The most general system (of the highest hierarchical level) is the “Human-Habitat” (H-CO) system.

The most important subsystem considered by the BJD is the "Man-Environment" (H-OS).

“Man-Machine-Production environment”, etc.

The central element of all BJD systems is a person, therefore a person plays a threefold role:

object of protection

security object,

source of danger.

The high cost of operator error - up to 60% of accidents occur due to human error.

The concept of habitat.

The human environment is divided into industrial and non-productive (domestic).

The main element of the production environment is labor, which in turn consists of interrelated and interconnected elements (Fig. 2) that make up the structure of labor: C - subjects of labor, M - "machines" - means and objects of labor; PT - labor processes, consisting of the actions of both subjects and machines, PrT - labor products, both target and by-products in the form of harmful and dangerous impurities in the air, etc., industrial relations software (organizational, economic , socio-psychological, legal labor: relations associated with the culture of work, professional culture, aesthetic, etc.). Elements of the non-production environment: the natural environment in the form of geographical and landscape (G-L), geophysical (G), climatic (K) elements, natural disasters (SB), including fires from lightning and other natural sources, natural processes (PP) in the form of gas emissions from rocks, etc. can manifest itself both in non-production form (sphere) and production, especially in such industries National economy like construction, mining, geology, geodesy and others.

A person is in close connection with all elements of the environment in the course of his activity.

Interest in the environment of its habitat has always been characteristic of man. And this is understandable, since not only the well-being of the family, clan, tribe, but also its very existence depended on the quality of this environment.

In the Middle Ages, the dominance of scholasticism and theology weakened interest in the study of nature. However, during the Renaissance, the Renaissance, the great geographical discoveries again revived the biological research of naturalists.

Human habitat.

The environment surrounding a modern person includes the natural environment, the artificial environment created by man and the social environment.

Every day, living in the city, walking, working, studying, a person satisfies the widest range of needs. In the system of human needs (biological, psychological, ethnic, social, labor, economic) it is possible to single out the needs associated with the ecology of the habitat. Among them are the comfort and safety of the natural environment, an ecologically comfortable dwelling, the availability of information sources (works of art, attractive landscapes), and others.

Natural or biological needs - this is a group of needs that ensures the possibility of a person's physical existence in a comfortable environment - this is the need for space, good air, water, etc., the presence of a suitable, familiar environment for a person. Ecologization of biological needs is associated with the need to create an ecological, clean urban environment and maintain a good state of natural and artificial nature in the city. But in modern large cities one can hardly speak of the presence of a sufficient volume and quality of the environment necessary for each person.

As industrial production grew, more and more various products and goods were produced, and at the same time environmental pollution increased sharply. The urban environment surrounding a person did not correspond to the historically established sensory influences that a person needed: cities without any signs of beauty, slums, dirt, standard gray houses, polluted air, harsh noise, etc.

But still, we can confidently state that as a result of industrialization and spontaneous urbanization, the human environment gradually became “aggressive” for the sense organs, evolutionarily adapted to the natural environment over many millions of years. In essence, a person has recently found himself in an urban environment. Naturally, during this time, the main mechanisms of perception could not adapt to the changed visual environment and changes in the air, water, and soil. This did not go unnoticed: it is known that people living in polluted areas of the city are more prone to various diseases. The most common are cardiovascular and endocrine disorders, but there is a whole complex of various diseases, the cause of which is a general decrease in immunity.

Due to dramatic changes in the natural environment, many studies have arisen aimed at studying the state of the environment and the health status of residents in a particular country, city, region. But, as a rule, it is forgotten that a city dweller spends most of his time indoors (up to 90% of the time) and the quality of the environment inside various buildings and structures turns out to be more important for human health and well-being. The concentration of pollutants indoors is often much higher than in outdoor air.

A resident of a modern city most of all sees flat surfaces - the facades of buildings, squares, streets and right angles - the intersection of these planes. In nature, planes connected by right angles are very rare. In apartments and offices there is a continuation of such landscapes, which cannot but affect the mood and well-being of people who are constantly there.

The habitat is inextricably linked with the concept of "biosphere". This term was introduced by the Australian geologist Suess in 175. Biosphere - the natural area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe distribution of life on Earth, including the lower layer of the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the upper layer of the lithosphere. The name of the Russian scientist V. I. Vernadsky is associated with the creation of the doctrine of the biosphere and its transition to the noosphere. The main thing in the doctrine of the noosphere is the unity of the biosphere and humanity. According to Vernadsky, in the era of the noosphere, a person can and should “think and act in a new aspect, not only in the aspect of an individual, family, state, but also in a planetary aspect.”

In the life cycle, a person and the environment surrounding him form a constantly operating system "man - environment".

Habitat - the environment surrounding a person, conditioned in this moment a combination of factors (physical, chemical, biological, social) that can have a direct or indirect, immediate or long-term impact on human activity, health and offspring.

Acting in this system, a person continuously solves at least two main tasks:

Provides its needs for food, water and air;

Creates and uses protection from negative influences, both from the environment and its own kind.

Habitat is a part of nature that surrounds a living organism and with which it directly interacts. The components and properties of the environment are diverse and changeable. Any living being lives in a complex and changing world, constantly adapting to it and regulating its life activity in accordance with its changes.

Organisms' adaptations to their environment are called adaptations. The ability to adapt is one of the main properties of life in general, as it provides the very possibility of existence, the ability of organisms to survive and reproduce. Adaptations manifest themselves at different levels: from the biochemistry of cells and the behavior of individual organisms to the structure and functioning of communities and ecological systems. Adaptations arise and change during the evolution of species.

Separate properties or elements of the environment are called environmental factors. Environmental factors are diverse. They may be necessary or, conversely, harmful to living beings, promote or hinder survival and reproduction. Environmental factors have a different nature and specificity of action. Environmental factors are divided into abiotic (all properties of inanimate nature that directly or indirectly affect living organisms) and biotic (these are forms of interaction between living beings).

The negative impacts inherent in the environment exist as long as the World exists. Sources of natural negative impacts are natural phenomena in the biosphere: climate change, thunderstorms, earthquakes, and the like.

The constant struggle for their existence forced a person to find and improve means of protection from the natural negative effects of the environment. Unfortunately, the appearance of dwellings, fire and other means of protection, the improvement of methods of obtaining food - all this not only protected a person from natural negative influences, but also affected the environment.

