Judging by the chronicles, the Russians began to penetrate the Urals in the 11th century. In 1092, Gyuryata Rogovich, a Novgorodian, one of the boyars or major merchants, organized a campaign against Pechora and Yugra, that is, to the Northern Urals, to the places where the ancestors of the modern Mansi lived. Campaigns of Novgorodians to the Urals were undertaken in the XII century. There are known raids on the Northern Urals in 1187, a campaign in Ugra in 1193-1194. Probably, there were also campaigns about which there were no records in written monuments.

Novgorodians were attracted to these places primarily as rich in furs and furs. In the 11th-12th centuries, the Russians had not yet created settled settlements here. A Russian settled settlement appears in the Upper Kama region only in the 14th-15th centuries.

There is some indirect evidence of the appearance and stay of the ancient Novgorodians in this region. So, during excavations in the basin of the Kolva River of the Iskor settlement, archaeologists discovered traces of Russian pottery, which has analogies with the ceramics of ancient Novgorod of the XIV-XV centuries.

There are other indirect data about the stay of the ancient Novgorodians in the Upper Kama region, for example, the pagan cult of Perun brought here by him and the veneration of thunder arrows - finger icicles formed in the sand from a lightning strike and sand welding. One of the Permian monuments of 1705 speaks of the use of a thunderbolt as a talisman: “At that wedding, Anika Detlev was in his courtesy, Rodion. And for the defense of that wedding, so that third-party people would not spoil him, Rodion, and his wife, he had a thunder arrow and holy grass.

Thus, there are traces of the stay of the ancient Novgorodians on the Upper Kama and Vishera, but there are no convincing grounds to talk about the formation of dialects based on Novgorod only, since, firstly, there were no permanent settlements here until the XIV century and, in - secondly, not only Novgorodians, but also other Russians, in particular Vladimir-Suzdal, begin to penetrate into the Upper Kama region quite early. And Great Perm, as the territory of the Northern Kama region began to be called from the 14th century, becomes a place of rivalry between Novgorodians and Vladimir-Suzdalians.

There was also a way from the north - from Pomorye to Kama, the so-called Pechora portage: from the tributary of the Pechora River Volosnitsa to the Kama basin to the Vogulka River. On Volosnitsa and Vogulka, places with the same name Pechora portage are still preserved. The path was long and difficult: from Vogulka to the Elovka River, then to Berezovka, from it to the vast Chusovskoye Lake, then to Visherka, Kolva, Vishera and, finally, to Kama.

In the 16th - 17th centuries, this was the route of the fishing artels of the Cherdyns, who went to fish on the tributaries of the Pechora, especially on the Shchugor and Ilych rivers. But it was also actively used for resettlement from the Pechora to the Kama region. So, in the Cherdyn documents of 1682, a resident of Ust-Tsilma is mentioned, that is, a person who either came out of Ust-Tsilma himself, or had ancestors who arrived from there.

Novgorodians, Dvintsy, and Pomors penetrated into the Upper Kama region through these routes. In the XV century, as the excavations and written monuments allow us to judge, there were Russian towns under the protection of which Russian peasants began to settle, mainly carriers of Northern Russian dialects.

In 1472, the campaign of Prince Fyodor Pyostroy took place, as a result of which Perm the Great finally became part of the Russian state. His detachment consisted of Ustyuzhans, Belozersk, Vologda and Vychegzhan, that is, residents of the Russian North. Some of them remained to live in the Kamsko-Kolvinsky river region, because. Fyodor Motley was sent here by the governor and created a fortified town in Pokche. From the dialects of the first settlers who came from the north of Russia, Russian dialects originate here.

