What are homonyms in Russian. Homonyms and their varieties. Full and partial homonyms

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Words that are the same in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called homonyms.

Examples:

wrench (wrench, crane);

onion (vegetable, tool);

Wednesday (environment, day of the week).

Types of homonyms

Homonyms are lexical and morphological.

Lexical homonyms are complete and incomplete, full homonyms coincide in pronunciation and writing in all grammatical forms. Incomplete homonyms coincide with each other only in a number of grammatical forms. Morphological homonyms, as a rule, belong to different parts of speech and coincide in sound in one form.

Example: goal (noun), goal (short adjective).

Words that are identically transmitted in writing, having different meanings, but not the same in pronunciation, are called homographs. Example: castle (stress on the second syllable) - castle (stress on the first syllable).

Lexical homonyms have two sources of origin.

Arise as a result of the penetration of foreign words. Focus is a term for optics, from Latin and focus is a trick from German.

Another source is connected with word-formation processes. On the basis of the Turkic word "pipe", the word cradle appeared, a homonym for the original Russian word cradle - a baby's cradle.

In linguistics, homonyms are words that have different meanings, but are identical in both sound and spelling. The term "homonym" was introduced by Aristotle. Homonyms should be distinguished from homophones, homoforms, homographs and paronyms.

Homonymy is the fact of the existence of homonyms, that is, the sound coincidence of different lexical units whose meanings are not related to each other, that is, the phenomenon when words belonging to the same part of speech coincide (in spelling and sound) by chance. Polysemy is a similar phenomenon, differing in that the words subject to it have different but historically related meanings.

Where is homonymy used?

Both homonymy and polysemy can act as a resource for enhancing the expressive and visual properties of speech.

1. In the case of homonymy, the emphasis is on the semantic side of the word, because the expressive possibilities of homonyms primarily affect the semantic side of the statement, or even the entire text. Thus, the indistinguishability of homonyms and consonances can lead to the most unexpected consequences of not guessing, "not recognizing" the true meaning.

2. Homonyms, as well as consonances, together with ambiguity, form the basis for creating puns. The pun is often used in satirical and comic poems, satirical literature, anecdotes, humoresques.

3. After all, homonymous words are often used in poetry, acting as a means to create a rhyme.

Varieties of sound matches

If we talk about words that belong to the same part of speech, in linguistics linguists distinguish between homonymy and polysemy. If homonymy implies a random coincidence of words, then polysemy is the presence of different historically related semantic meanings in linguistic units.

But some linguists present the line between polysemy and homonymy differently, namely: if most people notice the so-called “common semantic element” in words, then this is nothing more than polysemy, otherwise it is homonymy, even if the words are in reality have common "roots" in origin. As an example, in the words "braid" as a tool and "braid" as a hairstyle, for most people there is a noticeable similarity - the element "something oblong and thin."

Some linguists believe that all separate semantic meanings of polysemantic language units are homonyms. Considering this point of view, polysemy is only a special case of homonymy.

Words that coincide and at the same time do not belong to the same part of speech are unconditionally referred to as homonyms.

Examples of homonymy

An example of such unconditional homonyms from different parts of speech are the verb "flow" (flow) and the noun "flow" (flow).

The words "boron" as "forest" and "boron" denoting "chem. element" are considered homonyms, because the first example has Slavic roots, and the second arose from the Persian "borax" - the name of the boron compound.

But the words "ether" as organic matter in chemistry, and "ether" as "broadcasting and television" are considered the meanings of the same word, that is, they refer to polysemy, since both language units come from the ancient Greek word meaning mountain air.

A paradoxical situation, provoked by homonymy, underlies the story of Yuri Tynyanov "Lieutenant Kizhe".

Mikhail Lermontov's unfinished fantasy story "Shtoss" boasts absolutely unexpected coincidences of homonymous words, which enhances the effects of mystification and mystery that distinguish this literary work.

introduction

Between the words that form the vocabulary of the Russian language, certain relationships are found both in the nature of the meanings they express and in their phonetic design, that is, the similarity of their sound composition.