For many centuries, the human habitat has slowly changed its appearance and, as a result, the types and levels of negative impacts have changed little. So, it continued until the middle of the 19th century - the beginning of the active growth of human impact on the environment. In the 20th century, zones of increased pollution of the biosphere arose on Earth, which led to partial, and in some cases, complete regional degradation. These changes were largely driven by:

High population growth rates on Earth (population explosion) and its urbanization;

Growth in consumption and concentration of energy resources;

Intensive development of industrial and agricultural production;

Mass use of means of transport;

Growth of expenses for military purposes and a number of other processes.

Man and his environment (natural, industrial, urban, household and others) in the process of life constantly interact with each other. At the same time, life can exist only in the process of movement through the living body of flows of matter, energy and information. Man and his environment harmoniously interact and develop only under conditions when the flows of energy, matter and information are within the limits favorably perceived by man and the natural environment. Any excess of the usual levels of flows is accompanied by negative impacts on humans and/or the natural environment. Under natural conditions, such impacts are observed during climate change and natural phenomena.

In the conditions of the technosphere, negative impacts are due to its elements (machines, structures, etc.) and human actions. By changing the value of any flow from the minimum significant to the maximum possible, one can go through a number of characteristic states of interaction in the "human - environment" system: comfortable (optimal), acceptable (leading to discomfort without a negative impact on human health), dangerous (causing with prolonged exposure degradation of the natural environment) and extremely dangerous (lethal outcome and destruction of the natural environment).

Of the four characteristic states of human interaction with the environment, only the first two (comfortable and acceptable) correspond to the positive conditions of everyday life, and the other two (dangerous and extremely dangerous) are unacceptable for the processes of human life, conservation and development of the natural environment.

Characteristics of the human habitat

The state of health of the population is increasingly recognized as an indicator of the ultimate impact of environmental factors on people. This refers to both negative and positive interactions.

Health - as defined by WHO (World Health Organization, Charter, 1968) - is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not just the absence of disease and physical defects.

Currently, there are no generally accepted data on the share contribution of various factors to the formation of individual and population health. Health individual- the health of each individual person. Population health- the main feature, the main property of the human community, its natural state, reflecting the individual adaptive reactions of each member of the community of people and the ability of the entire community in specific conditions to most effectively carry out its social and biological functions.

Characteristics of environmental factors affecting the life of the population

The WHO materials indicate that 50% of the impact on the health of the population is given to lifestyle, 20% to the environment, 20% to heredity, and 10% to the quality of health care. But these data are indicative. Ecologists point out that in the next 30-40 years (while maintaining the existing trends in the development of the industry), the health of the Russian population by 50-70% will depend on the quality of the environment. ON THE. Agadzhanyan notes that human health, like the biosphere, should be considered as a whole, and provides data characterizing the relationship between human health and the health of the biosphere. At present, 4 million toxic substances have been registered in the external environment, and their number is increasing by 6,000 annually.

toxins – compounds (often of a protein nature) of bacterial, plant or animal origin, capable of causing illness or death when ingested by an animal or human. About 100 thousand xenobiotics enter the human body; every fourth inhabitant of the Earth suffers from allergies and autoimmune diseases; more than 80% of diseases are caused by environmental stress.

Xenobiotics - substances alien to living things, the biosphere; are most often poisonous; harm the natural environment and humans.

Allergy – increased or perverted sensitivity to any substance - an allergen. Gene - hereditary factor, structural and functional unit of heredity.

Chromosome - a structural element of the cell nucleus, which contains the hereditary information of the organism.

Life tests a person with excessive discomfort and much less often with comfort, high and prolonged exertion of physical and mental strength, and multivariate stressful situations. The criterion of human stability in such conditions are the characteristics of the health of the population and its integral indicator - the probable life expectancy. Comprehensive assessments of the state of human health also consider indicators of the biological age of a person - basal metabolism, vital capacity of the lungs , physical condition index.

Biological age - the biological state of a person, determined by the totality of his metabolic, structural and adaptive capabilities.

BX – the amount of energy expended during complete physical and mental rest of the body.

Vital capacity of the lungs - the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration is an indicator of the functioning of the respiratory system.

Physical condition index - an integral indicator that characterizes the state of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems of the body.

Health is an integral indicator. It unites and generalizes all the diversity of aspects of human life: domestic, spiritual, industrial, creative. There is a concept of occupational health, which is understood as the ability of the human body to maintain the specified compensatory and protective properties that ensure performance in the conditions of professional activity.

Human life is inextricably linked with its environment. In this environment, a person lives, studies, works, and rests. In the process of life, a person and the environment constantly interact with each other, forming the system "man - environment". Vitality - it is everyday activity and recreation, a way of human existence.

At all stages of its development, man continuously influenced the environment. Habitat - the human environment, determined at the moment by a combination of factors (physical, chemical, biological, social) that can have a direct or indirect, immediate or remote impact on human activity, health and offspring.

The most important role in the preservation of human health in the near future will be played by information about the dangers of the environment. Such information should contain the values ​​and forecast of safety criteria and environmental negative indicators. An analogue of such information is the forecast of weather services. The availability of information about the environment will allow a person to rationally choose places of activity, residence and recreation, rationally use the methods and means of protection. To monitor the habitat, constant monitoring is required, which is implemented by monitoring systems. Monitoring - monitoring the state of the habitat and warning about emerging negative situations.

In order to exclude the negative consequences of the interaction of the environment on human health, it is necessary to provide certain conditions for the functioning of this system. Human characteristics are relatively constant. Elements of the environment can be regulated within wider limits. Therefore, when solving issues of maintaining health, it is necessary to take into account, first of all, the characteristics of a person. In order for the “man-environment” system to function effectively and not harm human health, it is necessary to ensure the compatibility of the characteristics of the environment and man.

The influence of negative factors on human life

The influence of natural and environmental factors on human health

Initially, Homo sapiens lived in the natural environment, like all consumers of the ecosystem, and was practically not protected from the action of its limiting environmental factors.

Consumers (from lat. consume - I consume), organisms that are consumers of organic substances in the food chain.

Primitive man was subject to the same factors of regulation and self-regulation of the ecosystem as the entire animal world, his life expectancy was short, and the population density was very low. The main limiting factors were high physical activity, due to the need to constantly search for food, and malnutrition. Among the causes of death, pathogenic (disease-causing) effects of a natural nature were in the first place. Of particular importance among them were infectious diseases, characterized, as a rule, by natural focality.