In emerging cities in the 15th-16th centuries, of course. The same dialect speech was heard as in the nearby rural settlements. Later, in the 17th century, the linguistic situation in the cities turned out to be more complex. Most of their population used the same dialects that developed around the cities. But at the same time, in the cities, colloquial speech was also represented by other varieties, since, in addition to peasants, artisans, merchants, soldiers, representatives of the administration, and the clergy lived there. Along with the speech of the peasants, the speech of the ministers of worship, who knew the church-bookish language, and the clerks, who knew the business language, sounded here. Various professional languages ​​were also represented here: the speech of salt makers, soap makers, metallurgists, blacksmiths, etc. And, of course, the speech of people familiar with business and church texts, although there were few of them relative to all urban residents, made their mark on the emerging urban vernacular. The 16th-17th centuries turn out to be a time not only of active settlement in Perm of the Great - Cherdyn land and the Kama Salt, but also of active resettlement down the Kama up to the Novo-Nikolskaya Sloboda, founded in 1591. It is this period that becomes the time of the emergence of Russian old-timer dialects in Western Urals. However, the significance of the territory being settled and the unequal conditions for the development of individual regions have led to the fact that differences are found in the Permian dialects of different regions, which results in a multitude of dialects.

Great Perm was settled, as evidenced by the data of scribe books and many Cherdyn documents of the 17th century, by the inhabitants of the Northern Dvina, Mezenia, Pinega, Vym, Vilyadi, Vychegda, Sukhona, South, Pechora, Vologda, Vyatka, where the North Russian dialects had already formed , genetically related to Novgorod. The population that arrived in the Russian North from Moscow, Vladimir, the Volga region, etc., assimilated the local North Russian speech, although it imposed some typos on it, especially in vocabulary. In the second half of the 17th and especially in the 18th century, Old Believers from the Nizhny Novgorod province, from the Volga region, began to arrive in Great Perm. They carry their dialects and settle next to the population already established here.

In the 19th century, migrations of the population within the Kama region continued, leading to the development of new territories. So, there is a stream of Old Believers to Upper Kolva and Upper Pechora. The Old Believers also settled in other areas, settled in the Solikamsk villages, in the Chusovsky towns and the village of Kopalno on Chusovaya, in the western part of the modern Sivensky, Vereshchaginsky and Ochersky districts, in the Yurlinsky district. A certain isolation of the Old Believers, traditionalism in occupations, culture contributed to the preservation of elements brought mainly from the Trans-Volga dialects. However, in those settlements where the Old Believers settled next to the non-Old Believers, they gradually fully assimilated the old-timer dialects that had developed here.

Copper ores on the Vye River became known as early as the end of the 17th century. In 1721, a copper smelter was built here. True, copper smelting did not succeed for a long time Demidov, because copper ore was mixed with iron ore. They also found malachite pieces for sure.

We find the first evidence of Tagil malachite from P. Pallas. Inspecting the old copper mines, which had already been almost abandoned by his arrival in 1770, he noted that "hefty copper ores were mined between the factory dwellings."

Photo by Vlad Kochurin

After the conquest of Siberia by Yermak, the entire Urals became Russian. Now travelers could safely make trips of any complexity and duration throughout the Urals from north to south. In 1666, during the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, a group of Russian officers (46 people!) Made the transition from Solikamsk to Verkhoturye along the Babinovskaya road. One of the officers (his name remains unknown) kept a travel diary, which is very interesting to read after almost 350 years.

1) Determine the features from the atlas maps geographical location Ural.

The Urals stretch meridionally from the coast of the Kara Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan, the boundary between Europe and Asia.

2) What subjects of the Federation are included in this natural region.

Arkhangelsk Region, Komi Republic, Tyumen Region, Perm Territory, Sverdlovsk Region, Republic of Bashkortostan, Orenburg Region.

Questions in a paragraph

*remember from initial course physical geography, to which group in terms of height the Ural Mountains can be attributed.

The Ural Mountains are medium-altitude mountains.

Questions at the end of the paragraph

1. Independently characterize the specifics of the geographical location of the Urals.

The Urals is a mountainous country stretching from the coast of the Kara Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan, the boundary between Europe and Asia. She crosses five natural areas Northern Eurasia - tundra, forest-tundra, taiga, forest-steppe and steppe. The Urals has long been considered the border between two parts of the world - Europe and Asia. The border is drawn along the axial part of the mountains, and in the southeast along the Ural River.

3. Tell us about the history of the development and study of the Urals

The ancient inhabitants of the Urals were Bashkirs, Udmurts, Komi-Permyaks, Khanty (Ostyaks), Mansi (formerly Voguls), local Tatars. Their main occupations were agriculture, hunting, fishing, cattle breeding and beekeeping. Communication between indigenous peoples and Russians goes back centuries. Even in the XI century. Novgorodians laid waterway to the Urals and Siberia. They founded their first settlements in the Urals in the upper reaches of the Kama; fur riches attracted them here.