In the vocabulary of the Russian language, there are 3 types of systemic relationships between words:

- homonymous (according to sound correspondence)

- synonymous (according to the proximity of the expressed values)

- antonymous (by opposition of expressed meanings)

The presence of these relations allows us to speak about a certain organization of words in the vocabulary, about the existence of a lexical system of the language.
The essence of the phenomena of homonymy, synonymy and antonymy is as follows: with homonymy, there is an identity (that is, coincidence) of sound with a difference in the meaning of words, with synonymy - identity or similarity of meaning with a complete difference in sound (that is, sound composition), with antonymy - opposite meaning with a difference in the sound of the words.

These relationships between words in the lexical system of the language in the textbook
Valkova D.P., Popova R.N. and others are presented in the following table (6(:

In this paper, the phenomenon of homonymy will be considered. The phenomenon of homonymy is a topic that has been covered in linguistic literature for a very long time and is considered by such scientists as V.V. Vinogradov, Fomina M.I.,
Popov R.N., Akhmanova O.S., Lipatov A.T., Rakhmanova L.I. and others. Their disputes concern the understanding of the essence of homonymy, its occurrence in the Russian language, its use in speech, the distinction between homonymy and polysemy, homonymy and related phenomena. As a result, we can conclude that until the controversy on this issue stops, it should be considered relevant.

The purpose of this work is to give an idea of how in modern science the phenomenon of homonymy is highlighted.

Work tasks:

— to analyze different approaches in the definition of homonymy;

- to get acquainted with the history of coverage of this issue;

- show how this issue is covered in the school curriculum and textbooks;

- create didactic material to lessons on the specified topic;

2. History of the issue.

The problem of homonymy, the multifaceted aspects of its semantics have attracted the close attention of researchers for a long time. This problem had its ebb and flow, ups and downs, but at each new stage of increasing interest in it, new facets, new aspects of this linguistic phenomenon were opened.

It is known that for a long time, research in the field of homonymy focused on lexical homonymy, which, because of this, received the most complete semasiological and lexicographic interpretation. With regard to lexical homonymy, there are clearly 3 points of view.

According to the first, the earliest, only etymological
(heterogeneous) homonyms resulting from a random coincidence of sound complexes. This theory was followed by J. Gilleron, R.I. menner,
J. Orr, V.I. Abaev.

According to another, lexical homonymy has two initial sources:

- phonetic convergent evolution of different words or forms (including borrowings)

— semantic divergent evolution of one word

(Bulakhovskiy L.A., Budagov R.A., Nyurop K., Ulman S.)

And according to the third, the formation of homonyms is possible as a result of word-formation processes.

(Vinogradov V.V., Smirnitsky A.I., Stepanov Yu.S., Bally Sh.)(6(

3. The concept of homonymy. Lexical homonymy

In scientific and linguistic literature, the essence of homonymy is not understood unambiguously.

The main work on this issue is an article in the journal "Problems of Linguistics" by V.V. Vinogradov "On homonymy and related phenomena" 1968.
In this article, Vinogradov V.V. gives a definition of homonymy and distinguishes between phenomena adjacent to it. In the future, I will constantly refer to this article.

And Rosenthal D.E. agrees with the point of view of V.V. Vinogradov that lexical homonyms are words that sound the same, but have completely different meanings. He defines homonymy - the sound and grammatical coincidence of language units that are not semantically related to each other.

Greek homos is the same, onima is a name.

Fomina M.I. offers a more extensive definition: lexical homonyms are two or more words of different meanings that coincide in spelling, pronunciation and grammatical design.

In lexicology, there are two types of homonyms - complete and incomplete.
(or partial).

By structure, lexical homonyms can be divided into:

Fomina M.I. offers other names: simple, or non-derivative, and derivatives. Non-derivative homonyms are most often found in the circle of nouns. In the derivative homonymy of nouns and verbs, researchers, following V.V. Vinogradov usually distinguish such varieties: homonymous derived stems each consist of two (or more) homomorphemes of the same type. lezgin-k-a (cf. lezgin) and lezgin-k-a (dance) homonymous derived bases consist of morphemes that do not match in sound design. wallet (paper industry worker) and wallet (paper wallet) in a homonymous pair of words, the derivative of the stem is felt only in one of the words, while the other (or others) undergoes a morphological process of simplification. besiege - besiege (besiege, that is, surround with troops) besiege - besiege (allocate an integral part of the sediment) besiege - besiege (make slow down at full gallop, lean back, crouching slightly) one of the homonymous bases has a derivative character, the other is unproductive. nor-to-a (reduced from nor) and mink (animal and animal skin)