The essence of natural focality in the fact that pathogens, specific carriers and animal accumulators, the custodians of the pathogen, exist in given natural conditions (foci), regardless of whether a person lives here or not. A person can become infected from wild animals (“reservoir” of pathogens), living in this area permanently or accidentally being here. Such animals usually include rodents, birds, insects, etc.

All these animals are part of the biocenosis of the ecosystem associated with a particular biotope. Hence, natural focal diseases are closely associated with a certain territory, with one or another type of landscape, and therefore with its climatic features, for example, they differ in seasonality of manifestation.

Biotope - environmental conditions in a certain area: air, water, soils and underlying rocks.

E.P. Pavlovsky (1938), who first proposed the concept of a natural focus, attributed plague, tularemia, tick-borne encephalitis, some helminthiasis, etc. to natural focal diseases. Studies have shown that several diseases can be contained in one focus.

Natural focal diseases were the main cause of death of people until the beginning of the 20th century. The most terrible of these diseases was the plague, the mortality from which many times exceeded the death of people in the endless wars of the Middle Ages and later.

Diseases associated with human environment natural environment, still exist, although they are constantly being fought. Their existence is explained, in particular, by purely ecological reasons. nature, such as resistance carriers of pathogens and pathogens themselves. A typical example of these processes is the fight against malaria.

resistance – resistance, resistance of the body to the effects of various damaging environmental factors.

To combat the action of natural factors regulating the ecosystem, a person had to use Natural resources, including irreplaceable ones, and create an artificial environment for their survival. Built environment also requires adaptation to oneself, which occurs through illness. The main role in the occurrence of diseases in this case is played by the following factors: physical inactivity, overeating, information abundance, psycho-emotional stress. In this regard, there is a constant increase in the "diseases of the century": cardiovascular, oncological, allergic diseases, mental disorders and, finally, AIDS, etc.

Influence of socio-ecological factors on human health

natural environment now preserved only where it was not available to people for its transformation. An urbanized or urban environment is an artificial world created by man, which has no analogues in nature and can only exist with constant renewal. The social environment is difficult to integrate with any environment surrounding a person, and all the factors of each of the environments are closely interconnected and experience the objective and subjective aspects of the quality of the environment of life. This multiplicity of factors makes us more cautious in assessing the quality of a person's living environment in terms of his health. It is necessary to carefully approach the choice of objects and indicators that diagnose the environment. They may be short-lived changes in the body, which can be used to judge different environments - home, production, transport, and long-lived in this particular urban environment - some adaptations of the acclimatization plan, etc. The influence of the urban environment is quite clearly emphasized by certain trends in the current state of human health.

From a medical and biological point of view, the environmental factors of the urban environment have the greatest impact on the following trends: 1) the process of acceleration, 2) disruption of biorhythms, 3) allergization of the population, 4) an increase in cancer incidence and mortality, 5) an increase in the proportion of overweight people, 6) lag of physiological age from the calendar, 7) "rejuvenation" of many forms of pathologies.

Acceleration - this is the acceleration of the development of individual organs or parts of the body in comparison with a certain biological norm. In our case, this is an increase in body size, a significant shift in time towards earlier puberty. Scientists believe that this is an evolutionary transition in the life of the species, caused by improving living conditions: good nutrition, which “removed” the limiting effect of food resources, which provoked selection processes that caused acceleration.

biological rhythms- the most important mechanism for regulating the functions of biological systems, formed, as a rule, under the influence of abiotic factors, can be disturbed in urban life. This primarily applies to circadian rhythms: the use of electric lighting, which extended daylight hours, has become a new environmental factor. Desynchronosis is superimposed on this, chaotization of all previous biorhythms occurs and a transition to a new rhythmic stereotype occurs, what causes disease in humans.

Allergization of the population- one of the main new features in the changed structure of the pathology of people in the urban environment. Allergy - perverse sensitivity or reactivity of the body to a particular substance, the so-called allergen (simple and complex mineral and organic substances). The cause of allergic diseases (bronchial asthma, urticaria, drug allergies, rheumatism, lupus erythematosus, etc.) is a violation of the human immune system, which, as a result of evolution, was in balance with the natural environment. The urban environment is characterized by a sharp change in dominant factors and the emergence of completely new substances - pollutants, the pressure of which the human immune system has not experienced before. Therefore, an allergy can occur without much resistance from the body, and it is difficult to expect that it will become resistant to it at all.

Oncological morbidity and mortality is one of the most indicative medical trends of trouble in a given place of residence. These diseases are caused by tumors. Tumors (Greek "onkos") - neoplasms, excessive pathological growths of tissues. They may be benign - sealing or spreading surrounding tissues, and malignant - sprouting into surrounding tissues and destroying them. Destroying blood vessels, they enter the bloodstream and spread throughout the body, forming the so-called metastases. Benign tumors do not form metastases. The development of malignant tumors, i.e. cancer can result from prolonged contact with certain products: lung cancer in uranium miners, skin cancer in chimney sweeps, etc. This disease is caused by certain substances called carcinogens. Carcinogenic substances (Greek “cancer-producing”), or simply carcinogens, chemical compounds that can cause malignant and benign neoplasms in the body when exposed to it. Several hundred are known. By the nature of the action, they are divided into three groups: 1) local action; 2) organotropic , those. affecting certain organs; 3) multiple actions , causing tumors in various organs. Carcinogens include many polycyclic hydrocarbons, azo dyes, etc. They are contained in air polluted by industrial emissions, in tobacco smoke, coal tar and soot.

Cancer deaths in developed countries is in second place. But not all cancers are necessarily found in the same area. Certain forms of cancer are known to be associated with certain conditions, for example, skin cancer is more common in hot countries, where there is an excess of ultraviolet radiation. But the incidence of cancer of a certain localization in a person can vary depending on changes in the conditions of his life. If a person has moved to an area where this form is rare, the risk of falling ill with this particular form of cancer is reduced and, accordingly, vice versa. Thus, the relationship between cancer and the ecological situation, that is, the quality of the environment, including urban .