In 1430, the first industrial enterprise was created in the Urals: townspeople, merchants Kalinnikovs, founded the village of Sol-Kamskaya (modern Solikamsk) and laid the foundation for the salt industry. In 1471, the Novgorod lands were annexed to the Muscovite state. Great Perm with the main city of Cherdyn also passed under his authority.

After the conquest of the Kazan Khanate (1552), the number of Russian settlers in the Urals increased greatly. In the second half of the XVI century. the vast land areas of the Kama region were captured by the Stroganovs of Solvychegodsk industrialists. They were engaged in salt production and various crafts, later - in mining.

With the development and settlement of the territory of the region by Russians, information about its riches gradually accumulated. The first "geologists" of the Urals were natives of the people - miners. The first information about finds of valuable ores and minerals dates back to the 17th century. At the same time they began to mine iron ore and smelt iron.

Samples of iron ore from the Neiva River sent to Moscow in 1696 by the Verkhoturye voivode were tested by the Tula gunsmith Nikita Demidovich Antufiev, and they showed that the Ural ore “is melted with profit and the iron obtained from it in the weapons business is no worse than the Svei”. After that, in 1699. construction of the state-owned Nevyansk iron-smelting and iron-working plant began. From the very first iron received, Nikita Antufiev made several excellent guns, presented them to Peter I and asked that the Nevyansk plant be transferred to his jurisdiction. The certificate for the ownership of the plant was issued by the tsar in the name of Nikita Demidov. From that time on, he and his descendants bore this surname. So the era of the Demidovs began in the Urals.

The 18th century is the century of the development of the mining industry in the Urals. The geographer V. N. Tatishchev was engaged in the study of the natural resources of the Ural Mountains and their description at that time. He justified the need to build a large industrial center Ural and chose a place for it. So Yekaterinburg was founded.

Geological research of the Urals was actively carried out in the 19th century. A. P. Karpinsky, I. V. Mushketov, E. S. Fedorov. The mining industry of the Urals was studied and improved by the famous scientist D. I. Mendeleev. Why has the Urals been assigned (and is assigned) such a big role in the life of the country? Why exactly this region, and no other, received such a high title: "The stronghold of the state, its miner and blacksmith"? The answers to these questions go back a long way.

The main part of the settlers goes beyond the Ural Mountains - to the eastern slope of the Urals and to Siberia. In the first half of the XVII century. on the eastern slope, the fertile lands of the southern part of the Verkhotursky district up to the Pyshma River were most quickly developed. About one and a half dozen large settlements and churchyards were founded here. Most of them were fortified with prisons and inhabited by Cossacks who carried military service endowed with land, receiving a salary and exempt from tax. Settlements arose on the initiative of wealthy peasants - Slobodas, who called on "eager people" to develop arable land. The villagers themselves became representatives of the local administration. The peasant population grew rapidly in the settlements, some of them numbered 200-300 households. In the second half of the XVII century. the southern border of the Russian lands advanced to the Iset and Miass rivers. Over 20 new settlements appear here (Kataysk, Shadrinsk, Kamyshlov, etc.). Russian villages are growing rapidly in their vicinity.

For 56 years (1624-1680) the number of households in the vast Verkhoturye district increased by more than 7 times. Settlers from the northern counties of Pomorie prevailed, and by the end of the 17th century. about a third of them were the peasants of the Urals. The population density was much less than in the Urals. The Pelymsky district with its infertile soils was slowly populated.

AT late XVII in. the total number of the peasant population in the Urals was at least 200 thousand people. The population density in previously developed counties is increasing. The peasants of the estates of the Stroganovs moved to the lower Kama and the eastern slope of the Urals. In the Verkhotursk uyezd, they move from settlements with "the sovereign's tithe arable land" to settlements where natural and especially cash dues prevailed (Krasnopolskaya, Ayatskaya, Chusovskaya, and others). The peasants were resettled in whole groups of 25-50 people in the settlement. Communities are formed on a national basis. Komi-Zyryans settled in Aramashevskaya and Nitsinskaya settlements, Komi-Permyaks settled in Chusovskaya, in the district of Ayatskaya settlement a Mari village appeared - Cheremisskaya.

