The scientific degree "PhD" allows the applicant to apply for the title of "Associate Professor" in the future. To obtain it, a graduate student writes a dissertation on a chosen topic for several years with detailed description conducted research. Successful defense scientific work will help you move up the career ladder.
Who is a PhD?
Qualified specialists who have worked in their specialty for at least four years can apply for the degree of "PhD" - the industry does not matter. Such specialists are interested in research work, they have several published scientific articles in specialized journals.
How to become a PhD
Basic requirements for the applicant:
- graduation diploma higher education;
- a good passing score after passing the “candidate minimum”;
- availability of own developments in the required field of research;
- publication of scientific works in publications of the Higher Attestation Commission (HAC);
- the value of the ideas put forward;
- successful defense of a PhD thesis.
Forms of study in postgraduate studies
Before preparing to write a dissertation, the applicant chooses the way of studying in it. There are two forms of education - part-time (5 years), full-time (4 years). After passing the entrance exams, the student is enrolled in the university.
Note. without having to attend a university. This form of dissertation preparation is called the competition. The supervisor of the selected department is the curator.
What gives the title of PhD
Advantages of the scientific degree "PhD":
- the opportunity to become an assistant professor of the department, a senior researcher;
- preparation for the title of "Doctor of Science";
- 15% increase in current salary
After successfully defending a Ph.D. thesis under the supervision of the Higher Attestation Commission, the applicant is issued a diploma confirming the received scientific degree. Further development is carried out in two directions - or scientific research / discoveries in the chosen scientific field.
Peculiarities of the Candidate of Science Degree in Certain Fields
The PhD degree depends on the specialization of the applicant and the branch of his research. In the Russian Federation, this title is awarded across 23 industries. Their list can be viewed on the official website of the Higher Attestation Commission.
PhD in Economics
One of the most sought-after degrees in trade and finance. The main requirement for applicants is the presence of higher economic education. You can get a postgraduate study after graduation or after working in your specialty for 3-4 years. You can get the title of "PhD" at your home university or other educational institution.
Postgraduate students are required to regularly attend classes, be participants in the scientific and teaching activities of the university. A report on the results of the research carried out is annually provided to the supervisor of the selected department.
Note. Moscow academic graduate school NRU The HSE offers its students several study programs in the economic field. Students receive an academic scholarship, undergo mandatory internships in other states, prepare their own scientific work according to international education standards.
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences
The applicant can obtain a PhD in Pedagogy from a specialized educational institution. If the higher education of the future candidate of science is not related to this direction, it is recommended to become a student of the Faculty of Education. After graduation, the applicant enters the graduate school of the same university and prepares to write / defend a PhD thesis.
Note! At Moscow State Pedagogical University there is an opportunity to improve knowledge of any foreign language. Postgraduate students regularly participate in scientific congresses and conferences, write articles and monographs on different languages. Students are given access to all scientific publications of the pedagogical industry.
PhD
Need help writing a research paper?
Word " chair", often used in Russian translations to mean "department", has no such meaning, but means a managerial ("head") or professorial position at the university.
Here is the Macmillan dictionary definition: "CHAIR - the position or job of being a professor in a university - He held the Chair of Botany at Cambridge for 30 years" - Which can be translated: "He was the chief botanist at Cambridge for 30 years ").
Another example where it says that "chair" is a title ("title"): "University Research Chairs: The University of Waterloo owes much of its reputation and stature to the quality of its professors and their scholarly accomplishments. University of Waterloo recognizes exceptional achievement and pre-eminence in a particular field of knowledge through the designation "University Research Chair" - a title which may be held for up to seven years, with the possibility of a re-nomination. title will receive either a teaching reduction of one course per year or an annual stipend of $10,000, which will be allocated to the Department/School if teaching reduction is chosen. other major research chair is awarded."