The increase in the proportion of overweight people is also a phenomenon caused by the peculiarities of the urban environment. Overeating, physical inactivity and so on, of course, take place. But an excess of nutrition is necessary to create energy reserves in order to withstand a sharp imbalance in environmental influences. Nevertheless, at the same time, there is an increase in the proportion of representatives of the asthenic type in the population: there is a blurring of the "golden mean" and two opposite adaptation strategies are outlined: the desire for fullness and weight loss (the trend is much weaker). But both of them entail a number of pathogenic consequences.

The birth of a large number of premature babies, and therefore physically immature ones, is an indicator of the extremely unfavorable state of the human environment. It is associated with disturbances in the genetic apparatus and simply with an increase in adaptability to environmental changes. Physiological immaturity is the result of a sharp imbalance with the environment, which is transforming too rapidly and can have far-reaching consequences, including acceleration and other changes in human growth.

The current state of man as a biological species is also characterized by a number of medical and biological trends associated with changes in the urban environment: an increase in myopia and dental caries in schoolchildren, an increase in the proportion of chronic diseases, the emergence of previously unknown diseases - derivatives of scientific and technological progress, many occupational diseases , etc.

Infectious diseases have not been eradicated in the cities either. The number of people affected by malaria, hepatitis and many other diseases is enormous. Many doctors believe that we should not talk about "victory", but only about temporary success in the fight against these diseases. This is explained by the fact that the history of combating them is too short, and the unpredictability of changes in the urban environment can negate these successes. For this reason, the “return” of infectious agents is recorded among viruses, and many viruses “break away” from their natural basis and enter a new stage capable of living in the human environment - they become the causative agents of influenza, a viral form of cancer and other diseases (possibly, such a form is the HIV virus). According to their mechanism of action, these forms can be equated with natural focal, which also take place in the urban environment (tularemia, etc.).

Abiological tendencies, which are understood as such features of a person's lifestyle as physical inactivity, smoking, drug addiction, etc., are also the cause of many diseases - obesity, cancer, cardiac diseases, etc.

This also includes sterilization. environments - a frontal struggle with a viral-microbial environment, when, along with harmful forms, useful forms of a person's living environment are also destroyed. This stems from the fact that in medicine there is still a misunderstanding of the important role in the pathology of supraorganismal forms of the living, i.e. human population. Therefore, a big step forward is the concept of health developed by ecology as a state of a biosystem and its closest connection with the environment, while pathological phenomena are considered as adaptive processes caused by it.

So, the preservation of health or the occurrence of disease is the result of complex interactions between the internal biosystems of the body and external environmental factors.

Technogenic hazards and protection against them

Technogenic pollution of the biosphere

Biosphere - the shell of the earth within which life exists. The biosphere includes the lower part of the atmosphere, the upper part of the lithosphere and the entire hydrosphere.

The boundaries of the biosphere are determined by factors that provide the possibility of the existence of living organisms. The upper boundary runs approximately at an altitude of 20 km from the surface of the planet and is limited by the ozone layer, which traps the short-wave part of the sun's ultraviolet radiation that is harmful to life. Thus, living organisms can exist in the troposphere and lower stratosphere.

In the lithosphere, life occurs at depths of up to 3.5–7.5 km, which is due to the temperature of the earth's interior and the condition for the penetration of liquid water into them. The bulk of organisms living within the lithosphere is located in the soil layer, the depth of which does not exceed several meters.

In the hydrosphere (it makes up 70% of the earth's surface and contains 1300 million m3 of water), organisms penetrate the entire depth of the World Ocean - up to 10–11 km.

The impact of technogenic activity on the biosphere

Man has always used the environment mainly as a source of resources, but for a long time his activity did not have a noticeable impact on the biosphere. At the end of the last century, changes in the biosphere under the influence of economic activity attracted the attention of scientists. TO beginning of XXI centuries of environmental pollution with waste, emissions, wastewater from all types of industrial production, agriculture, municipal services of cities have acquired a global character, which has put humanity on the brink of an ecological catastrophe.

According to statistics, by the end of the 20th century, about 100 billion tons of various ores, fossil fuels, and building materials were mined on our planet. At the same time, as a result of human activities, more than 200 million tons of carbon dioxide (CO 2), about 146 million tons of sulfur dioxide (SO 2), 53 million tons of nitrogen oxides and other chemical compounds entered the biosphere. By-products of the activities of industrial enterprises were also 32 billion m 3 of untreated sewage and 250 million tons of dust. The second half of the 20th century was characterized by the rapid development of the chemical industry. At one time, chemization brought undoubted benefits. The negative effects of this process have now become apparent.

First, the release of chemical compounds into the environment is increasing every year. To date, more than 6 million chemical compounds are known, but in practice only about 500 thousand compounds are used, while, according to the World Health Organization (WHO), 40 thousand of them have properties harmful to humans, and 12 thousand are toxic. For example, each fluorescent lamp contains 150 mg of mercury, and one broken bulb pollutes 500,000 m 3 of air at the maximum allowable concentration (MAC).

Secondly, the replacement of natural materials with synthetic ones leads to a number of unforeseen consequences. Biological cycles include a large list of synthetic compounds that are not characteristic of virgin natural environments. For example, if soap, which is based on natural compounds - fats, gets into a reservoir, then the water is self-purifying. The appearance of synthetic detergents containing phosphates in the water leads to the reproduction of blue-green algae and the death of the reservoir.

Many chemical compounds are able to be transmitted through food chains and accumulate in living organisms, thereby increasing the chemical load on the human body. Under chemical load refers to the total amount of harmful and toxic substances that enter the human body during his life.

In table. 1 shows data on the chemical load per inhabitant of Russia.

Chemical load per inhabitant of Russia during his lifetime

Main sources of pollution:

Chemical and petrochemical industries are the main sources of a wide variety of toxic substances. These primarily include organic solvents, amines, aldehydes, chlorine, oxides of sulfur and nitrogen, phosphorus, mercury compounds.

The main sources of soil and surface water pollution by oil and oil products are oil fields on land and the continental shelf. The total mass of oil products that annually enter the seas and oceans is estimated at 5-10 million tons. Oil products, getting into the water, cause serious damage to living organisms. At a concentration of 0.05–1.0 mg/l, plankton dies in the reservoir, and at 10–15 mg/l, adult fish die.

Non-ferrous metallurgy is the second pollutant of the biosphere with sulfur dioxide after thermal power engineering. During the roasting and processing of sulfide ores, zinc, copper, lead and some other metals, gases containing 4–10% sulfur dioxide (SO 2), as well as arsenic trichloride, hydrogen chloride and fluoride and other toxic compounds are emitted into the atmosphere.

