Ivan Pavlov is one of the brightest scientific authorities in Russia, and what can I say, of the whole world. Being a very talented scientist, throughout his life he managed to make an impressive contribution to the development of psychology and physiology. It is Pavlov who is considered the founder of the science of higher education. nervous activity person. The scientist created the largest physiological school in Russia and made a number of significant discoveries in the field of digestion regulation.

short biography

Ivan Pavlov was born in 1849 in Ryazan. In 1864 he graduated from the Ryazan Theological School, after which he entered the seminary. In the last year, Pavlov came across the work of Professor I. Sechenov "Reflexes of the Brain", after which the future scientist forever connected his life with the service of science. In 1870, he entered the Faculty of Law at St. Petersburg University, but a few days later he was transferred to one of the departments of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. The Department of the Medical and Surgical Academy, which had been headed by Sechenov for a long time, after the forced relocation of the scientist to Odessa, came under the leadership of Ilya Zion. It was from him that Pavlov adopted the virtuoso technique of surgical intervention.

In 1883, the scientist defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic of centrifugal cardiac nerves. Over the next few years, he worked in the laboratories of Breslau and Leipzig, which were led by R. Heidenhain and K. Ludwig. In 1890, Pavlov held the positions of head of the Department of Pharmacology of the Military Medical Academy and head of the physiological laboratory at the Institute of Experimental Medicine. In 1896, the Department of Physiology of the Military Medical Academy fell under his tutelage, where he worked until 1924. In 1904, Pavlov received the Nobel Prize for successful research into the physiology of digestive mechanisms. Until his death in 1936, the scientist served as rector of the Institute of Physiology of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Scientific achievements of Pavlov

A distinctive feature of the research methodology of Academician Pavlov was that he linked the physiological activity of the body with mental processes. This relationship has been confirmed by numerous studies. The works of the scientist, describing the mechanisms of digestion, served as an impetus for the emergence of a new direction - the physiology of higher nervous activity. It was to this area that Pavlov devoted more than 35 years of his scientific work. His mind belongs to the idea of ​​creating a method conditioned reflexes.

In 1923, Pavlov published the first edition of his work, in which he describes in detail more than twenty years of experience in studying the higher nervous activity of animals. In 1926, near Leningrad, the Soviet government built the Biological Station, where Pavlov launched research into the genetics of behavior and higher nervous activity of anthropoids. Back in 1918, the scientist conducted research in Russian psychiatric clinics, and already in 1931, on his initiative, a clinical base for research on animal behavior was created.

It should be noted that in the field of knowledge of the functions of the brain, Pavlov made perhaps the most serious contribution in history. Application of it scientific methods made it possible to lift the veil of the mystery of mental illness and outline possible ways for their successful treatment. With the support of the Soviet government, the academician had access to all the resources necessary for science, which allowed him to conduct revolutionary research, the results of which were truly stunning.

An outstanding physician, physiologist and scientist, who laid the foundation for the development of higher nervous activity as an independent subdivision of science. Over the years of his life, he became the author of many scientific articles, and achieved universal recognition, becoming a Nobel Prize winner in medicine, but the most important achievement in his entire life, of course, can be considered the discovery of a conditioned reflex, as well as several theories of the human cerebral cortex based on years of clinical trials.

With his scientific research, Ivan Petrovich was many years ahead of the development of medicine, and achieved amazing results that made it possible to significantly expand people's knowledge about the work of the whole organism and, in particular, all the processes occurring in the cerebral cortex. Pavlov came close to understanding the significance and immediate necessity of sleep as a physiological process, figured out the structure and influence of individual parts of the brain on certain types of activity, and took many more important steps in understanding the work of all internal systems of humans and animals. Of course, some of Pavlov's works were subsequently corrected and corrected in accordance with the receipt of new data, and even the concept of a conditioned reflex is used in our time in a much narrower sense than at the time of its discovery, however, Ivan Petrovich's contribution to physiology simply cannot be underestimated by dignity.

Education and the beginning of research

Dr. Pavlov became keenly interested in the processes that take place in the human brain directly and reflexes in 1869, while studying at the Ryazan Theological Seminary, after reading Professor Sechenov's book "Reflexes of the Brain". It was thanks to her that he left the Faculty of Law and began studying animal physiology at St. Petersburg University under the guidance of Professor Zion, who taught the young and promising student his professional surgical technique, which was legendary at that time. Further, Pavlov's career quickly went uphill. During his studies, he worked in the physiological laboratory of Ustimovich, and then received the position of head of his own physiological laboratory at the Botkin clinic.