The following example shows that the position of "Department Chair" roughly corresponds to the position of the head of the department: "What a Department Chair Can-and Can" t-Do: The responsibilities and limits of power for heads of college departments vary greatly. Every department at a college has one: a chair who, typically, is a faculty member in that department, assigned by the dean to manage the department."
The duties of the "Department Chair" (head of department) are described on the website of the University of Wisconsin: "Department Chair Role and Responsibilities: The chair is responsible for facilitating the operation of a department, the fundamental academic unit within the university. Description of the chair" s roles and responsibilities must be understood in the overall context of responsibility and accountability. ... The chair facilitates the management of the department. To carry out this responsibility, the chair oversees, directly or indirectly, the daily progress towards achieving teaching, research, and service goals as set out in the department's plan. With the Chair's leadership and facilitation, faculty members provide students the educational opportunity necessary to be prepared for meaningful personal and professional lives. To this end, the chair plays an important role in providing the dean/provost, through the budget and planning process, with class schedules, program plans and estimates of resources needed to carry out department functions."
Thus, all the above examples prove that "chair" in the context of higher education refers to the position or title of a person and cannot be translated into Russian as a "department".
There are two options for abbreviations of academic degrees. The first method is described in GOST and is official. In this way, it is worth abbreviating the name of the degree and title in official documents. The second method is published on the RAS website and is not official, but very convenient.
Reduction of academic degrees in accordance with GOST
Based on GOST 7.12-93 “System of standards for information, librarianship and publishing bibliographic record. Abbreviation of words in Russian general requirements and rules ”The Ministry of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation issued an order of August 31, 1998 N 145“ On approval of the regulation on the submission of a mandatory copy of dissertations ”, which spells out the rules for reducing degrees, but on this moment this order is no longer valid. You should focus on the design rules of GOST 7.12-93. These abbreviations are considered official.
Accepted abbreviations of academic titles:
- professor - prof.
- Associate Professor - Assoc.
For example, it is required to abbreviate "candidate of philosophical sciences, associate professor", in accordance with GOST, it will be correct like this: "candidate of philosophical sciences, associate professor." To abbreviate "doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, professor" you need to write "doctor of physical and mathematical sciences, prof."
Official list of abbreviations according to GOST
Doctor of Biological Sciences - Dr. Biol. Sciences
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Dr. Veterinarian. Sciences
doctor of military sciences - doctor of military. Sciences
Doctor of Geographical Sciences - Dr. Geogr. Sciences
doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences - doctor of geol.-mineral. Sciences
doctor of art history - doctor of art history
Doctor of Historical Sciences - Dr. ist. Sciences
Doctor of Cultural Studies - Doctor of Cultural Studies
Doctor of Medical Sciences - Dr. med. Sciences
doctor of pedagogical sciences - dr ped. Sciences
Doctor of Political Science - Dr. Polit. Sciences
doctor psychological sciences- Dr. psikhol. Sciences
doctor of agricultural sciences - doctor of agricultural sciences Sciences
doctor of sociological sciences - doctor of sociology. Sciences
doctor of technical sciences - doctor of techn. Sciences
Doctor of Pharmacy - Dr. Pharmacist. Sciences
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences
Doctor of Philology - Dr. Philol. Sciences
Doctor of Philosophical Sciences - Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences
doctor chemical sciences- Dr. chem. Sciences
doctor of economic sciences - doctor of economics. Sciences
doctor legal sciences- Dr. jurid. Sciences
Candidate of Biological Sciences - Cand. biol. Sciences
candidate of veterinary sciences - cand. veterinarian. Sciences
candidate of military sciences - cand. military Sciences
candidate of geographical sciences - cand. geogr. Sciences
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Ph.D. geol.-mineral. Sciences
candidate of art history - cand. art criticism
Candidate of Historical Sciences - Ph.D. ist. Sciences
Candidate of cultural studies - Ph.D. cultural studies
Candidate of Medical Sciences - Cand. honey. Sciences
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - Cand. ped. Sciences
Candidate of Political Science - Ph.D. polit. Sciences
Candidate of Psychological Sciences - Ph.D. psychol. Sciences
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - Cand. s.-x. Sciences
candidate of sociological sciences - cand. sociological Sciences
candidate of technical sciences - cand. tech. Sciences
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Cand. pharmacist. Sciences
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Ph.D. Phys.-Math. Sciences
candidate of philological sciences - cand. philol. Sciences
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences - Cand. philosophy Sciences
Candidate of Chemical Sciences - Cand. chem. Sciences
candidate of economic sciences - cand. economy Sciences
candidate of legal sciences - cand. legal Science
This is a list of shorter abbreviations for academic degrees adopted by the Academy of Sciences, but this list of abbreviations is unofficial.
