components do not confuse people and do not create feelings of awkwardness between them. And when we are faced with someone's possible mistake, we should feel confident enough to muster all our courage and politely but firmly say: "Sir, it seems to me that the wrong person came to your studio."
Translation from English by D. Ivanov
Sergei Savinykh.
I was touched by such a fact of our life as the human factor. What it is? Where did it come from? What are its principles of manifestation? What is behind this expression and where did it come from?
It is clear that this is connected with a person, with the manifestation of some qualities, his properties of life, his actions and deeds in certain life situations that we pay attention to. This is in a catastrophe, in tragedies, in accidents, in a crash vehicle controlled by man, which leads to human casualties. What actions he did, as they say, "in a state of passion" and other extraordinary acts. What happens to a person in these cases, in his body?
What is a person? What kind of entity or mechanism of flesh and blood is he? Where did he come from and what is he like? That's how many questions. Let's try to figure this out.
Man, being in the environment, called nature, interacts with it and acts according to its laws. Failure to comply with the rules leads to some consequences that happen to a person on a physical, subtle level. We see the physical, the subtle is our aura (electronic-magnetic field is our electromagnetic spectrum).
The criterion of our actions is conscience, which criticizes and evaluates our actions. What is this natural phenomenon? What is this entity? How useful is it? And there is still love, kindness, joy. There is grief, anger, hatred. Despair, despondency. And what is all this? These are our thoughts, feelings, emotions. evaluating all this, we get stressed and this affects our health and destiny.
Everything that is around us is called nature. And we know from the school bench that all this lives and develops interacting with each other from the constituent elements of nature, the sun, sky (this is air, space), water, earth. And a person is trying to understand, to study this principle of the universe of life and interaction, because a person is an integral part of this universe and a priority living species - more thinking, creative. And all this vital activity obeys, lives and interacts according to some principles, patterns and laws, based on the relationship between each other, everything around. And they called it energy.
It lives and changes from one species to another, smoothly passing. It does not disappear and does not appear from anywhere, it changes. Everything around is beautiful and wonderful, mysterious. Little studied, like the Sun, "energy reactor", giving heat and light, space, sky, air - attraction, electromagnetism. Water - streams, rivers, seas, oceans. Their properties are also poorly understood.
Earth - everything boils in the bowels, murmurs, fire-breathing lava. And the soil is nurturing and giving products for the life of everything around. You can think about all this and try to understand everything, how it all lives, interacts with each other. And the main role in this is assigned to a person as a thinking, inquisitive species, trying to get to the bottom and learn all this.
And what is a person? This is a bioenergetic life mass. Man has always, at all times, from the moment of his creation to the present day, been most interested in the man himself, his bodily and spiritual essence, the reason for his actions, the secrets of his structure and behavior and, of course, his health. Paradoxical as it may seem, most people know unforgivably little about their body, its structural features and functions, about health as the main value of a person. Because of ignorance, a person makes many mistakes, sometimes fatal, which can be easily avoided. To do this, you need to know yourself.
“What a miracle, man! With what boundless abilities, how precise and striking in his disposition and movements! In actions, how close to an angel! ”W. Shakespeare wrote.
Man is complex and inexhaustible. It's beautiful, well made.
M. Scheler: “Man is something so vast and diverse that all his known definitions can hardly be considered successful. The Bible states that in the whole universe man and only man is created in the image and likeness of God. Only he has a special freedom of choice. He alone is responsible for good and evil in the world. Among all living beings, there is nothing more important than man. Each person must say that the world was created for him.” What could be higher than such an assessment of a person! A person has enormous possibilities for adapting to the external environment and the entire social environment. The bodily structure of a person is beautiful and expedient. At the same time, a person is a fragile, easily injured creature, prone to numerous dangers and diseases.
Random fatal circumstances leading to certain consequences, from mental, physical injuries, illnesses and leading to death - the end of a person's life. So I would like to figure out how to avoid all these situations that happen to a person and lead to the end of a person's life. What does it depend on? I would like to find an answer to this question and help humanity reduce suffering - and live healthy and happy.
But I want to try to figure out what the "human factor" is. This saying or expression occurs in our lives as something inexplicable and incomprehensible, connected with a person, his life. A person lives, works, rests, performs all the actions of his life support, which are known to everyone. We won't dwell on this in particular. But in a person's life, there are tragic cases, situations that happen to him: something that entails the death or injury of a person.
Why is this happening and what does it depend on? What determines the fate and life of a person? Many books have already been written about this and all aspects of our life have been analyzed. But a person still gets sick, suffers and dies. What brings about these consequences, and what does all this show us? We do not see something and cannot understand all these patterns of our being, the principles of interconnection, the interaction of our life.
And what is the most important thing in life for a person? This is health. According to the WHO definition, health is a state of complete physical, social and spiritual well-being. And when there is health, a person works, lives a full life for his own pleasure, using all the benefits that he invented himself. This means that a person, inventing and creating, does all this not to the detriment of himself and others, leaving the laws of harmony of interaction with all the energies that are around us. They are interconnected and interact with each other, creating a harmony of relationships for life.
What are the properties of a person? Man is a special being, a living organism, thinking, feeling, creating. It consists mainly of water, in the general mass, like everything else around it, is filled, using water as the main source of life. And water is the basis, the carrier of information and transmitting it. Water is made up of cells. They contain crystals, recording up to forty thousand different combinations. This was discovered by Dr. Stanislav Zenin.
When water is exposed to prayer, music, electrical, magnetic radiation, and even a word, the properties of water change. Good gives a good result, bad (hard rock) - negative. When water molecules are frozen, this can be seen in their shape: good - in the form of regular snowflakes, and bad - broken and irregular in shape. So it is in a person: with certain thoughts, words, emotions, feelings, the structure of water changes. And it is stored in crystals, like a record on a computer hard disk or a record. And the following conclusions follow: a person structures himself and charges the water in himself and creates a certain program, energy, aura of his body.
And according to these properties, it brings further into existence and programming the consequences, life situations and events. From this it follows that a person is a biocomputer with electromagnetic properties, both receiving and transmitting electromagnetic wave radiation. And with all these changes in electromagnetism, the structure of water in a person changes. Biochemical processes in a person change accordingly. This implies the conclusion that the state of health of the human body depends on our mental and emotional processes. What they are with us - such is the state of our body, our health, performance. So we found out our properties of human life.
Where is the person? What surrounds him?