O.S. Akhmanova calls such types of derived homonyms "words with a pronounced morphological structure" and distinguishes among them 5 subtypes:

Homonymy of the basics caustic (look, grass, mockery) and caustic (sugar, firewood)

Homonymy of the affixes finca (to finn) and finca (knife)

Homonymy with varying degrees of articulation straighten (galley) and straighten (passport)

Homonymy with different internal structure crossbow (a type of weapon that shoots itself) and crossbow (one who shoots himself)

Homonymy from different parts of speech oven (noun) and oven (verb infinitive)

Derived homonymy among verbs (a process most active in modern language) occurs in such cases when, in one verb, the prefix merges with the stem, losing its morphological separability or separability, and in another, homonymous with the first, it retains its semantic functions of a separate morpheme. call “call someone what” (cf. name) and call (many people) speak “talk teeth” (cf. conspiracy) and speak
(to speak, start speaking)

Homonymous words are characterized primarily by the fact that they correlate with one or another phenomenon of reality independently of each other, therefore, there is no associative conceptual and semantic connection between them, which is characteristic of different meanings of polysemantic words. when implementing lexical meaning homonyms, their mixing is almost impossible.
For example, no one will think that we are talking about the key as a "spring, source" if, standing at the door, they ask for a key, that is, "a device for activating the lock." The conceptual and thematic correlation of words is completely different, and the use of one of the homonymous words in the text (or live speech) excludes the use of the other. (Unless, of course, there is a special collision with a certain stylistic task. See.
____)

So, lexical homonymy is observed among words of the same parts of speech. At the same time, two or more lexical homonyms (full or partial) are characterized by the absolute identity of the sound and spelling complex, that is, the external structure (defend1 - stand to the end, defend2 - be at some distance, defend3 - protect) and all
(or parts) of grammatical forms (initial change in cases, the presence of the same number forms in three words that are full lexical homonyms: bank1 - vessel, bank2 - shallow, bank3 - special transverse seat in a boat).

4. Language phenomena similar to lexical homonymy

Homonymy as a linguistic phenomenon is observed not only in vocabulary. In the broad sense of the word, homonyms are sometimes called different language units that coincide in sound. Unlike proper lexical (or absolute) homonyms, all other consonances and various kinds of coincidences are called relative, although here it would be more correct to speak not about homonymy in the broad sense of the word, and not even about relative homonymy, but about the homonymous use of various types in speech homophones, which, as V.V. Vinogadov, includes "all kinds of unanimities or consonances - in whole constructions, and in conjunctions of words or their parts, in separate segments of speech, in separate morphemes, even in adjacent sound combinations" (_(.

Such scientists as Rosenthal D.E., Shmelev D., Vinogradov V.V. are of the opinion that homoforms, homographs and homophones are phenomena adjacent to homonymy, since they relate to the grammatical, phonetic and graphic levels of the language.

Rosenthal D.E. believes that "strict differentiation of linguistic phenomena requires limiting proper lexical homonymy from homoforms, homophones, homographs." (_(

1. homoforms - words that coincide only in one grammatical form (less often in several). three1 - counts. in I. p. (three friends) tri2 - verb in command. incl., units h., 2 l. (three carrots on a grater)

The grammatical forms of words of the same part of speech can also be homonymous. forms of adjectives big, young can indicate:

- I.p., unit, m.p. (great success, young professional)

- R.p., singular, w.r. (great career, young woman)

- D.p., singular, f.p. (to a great career, to a young woman)

— T.p., singular, f.p. (with a big career, with a young woman)

The reason for recognizing these forms as different forms, although coinciding in sound, is that they agree with nouns that appear in different cases (moreover, the same adjectives with noun m.r. and cf.r. here have different forms - big village, big village, big village).

Homoforms by their nature go beyond the vocabulary, as they belong to a different level of the language and should be studied in the morphology section (_(

2. Homophones are words that sound the same but are spelled differently. meadow - bow, hammer - young, lead - carry

These words coincide in pronunciation due to the stunning of voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants. A change in vowels in an unstressed position leads to the consonance of the words rinse - caress, lick - climb, sharp - islands, brother - brother.
Therefore, the appearance of homophones is associated with the operation of phonetic laws.