Technogenic pollution of the lithosphere

Lithosphere - it is the upper solid shell of the Earth. As a result of the interaction of geological, climatic, biochemical factors, the upper thin layer of the lithosphere has turned into a special environment - soil, where a significant part of the exchange processes between animate and inanimate nature takes place. Unreasonable human economic activity has led to the destruction of the fertile soil layer, its pollution, and changes in composition. There are several types of changes in soil composition.

Intensive soil degradation - deterioration of soil properties under the influence of human activities (improper agricultural practices; repeated plowing; pollution with pesticides, waste from industrial enterprises containing poisons of lead and mercury, radioactive isotopes; depletion; salinization).

Soil erosion - various processes of soil destruction (wind, water and anthropogenic). Due to wind and water erosion, salinization and other causes, 5–7 million hectares of arable land are lost annually in the world. Only accelerated soil erosion over the past century has resulted in the loss of 2 billion hectares of fertile land.

Desertification - land degradation caused by both human activity (anthropogenic causes) and natural factors and processes; characterized by the drying up of the earth, the withering of vegetation, the decrease in the cohesion of the soil, as a result of which rapid wind erosion and the formation of dust storms become possible.

According to UN estimates, desertification in the future could affect more than a billion people and about a third of all land used for agricultural purposes. Desertification is one of the hard-to-compensate consequences, since it takes an average of 70 to 150 years to restore one conventional centimeter of fertile soil cover.

In addition to industry, transport and agriculture, residential buildings and household enterprises are sources of soil pollution. Pollutants are household waste, food waste, faeces, construction debris, used household items, garbage, etc.

Changes in the atmosphere

The Earth's atmosphere is a mechanical mixture of gases. Dry air near the Earth's surface, if moisture and dust particles are removed from it, in its volume contains 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.03% carbon dioxide, and only 0.01 % falls on the share of all other gases: hydrogen, helium, krypton, xenon, radon, nitrous oxide, iodine, water vapor, ozone, methane, etc.

Atmospheric pollution is expressed in a lack of oxygen, a high level of noise, acid precipitation, and the destruction of the ozone layer (the main absorber of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation). Every minute, industrial enterprises, thermal power plants (CHP), vehicles burn a huge amount of fuel, which leads to a continuous increase in the content of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, they are also responsible for emissions of nitrogen oxides and sulfur compounds into the atmosphere. According to UNEP, up to 25 billion tons of pollutants are released into the atmosphere annually: sulfur dioxide and dust particles - 200 million tons/year; nitrogen oxides (N x O y) – 60 million tons/year; carbon oxides (СО and СО 2) – 8000 mln t/year; hydrocarbons (C x H y) – 80 million tons/year.

Changes in the state of the hydrosphere

The depletion of water resources is due to an increase in water consumption by industrial enterprises, agriculture, and public utilities, which in turn leads to massive pollution of sources. All types of pollution ultimately affect the state of the oceans.

In addition to oil and oil products, the main pollutants of surface waters are detergents - synthetic detergents, which are increasingly used in industry, in transport, in public utilities. Significant harm to the aquatic environment and the organisms inhabiting it is caused by pollution of water bodies with lead and its compounds.

The expanded production and use of pesticides causes severe pollution of water bodies with these compounds. Along with pesticides, agricultural effluents contain significant amounts of substances applied to the fields with fertilizers (compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium).

More than 500 thousand different substances enter the reservoirs. Heavy metals (lead, mercury, zinc, copper, cadmium) actively accumulate in bottom sediments, algae, and fish tissues. There are known cases of mass poisoning of people with these metals when eating fish, using water.

Water pollution is a major risk radioactive substances.

A sharp deterioration in sanitary and hygienic indicators of water quality is associated with thermal pollution, that is, with a change in the temperature regime of reservoirs under the influence of industrial effluents. Most of the polluting heat is produced by power plants, steel mills, oil refineries, chemical and pulp and paper enterprises.

Ground (underground) water - main source of drinking water in the world. Unlike surface water, which can be "reanimated" with the help of treatment facilities, groundwater is included in a different hydrological cycle and cannot be purified. Most of the groundwater is fed by precipitation that seeps into the soil. Groundwater quality can be affected by many human activities. Sources of groundwater pollution are: the use of fertilizers and pesticides, septic tanks and cesspools, sewerage systems, sanitary filtration fields and landfills, wells, wells, underground pipelines, industrial waste, surface spills of various substances, disposal of salt solutions and waste from the mining industry, burial grounds and cemeteries.

Anthropogenic hazards and protection against them

The level of industrial safety of enterprises

There are more than 24,000 enterprises in Russia that emit harmful substances into the atmosphere and water bodies. Of these, 33% of emissions come from metallurgy enterprises, 29% from energy facilities, 7% from chemical industry enterprises, and 8% from coal industry facilities. More than half of air emissions come from transport. Every year, only 76% of the total amount of harmful substances is captured and neutralized in Russia, 82% of the discharged waters are not treated, therefore the quality of the waters of the main rivers in Russia is assessed as unsatisfactory. Currently, more than 70 million people breathe air whose pollution is five or more times higher than the maximum allowable standards. Millions of chemical compounds have been introduced into the environment, few of which have been studied for toxicity. Environmental degradation primarily affected human health and the genetic fund. The constant deterioration of the environmental situation, especially in large cities, where a person is exposed to many mutagens (factory emissions, pesticides in agricultural products, radioactive contamination, noise and vibration, stress, etc.), weakens the body's defenses. Mutagenesis (changes in genes under the influence of the environment) under conditions of increasing pollution goes beyond the control of natural mechanisms. The functioning of oil and gas industry enterprises is alarming. Thousands of "orphaned" wells - 7,500 of them - pose a growing danger. The field pipeline systems of most oil producing enterprises are in a pre-emergency state. Over 50,000 incidents with oil spills occur annually, including in water bodies. In the main pipeline transport, pipe corrosion and the unsatisfactory condition of more than 300 gas distribution stations may lead to an increase in accidents and interruptions in gas supply to the population in the coming years. In explosive industries, about 28 thousand pressure vessels have long served their time. 800 tank farms are located within the city. In the ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, in the coke production, the construction of new facilities and the reconstruction of existing ones have practically been halted. The prescribed overhaul is not carried out, worn components and assemblies are not replaced on time. The load-bearing concrete and metal structures of industrial premises are significantly worn out and pose an increased danger. The accident rate at boiler supervision facilities increased by almost a quarter due to a malfunction of technical equipment. About 400,000 elevators are operated in the country, most of which have exhausted their resources and are outdated. Insufficient measures to ensure safety in the transportation of dangerous goods, in the production of explosive work. Insufficient allocation of funds for preventive and major repairs, ensuring industrial safety leads to accidents, the elimination of the consequences of which requires large expenditures.