We all know that there is air around us, there is gravity of the Earth, the Earth has electromagnetism, and all communication is carried out through electromagnetic waves and oscillatory movements. This means that there is an electromagnetic field around us. From this we conclude that a person is a bioenergy and a biocomputer.
Around us - magnetic space called nature. And all this life around us obeys and develops and interacts according to some rules, principles and laws. They are very humane, intelligent and creative, helping to live and restore themselves.
Such an example is the "Epiphany Days", January 19th. On this day, all nature is filled with the energy of purification, restoration of all living things. And the flow of natural energy is aimed at healing: it changes the structure of natural water for the purification of all nature, filling and structuring the water with miraculous healing qualities. There is some kind of miracle of self-healing and purification of all nature.
A person also actively takes part in this cleansing and restoration of the vitality and health of his body. And the cleansing properties of water are used in spiritual practices in Christianity, Islam, Hinduism and other religions. And in other human practices like dousing cold water, contrast showers and basins of water during meditation. Who believes in it and does it with the desire to cleanse and be healthy. And this is the main thing for human life.
These are the laws of our nature - the environment, self-regulation of the entire life process. And man is also an integral part of the life process and, occupying one of the main positions, creating and creating, he was endowed with all the qualities of a helper of nature. He is in this moment it is also a destroyer, a destroyer of nature, of the entire habitat, developing according to the progression of its mental and technical development, producing more and more artificial materials that are more resistant to decomposition, self-destruction, building production with poisonous, polluting waste. Which are always not properly cleaned and harm nature and the environment.
Yes, nature is a wonderful and mysterious process of life. A person simply lives without thinking about how it all lives and interacts. What mechanism, principles govern the entire life process. How does all nature-fauna, all living things - birds, animals, humans, live, exist, what gives them life? And what principle, biochemical and energy process occurs in all living things, giving existence and vitality.
What a miracle created by the Creator! What a wonderful energy that regulates this process of life and life support! Live and be happy, enjoy this life. Live in peace and harmony, in harmony with nature and the environment.
But in nature there are natural disasters: floods, earthquakes, hurricanes, tornadoes, etc. And a person gets sick, suffers, accidents occur with tragic consequences, leading a person to various injuries and serious disorders in the human body, even to death. And why does everything connected with a person and in a person turn out and happen like that? In such cases, such life situations are referred to as the “human factor”.
What is the "human factor" and what does it depend on? How does it happen? Really curious. What is this mysterious phenomenon? And what is its principle of operation and the manifestation of the laws of its entire mechanism of interaction? This is a mystery in human behavior, leading him to tragic consequences. Let's try to figure it out. What is a person and his interaction and contact with nature and its phenomena with influences on human life. Man is a bioenergetic rational organism with a biochemical process of vital activity in the body with all chemical processes life support of the organism, the physical body.
Man is a unique viable mechanism. With the replenishment of food, its splitting and filling with nutrients, a person’s vital activity takes place with energy filling, turning into electrical and magnetic energy using the thought process, with a response to certain life situations that occur with a person with a manifestation of emotionality. This is expressed in feelings, emotions and stress. And all this remains in a person as in a computer program, is stored and fixed forever in the crystals of water cells.
And the environment, consisting of electromagnetic and torsion fields, completely controls and manages all vital processes of interaction, natural phenomena.
Starting with simple microorganisms about all those present on earth and in the air, producing redox processes that consume each other and maintain a cycle of mutual use. Let's trace these stages of the relationship: microorganisms take part in the decomposition organic matter after the completion of their existence as a plant and animal environment, decomposing to fertilize the soil, and the soil (earth) grows new plants using the resulting fertilizer. Also, microorganisms are food for each other - for other species, larger ones - and this chain reaches birds, animals and humans. There is a cycle of interoperability. That's how smart our habitat is, which is nature.
We briefly understood the principles of human life and all the surrounding nature. But we have a question about the human factor, why do tragic incidents happen to a person, what is their pattern?
Yes, man is a thinking, rational, very emotional being. Yes, a person's emotions are both positive and negative: laughter, joy, good mood, satisfaction with something. But there is anger, anger, fear, fear, self-interest, envy, dissatisfaction with both the environment and ourselves, disappointment and many other aspects of our emotions and feelings. And all this remains in us with the programming of water in man. Accordingly, what composition of water, its structure of positivity or negativity and, accordingly, the bioenergetic state of a person will be the same with program fixation of memory in the composition of water. And water is in every cell of our body. As well as a person who thinks and is sensitive to all touches, influences of another person, the environment
All this is comprehended and felt. And this is transmitted through the nervous system in the form of electrical impulses to the spinal cord and brain with fixation of memory inputs in this part of the body. There are also seven main energy centers in a person, they are also called chakras. And these energy centers are responsible for certain functions of the human thought-emotional process. Where and where all the information of our behavior and our life, the mental-sensual-emotional state is accumulated, and all the information of heredity is recorded.
When the fetus during the mother's pregnancy is inside her 9 months, developing in her and being filled with all the information transmitted from the mother through the umbilical cord and with blood and nutrients, programming all life situations and the character of the future person. With what he will go on his life path. And during these 9 months of pregnancy, the mother very much depends on her moral and psychological state. The more calmly and balanced she accepts those life situations during these months of pregnancy, the happier the fate of the unborn child will be. After all, all the information is deposited in it about all the wrong actions of our ancestors and the parents themselves in the DNA and the aquatic environment of the body in crystals of water cells.
The whole life process of a person is regulated from all the information received when connecting the food that is bioenergetically in the body, which means that a person is a magnetically bioenergetic mass. And this mass can be both positive and negative. It all depends on the psycho-emotional state of a person, how he manages and controls his feelings and emotions in stressful situations that may occur during life. It means that when some tragic situations happen to a person, illnesses leading to certain consequences associated with the hereditary program and mental, emotional actions. This means that a person is the creator of his own destiny and life. What happens to him and making the conclusion that a person himself can change the fate and life of the whole situation that happens to him, depending on his actual emotional behavior, avoiding all tragic situations and illnesses.
There is an expression in psychology "We cannot change the world, but we can change our attitude towards it." Change by working on yourself and your consciousness and your emotional qualities, analyzing their usefulness or uselessness and freeing yourself through forgiveness from all the qualities that prevent us from living according to the theory and books of the psychotherapist-doctor Luule Viilma. Understanding all the vicissitudes of life.