List of abbreviations of the RAS
Ph.D. - candidate of biological sciences
Ph.D. - candidate of military sciences
d.g.s. - Doctor of Geography
Ph.D. - candidate of geographical sciences
d.g.-m.s. - Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences
PhD - candidate of geological and mineralogical sciences
d.h.s. - Doctor of Historical Sciences
Ph.D. - Candidate of Historical Sciences
disk. - Doctor of Arts
k.isk. - Ph.D. in History of Arts
MD - Doctor of Medical Sciences
PhD - Candidate of Medical Sciences
d.ped.n. - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences
Ph.D. - candidate of pedagogical sciences
d.polit.sci. - Doctor of Political Sciences
Ph.D. - candidate of political sciences
d.p.s. - Doctor of Psychology
Ph.D. - candidate of psychological sciences
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - candidate of agricultural sciences
d.soc.sci. - Doctor of Sociological Sciences
Ph.D. - candidate of sociological sciences
d.t.s. - Doctor of Technical Sciences
Ph.D. - candidate of technical sciences
Ph.D. - candidate of pharmacological sciences
Ph.D. - Doctor of Philology
Ph.D. - Candidate of Philology
d.p.m.s. - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Ph.D. - Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
Doctor of Philosophy - doctor of philosophical science
PhD in Philosophy - candidate of philosophical sciences
d.h.s. - Doctor of Chemical Sciences
Ph.D. - PhD in Chemistry
Dan. - Doctor of Economic Sciences
Ph.D. - candidate of economic sciences
Doctor of Law - Doctor of Law
Ph.D. - candidate of legal sciences
How should the abbreviations of the titles of associate professor and professor be spelled correctly in combination with the degrees of candidate and doctor of science. The title "candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, associate professor" should be written as "candidate of physical and mathematical sciences, associate professor". The name "Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Professor" is correct to abbreviate as "PhD, prof."
In completely unofficial correspondence on the Internet or on forums, abbreviations like: khn, ken are used. They look like an abbreviation, but this is not correct. There are dots between letters.
If the teacher is an academic
academician - ac.
If you look at GOST, then you need to abbreviate like this
academician - acad.
Frequently asked Questions
Question. But as abbreviations like Ph.D. consistent with the requirements of the Russian language ALWAYS put a space between words, especially after a period?
Answer. According to the rules of the Russian language, such an abbreviation is appropriate. But there is GOST 7.12-93, which spells out the rules for reducing degrees. Although the document has expired, the data is still considered official. So, the candidate of physical and mathematical sciences should be abbreviated as follows: cand. Phys.-Math. Sciences.
Moreover, there is a list of abbreviations adopted in the RAS. But it is considered unofficial. In accordance with it, it is just customary to abbreviate as YOU wrote.
Encyclopedic YouTube
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✪ Dagestan became the youngest doctor of science
Subtitles
Professional portrait of Ph.D.
Candidates of Sciences are highly qualified specialists with professional experience accumulated for at least three to four years after graduating from a university (master's or specialist's degree). Most often, they are people under the age of a little under thirty, prone to research work and necessarily having published scientific works. Most of these specialists are employees of various (academic, industrial) universities or lecturers.