During this period, he actively began to engage in his research, and one of the most important goals for Ivan Petrovich was the creation of a fistula - a special opening in the stomach. He devoted more than 10 years of his life to this, because this operation is very difficult due to the gastric juice that corrodes the walls. However, in the end, Pavlov managed to achieve positive results, and soon he could perform a similar operation on any animal. In parallel with this, Pavlov defended his thesis “On the centrifugal nerves of the heart”, and also studied abroad in Leipzeg, working together with outstanding physiologists of that time. A little later, he was also awarded the title of member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences.

The concept of a conditioned reflex and animal experiments

Around the same time, he achieves success in his main profile research, and forms the concept of a conditioned reflex. In his experiments, he achieved the production of gastric juice in dogs under the influence of certain conditioned stimuli, such as a flashing light or a certain sound signal. To study the effects of acquired reflexes, he equipped a laboratory completely isolated from external influences, in which he could fully regulate all types of stimuli. Through a simple operation, he removed the dog's salivary gland from its body, and thus measured the amount of saliva released during the demonstration of certain conditioned or absolute stimuli.

Also in the course of research, he formed the concept of weak and strong impulses that can be shifted in the necessary direction, in order, for example, to achieve the release of gastric juice even without direct feeding or food demonstration. He also introduced the concept of a trace reflex, which is actively manifested in children from the age of two years, and significantly contributes to the development of brain activity and the acquisition of various habits in the early stages of human and animal life.

Pavlov presented the results of his many years of research in his report in 1093 in Madrid, for which a year later he received worldwide recognition and the Nobel Prize in biology. However, he did not stop researching at this, and over the next 35 years he was engaged in various studies, almost completely reshaping the ideas of scientists about the work of the brain and reflex processes.

He actively collaborated with foreign colleagues, regularly held various international seminars, willingly shared the results of his work with colleagues, and over the past fifteen years of his life he actively trained young professionals, many of whom became his direct followers, and were able to penetrate even deeper into the secrets of human brain and behavioral traits.

The consequences of the activities of Dr. Pavlov

It is worth noting that Ivan Petrovich Pavlov until the very last day In his life, he conducted various studies, and it is largely thanks to this outstanding scientist in all respects that in our time medicine is at such a high level. His work helped to understand not only the features of brain activity, but also in terms of general principles physiology, and it was Pavlov's followers who, on the basis of his work, discovered the patterns of hereditary transmission of certain diseases. Separately, it is worth noting the contribution he made to veterinary medicine, and in particular to animal surgery, which reached a fundamentally new level during his lifetime.

Ivan Petrovich left a huge mark on world science, and was remembered by his contemporaries as an outstanding personality, ready to sacrifice his own benefits and conveniences for the sake of science. This great person did not stop at nothing, and was able to achieve amazing results that no progressive scientific researcher has been able to achieve so far.

Last update: 18/03/2015

“Science demands from a person his whole life,” wrote Ivan Pavlov. And if you had at least two lives, according to him, they would not be enough for you. Ivan Pavlov urged people to be passionate in their work and in their searches.

The most famous works:

• Proceedings on the physiology of blood circulation and digestion.
• 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology.

Birth and death:

• Ivan Petrovich Pavlov was born on September 14, 1849.
• He died on February 27, 1936.

First years of life:

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov comes from a small village in Ryazan (Russia), where his father was a village priest. His early studies focused on theology, but reading Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species had a strong influence on his future interests. He soon abandoned his religious studies and devoted himself to the study of science. In 1870 he began to study natural sciences at the University of St. Petersburg.

Career:

Pavlov's main interests were the study of physiology and the natural sciences. He helped found the Department of Physiology at the Institute for Experimental Medicine and continued to oversee the program for the next 45 years.

While investigating the digestive function of dogs, he noted that his subjects would salivate before serving food. In a series of well-known experiments, he presented many different stimuli before food was given, eventually finding that after repeating the combinations, the dog would salivate when presented with stimuli other than food. He called this reaction a conditioned reflex. Pavlov also discovered that these reflexes originate in the cortex hemispheres brain.