We just live, we just work, we rejoice, we grieve. And life goes from day to day boring, monotonous. We earn money at several jobs and then spend it on entertainment events - this way we relieve fatigue and stress. We go to sanatoriums, resorts and spend money on restoring our health, which is not so cheap in our time. And the number of patients is not decreasing, despite modern medical technology.
And the question arises: why modern science, walking and developing at such a fast pace, cannot help a person solve health issues, his life without tragic consequences. What are the foundations and principles contained in this, and on what do they depend? After all, man is an integral part of nature and he is one with it and indivisible.
What is the life activity of the environment around us based on, according to what rules and principles of a harmonious being? Let's figure it out. Our habitat consists of different energies, like quantum, solar, nuclear, electromagnetic, thought energy, feelings, emotions, energy of the earth, space - and all this interacts, interconnects and passes from one to another, like a complex computer process with a planned program of relationships and interconnections. Even in man there is this vital energy, which completely directs and controls the vital processes of his being. This energy is love. Pure, bright, sincere, working miracles and inspiring people to exploits, to scientific discoveries, to create literary and musical works, and in other actions. The energy of love is the most life-giving energy, only it will save the world and all of humanity. After all, a person is endowed with reason, he can think, comprehend both his actions and what surrounds him. And he draws the appropriate conclusions and makes decisions with the implementation of certain actions according to the appropriate criteria for assessing what is happening to him or around him, dividing into good or bad, necessary-unnecessary, useful-harmful, etc.
And most importantly, what a person can do in relation to other living organisms of the animal world is meaningful learning and acquiring skills and making decisions to improve them. But animals, fish, birds, are also amenable to training with the acquisition of conditioned reflexes, studied by academician I.P. Pavlov.
What is human life and what does it consist of? To live, work, communicate with others, get sick, get into a tragic situation, get injured or die - everyone has their own destiny, their own purpose in this life. In this complex life, at first glance so simple, each person comes with his own program, task, each has his own individual mission. Fortune-tellers, astrologers, numerologists, palmists say this, that "there will be such and such." Such is our fate and our way of life, with such events. And everything that happens to a person and to all of us is learning in life relationships between people with knowledge of the rules, harmony and principles of existence created by the Creator.
And who is the Creator? Around us and ourselves are all energies. And the most creative energy is the energy of love combined with kindness, joy, purity, sincerity and goodwill. The source of the energy of love is the family, the cell of society, the extension of the family and all of humanity. And the engine of this love is maternal love. A woman who has not given birth cannot know true natural love, creative, creating in the name of humanity. And the commandments speak of this: "Love your neighbor as yourself," "Love your enemy."
Can we love ourselves? What is it to love yourself? Go to different salons, where we are given different procedures to take care of our body, or make our own comfortable life at the expense of others, or do it all ourselves and take care of our health and being. And we do not realize and do not comprehend what we do and why we live, our purpose in this life. And our life is very multifaceted and diverse with many life situations. And for some it goes "like clockwork" - everything is fine, while for others - trials after trials, difficulty after difficulty with tragic consequences.
And what is the meaning of life? This question must be answered by everyone for himself. And what is his role in this life. And how to understand the vicissitudes of fate and what it depends on. As we know, a person is 80% water. A constituent part of water is cells made of crystals, where all information about a person, his thoughts, feelings and emotions is recorded. And it turns out the psycho-bio-energetic mass of a person, which is located in the electromagnetic, wave, information field, through which communication and their interaction takes place.
All information about a person is transmitted through these torsion fields to the database by the electromagnetic environment (cosmic torsion fields), where it is processed, its qualitative aspects and certain situations are created. From their informational psychobioenergetic mass when interacting with other people and with nature. Human behavior manifests itself in different ways and with different people: from one person he can listen to all sorts of rudeness, rudeness, and when communicating with another, one ridiculous word or gesture causes aggressive rage with turning off memory and control over his actions - insanity, there is a "short circuit" of the psycho-bio-energetic mass of a person with the triggering of a computer program that is inherent in a person from the day of his conception and all subsequent development with the karmic and hereditary consequences transmitted with the blood of the mother during pregnancy.
All injuries and illnesses of babies are the wrong actions of parents, the materialization of their negative thoughts, feelings, emotions, heredity, which has gone beyond the rules of harmony with environment- nature, in combination with electromagnetic energies, torsion fields, all this is a living electromagnetic wave mass with the transition of all energies from one type and state to another and in communications with each other and interaction with each other with the transfer of this information to any distances and interactions with the whole environment with the appearance or manifestation of those life situations that correspond to your decisions, desires, goals with certain thoughts, feelings, emotions. Even what concerns you personally, and you know in secret - all this materializes and manifests itself: good or bad, everything hidden becomes a reality.
All our trials, traumas, tragedies, catastrophes, illnesses are all manifestations of our wrong actions with mental and emotionality, which have gone beyond the framework of harmonious development and existence in the environment, distortion of the rules and commandments of this energy of love, creation, prosperity, which is called God.
Each person in this life has his own role, his own life situation, connected with himself, the team, where he is in different places with different tasks, their foundations, principles, rules, their customs with moral principles and views, and they are very diverse, you need to find the right solution without harming yourself and others.
And such situations turn out that a person cannot control his actions, expressed by a nervous breakdown, irascibility, aggression, etc. And why does this happen? As you know, a person is a psychobiocomputer, and information is stored in a computer under certain circumstances of life situations with their ensuing tasks and consequences. In a person, as in a computer, that program is turned on that should teach the rules of life with the correct application of mental and emotional feelings, starting from his life tasks that he received from his mother at birth, heredity and with the programs laid down during pregnancy, called fate. Is it possible to avoid, get rid of short circuits, stress, aggression and change the life situation with the best outcome by making the right decision, not to the detriment of yourself and others?
And the best adviser is conscience. This is the best criterion for self-control. You need to learn to control and analyze your thoughts and actions, conducting an analytical analysis, and not complain about your fate, not blame everyone and everything for your misfortunes, but ask the question of why this happened, what led to this situation and what it wants to show. Analyze it all and find your right thoughts and actions. Determine what is good and what is bad. Learn to do it.