Sources of environmental problems and their impact on humans

The main causes of man-made hazards are:

Irrational placement of potentially hazardous industrial facilities, economic and social infrastructure;

Technological backwardness of production, low rates of introduction of resource-saving and other technically advanced and safe technologies;

Depreciation of the means of production, reaching in some cases the pre-accident level;

Increase in the volume of transportation, storage, use of hazardous or harmful substances and materials;

Decline in the professional level of employees, work culture, the departure of qualified specialists from production, design and engineering services, applied science;

Low responsibility of officials, lowering the level of production and technological discipline;

Lack of control over the state of potentially hazardous facilities; unreliability of the control system for dangerous or harmful factors;

Reducing the level of safety in production, transport, energy, agriculture;

Lack of a regulatory framework for insurance of technological risks

general characteristics human habitats. Biological factors

One of the most important concepts of ecology is the environment. The environment is a set of factors and elements that affect the organism in its habitat.

Any living being lives in a complex, constantly changing world, constantly adapting to it and regulating its life activity in accordance with its changes. Living organisms exist as open, mobile systems, stable in the influx of energy and information from the environment. On our planet, living organisms have mastered four main habitats, each of which is distinguished by a combination of specific factors and elements that affect the body.

Life arose and spread in the aquatic environment. Subsequently, with the advent of photosynthesis, and, consequently, free oxygen, first in water and then in the atmosphere, living organisms “came out” on land, took possession of the air environment, and populated the soil. With the advent of the biosphere as part of the Earth's shell inhabited by living organisms, it has become another environment with a certain combination of specific biotic factors affecting the organism. The natural environment represents human living conditions and resources for life. The development of human economic activity improves the living conditions of people, but requires an increase in the expenditure of natural, energy and material resources. In the course of industrial and agricultural production, waste is generated, which, together with the production processes themselves, affect noobiogeocenoses and lead to disturbances and pollution, worsening human living conditions to an increasing extent. Biological factors, or the driving forces of evolution, are common to all living nature, including man. These include hereditary variation and natural selection. The role of biological factors in human evolution was revealed by Ch. Darwin. These factors have played a large role in human evolution, especially on early stages his formation. A person has hereditary changes that determine, for example, hair and eye color, height, and resistance to environmental factors. In the early stages of evolution, when a person was highly dependent on nature, individuals with hereditary changes that were useful in given environmental conditions (for example, individuals distinguished by endurance, physical strength, dexterity, quick wit) mainly survived and left offspring. Adaptation of organisms to environmental factors. environment is called adaptation. The ability to adapt is one of the most important properties of living things. Only adapted organisms survive, acquiring traits useful for life in the process of evolution. These signs are fixed in generations due to the ability of organisms to reproduce. Adaptation to environmental factors manifests itself at different levels: cellular, tissue, organ, organism, population, population-species, biocenotic and global, i.e. at the level of the biosphere as a whole. Elements of the environment that affect living organisms are called environmental factors. To study the environment (habitat and human production activities), it is advisable to single out the following main components: air; aquatic environment (hydrosphere); fauna (human, domestic and wild animals, including fish and birds); flora (cultivated and wild plants, including those growing in water); soil (vegetation layer); subsoil (upper part of the earth's crust, within which mining is possible); climatic and acoustic environment. The most vulnerable components, without which human existence is impossible and which are most damaged by human activities associated with the development of industry and urbanization, are the air and hydrosphere. Their pollution also causes significant harm to nature (the totality of the natural conditions for the existence of human society). The fullness of the interaction and interdependence of living organisms and elements of inanimate nature in the field of life distribution reflects the concept of biogeocenosis. Biogeocenosis is a dynamic, stable community of plants, animals and microorganisms that are in constant interaction and direct contact with the components of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. Biogeocenosis consists of biotic (biocenosis) and abiotic (ecotope) parts, which are connected by continuous metabolism and represent an energetically and materially open system. The energy of the sun, mineral substances of the soil, atmospheric gases, and water enter the biogeocenosis. Biogeocenosis produces heat, oxygen, carbon dioxide, biogenic substances carried by water, humus. The main functions of biogeocenosis are the unilaterally directed flow of energy and the circulation of substances. In the structure of any biogeocenosis, the following mandatory components are distinguished:

Abiotic inorganic substances of the environment;

Autotrophic organisms are producers of biotic organic substances;

Heterotrophic organisms are consumers (consumers) of ready-made organic substances of the first (herbivorous animals) and subsequent (carnivorous animals) orders;

Detritivorous organisms are destroyers (destructors) that decompose organic matter. The listed components of biogeocenosis underlie food (trophic) relationships, which are initially based on the presence of two types of nutrition in the biosphere - autotrophic and heterotrophic. Autotrophs attract chemicals necessary for life from the environment and with the help of solar energy turn them into organic matter. Heterotrophs - decompose organic matter to carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts and return them to the environment. This ensures the circulation of substances, which arose in the process of evolution as a necessary condition for the existence of life. At the same time, the light energy of the sun is transformed by living organisms into other forms of energy - chemical, mechanical, thermal.