Homophones are the subject of study not of lexicology, but of phonetics, since they manifest themselves at a different linguistic level - the phonetic one.

3. Homographs are words that are spelled the same but pronounced differently. usually they have stress on different syllables: mugs - mugs, fell asleep - fell asleep

There are more than a thousand pairs of homographs in modern Russian. Homography is directly related to the graphic system of the language.

Fomina M.I. offers a broad concept of homophony (Greek homos - the same, phone - voice, sound), which covers the consonance of the most different languages units:

1. coincidence of the pronunciation of words (the so-called homophones proper, or phonetic homonyms) flu - mushroom, dock - dog, labor - tinder

2. coincidence of words and phrases (a kind of homophony) mute - not mine, skidding - by the nose, for days - with ducks

3. coincidence of separate forms of the word (the so-called homoforms, or grammatical homonyms) saw (n.) - saw (ch. in pr.v.), I fly (from fly) - I fly (from I fly), young man - care for the young mothers

the same spelling of words, but the difference in pronunciation, in particular stress (homographs):

lexical: atlas - atlas

- lexico-grammatical: village (verb) - village (n.)

- grammatical: addresses - addresses

- stylistic: compass (lit.) - compass (marine)

But Fomina M.I. agrees with V.V. Vinogradov that lexical homonymy proper (full or partial) “cannot be confused or even brought together” with homophony in the broad sense of the word, that is, with all consonances and similarities that occur in speech.

And the linguist Rakhmanova L.I. considers homophones and homoforms to be types of homonyms, but recognizes that not all scientists classify homographs as homonyms, since main feature- different sound contradicts common definition homonyms.

Rakhmanova L.I. identifies a special group of homoforms - these are words that have moved from one part of speech to another. straight (adverb) - straight (amplified particle)

The words of this group are distinguished from other homoforms by the fact that when they are declined as units. hours, and in the plural. in all case forms they have the corresponding homoform - adjective.

Popov R.N. notes that “paronymy is considered to be one of the close phenomena to homonymy. But at the same time, it must be taken into account that paronymy takes place only in oral speech and has nothing to do with the lexical system of the language. (_(

Paronyms are words that are close, but not identical in sound, different in meaning and mistakenly used in speech one instead of the other.

Fact - "a real, non-fictional event, phenomenon."

Factor - "the driving force, the cause of any process or phenomenon, which determines its characteristic features."

Phonetically, paronyms differ from each other in that they have different pronunciations either at the beginning of the word (president - resident) or at the end (set - complex).

Among paronyms, a significant place is occupied by a noun. Paronyms expressed by other parts of speech are less common (single - ordinary; grind off - grind off).

In grammar literature recent times the so-called functional homonyms are distinguished. These are similar in sound, etymologically related words related to different parts of speech. They write about it
Kolykhanova E.B. and

Shiryaeva T.G. in his work “Functional homonyms in the lexical system of the Russian language”. (_(

The collective farm field is flat. (cr. adj.)

The letters are written straight. (adverb)

I'll be right at five. (particle)

Functional homonyms are words that are used in speech as a result of transition from one part of speech to another. In such cases, several words belonging to different parts of speech are hidden behind a single sound complex.

The formation and existence of functional homonyms allows cases of double, triple (sometimes more) use of the same sound complex.

The formation of functional homonyms is carried out under certain syntactic conditions, which should be understood as a change in the syntactic function of a word, the order of words in a sentence, compatibility with other words, the nature of the connection between the members of the sentence, the ellipsis of the word being defined.

AT modern research a tendency has been established to use double names of those phenomena that are built on various kinds of coincidences, consonances. For example: homophones are phonetic homonyms, homoforms are grammatical homonyms, homomorphemes are morphological homonyms (or derivational homonyms). Sometimes such terms are used: omosyntagms - syntactic homonyms, omostylemes - stylistic homonyms.
It seems that, despite the critical attitude of researchers to this kind of double terminology, in particular to terms-phrases like "syntactic homonymy" and the like, its use does not cause confusion, but, on the contrary, makes it possible to more clearly define one or another linguistic phenomenon. (_ (

5. Homonymy and polysemy in Russian (review).

The distinction between different homonymous words and one word with many meanings, as already noted, causes many difficulties and cannot always be carried out unambiguously.