And then you will know wisdom, the truth of life and why it is given. And what is your role: to be a mentor, a teacher, a healer who teaches others, or a poet who sings of love for everything. What surrounds us, not dividing into good and bad, but accepting everything as it is in life. There are different destinies, there are different situations in life, someone is lucky, someone is allowed everything and everything "gets away with it." Someone for the slightest trifle - "in full" and even innocent, at first glance. There is nothing accidental, there is no smoke without fire. In all this, you can figure it out and find the right solution only by working on yourself and understanding yourself. There are many authors of books in this direction. And how to free yourself, cleanse yourself of all your wrong actions, decisions and emotional qualities that you have identified in yourself - it's very simple, through FORGIVENESS. You can get acquainted with this by studying the books of the psychotherapist Luule Viilme and applying her practice.
The life-giving energy of love, kindness and joy completely controls all spheres of life here on Earth. And how to communicate and interact with this energy? This was known in antiquity: our ancestors, bowing to the elements of nature - the sun, wind, rain, forest, earth. At different peoples, nationalities and communities inhabiting our Earth, had their own names of deities, with reverence and admiration for them.
Even plants, trees planted by man understand his speech and emotional states. All humanity on our planet reveres Divinity in different religions and creeds. Each new day begins with an appeal to God. And further human activity - with the blessing of Divinity: how to work, eat, before going to bed with gratitude for the day lived. Yes, indeed, there is a miracle, a very magical miracle, to create this life and exist, interact, develop both on a material and spiritual level and understand these principles of relationship and comprehend the harmony of being and everything around.
One unknown part of our being is the energy of spirituality – creating and creating around us. At present, quite a lot is being said and shown in television programs about the disclosure of mysteries and miracles, such as "Atlantes", "Lemuria", "Belovodye", "Shambhala". Where are these magical, wonderful, fabulous places? And why are they hidden from humans? But because a person at the moment is the destroyer of the entire environment and himself personally. What destroys a person? This is greed, envy, anger, hatred, self-interest, distrust, intolerance towards others, despondency and much more that can manifest itself in a person in different combinations. And all this leads to accidents, diseases and destruction of a person. But there is such a spiritual practice based on the harmonization of our internal energy and connection with the energies of the environment through the torsion fields of our body and the entire environment. This theory was studied by Dr. Shipov G.I. and it works. And this spiritual practice is called Sahaja Yoga. This is social movement with the spiritual direction of development, self-knowledge and work with energies at a subtle level. Comprehending and recognizing the principles of love, purity, sincerity, wisdom, a person acquires the ability to change his destiny and the quality of life and health.
In conclusion of our study on the successful life of a person, we will draw a general conclusion. As we found out, the entire life process is controlled by energies, passing from one type to another and combining in interaction. Similarly, a person is a psycho-bio-energetic mass, consisting mainly of water, as well as bone and muscle tissue. Each cell of water consists of crystals, which carries information about all the processes of interaction with the entire environment, which is present both on our planet Earth and throughout the cosmos. Water is the basis of life. Water is a biocomputer with all programs.
A person is a thinking psycho-emotional person with the expression of feelings and emotions in his life. This changes and affects the state of his body. Based on the knowledge of physics, electromagnetic phenomena occur in a person. So man is an electromagnet. As a result of the combination of water and the electromagnetism of thoughts, feelings and emotions, a psycho-bio-energetic mass of a person with computer program. And all this regulates our vital activity of the organism with the ensuing consequences - our positivity or negativity. And it also regulates our metabolism with the redox process of digestion of food and affects its usefulness.
The state of a person's health depends on himself, and not on someone else or on food, so you should not forget about your mind and prudence and be able to use it correctly. In order to understand and recognize yourself, there are a lot of books and TV shows - do not be lazy and be healthy. And there are also many specialists who can help to understand this, conducting trainings, seminars, classes, consultations. But at the same time, you need to apply your work and desire, and you have to pay for everything and spend time on it. And how these questions are also solved correctly - that's the question. And also find a specialist who will help you solve everything correctly, cheaper and with less time.
And there is another question: learn to take care of yourself or have everything done for you? What's more important? And what is behind it? And how to understand it? Everyone must choose for himself. And how to figure it out - you need to rely only on your intuition, on yourself.
Only a person himself can decide everything, acquiring knowledge and skills to take care of himself - how to be healthy, happy, avoid all misfortunes and tragedies and change fate, not counting on others, wasting money for their services, and being attached to them. There is nothing incurable and unresolved issues: as with hereditary, childhood, psychosomatic diseases and life, family issues, putting your efforts and desires through love for yourself and for your entire environment, with the knowledge of wisdom, purpose and meaning of life.
And my method is to free from all bad, negative, stress in a person’s mental state with determining the causes of their occurrence, using everything that has been written earlier and plus folk wisdom - through auto-training with learning and applying how to understand oneself with all unnecessary and interfering human qualities (malice, hatred, anger, self-interest, envy, despair, despondency, etc.) in his life and be healthy, happy with a change even in fate with a psycho-bioenergetic state of the body and a person’s life program.
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Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
Perm State Agricultural Academy
named after D.N. Pryanishnikova
Department of Management.
By discipline: Organizational behavior
On the topic: The human factor in the organization: essence, typology, significance for business.
Completed by: student of the Faculty of Economics, Finance and Commerce, direction "Management" Nikonova Elena Aleksandrovna Head: senior lecturer
Ovchinnikova I.A.
Introduction 3
1. The essence of the human factor. 4
1.1. The human factor as the cause of erroneous actions. nine
2.Typology of the human factor in organizational relations. 12
3. The human factor and its role for business. 26
3.1. Activating Human Factors 28
3.2. The human factor of the leader. 32
Conclusion 36
List of sources used 37
Introduction
The basis of any organization is the human factor, which consists in the knowledge of the subject of management of his business, in the ability to organize his own work and the work of the team. The central figure of the organization is a professional manager who is able to see the prospects for the development of the business he is engaged in, able to quickly assess the real situation, and find the best solution to achieve the goal. In this regard, the manager must have certain professional and personal qualities.
The basis of the human factor is personality: the psychological appearance of a person as a capable member of society, aware of his role in society.
The purpose of the abstract is to identify the influence of the human factor on the formation and activities of the organization.
The relevance of the topic of the essay lies in the fact that the leaders of prosperous firms like to repeat that the main potential of their enterprises lies in personnel. Without a person, no enterprise can be organized. Whatever great ideas, latest technologies, favorable external conditions, it is impossible to achieve high work efficiency without well-trained personnel. Investments in human resources and personnel work become a long-term factor in the competitiveness and survival of the company. The object of research is a person as the most important element of the production process at the enterprise.
1. The essence of the human factor.
1.1 The concept of the human factor.
To characterize the human (personal) factor of production, such concepts as "labor force", "labor resources", "personality", "worker", "worker" are used.