Pavlov received considerable recognition for his work, including acceptance in 1901 into Russian Academy Sciences and the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1904. The Soviet government also offered substantial support for Pavlov's work, and Soviet Union soon became a renowned center for physiological research.

Contribution to psychology:

While Ivan Pavlov was not a psychologist, and reportedly disliked the field of psychology in general, his work had a major impact on the field, in particular on the development of behaviorism. His discovery and study of reflexes was influential in the growing movement of behaviorism, and his work is frequently cited in writings. Other researchers have used Pavlov's work in the study of reflection as a form of learning. His research also demonstrated methods for studying responses to environment by an objective, scientific method.

Publications by Ivan Pavlov:

Pavlov, I. P. (1927). Conditioned reflexes. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul English translation book titled "Conditioned Reflexes" (1923).

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov is one of the most famous physiologists in the world, who overshadowed his teachers, a bold experimenter, the first Russian Nobel Prize winner, a possible prototype of Bulgakov's professor Preobrazhensky.

Surprisingly, little is known about his personality in his homeland. We have studied the biography of this outstanding man and will tell you a few facts about his life and legacy.

1.

Ivan Pavlov was born into the family of a Ryazan priest. After the theological school, he entered the seminary, but, contrary to the wishes of his father, he did not become a clergyman. In 1870, Pavlov came across Ivan Sechenov's book Reflexes of the Brain, became interested in physiology and entered St. Petersburg University. Pavlov's specialty was animal physiology.

2.

In his first year, Pavlov's teacher of inorganic chemistry was Dmitri Mendeleev, who had published his periodic table the year before. And Pavlov's younger brother worked as an assistant for Mendeleev.

3.

Pavlov's favorite teacher was Ilya Zion, one of the most conflicting personalities of his time. Pavlov wrote about him: “We were directly struck by his masterfully simple presentation of the most complex physiological issues and his truly artistic ability to set up experiments. Such a teacher is not forgotten all his life.

Zion irritated many colleagues and students with his integrity and incorruptibility, was a vivisector, anti-Darwinist, quarreled with Sechenov and Turgenev.

Once at an art exhibition, he had a fight with the artist Vasily Vereshchagin (Vereshchagin hit him on the nose with a hat, and Zion claimed that with a candlestick). It is believed that Zion was one of the compilers of the Protocol of the Elders of Zion.

4.

Pavlov was an implacable opponent of communism. "You are right to believe in world revolution. You are sowing across the cultural world not a revolution, but fascism with great success. There was no fascism before your revolution,” he wrote to Molotov in 1934.

When the purges began among the intelligentsia, Pavlov wrote to Stalin in a rage: "Today I am ashamed that I am Russian." But even for such statements, the scientist was not touched.

He was defended by Nikolai Bukharin, and Molotov forwarded letters to Stalin with the signature: "Today the Council of People's Commissars received a new nonsense letter from Academician Pavlov."

The scientist was not afraid of punishment. “The revolution caught me almost at the age of 70. And somehow a firm conviction settled in me that the term of an active human life is exactly 70 years. And so I boldly and openly criticized the revolution. I said to myself: “To hell with them! Let them shoot. Anyway, life is over, I will do what my dignity demanded of me.

5.

Pavlov's children were named Vladimir, Vera, Victor and Vsevolod. The only child whose name did not begin with V was Mirchik Pavlov, who died in infancy. The youngest, Vsevolod, also lived a short life: he died a year before his father.

6.

Many distinguished guests visited the village of Koltushi, where Pavlov lived.

In 1934, Pavlov was visited Nobel laureate Niels Bohr with his wife and science fiction writer Herbert Wells with his son, zoologist George Philip Wells.

A few years earlier, H. G. Wells had written an article about Pavlov for The New York Times, which helped to popularize the Russian scientist in the West. After reading this article, the young literary scholar Burres Frederick Skinner decided to change careers and became a behavioral psychologist. In 1972, Skinner was named the most prominent psychologist of the 20th century by the American Psychological Association.

7.

Pavlov was an avid collector. First, he collected butterflies: he grew, caught, begged from traveling friends (the pearl of the collection was a bright blue, with a metallic sheen, a butterfly from Madagascar). Then he became interested in stamps: a Siamese prince once presented him with stamps of his state. For each birthday of a member of the family, Pavlov gave him another collection of works.

Pavlov had a collection of paintings that began with a portrait of his son, which was made by Nikolai Yaroshenko.