The difficulty of distinguishing between these phenomena and the complexity of their clear, consistent definition is also indicated by modern lexicographic practice. So, many words that are given as polysemantic in one dictionary are considered in another (or others) as different words, homonymous to each other.

Ways to distinguish between homonymy and polysemy:

Substituting synonyms for each homonym or for all meanings of the polysemantic, and then comparing the selected synonyms with each other. If they turn out to be semantically close to each other, we have a polysemantic word, if not - homonyms.
Comparison of the word forms of each of them, the selection of related (single-root) words, that is, the establishment of their derivational connections. if the word forms are the same or similar and there are related words that are identical in terms of the type of formation, and there is a semantic proximity between them, we can talk about polysemy.
Finding out the origin of words, that is, etymological information about words.
Comparison of the translation of Russian homonyms into other languages. This noticeably refines the idea of real homonymization.
Identification of the thematic relation of the word and the definition of typical models of lexical compatibility, as well as the semantics of the entire context as a whole.

Thus, in order to reasonably distinguish homonymy from polysemy, it is necessary to use as much comparative data as possible, which will make it possible to identify which features prevail: similar over distinctive ones, or vice versa - distinctive over similar ones. However, the decisive features for the stages of analysis are still actually semantic ones. It is they, as modern researchers note, that should be recognized as the main ones in distinguishing homonymy from polysemy, it is they that should be present in all other distinctive comparisons. (_(

The emergence of homonyms in the Russian language.

In the process of the historical development of the dictionary, the appearance of lexical homonyms was due to a number of reasons.

Rosenthal D.E. offers a clear distribution of these causes:
As a result of borrowing foreign words, there may be a formal coincidence in the sound and spelling of the word "alien" and native Russian. marriage1 in Russian is related to the verb to take (cf: to marry oneself), its contemporary meaning – « family relationships between man and woman; marital relationship." marriage 2 - "spoiled, poor-quality, defective objects of production", borrowed from it. language brack – lack club1 – eng. "public organization" club2 smoke - rus. swirl

Words that entered the Russian language from different languages may turn out to be consonant. faucet1 - dutch. "shutter in the form of a tube for the release of liquid or gas" valve2 - it. "mechanism for lifting and moving goods" mat1 - German. "soft bedding made of durable material" mat2 - Arab. "defeat in a chess game" mat3 - fr. "absence of gloss, roughness of the smooth surface of the object."

French words that sound the same are borrowed from the same language. mina1 - "explosive projectile" mina2 - "facial expression" Latin. note1 - "musical sound" note2 - "diplomatic appeal of one government to another"

When new words are formed from the roots and affixes available in the language, homonyms also appear. hillfort1 - “place of an ancient settlement” hillfort2 - magnifier from the word daddy city1 - a form of subjective assessment from daddy daddy2 - a form of subjective assessment from folder

The appearance of homonyms as a result of the coincidence of the newly formed abbreviation with a long-known full-value word. stork1 - "migratory bird"

AIST2 - automatic information station mars1 - planet

MARS2 - automatic registration and signaling machine

Homonyms become native Russian words that have undergone various changes as a result of phonetic and morphological processes that took place in the language. bow1 - an ancient weapon (once had a nasal vowel, which eventually began to sound like (y () bow2 - a garden plant I fly1 - to treat (e - b "yat") I fly2 - to fly
The source of the appearance of homonyms may be a break in the semantic structure of polysemantic words, in which individual meanings diverge so much that they are no longer perceived as belonging to one word. light1 - universe light2 - dawn, sunrise

“I wanted to travel around the whole world, but I didn’t travel around a hundredth of it ...” - “A little light - already on my feet!” (Griboedov A.S.)

In 1972, for the first time, the homonymy of the words debt - obligation and debt - borrowed was recognized and recorded in the Ozhegov Dictionary. In the 1950s, these words were considered as variants of the same word with different meanings.
This indicates the duration of the process of splitting a polysemantic word and turning its meanings into independent homonyms, the inevitability of the appearance of intermediate, transitional cases when it is difficult to give an unambiguous semantic description of the word. For example, the words knit (tighten with a rope) and knit are treated differently in different dictionaries.
(knitting needles, crochet); wave (something) and wave (go somewhere).