The labor force is a set of physical and mental abilities of a person that he uses to produce material goods and services.
In relation to the direct process of labor, it acts as a potential value, while labor is a functioning ability, a functioning labor force.
Traditionally, in domestic economic science, labor force means the ability to work, labor means the expedient human activity.
Labor force as a commodity, unlike other types of goods, has a qualitative feature: it is characterized by significant plasticity, the ability to actively change its characteristics and thereby actively influence the supply and demand conjuncture. Naturally, each person has his own range of commodity characteristics, inherent only to him, demanded by the labor market. For some, it is wider, for others it is narrower: everything depends on the available knowledge, skills, skills, i.e. from what in a broad sense is called the experience of the individual, as well as from her abilities to acquire new experience - both conscious and potential, which the individual herself is sometimes unaware of.
The labor force refers to the entire socially active population.
The purpose of managing this type of resource is the social activation of the population in solving domestic, family, cultural, environmental, and economic problems. Most of the human resources are involved in the labor process. Particular attention in the sphere of labor is paid to teenagers, housewives, pensioners, the disabled, part-time jobs, part-time jobs and parallel jobs are encouraged.
They include a part of the population of working age, from which disabled people of the 1st and 2nd groups are excluded and actually working pensioners are added.
It can be seen from the above definitions that these are not identical categories, but they are closely related. Labor cannot be carried out without the ability to work, and the ability to work is realized only in the process of labor. Labor resources are the total ability to work of the whole society, a significant part of which (the ability of housewives, students, etc.) is not used in social production.
This category embodies the unity of people in the biological and social sense, their unity as a personal factor of production and subjects of production relations, the unity of the socio-economic essence and specific, naturally-historically determined quantitative and qualitative characteristics.
At the same time, the above definitions consider the concepts of "labor force" and "labor resources" as passive objects of external management.
Since the "labor force" and "labor resources" are nothing but the totality of the physical and mental abilities of people intended for the production of material goods and services, they cannot set their own goals, have needs. pursue certain interests, show creative initiative.
By their very nature, they were intended to be formed, distributed, redistributed by state bodies under the conditions of a planned economic system, used to create a material and technical base, consistently build up economic potential, increase social product and national income.
In the late 1980s, when a "deficit" of labor resources arose and began to manifest itself in the economy, workers began to be regarded as a factor of production. The term "factor" is defined in dictionaries as a reason, a driving force of something, i.e. in contrast to the term "resource", it emphasizes the active role of something, in this case - a person.
Since the mid-1980s, the terms "human factor" and "labor potential" have been increasingly used in the economic literature to express a new view of the role of man in production. In this case, it is usually assumed that the concept of a human (or sometimes personal) factor fixes attention on the active role of a person in the economy. This is most consistent with the new social situation, characterized by insufficiently efficient use of human labor. The concept of "human factor" has a broader and deeper meaning than the concepts of "labor force" and "labor resources". Many scientists noted that human capital is even more valuable than material, so human resources are of particular importance for the development of society as a whole and each company individually. At the same time, we are not talking about the "human factor", but about "human resources". The concept of "human factor" is based on a technocratic approach to the development of production, in which the wage worker is alienated from himself in the labor process. This problem, which arose in the second half of the last century, is still relevant today. The growing dissatisfaction of the wage worker with his working life is evidenced by such facts as staff turnover, an increase in absenteeism and lateness to work, etc., which negatively affects labor productivity and its quality indicators and does not contribute to the creative growth of the employee. These last categories consider people as a general condition for the functioning and development of production - only as workers. Presenting a set of people as labor resources means actually equating them to material factors of production, such as technology, raw materials, energy, etc. With this approach, people are considered not as conscious subjects of economic activity, but as objects of management. It is clear that until a living person in all the diversity of his vital needs is put in the place of the "working", "working" or "individual in general" in economic science, there is no point in thinking about restructuring the existing system of managing the "human factor".
What is the human factor of production, economy, society? There is no single answer to this question. According to Academician T. I. Zaslavskaya, the human factor is "a system of interacting classes, strata and groups occupying different positions, whose activities and interaction ensure the progressive development of society."
In other words, the human factor reveals a person in many dimensions: as a worker, as a citizen and family man, as a person in all the diversity of his feelings and thoughts.
The personal factor of production (in the direct social sense - the personal factor) characterizes the whole variety of qualities of the subject (worker), which manifests itself in the process of his labor activity.
In other words, the personal factor is a functioning (realized in action) labor force, considered in the aggregate of its qualitative characteristics.
The personal factor of production and labor power are related as whole and particular. Labor power, expressing only the production potential of the worker, cannot act as a factor of production. It is a person who has the ability to work (labor force), who carries out the labor process, i.e. included in the production process.
The human factor should be considered as a manifestation of the totality of a person's personal qualities that affect his labor activity. This concept indicates the decisive role of man in the production process.
The human factor is the people of organizations and institutions united for joint activities. Structurally, it is, first of all, an individual, a working group, a labor collective.
The human factor is not only a collective worker, but also a collective subject of social life, having a social, demographic, economic and political structure, the interaction of elements of which ensures the development of society.
This view is consistent with the understanding of the goal of social development as the creation of the necessary conditions for the social development of people, and increasing the efficiency of the economy as a means of achieving this goal.
The recognition of a person as a full-fledged and conscious participant in social development, along with vital needs, also highlights the needs for creative activity, information, participation in management, etc.
The different content of the concepts of "labor resources" and "human factor" requires different approaches and ways of studying them. The labor resources of the region, industries and enterprises, as a rule, are described by indicators of the number and territoriality, demographic, sectoral, professional and qualification structures. The human factor of production is characterized, in addition to these features, by indicators of attitude to work, initiative, enterprise, interests, needs, values, ways of behaving in various situations.
Representing a significant step forward in comparison with labor resources, the concept of the human factor contains a certain limitation: within its framework, people are considered not as the main value of society, but as a factor in development processes external to them. It is clear that this limitation reflects the stage of development of our society that has been reached.
The human factor is an economic and political term, a subject of interest for modern general systems theory, labor psychology, ergonomics and sociology. Attention to the human factor is directly related to the need to accelerate socio-economic development, which cannot be achieved using authoritarian, administrative-bureaucratic management methods.
1.2. The human factor as the cause of erroneous actions.
The human factor is an ambiguous term that describes the possibility of a person making erroneous or similar decisions in specific situations.