Usually the applicant for a scientific degree is aimed at a further scientific and pedagogical career. Obtaining a Ph.D. degree (or its foreign equivalents) greatly contributes to career advancement both in the Russian Federation and abroad. In Russia, the possession of this degree makes it easier to take the position of an associate professor at a university or a senior researcher at a research institute, and is also taken into account outside the scientific and educational sphere. Having a degree is absolutely necessary for obtaining the academic title of associate professor. A holder of a PhD degree in Russia, who continues active research activities, may become a doctor of science and a professor in the future.
Scientists with PhD equivalent status form the backbone of many scientific organizations and universities in the world. According to the 2010 census, there were 595,526 people in Russia who had a Ph.D. The largest number of them lived in Moscow (197897 people).
The history of the degree "candidate" in Russia
Immediately after October revolution In 1917, all degrees, ranks and titles were abolished. The degree of Candidate of Sciences - already in the modern sense - was established along with other academic degrees and titles of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on January 13, 1934 and inherited by the Russian Federation in the post-Soviet period.
The procedure for awarding the degree of candidate of sciences in the Russian Federation
Basic moments
The most important requirement of pre-defense training is the availability of scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals from the list of HAC, containing the results of the dissertation research and reflecting scientific novelty research.
A dissertation research is carried out by an applicant under the guidance of a supervisor who has a doctorate or a candidate of science degree in a given specialty, usually (but not necessarily) while studying in graduate school (adjuncture).
The typical length of the text of a Ph.D. thesis is about 150 pages, but there are no hard boundaries.
The procedure for defending a dissertation
Before defending, the degree applicant must pass a series of exams (the so-called candidate minimum): in the history and philosophy of science, foreign language and specialties.
The applicant publishes an abstract of the dissertation (circulation of about 100 copies), which is sent a month before the defense to large scientific libraries and universities of Russia, as well as members of the dissertation council and specialists in this field of science. In addition, the texts of the dissertation and abstract are posted on the website of the organization under which the dissertation council was created, which accepted the dissertation for defense.
The dissertation itself - also for a month - is transferred for free access to the library of the institution where the defense will take place, and to two official opponents who write in advance, and on the day of the defense they announce their review. Opponents cannot be related by co-authorship or place of work with the applicant; one of them must be a doctor of sciences.
During the defense, the dissertator makes a presentation on the results of the dissertation work, answers questions from members of the dissertation council on his report, dissertation and abstract. Further, the reviews of the leading organization are read out, as well as the reviews received for the abstract. The applicant responds to the comments contained in these reviews. This is followed by the speeches of the official opponents and answers to questions from the reviews of the opponents. The final part of the defense is a free discussion, during which anyone present has the right to speak. Then the applicant answers the questions and comments made during this discussion, after which they proceed to a secret ballot, in which only members of the dissertation council take part.
Approximately the same procedure for awarding the degree existed in the USSR and continues to exist in some CIS countries.
Issuance of a degree document
In the event of a positive vote, the documents (the so-called "certification case") are sent to the Higher Attestation Commission under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, where a decision is made to issue a candidate of science diploma. It usually takes several months for a case to be reviewed by the Higher Attestation Commission.
Persons who have been awarded academic degrees in violation of the established procedure may be deprived of these degrees by the Higher Attestation Commission, as a rule, on the basis of petitions from the dissertation councils at the meeting of which the dissertations were defended.
Varieties of Ph.D. degree by field of science
Depending on the specialty in which the Ph.D. thesis is defended, the applicant in Russia is awarded one of the following academic degrees:
| List of degrees by branch of science |
|---|
|
There is, but is not currently awarded the degree of candidate of naval sciences (awarded from the 1930s to the late 1970s). For some time (in the 1940s), the degree of candidate of art history was called "candidate of art history". The degree of candidate of political sciences existed in the 1940s, then was abolished, in the 1990s. reintroduced.