Fomina M.I. also notes the discrepancy between the meanings of a polysemantic word is observed in the language not only among native Russian words, but also among words borrowed from any one language. Interesting observations are given by comparing the homonymy of etymologically identical words: agent1 - the ruler of the state, organization agent2 - the operating cause of certain phenomena

(both words from Latin agens, agentis (from agere - to act) openwork1 - through mesh fabric openwork2 - keeping accounting books, documents until the last day

(from French ajour - through, summarized)

It should be noted that there is no consensus in modern lexicology on the role of the disintegration of a polysemantic word in the formation of homonyms. So,
IN AND. Abaev in the article "On the submission of homonyms in the dictionary" (see: Questions of Linguistics, 1957, No. 3) expressed the idea that new homonyms, their
"reproduction is mainly due to polysemy." EAT. Galkina-Fedorchuk in the article "On the issue of homonyms in the Russian language" (see: Russian language at school,
1954, No. 3) and Z.A. Tolmachev in the article "The formation of homonyms through the collapse of polysemy" (see: Russian Language at School, 1959, No. 4) also considered one of the productive ways of forming homonyms "separation of the meaning of words."
However, V.V. Vinogradov noted the unproductiveness of this method of formation, believing that "even fewer homonyms owe their formation to the semantic disintegration of a single lexeme into several homonymous lexical units such as light - the universe, and light - illumination." A.A. Reformatsky argued that in the Russian language "the majority of homonyms that arose due to borrowings", although he also recognized the fact that the process of derivative homonymy is active. A.I.
Smirnitsky called random sound coincidences the main source of replenishment of the language with homonyms. O.S. Akhmanova, recognizing the sufficient activity of homonyms arising as a result of dispersed polysemy, at the same time pointed out the great difficulties associated with the search for objective criteria for assessing the completion of the homonymization process. These articles served as a stimulus for the ongoing discussion on the issues of homonymy. (ten(

Use in speech.

In modern Russian, a significant number of words - homonyms, and with the development of the language they become more. The question arises: does homonymy prevent correct perception in speech?

The functioning of homonyms in speech, as a rule, does not cause any particular difficulties. First of all, the context clarifies the semantic structure of such words, excluding inappropriate interpretation. In addition, homonyms belong to different areas usage and having an ambiguous expressive coloring, different functional attribution, as a rule, do not collide in speech. Nevertheless, the combination of the meanings of homonymous words is possible. However, in this case it is due to a certain stylistic goal, and this goal is different in different styles of speech.

The intentional clash of homonyms has always been an indispensable means of witty puns.

Even Kozma Prutkov wrote: "It's nice to caress a child or a dog, but the most necessary thing is to rinse your mouth."

Similar homophones are used in folk jokes:

“I’m in the forest, and he climbed, I’m behind the elm, and he got stuck” V. Dahl

Often there is a collision of lil even a combination in one text of both homonymous words and words that accidentally coincide in sound (homophones, homoforms, etc.) it is interesting to compare the intentional collision of partial homonyms
- “to be, to have” and to eat - “to eat”, translated by S.Ya. Marshak
"Healthy Toast" by Robert Burns:

Those who have what they have - sometimes they cannot eat,

And others can eat, but sit without bread,

And here we have what we have, but at the same time we have what we have, -

So, we have to thank the sky!

Combines consonant words, a writer, poet, publicist, as it were, brings together those objects, concepts that they designate. This technique is a means of actualization, it performs the task of communicating additional artistic information.

Hear how gunpowder began to smell

Editorials and poetry?

Feathers are stamped from the same steel

Which tomorrow will go on bayonets.

(K. Simonov "Winner")

Poets use homonymous rhymes, which often give the poem a special attraction.

You puppies! Follow me!

You will be on the kalach

Look, don't talk

Otherwise I'll beat you!

(A.S. Pushkin)

Snow said: - When I flock,

There will be a river of doves,

Will flow, shaking the flock

Reflected doves.

(Y.A. Kozlovsky)

Alena has a good braid.

And the grass in the meadow is her scythe.