Designers of various equipment, devices, etc. try to foresee, prevent and reduce the consequences of such human behavior. The term is used in psychology, engineering, industrial design, statistics, ergonomics and anthropometry.
The expression human factor is often used as an explanation of the causes of catastrophes and accidents that resulted in losses or loss of life.
Every person has limitations or mistakes. The psychological and psychophysiological characteristics of a person do not always correspond to the level of complexity of the tasks or problems being solved. Characteristics arising from the interaction of man and technical systems are often called the "human factor". Errors, called the manifestation of the human factor, as a rule, are unintentional: a person performs erroneous actions, regarding them as correct or most appropriate.
The reasons contributing to the erroneous actions of a person can be grouped into several groups:
lack of information support, lack of consideration of the human factor;
errors caused by external factors;
errors caused by the physical and psychological state and properties of a person;
limited resources to support and implement the decision.
The lack of complete confidence in the success of the upcoming action, doubts about the possibility of achieving the goal of the activity give rise to emotional tension, which manifests itself as excessive excitement, intense experience by a person of the process of activity and expected results. Emotional tension leads to a deterioration in the organization of activities, overexcitation or general lethargy and stiffness in behavior, an increase in the likelihood of erroneous actions. The degree of emotional tension depends on a person's assessment of his readiness for action in given circumstances and responsibility for their results. The appearance of tension is facilitated by such individual characteristics of a person as excessive impressionability, excessive diligence, insufficient general endurance, and impulsive behavior.
The source of errors can be a decrease in attention in a familiar and calm environment. In such a situation, a person relaxes and does not expect any complication to arise. During monotonous work, errors sometimes appear that almost never occur in stressful situations.
Errors in the performance of certain actions may be associated with an unsatisfactory mental state of a person. At the same time, a person has a depressed mood, increased irritability, slow reactions, and sometimes, on the contrary, excessive excitement, fussiness, unnecessary talkativeness. A person's attention is scattered, errors occur when performing the necessary actions, especially with unexpected equipment failures or sudden changes in the situation.
2.Typology of the human factor in organizational relations.
At the heart of the process of interaction between an individual and an organization are psychological and economic contracts that determine the conditions for the psychological and economic involvement of an employee in joint activities. They reflect the essential expectations of the individual (interesting work, decent pay, good psychological climate, respect for the individual, job satisfaction, opportunities to use one's creative potential) and the corresponding expectations of the organization (high performance of the employee, dedication to the organization, conscientious work, organizational culture).
The psychological contract represents a certain exchange of values and reflects the desire of a person to work in this organization and the desire of the organization to hire him. When a person is hired, such an exchange is only expected. During operation, expectations may or may not be confirmed. In this regard, the manager must constantly ensure that the employee and the organization continue to receive what they expected from each other, that is, the fulfillment of the psychological contract. In the case of an equal exchange in accordance with the psychological contract, we can talk about the ideal position: a balance between costs and rewards. In this case, the employee can be expected to feel good about his job and be satisfied with his relationship with the organization. If the exchange is made unequally, the results will be completely opposite. People whose expectations are not met may form a negative attitude towards work, they may lose the desire to work hard, they will no longer consider their work to be the best. In a comparative analysis of the expectations of the employee and the expectations of the organization, it may turn out (as often happens) that these expectations turn out to be incompatible. Employees naturally respond to this incompatibility in a variety of ways. For example, some may seek promotion within the firm in the hope that, at higher levels in the hierarchy, they will be able to meet their diverse needs through professional development and the use of their knowledge and skills. However, if the prospect of promotion is limited or impossible in the near future, then there is a possibility that the employee's reaction will be quite negative. Such backlashes include layoffs, participation in union strikes, production cutbacks, and in emergencies even sabotage or theft of products or equipment.
People adapt to living conditions in different ways. According to the ability to adapt, three types of people can be distinguished. Representatives of the first type are guided by the current moment, easily adapt to the situation. They can make effective decisions "here and now". The second are tied to the past and are able to operate within a rigid structure with clear permissions and prohibitions. The actions of these people are rational within the existing structure. The third type of people looks to the future, their behavior is inadequate to the situation. They do not adapt well to hierarchical structure, but they are good at generating useful ideas. Knowledge about the possibilities and types of adaptation of people to the organizational environment allows you to reasonably build business relationships with them. Subordinates expect respect towards themselves, and also want to feel the significance of the work performed. The organization itself requires that its employees rely on organizational goals and rules in everything, follow its mission, and also fulfill the tasks assigned to them.
In business, there are three main persons on whom its success depends. This is the Creator, Manager and Business Owner.
Especially the staffing issue concerns innovative projects, where the percentage of failures is the highest (and theoretically it cannot even approach 100%), and the success of which requires personnel not only with high qualifications and significant practical experience, but also with great creative potential, for nothing. foresight. Let's call them creators. Involving the best personnel managers in this problem cannot give good results.
Such innovative projects include all projects for the creation, expansion, automation and reorganization of a business (accordingly, such projects include all projects for the creation of corporate websites, portals and systems). And most of these projects ended in failure only because of the lack of such personnel (creators) or the lack of these personnel of the required powers (inappropriate Owners and Managers).
On the other hand, successfully created projects often faded away if the creators occupied the leading positions of the created business, professional managers, competent and pedantic managers are already needed here.
To successfully create a business (project) and successfully manage a business (created project), you need completely different personnel, you need different experience and knowledge, different creative abilities, different interest in work, different incentives.
In life, as a rule, a person is either a creator or a manager. Each person must know who he is, otherwise he does not succeed. Know your place in life and in business.
The main task of a business owner is to find specialists both for creating and expanding a business, and for running a business. This also requires special qualities, the first of which is to understand people. He may not be a creator or a manager, but he must know to whom he can entrust a project to expand the business, and to whom to run the business. Otherwise, he will very soon have nothing to own. The second special quality is courage. The owner must have a lot of courage to entrust his business to strangers, give them the opportunity to work quietly, without oppressing them with constant guardianship, petty control, imposing their opinion on them.
The other side of the human factor is teamwork. Be it a team of creators, a team of managers, a team of business owners. The main principle of working in a team is to create such conditions that the personal goals of each team member coincide with the goals of the business.
In innovative projects, it is necessary to take into account not only human factors that affect the course and creation of the project, but also human factors that arise when a person works with an already created project. These are the "usability" of corporate sites and portals, and the factors of acceptance and effective use by a person of business processes embedded in corporate portals and systems, and the acceptance and effective operation of the organizational structure embedded in the corporate system (for example, a number of organizational structures do not comply with the principle of unity of command ).