In the pedagogical sciences until 1950, a description of a narrow specialization was necessarily added to the name of a scientific degree (“... according to the methodology of history”, “... according to physical education" etc.). Sporadically, such clarifications were present in the name of a scientific specialty until the end of the 1960s. The degree in psychological sciences began to be awarded in 1968. Prior to that (since 1953), the academic degree "candidate of pedagogical sciences (in psychology)" was awarded.
On September 25, 2015, the Higher Attestation Commission approved the passport of the new scientific specialty "Theology". Now in this specialty you can defend dissertations and receive PhD and PhD degrees.
Many specialties allow applicants to be awarded a degree in several branches of science, depending on the predominant subject area of a particular dissertation. For example, in the specialty 02.00.04 (Physical Chemistry), Candidate's degrees in physical and mathematical, technical or chemical sciences can be awarded. At the same time, however, the principle "one dissertation - one branch of science" is observed, regardless of the number of specialties of the dissertation and branches of science of the specialty. Also, a particular dissertation council may be limited in the range of degrees awarded, depending on the industry.
The list of degrees awarded to Ukrainian scientists is basically the same as the Russian one, with the following exceptions:
- Geological and mineralogical sciences in the titles of degrees are replaced by geological sciences;
- The degrees of Candidate of Sciences in Physical Education and Sports, Candidate of Sciences in public administration, Candidate of Science in Social Communications. The branch of science "National Security" is also singled out, however, it awards the degrees of candidates of military, technical, legal and other sciences - the degree of candidate of science in national security no.
International aspects
Analogues of the degree of candidate of sciences abroad
The most common analogue of the Soviet and Russian degree of candidate of sciences is the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). Such a degree exists in the USA, Canada and other states.
In Germany, the analogue of the Russian candidate's degree is the degree of doctor (German Doktor), despite its name.
In many European countries previously, a degree was awarded, the name of which in the local language contained the concept of "candidate", abolished during the Bologna process. At the same time, the abolition does not mean the elimination of the corresponding level, but the replacement of the name with Ph.D. This happened in a number of CMEA countries - Bulgaria (Bulgarian). PhD in Science, abolished in the mid-1990s), Czechoslovakia (Czech Kandidát věd, Slovak Kandidát vied, abolished in the Czech Republic in 1998, in Slovakia in 1996). In 2014, with the adoption of the new Law of Ukraine "On Higher Education", the degree of candidate of sciences was also abolished there and equated to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. A similar degree, preceding the degree of doctor of sciences and called in Latin lat. candidatus/candidata with the addition of the name of the science also existed in Denmark, Norway, and Iceland. In Yugoslavia, the degree of candidate of science corresponded to the degree of master of science (Magister Scientiæ, mr. sci, now abolished), as it was in Russian Empire in the 19th century.
Germany
The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, whose competence includes academic qualifications, recognizes the German academic qualification "Habilitation" at the level of the Russian academic degree "Doctor of Science", and the German academic degree "Doktor" at the level of the Russian academic degree "PhD". In the Federal Republic of Germany, recognition falls within the competence of the ministries of the states when it comes to issuing permission for the use of academic degrees in society, and within the competence of higher education institutions when it comes to the academic field, including research activities. These bodies recognize the Russian academic degree "Doctor of Science" at the level of the German academic qualification "Habilitation", and the Russian academic degree "PhD" at the level of the German academic degree "Doctor".
see also
Notes
- Candidate of Sciences / M. N. Volkov // Italy - Kvarkush. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1973. - (Big Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed.