Soon the meadow will pass the spit:

The time for mowing approaches.

(Y.A. Kozlovsky)

Hoodie

black crow

In the morning I scolded, sitting on a branch,

The news of that was smashed in all directions

Forty forty.

(Y.A. Kozlovsky)

The use of homonymous rhymes is all the more justified in humorous genres, for example, in epigrams.

Don't flaunt, buddy, that you have a surplus of topics. We know the works where the best themes perished. (D. Minaev)

Or homonymous consonances - the main material for a pun.

that the people are waking up

Now they give him charters,

They shout: “Shut your mouth!”

And instantly put a seal on the mouth.

(K.M. Fofanov)

The area of rhymes is my element,

And I write poetry easily,

Without thinking, without a line

I run to line from line

Even to the Finnish brown rocks

I'm dealing with a pun.

(D.D. Minaev)

Homonyms are often used to create rhymes.

You fed the white swans

Throwing back the weight of black braids ...

I swam nearby, the helms came together,

The sunset beam was strangely slanting.

Suddenly a pair of swans rushed

I don't know whose fault it was...

The sunset froze behind a haze of steam,

The alley is like a stream of wine.

(V. Bryusov)

* helm - traditional poetic. ship's rudder, stern oar.

The successful comparison of consonant forms, their playing out in speech is of great interest. However, it is necessary to be careful in word usage, since in some cases homonymy (and related phenomena) can lead to a distortion of the meaning of the statement, inappropriate comedy.

When commenting on a football match: “Today the players left the field without goals”;

"On the TV screen you see Gavrilov in a beautiful combination."

Even professional writers and great writers are not immune from such speech errors.

Have you heard? or Is it possible to be indifferent to evil? (A.S. Pushkin)

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work, materials from the site were used.
http://base.ed.ru

Many people get confused when it comes to such categories of words as antonyms, paronyms and homonyms, because the Russian language is quite complex, and it is not as easy to understand as it seems at first glance. In this article we will understand what homonyms are and what they are.

What are homonyms: their types

Homonyms are words whose spelling and sound are the same, but the meanings are radically different. For example:

schedule (any plan) and schedule (artist)
force (forcibly force something) and force (put any items)

Full homonyms

These are words that are one part of speech and completely coincide in sound and spelling. For example:

outfit (clothes) and outfit (group of soldiers)
leaf (birch) and leaf (paper)

Incomplete (partial) homonyms

Incomplete homonyms can be divided into three more categories: homographs, homophones, homoforms.

Homographs differ not only in meaning, but also in sound. Flour (used in cooking) and flour (mental torment).
Homophones sound the same but differ in spelling and meaning. For example, fruit (tree) and raft (boat), code (character set) and cat (animal).
Homoforms are such homonyms in which only some forms of words coincide. For example, oven (noun) and oven ( indefinite form verb), flow (noun) and flow (indefinite form of the verb)

The easiest way is to understand the categories of homonyms when studying them on visual and simple life examples. It will be enough to remember one example from each category, and then you will not only not forget what homonyms are, but you will even be able to distinguish homographs, homophones and homoforms from each other.

Russian language is in the top 10 most known languages peace. But in several languages there are words that sound the same but are spelled differently, including in Russian.

The names of such words are homonyms. To learn more about what homonyms are, and what varieties of them exist, you should read this article.

What are homonyms and what are they

"Homonymy" with Greek translates as "same name". Homonyms are those words that are similar in writing and pronunciation, but differ in understanding.

For example:

The word "outfit". At the same time, it can mean both the type of clothing and the soldier's outfit.
"Luk" is also considered a homonym. In one sense it is a plant, in another it is a weapon.
The word "shop". One of the meanings of the word "shop" is a trading shop, and the second is an ordinary shop installed in the park, on which people sit.

In our language, full and incomplete homonyms are classified. Complete homonyms are homonyms that are one part of speech. For example, the word “smooth” is a noun with a double meaning: it means a flat plane and a type of embroidery.

In both cases, "smooth" is a noun, the words are heard and written the same way. It can be concluded that, in fact, the word "smooth" is a homonym.

Types of homonyms - homophones, homographs, homoforms

Let's talk about incomplete homonyms. The translation of the word "homograph" from Greek sounds like "the same spelling." In its turn homographs are the same in spelling, similar to each other, but differ in pronunciation and meaning.