For example, no matter how excellent the technical characteristics of a new car, no one will buy it if it is not easy to drive.
Therefore, when creating a project, you need to look at it not through the eyes of the owner, manager or creator, but through the eyes of the end user, who, in the end, either accepts the project or rejects it. And imposing on the end user a project that does not correspond to human factors will ultimately lead to low efficiency of the created project, or even to its unprofitability.
Recommendations for developing an individual approach to management can be built on the basis of various typologies. Let us consider here those typologies that are recognized in psychological science and carefully tested on large samples and statistical material.
Psychological recommendations for developing psychological compatibility in a team can be built on the basis of various typologies. Recently, attempts have been made to build systems of recommendations even on the basis of astrological and nominal typologies, features of people's appearance, their handwriting and biorhythms.
Without denying these attempts, let us dwell on those typologies that are recognized in psychological science and carefully tested on large samples and vast statistical material.
There are four types of temperament - choleric, phlegmatic, sanguine and melancholic. Of course, in reality there are also mixed temperaments, but still the dominance of one temperamental property can be very noticeable.
In addition, even if, as a result of upbringing, training and experience, a person has learned to “mask” his temperament through role-playing behavior and self-control, then in extreme and stressful situations his temperamental qualities become dominant: the choleric begins to fuss, and the phlegmatic falls into a stupor.
Temperament is manifested in such characteristics of human activity, behavior and communication as speed, endurance and degree of openness. At the same time, temperamental properties are hereditarily given and change little throughout a person's life.
For example, if in childhood a child was active, mobile and sociable, then in youth, in adulthood and in old age, he will still be active, mobile and sociable in comparison with other people. Of course, this activity will decrease in the second half of life and the person will become calmer and less sociable, but still the choleric person cannot completely “turn” into a slow and withdrawn phlegmatic person.
Choleric has a very high efficiency, endurance, activity and initiative. Works well in a changing environment. Very often, a choleric person strives for formal or informal leadership, independence, and responsibility. He is also distinguished by a high speed of thinking and experiencing, increased excitability and emotionality, and is capable of an unexpected change of mood during the day.
Choleric people love difficulties and know how to overcome them, we can say that obstacles and problems increase their vitality and desire for self-affirmation. In some cases, these employees unconsciously "organize problems for themselves" so that "life and work do not seem unnecessarily boring and monotonous."
An employee with a choleric temperament can be quick-tempered and irritable, often has reduced self-control and is directed to “dumping” his emotions on other people.
Managing a Choleric Subordinate:
give instructions related to responsibility and independence, apply moderate control;
assign tasks that require high creative activity and creativity if the choleric subordinate is a professional in a certain field;
given the fact that the subordinate seeks to make a career and feel significant, create the prospect of promotion; use on breakthroughs, innovations;
send on the necessary business trips to establish connections and contacts with customers and partners;
organize communication in a neutral partner style, since a choleric subordinate does not tolerate power and pressure;
choleric is psychologically compatible with sanguine. It is not recommended to create tandems "choleric - phlegmatic" and "choleric - melancholic". In the first case, the choleric will be annoyed at the slow phlegmatic, and the phlegmatic will experience self-doubt. In the second, the melancholic will worry and be offended by the irascibility of the choleric;
take into account that the choleric person recovers and rests on tourist trips and communication with a large number of different people (familiar and unfamiliar).
If the choleric person is the highest leader, then he often implements a strong and authoritarian style in management, requires high performance and workaholism from subordinates, expects quick decisions from them, does not like being resisted, does not like debaters and critics, can afford sharp criticism in the address of your employees.
Phlegmatic is a calm, slow, thoughtful and thorough worker. Shows reliability in relationships and stability. Needs long-term adaptation, perceives new information with difficulty, remembers for a long time, but deeply and thoroughly. As operating conditions change, performance may be temporarily reduced. Prone to solitude, isolation, does not like conflicts. Has low initiative. May show a tendency to repeat mistakes. Works well in conditions of monotony and monotony. It does not strive for leadership, it is well psychologically compatible with sanguine, melancholic and phlegmatic people. He is patient, but tends to accumulate dissatisfaction and rarely, but very strongly, show an "outburst of indignation."
Management of a phlegmatic subordinate:
it is recommended to use it in areas of work that require a good concentration of attention, as well as where you need to work in conditions of monotony and monotony (writing reports, summarizing a large array of factual data);
since in stressful situations the phlegmatic person remains calm and composure, you can use it when resolving conflicts in a team;
when formulating a task, give time for memorization, offer to write down the necessary conditions for the task; be sure to control the execution of the task, stimulate and "adjust", keep active contact and interest; step up the initiative, for example, at meetings, ask for his opinion and his assessment;
do not use in areas of work where high decision-making speed and sociability are required;
take into account that the phlegmatic person has a good rest and restores working capacity in conditions of solitude.
If the highest leader has a phlegmatic temperament, then he expects activity, initiative and independence from his subordinates. He also needs constant feedback: reports and notes on how things are going, what has been done and what has not been done, etc. In communicating with such a leader, you need to “slow down” a bit and be able to pause at those moments when when the leader thinks and makes a decision. A leader with a phlegmatic temperament is a stubborn person, therefore, if he made a negative decision, take a “time out” and only then take measures to change the decision.
Sanguine - active, energetic, has high efficiency and developed self-control. Sociable, cheerful person. Focused on career and good earnings. It tolerates overload well and is emotionally resistant to troubles and difficult events. Emotionally little sensitive, as they say, "thick-skinned." Psychologically compatible with choleric, sanguine, melancholic.
Managing a sanguine subordinate:
use the good organizational skills of such a subordinate to create an effective team;
create career and earnings prospects, otherwise he may quit and go to a competitor;
captivate with a new task, stimulate, control the task; load things; maintain a formal business relationship.
The supreme leader, who has a sanguine temperament, expects high professionalism, dedication in work and emphasized efficiency in communication from his subordinates.
The melancholic is distinguished by emotional sensitivity, experiences mistakes and failures for a long time, and shows increased resentment. It is characterized by high anxiety, does not like to take risks. Can be upset at failures, melancholic women often cry. Injustice and conflicts are hard to bear. Prone to self-blame and introspection. They have intuition. They appreciate the positive atmosphere in the company, because of good relations at work, they will not move to another organization even when they offer higher wages. Psychologically compatible with sanguine and phlegmatic people.