Doctor of Biological Sciences - Dr. Biol. Sciences
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Dr. Veterinarian. Sciences
doctor of military sciences - doctor of military. Sciences
Doctor of Geographical Sciences - Dr. Geogr. Sciences
doctor of geological and mineralogical sciences - doctor of geol.-mineral. Sciences
doctor of art history - doctor of art history
Doctor of Historical Sciences - Dr. ist. Sciences
Doctor of Cultural Studies - Doctor of Cultural Studies
Doctor of Medical Sciences - Dr. med. Sciences
Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences - Dr. Ped. Sciences
Doctor of Political Science - Dr. Polit. Sciences
Doctor of Psychological Sciences - Dr. of Psychology. Sciences
doctor of agricultural sciences - doctor of agricultural sciences Sciences
doctor of sociological sciences - doctor of sociology. Sciences
doctor of technical sciences - doctor of techn. Sciences
Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Dr. Pharmacist. Sciences
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Dr. Phys.-Math. Sciences
Doctor of Philology - Dr. Philol. Sciences
Doctor of Philosophical Sciences - Doctor of Philosophy. Sciences
Doctor of Chemical Sciences - Dr. of Chem. Sciences
doctor of economic sciences - doctor of economics. Sciences
doctor of juridical sciences - dr. jurid. Sciences
Candidate of Biological Sciences - Cand. biol. Sciences
candidate of veterinary sciences - cand. veterinarian. Sciences
candidate of military sciences - cand. military Sciences
candidate of geographical sciences - cand. geogr. Sciences
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Ph.D. geol.-mineral. Sciences
candidate of art history - cand. art criticism
Candidate of Historical Sciences - Ph.D. ist. Sciences
Candidate of cultural studies - Ph.D. cultural studies
Candidate of Medical Sciences - Cand. honey. Sciences
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - Cand. ped. Sciences
Candidate of Political Science - Ph.D. polit. Sciences
Candidate of Psychological Sciences - Ph.D. psychol. Sciences
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - Cand. s.-x. Sciences
candidate of sociological sciences - cand. sociological Sciences
candidate of technical sciences - cand. tech. Sciences
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Cand. pharmacist. Sciences
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Ph.D. Phys.-Math. Sciences
candidate of philological sciences - cand. philol. Sciences
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences - Cand. philosophy Sciences
Candidate of Chemical Sciences - Cand. chem. Sciences
candidate of economic sciences - cand. economy Sciences
candidate of legal sciences - cand. legal Sciences
There are also shorter, informal abbreviations for academic degrees:
Doctor of Architectural Sciences - Doctor of Architectural Sciences;
Candidate of Architectural Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Biological Sciences - Doctor of Biological Sciences;
Candidate of Biological Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Veterinary Sciences - Doctor of Veterinary Sciences;
candidate of veterinary sciences - Ph.D.
doctor of military sciences - doctor of military sciences;
candidate of military sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Geographical Sciences - Doctor of Geographical Sciences;
Candidate of Geographical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Doctor of Geology and Mathematics;
Candidate of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences - Ph.D.
doctor of art history - doctor of arts;
Candidate of Art History - Ph.D.
Doctor of Historical Sciences - Doctor of Historical Sciences;
Candidate of Historical Sciences - Ph.D.
doctor of medical sciences - doctor of medical sciences;
Candidate of Medical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences - Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences;
Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Political Science - Ph.D.;
candidate of political sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Psychological Sciences - Doctor of Psychology;
Candidate of Psychological Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Agricultural Sciences - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences;
Candidate of Agricultural Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Sociological Sciences - Doctor of Social Sciences;
candidate of sociological sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Technical Sciences - Doctor of Technical Sciences;
candidate of technical sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Doctor of Pharmacy;
Candidate of Pharmaceutical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences;
Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Philology - Doctor of Philology;
candidate of philological sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Philosophy - Doctor of Philosophy;
Candidate of Philosophical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Chemical Sciences - Doctor of Chemistry;
Candidate of Chemical Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Economic Sciences - Doctor of Economics;
Candidate of Economic Sciences - Ph.D.
Doctor of Law - Doctor of Law;
candidate of legal sciences - Ph.D.