Most famous example, the word "castle". When the letter a is emphasized, that is, “lock” is a certain building, and “lock” is a device that locks the door.

Or the word "organ". When stressed on the first vowel, we get the word "Organ" - an element of a living organism, for example, heart, liver. When stressed on the second vowel, we get the word "organ" - a musical instrument.

The word "homophone" also came to us from the Greeks. Translated, it means "similar sound". Based on this, we conclude that Homophones are words that sound the same but are spelled differently. For example, in the expressions “open the door” and “boil dumplings”, the verbs sound exactly the same, but when writing, and, accordingly, in understanding, they are different.

It remains to figure out what homoforms are. Everything is much simpler here. Homoforms are words that do not coincide in writing and pronunciation in all contexts of sentences.

For example, in the expressions "glass of water" and "glass of glass", the word "glass" is a homoform.

Homonyms - examples of words

For children, homonyms are very clearly shown in the following pictures.

Such a concept can be quite explained to a child of 5-6 years old, which is often done by speech therapists, specialized kindergartens and advanced parents.

Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language

They wrote their own dictionaries for homonyms. In the dictionary of homonyms, written by O. S. Akhmanova, the classification of homonyms and information about them are presented in full and as detailed as possible.

In the dictionary of homonyms, which was created by N. P. Kolesnikov, there is a translation of homonyms into 3 languages.

What helps to distinguish words homonyms

Homonymous words are constantly confused with words that have several definitions, simpler, polysemantic words. Let's figure out what it is?

These are words that have a number of meanings related to each other in meaning. For example, the word hat.

The hat is female, at the nail or mushroom. In these cases, the meaning is not particularly different and means some kind of accessory or some kind of upper part.

Grammatical homonyms

These are words similar in pronunciation, but in spelling they coincide only in certain grammatical forms. For example, the word "treat". It can mean the action to "treat" in the first person, singular or "fly".

Also a good example of this kind of homonyms is the word "three". "Three" can be a verb or the numeral "three" in the dative case.

Functional homonyms

These are words that are similar in spelling and sound, but belong to different parts of speech. They occur due to the transition of words from one part of speech to another.

The most obvious example of this kind of homonyms is the word "exactly". It can be both a comparative particle and an adjective.

“To accurately notice” is an adverb. “Like a hurricane flew by” is a comparative particle. "Definitely" is an adjective.

Lexical homonyms

Words that have different meanings but are the same in pronunciation and writing in almost all forms. They are one part of speech.

A good example is the word "smack". This is a verb that can mean cutting a sewing seam or beating.

Morphological homonyms

These are words that are spelled identically, but depending on the context are different parts speech.

The word "bake" is both a noun and a verb. It is possible to understand in what form this word is used only from the context.

Examples:

“Ilya melted the oven so that grandmother could make pies,” here the word “oven” is a noun;
“Grandma was going to bake pies with meat and onions,” in this sentence the word “bake” is a verb.

Homonymous endings

To understand this concept, you first need to remember what a case is. Case is a form of a name that indicates the relationship of words in a sentence.

There are 6 cases in Russian: nominative (I.p.), genitive (R.p.), dative (D.p.), accusative (V.p.), instrumental (T.p.), prepositional (P .P.). Homonymous endings are also found among the case endings.

Homonymous endings are those endings that sound the same, like all homonyms, but have different grammatical meanings.

For example, the words "sisters" and "vodity". In the first case, the word "sisters" pl. h., I. p, and the word "vodice" unit. hours, R. p.

Summing up, I would like to draw attention to the fact that the topic of homonyms is complicated not so much by the definitions of this concept, but by the variety of species. To fully understand the topic, you need to carefully read and understand all kinds of homonyms and their differences.

Types of homonyms

Where is homonymy used?

Varieties of sound matches

Examples of homonymy

What are homonyms: their types

Full homonyms

Incomplete (partial) homonyms

What are homonyms and what are they

Types of homonyms - homophones, homographs, homoforms

Homonyms - examples of words

Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language

What helps to distinguish words homonyms

Grammatical homonyms

Functional homonyms

Lexical homonyms

Morphological homonyms

Homonymous endings

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