Management of a melancholic subordinate:
such a subordinate needs emotional support and a positive assessment in case of achievements;
it is undesirable to criticize in the presence of other people, it is better to be alone;
you can find a constructive application of the intuition of a melancholic subordinate if you invite him to negotiations as an observer in order to then receive from him an accurate psychological description of opponents;
you can use the abilities of the melancholic in the implementation of support and sympathy for those employees who are experiencing personal grief or trouble.
Most often, the melancholic works in the position of a subordinate, in an informal structure he plays the role of a follower. Quite rarely, people with this temperament become leaders. But if this still happened, the melancholic leader needs constant emotional support from friends and loved ones. In addition, he is advised to rest regularly, maintain good psychological and physical shape, and be attentive to his diet.
If we take the stylistic features of their mental activity as the basis for the typology of subordinates, then five psychological types can be distinguished: analysts, pragmatists, realists, idealists and critics.
Employees characterized by analytical thinking like to operate with digital data and quantitative characteristics, in their work they rely on policy documents, instructions and legal norms. They work carefully, responsibly, think through the details, are pedantic. Focused on high success and do not like to make mistakes. They strive for high professionalism and do not tolerate dishonesty in their work. They often show perfectionism. Before solving a problem, careful planning is carried out. They like order, regularity, consistency, clarity. Work effectively under stable conditions given enough time. They are conservative, stable, stable. They show seriousness in training, respect authorities.
In appearance and behavior - they are solid, they love good and expensive clothes, they behave with dignity. Communicate with restraint, without unnecessary emotions. Their spoken language is similar to written language, with regular turns and complete sentences. They strive to influence the interlocutor primarily with logic and arguments. They do not like to conflict, but if they find themselves in a conflict situation, they can show perseverance and defend their position to the end. Psychologically compatible with analysts, realists and idealists.
To correctly solve the problem of using in management strengths each employee, we will analyze in which situations each psychological type is effective, and in which its effectiveness is significantly reduced.
Analysts succeed:
1) when working on an important project that requires high competence and professionalism;
2) in the process of making a strategically important decision;
3) when comparing different approaches and developing the most effective approach to solving a problem;
4) when compiling reference books, tables and classifications;
5) in case of sole performance of a task that does not require the organization of a team and intensive communication with employees.
Analyst effectiveness is declining:
in conditions of time limit and uncertainty;
in the face of constant change;
in the presence of conflict and tension.
Pragmatists strive primarily to obtain concrete results. They do not tolerate "general conversations". Focused on innovation, love everything new, avoid monotony and monotony. There are always people around them, they activate everyone, excite, charge with new ideas. Can do several things at the same time. They easily endure mistakes, and in case of failures they quickly switch to another direction of activity.
They rarely plan work in advance, preferring to immediately get involved in the matter and carry out planning actions as the work progresses. Lively, mobile and sociable. Often they have emotional charm.
They do not like to obey norms and authorities. Often they are independent entrepreneurs. They easily feel in conflict and confrontation, because the struggle “charges” them with energy. In the face of confrontation and confrontation often win. Psychologically compatible with realists, pragmatists and critics.
Pragmatists are successful:
in the conditions of development, when starting a new business or a new direction in work;
in the decision-making process with many unknowns and relying on intuition; under time constraints;
if necessary, quickly organize a team of like-minded people.
The effectiveness of pragmatists is reduced:
1. in conditions of monotony and monotony;
2. in terms of time delay, when there is a delay in achieving the goal;
3. when dealing with slow and indecisive partners;
Realists are like pragmatists: just as lively and sociable. But if pragmatists are focused on achieving results independently and trust only their personal experience, then realists are focused on creating a team that they can send to solve the problem. Rely on practice, value the facts obtained by others. Realists do not always strive to have knowledge in various fields themselves, they select a team of good specialists and trust them.
There is an opinion that an effective leader is obtained from those employees who have realistic thinking. They like to control the situation and people, both at work and at an informal meeting. They always seek to influence, recommend, advise.
Communicate in a simple, business-like manner. They love to tell jokes and joke. Alien to sentiment, addicted to work and career. Of their relatives, as a rule, they also strive to make a working team: the wife is the secretary, the children are assistants in business and business. Psychologically compatible with everyone: realists, analysts, pragmatists, idealists and critics.
Realists are successful:
1.in control;
2.when interacting with external organizations, partners and clients;
3.in negotiations.
The effectiveness of realists is reduced:
1. in situations of a delicate and confidential nature;
2. in a situation in which you need to wait and take a break;
3. if they have unverified or distorted facts at their disposal.
Idealists love to talk about moral, ethical and moral values, are fond of philosophy and esoteric teachings. They strive to help people, they often turn to them for help. They are characterized by humane attitudes. They care about the atmosphere in the team, they are peaceful, they are loved and respected. Idealists are excellent listeners, forgiving mistakes and inaccuracies. Influence others through positive means: praise, admire, encourage, highlight positives.
The tension of their inner life is often associated with the fact that they want "everyone to be fine", but they understand the real unattainability of their ideal. Psychologically compatible with idealists and realists.
Idealists are successful:
1. when resolving conflicts;
2. in negotiations, when it is necessary to inspire trust among partners;
3.in the role of informal leaders in the team;
4.when developing a system of motivation and rewards.
The effectiveness of idealists is reduced:
1. in conditions of struggle and confrontation;
2. in the conditions of the need for criticism of a colleague;
3.when it is necessary to identify the conflict in order to analyze and work it out.
Critical employees with professional competence are able to identify important errors in the decision-making process in time. Despite the fact that critics are not very easy to communicate with and often show causticity and irony, they are the ones who can predict possible risks in time.
At workshops, participants usually ask what is the “sanitary norm” for having critics in a working team, given the size of the team. Unfortunately, there are no detailed studies yet to accurately answer this question. However, it is desirable that at least one competent and professional critic work in each team and each division, and not only during the formation of a new company or on “breakthroughs”, but also on an ongoing basis. Psychologically compatible with realists and pragmatists.
Critics are successful:
1. in the course of building a forecast of possible mistakes and crises of the company;
2. when limiting and adjusting the leader-dictator who does not recognize dissent in his unit.
The effectiveness of critics is reduced:
1. if the team is “feverish” due to a frequently repeated conflict;
2. in conditions when it is necessary to stabilize a collapsing team.