Pavlov explained the passion for collecting as a goal reflex. “The life of only that red and strong, who all his life strives for a constantly achieved, but never achievable goal, or with the same ardor moves from one goal to another. All life, all its improvements, all its culture becomes a reflex of the goal, becomes only people striving for this or that goal they have set for themselves in life.

8.

Pavlov's favorite painting was Vasnetsov's "Three Bogatyrs": the physiologist saw in Ilya, Dobrynya and Alyosha images of three temperaments.

9.

On reverse side Moon next to the crater Jules Verne is the crater Pavlov. And between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, the asteroid (1007) Pavlovia is circling, also named after the physiologist.

10.

Pavlov received the Nobel Prize for a series of works on the physiology of the digestive tract in 1904, eight years after the death of its founder. But in the Nobel speech, the laureate said that their paths had already crossed.

Ten years earlier, Nobel had sent Pavlov and his colleague Marcellius Nenetsky a large sum to support their laboratories.

"Alfred Nobel showed a keen interest in physiological experiments and offered us several very instructive projects of experiments that touched on the highest tasks of physiology, the question of aging and dying of organisms." Thus, it can be considered that he received the Nobel Prize twice.

Such a person was hiding behind the big name and strict white beard of the academician.

In the design of the article, a frame from the movie "Heart of a Dog" was used.

The unique work of Pavlov.
Pavlov is an unsurpassed figure in science, a world-famous scientist, academician, physiologist and psychologist. He is a Nobel Prize winner. He devoted his whole life to the study of the regulation of digestion. The creator of the world-famous science of the higher nervous activity of man.

The future scientist was born in Ryazan on September 26, 1849. His parents were ordinary people: an ordinary priest and a housewife. The house where the academician lived has now become a museum. Pavlov began his education in 1864, at a theological school, and after graduating from it, continued his studies at the theological seminary. Ivan Petrovich spoke warmly about that period. He was very lucky with his teachers.

During his studies, he got acquainted with the works of the great scientist I.M. Sechenov. His treatise"Reflexes of the brain" affects the future scientific activity Academician Pavlov. In 1870, he continued to receive education at the University of St. Petersburg in the legal department. But after 17 days he was transferred to the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics. Famous professors F.V. Ovsyannikov and I.F. Zion were his teachers.

The future scientist showed great interest in studying the issue of animal physiology. Pavlov was interested in the basics of human nervous regulation. After university, he moves to the third year of the Medical-Surgical Academy. In 1879, he began working with Botkin in his clinic. For two years he leaves for an internship abroad.

In 1890 he became a professor in the field of pharmacology and went to teach at the Military Medical Academy, where over time he headed one of its departments. Ivan Petrovich devotes all his time to studying the issue of the physiology of blood circulation and digestion. In 1890, he puts his widely known experience with false feeding. He successfully proved a huge role nervous system person during digestion.

In 1903 he went to Madrid for an international congress with a scientific report. For his invaluable contribution to science, in the field of the study of the functions of the digestive glands, he was awarded the Nobel Prize. Pavlov regarded the October Revolution in Russia as a failed experiment of the Communist Party. IN AND. Lenin took care of him and created the necessary conditions for successful scientific work.

I.P. Pavlov did not like what was happening in the country, but despite this, he did not stop working. At times civil war he teaches in the Department of Physiology at the Military Academy. It was cold in the laboratory, very often during the experiments I had to sit in warm clothes. Sometimes there was even no light, and then the operations were carried out with a burning splinter.

Even in very difficult years, Ivan Petrovich tried to help his work colleagues. The famous laboratory was preserved thanks to his efforts, and continued to work in the difficult 1920s. Pavlov suffered from lack of money during the civil war, and more than once asked the authorities to allow him to leave the country. Ivan Petrovich was promised assistance in his financial situation, but nothing was done.

Finally, in 1925, the Institute of Physiology was opened. Pavlov was offered to lead it. He worked there until the end of his life. In Leningrad, in 1935, at the 15th World Congress of Physiologists, I.P. Pavlov is elected honorary president. It was a great triumph for the great scientist.

His unique works are known all over the world. He was the discoverer of the famous method of conditioned reflexes. Before his death, he visits his native Ryazan. The scientist died on February 27, 1936 in Leningrad, from a severe form of pneumonia. The great academician left a large number of discoveries to his descendants.