One of the most important concepts of ecology is the environment. The environment is a set of factors and elements that affect the organism in its habitat.
Any living being lives in a complex, constantly changing world, constantly adapting to it and regulating its life activity in accordance with its changes. Living organisms exist as open, mobile systems, stable in the influx of energy and information from the environment. On our planet, living organisms have mastered four main habitats, each of which is distinguished by a combination of specific factors and elements that affect the body.
Life arose and spread in the aquatic environment. Subsequently, with the advent of photosynthesis, and, consequently, free oxygen, first in water and then in the atmosphere, living organisms “came out” on land, took possession of the air environment, and populated the soil. With the advent of the biosphere as part of the Earth's shell inhabited by living organisms, it has become another environment with a certain combination of specific biotic factors affecting the organism. The natural environment represents human living conditions and resources for life. The development of human economic activity improves the living conditions of people, but requires an increase in the expenditure of natural, energy and material resources. In the course of industrial and agricultural production, waste is generated, which, together with the production processes themselves, affect noobiogeocenoses and lead to disturbances and pollution, worsening human living conditions to an increasing extent. Biological factors, or the driving forces of evolution, are common to all living nature, including man. These include hereditary variability and natural selection. The role of biological factors in human evolution was revealed by Ch. Darwin. These factors played a big role in the evolution of man, especially in the early stages of his formation. A person has hereditary changes that determine, for example, hair and eye color, height, and resistance to environmental factors. In the early stages of evolution, when a person was highly dependent on nature, individuals with hereditary changes that were useful in given environmental conditions (for example, individuals distinguished by endurance, physical strength, dexterity, quick wit) mainly survived and left offspring. Adaptation of organisms to environmental factors. environment is called adaptation. The ability to adapt is one of the most important properties of living things. Only adapted organisms survive, acquiring traits useful for life in the process of evolution. These signs are fixed in generations due to the ability of organisms to reproduce. Adaptation to environmental factors manifests itself at different levels: cellular, tissue, organ, organism, population, population-species, biocenotic and global, i.e. at the level of the biosphere as a whole. Elements of the environment that affect living organisms are called environmental factors. To study the environment (habitat and human production activities), it is advisable to single out the following main components: air; aquatic environment (hydrosphere); fauna (human, domestic and wild animals, including fish and birds); flora (cultivated and wild plants, including those growing in water); soil (vegetation layer); subsoil (upper part of the earth's crust, within which mining is possible); climatic and acoustic environment. The most vulnerable components, without which human existence is impossible and which are most damaged by human activities associated with the development of industry and urbanization, are the air and hydrosphere. Their pollution also causes significant harm to nature (the totality of the natural conditions for the existence of human society). The fullness of the interaction and interdependence of living organisms and elements of inanimate nature in the field of life distribution reflects the concept of biogeocenosis. Biogeocenosis is a dynamic, stable community of plants, animals and microorganisms that are in constant interaction and direct contact with the components of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. Biogeocenosis consists of biotic (biocenosis) and abiotic (ecotope) parts, which are connected by continuous metabolism and represent an energetically and materially open system. The energy of the sun, mineral substances of the soil, atmospheric gases, and water enter the biogeocenosis. Biogeocenosis produces heat, oxygen, carbon dioxide, biogenic substances carried by water, humus. The main functions of biogeocenosis are the unilaterally directed flow of energy and the circulation of substances. In the structure of any biogeocenosis, the following mandatory components are distinguished:
abiotic inorganic substances of the environment;
autotrophic organisms - producers of biotic organic substances;
heterotrophic organisms - consumers (consumers) of ready-made organic substances of the first (herbivorous animals) and subsequent (carnivorous animals) orders;
detritivorous organisms - destroyers (destructors), decomposing organic matter. The listed components of biogeocenosis underlie food (trophic) relationships, which are initially based on the presence of two types of nutrition in the biosphere - autotrophic and heterotrophic. Autotrophs attract chemicals necessary for life from the environment and with the help of solar energy turn them into organic matter. Heterotrophs - decompose organic matter to carbon dioxide, water, mineral salts and return them to the environment. This ensures the circulation of substances, which arose in the process of evolution as a necessary condition for the existence of life. At the same time, the light energy of the sun is transformed by living organisms into other forms of energy - chemical, mechanical, thermal.

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  Human in the surrounding environment factors, with a friend. General characteristic environments habitat of people. Biological factors.


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  General characteristic environments habitat of people. Biological factors.
  Ecology is a science that studies the patterns of interaction between organisms and environments them habitat, the laws of development and existence of biogeocenoses, as complexes of interacting living and non-living ...


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  General characteristic environments habitat of people. Biological factors. One of the most important concepts ecology is an Wednesday habitat. Wednesday- is a collection factors and el... more ».


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  General characteristic environments habitat of people. Biological factors.
  Human in the surrounding environment, on the one hand, is the object of interaction ecological. factors, on the other hand, has an effect on Wednesday.


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  General characteristic environments habitat of people. Biological factors. One of the most important concepts ecology is an Wednesday habitat. Wednesday- is a collection factors and el... more ».


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  General characteristic environments habitat of people. Biological factors. One of the most important concepts ecology is an Wednesday habitat. Wednesday- is a collection factors and el... more ».


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  General characteristic environments habitat of people. Biological factors. One of the most important concepts ecology is an Wednesday habitat. Wednesday- is a collection factors and el... more ».


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  General characteristic environments habitat of people. Biological factors. One of the most important concepts ecology is an Wednesday habitat. Wednesday- is a collection factors and el... more ».


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  General characteristic environments habitat of people. Biological factors. One of the most important concepts ecology is an Wednesday habitat. Wednesday- is a collection factors and el... more ».


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  Characteristic biological factors environments habitat. Sources of dangerous biological substances.
  on the body human- increased level of electromagnetic radiation, ultraviolet and infrared radiation - insufficient lighting...

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Wednesday- a set of factors and elements that affect the body in its habitat. Every living being lives in conditions constant change environmental factors, adapting to them and regulating their livelihoods in accordance with these changes. Living organisms exist as mobile systems open to the flow of energy and information from the environment.

The natural environment represents human living conditions and resources for life. The development of human economic activity improves the conditions of his existence, but requires an increase in the expenditure of natural, energy and material resources. In the course of industrial and agricultural production, waste is generated, which, together with the production processes themselves, disrupt and pollute biogeocenoses, gradually worsening human living conditions.

Biological factors, or the driving forces of evolution, are common to all living nature, including man. These include hereditary variability and natural selection.

The adaptation of organisms to the effects of environmental factors is called adaptation. The ability to adapt is one of the most important properties of living things. Only adapted organisms survive, acquiring traits useful for life in the process of evolution. These signs are fixed in generations due to the ability of organisms to reproduce.

Changes in the environment as a result of the impact of anthropogenic factors: 1) changes in the structure of the earth's surface; 2) change in the composition of the atmosphere; 3) change in the circulation of substances; 4) changes in the qualitative and quantitative composition of flora and fauna; 5) greenhouse effect; 6) noise pollution; 7) military actions.

Irrational human activity has led to violations of all components of the biosphere.

Atmosphere: The main sources of pollution are cars and industrial enterprises. Every year, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides are emitted into the atmosphere. In addition, a large number of fine particles are emitted into the atmosphere, forming the so-called atmospheric aerosol. Due to the combustion of coal, mercury, arsenic, lead, cadmium enter the atmosphere in quantities exceeding their involvement in the circulation of substances.

Hydrosphere: The main cause of pollution of the water basin is the discharge of untreated wastewater from industrial and municipal enterprises, as well as agricultural land. Washing into the rivers of mineral fertilizers and pesticides causes deterioration in the quality of drinking water and the death of many species of aquatic animals. A huge amount of lead, oil and oil products, household waste, pesticides gets into the water.

Lithosphere: The fertile soil layer is formed for a long time, and thanks to the cultivation of agricultural crops, tens of millions of tons of potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen, the main elements of plant nutrition, are annually withdrawn from the soil. Artificial irrigation of soils also has an adverse effect, since waterlogging or salinization of the surface layer of the soil most often occurs. Among anthropogenic soil changes great importance has erosion - the destruction and demolition of the upper fertile soil layer.

Ecological differentiation of mankind.

The artificial environment contributes to leveling the direct impact of natural environmental factors on humans. However, for most of the history of the species, natural environmental factors (climatic, geochemical, biological) acted on it. The consequences of this pressure persist in modern humanity in the form of the presence of adaptive types of people.

adaptive type- the rate of biological response to the prevailing living conditions and is manifested in the development of a complex of morphofunctional, biochemical and immunological traits that cause better adaptability to a particular environment.

The complex of signs of adaptive types from different geographical areas is divided into two groups of elements:

General Specific

Indicators of musculoskeletal - related to the prevailing conditions

body weight; in this habitat: hypoxia,

Number of immune proteins hot or cold climate.

blood serum.

The combination of general and specific elements serves as the basis for the allocation of adaptive types: arctic;

tropical; temperate zones; alpine; deserts and semi-deserts, etc.

Features of a certain adaptive type are formed in embryogenesis. So, differences in body proportions between Negroids and Caucasians are quite noticeable by the end of the intrauterine period of development.

Environmental factors influencing the formation of the type:

arctic type- strong development of the musculoskeletal system, consume more meat food, larger chest size, high levels of hemoglobin, minerals in the bones.

tropical type- consumes less animal protein, warm and humid climate, low basal metabolic rate, elongated body shape, decreased muscle mass, decreased chest circumference, intense sweating due to an increased number of sweat glands.

moderate type- the richness of the animal world, the seasonal rhythms of nature, the uneven distribution of heat and moisture, in terms of somatic indicators, it occupies an intermediate position between a resident of the Arctic and tropical regions.

Alpine type- hypoxia - the main factor in the formation of signs, the level of basal metabolism is increased, the lengthening of the long tubular bones of the skeleton, the expansion of the chest, the increase in oxygen in the blood due to the increase in red blood cells.

desert type- Decrease in basal metabolism, less hemoglobin.

The result of the action of social factors is education and a natural change in the historical development of economic and cultural types of a community of people. The formation of economic and cultural types depends on the natural habitat of people. This dependence was strongest in the early stages of the development of human society. However, even then, and especially in later periods of human development, the dependence of the formation of economic and cultural types on natural conditions was mediated by the level of socio-economic development of the people.

anthropogenic ecosystems.

A distinctive feature of anthropogenic ecosystems is that the dominant environmental factor they are represented by a community of people and the products of its industrial and social activities.

In the anthropogenic ecosystem, the artificial environment prevails over the natural one.

The most important modern anthropogenic ecosystems: cities, rural settlements, transport communications.

Cities - special environment habitat. Despite the fact that urbanization as a whole is a progressive phenomenon, however, a number of problems arise:

1. Change in the natural environment.

2. Abundance of waste.

3. A favorable environment is being created for the spread of infectious and inversion diseases.

4. The duration of sunlight is reduced.

5. High population density leads to an overstrain of the nervous system.

6. Fall in physical activity.

7. Power imbalance.

Man in competitive struggle for survival in natural environment began to build their artificial anthropogenic ecosystems. On the present stage he is forced to change natural ecosystems and even destroy them to meet his ever-increasing needs, perhaps not wanting to.

Energy- this is the original driving force of ecosystems, and all - both natural and anthropogenic. The energy resources of these systems can be inexhaustible - the sun, wind, tides, and exhaustible - fuel and energy (coal, oil, gas, etc.). Using fuel, a person can add to the system or even completely subsidize it with energy.

Thus, natural ecosystems "work" to maintain their viability and their own development without any worries and costs on the part of man, moreover, they create a significant proportion of food and other materials necessary for the life of man himself. But most importantly, it is here that large volumes of air are cleaned, fresh water is returned to circulation, the climate is formed, etc.

Anthropogenic ecosystems work quite differently. These include agro-ecosystems, aquacultures that produce food and fibrous materials, but not only at the expense of solar energy, but also its subsidies in the form of fuel supplied by man.

These systems are similar to natural ones, since the self-development of cultivated plants during the growing season is a natural process and is brought to life by natural solar energy. But soil preparation, sowing, harvesting, etc. - this is already a person's energy costs. Moreover, a person almost completely changes the natural ecosystem, which is expressed, first of all, in simplification, i.e., a decrease in species diversity, up to a greatly simplified monocultural system.

The steady emergence of new species, such as herbaceous plants, is the result of a natural succession process. What we call weeds are nothing but pioneer plant species, pests are insects and other animals, and pathogens are microorganisms. Weeds, pests, and diseases can destroy an entire crop if not actively controlled.

As population grows, people will be forced to transform all new mature ecosystems into simple young productive ones. To maintain these systems at a "young" age, the use of fuel and energy resources will increase. In addition, there will be a loss of species (genetic) diversity and natural landscapes.

The situation is quite different in industrial-urban ecosystems - here the fuel energy completely replaces solar energy. Compared to the flow of energy in natural ecosystems, here its consumption is two to three orders of magnitude higher.

So, it should be noted that industrial-urban agroecosystems cannot exist without natural systems, while natural ecosystems can exist without anthropogenic ones.