In the 17th century The Urals becomes the base for the spontaneous peasant colonization of Siberia. In 1678, 34.5% of all peasants who left the estates of the Stroganovs went to Siberia, 12.2% - from Kaigorodsky, 3.6% - from Cherdynsky district. Rivers remain the main means of migration. In the 17th century small rivers, tributaries quickly develop major rivers Ural. The old Kazan road from Ufa and Sylva to the upper reaches of the Iset, which ran to Sarapul, Okhansk and through Kungur to Aramilskaya Sloboda, is being revived. The direct road from Tura to the middle reaches of the Neiva and Nica rivers is widely used.

In the 17th century the posad colonization of the Urals becomes noticeable. The reasons for the resettlement of townspeople were the intensification of feudal exploitation in the towns, the development of property stratification into a social one, which in cities manifested itself more sharply than in the countryside, and created an excess of labor. Increasing competition pushed to new lands not only the urban poor, but also the middle strata of the suburbs. The main part of the settlers came from the settlements of northern Pomorye.

The increase in the township tax in 1649-1652. caused an outflow of population from cities to the outskirts. The resettlement was also influenced by government repressions during the suppression of urban uprisings, famine years, which were more pronounced in the city than in the countryside. The reasons for the internal displacement of the townspeople within the Urals were exhaustion natural resources(for example, salt brines near Cherdyn), reduced trade due to changes in transport routes and administrative status some cities (for example, the transfer of the center of Perm the Great from Cherdyn to Solikamsk, the reduction in trade in Solikamsk due to the rise of Kungur on a new route to Siberia), the relative overpopulation of old cities. The dense building of cities with wooden buildings often led to their burning out during large fires and to the outflow of the population.

The generally accepted description of the development of the Urals begins with an assessment of Yermak's campaign. Who initiated the campaign? What was the purpose? What is the role of the government in organizing and conducting the campaign? Did the Yermakovites receive state support? During what time was the feat accomplished, which we, who live 430 years later, do not forget?

In works of oral folk art- late XVIII and early XIX centuries a handwritten collection of folk songs, epics, including those about Yermak, was published, the collector of which is supposedly called the Russian folklorist of the 18th century Kirsha Danilov - the Cossacks - combatants are shown as the initiator of the campaign.

There are several chronicles about the conquest of Siberia by Ermak Timofeevich, including:

• - The most ancient and recognized by all as more truthful is Esipovskaya, written by a Don Cossack, an associate of Yermak, as he calls himself, Savva Efimov. This chronicle was completed in 1636, when its author was about 80 years old; The Cossack "writing" - a brief "tale" of the participants in the campaign who were still living in Tobolsk in 1623 - formed the basis of the Synodic for the Ermakov Cossacks - a special church service that glorified the Cossacks who died in Siberian campaign. Synodik later became one of the sources of the Esipov Chronicle, compiled in the 30s of the 17th century. Deacon of the Tobolsk Archbishop's House Savva Esipov. In it, the annexation of Siberia was presented as the embodiment of "God's providence", which met the state and royal interests.
• -Stroganovskaya, written around 1600, which Karamzin adhered to most of all. In the Stroganov Chronicle, the role of the Stroganov industrialists in organizing Yermak's campaign was brought to the fore. “The Stroganovs procured for themselves a royal letter “to act with a military hand” not only with nearby enemies, but also with distant Siberian enemies, and they complained about land in the royal “fatherland” beyond the Stone (Urals). In their prison towns, they had long ago formed a set of military people trained in urban and military affairs. For the Stroganovs, who dreamed of "rising to Siberia", such a person was a godsend, and therefore the Stroganovs "threw a cry", to which Yermak (according to some sources, Tokmak) responded. Cossacks and Yermak were the executors of the will of the Stroganovs. The peculiarity of this chronicle was the involvement as documentary evidence of this version of the materials of the patrimonial archives of the Stroganovs, Synodika to Ermakov Cossacks and the story of the beginning of the 17th century “On Siberia” (3).
• -In the Kungur chronicle (found in 1703 by S.U. Remezov, a Tobolsk serviceman, historian, geographer, architect in Kungur) it is written that “thieves’ rumors swept by” about “Borrowing Yermak, who, having“ the haste and courage of the young ”, masterful howls braved in the unity of the heart and all-heartedly, "- fought the Persian beads on the Khvalynsk Sea, scorned Russian merchants, and even" sharpened the royal treasury on the Volga. Based on the legends of the Cossacks of Yermak's squad, the authors of the Kungur Chronicle considered them to be the initiators of the campaign and wrote with admiration about the order in the Cossack squad. S.U. Remezov created his own "History of Siberia", which is based on the chronicles of Esipovskaya, Kungurskaya, Russian and Tatar legends and documents. It contains information about the peoples of the Urals and Siberia.(4)
• - Brief Siberian Chronicle of Spassky, published in 1820. He also carried out the publication "Cherdyn legal antiquities"
• - Latin, referring to the end of the 17th century. This chronicle is kept in the Imperial Public Library and was translated into Russian by Nebolsin in 1849;
• - A new chronicle, compiled at the end of the 17th century or at the beginning of the 18th century;
• - Surveys in 1621 of the first Tobolsk Archbishop Cyprian of the surviving associates of Yermak about their conquest of Siberia and about all the circumstances of the campaign;
• - The Buzunovsky chronicler ("Tales of the Siberian Land" found by A.A. Dmitriev), also based on oral legends about Yermak, contains a version about the Ural origin of Yermak - Vasily Timofeevich Alenin, who was born in one of the Stroganov estates on the Chusovaya River (5) , according to other information introduced into scientific circulation by E.K. Romodanovskaya, he was born in the Solvychegodsk part of the Stroganov possessions in the village. Borok on the Dvina.)
• - The diplomatic documents of the late 16th century reflect the official view of the campaign - the Cossacks in them are also executors of the royal will. Neither Yermak nor the Stroganovs are mentioned in them.

Historical records are early historical works. They examine the causes, course, results of the development of the region by Russians, and assess the role of various social forces in this process. The development of the Urals and Siberia continued to study Tatishchev V.N., statesman and a scientist, the chief manager of the Ural factories (1720-1722, 1734-1737), who began a systematic study of the manuscript repositories of the Urals in Cherdyn and Solikamsk. Among other valuable chronicles, he acquired in the Dalmatov Monastery the Chronicle of Captain Stankevich, which contained information about the development of the Urals in the 16th-17th centuries. In the works of Tatishchev, not only some chronicles, but also acts of official office work, legislative acts.

At the end of the 30-40s of the XVIII century. the second detachment of the Kamchatka expedition worked in the Urals under the guidance of scientists - naturalist I.G. Gmelin and historian G.F. Miller. Miller examined the archives of Cherdyn, Verkhoturye, Turinsk and collected the most valuable documentary evidence of the Russian development of the Urals and Siberia, which he later used to create the History of Siberia. Miller considered the accession of the Urals and Siberia a conquest, the use of natural resources - a state affair. And he considered the indigenous peoples to be peoples who were in a semi-wild state. He was the first to become interested in the issues of the ethnogenesis of the peoples of the Urals and the influence of Russian colonization on non-Russian peoples. He believed that only thanks to the Russian feudal lords, merchants and the church did the local peoples of the Urals join Christianity and civilization.

The colonization of the Urals is mentioned in the works of Solovyov S.M., Klyuchevsky V.O., who called the nature of Russia's development - "colonizing". A major researcher of the colonization of the Urals was the historian and archeographer Dmitriev A.A. Studying the data of the census books of the 16th - 17th centuries, rich act material, local chronicles, he believed that the economic development of the Urals in the 16th - 17th centuries depended on the development of the region, in which the main role was played not by government, but by peasant and township colonization. He studied the ways of the penetration of the Russian population into the Urals, the origin of the first settlers, the evolution of local governments in the course of land development, etc. He singled out periods in the history of the Urals, which he associated with the stages of colonization: Novgorod, Moscow. Dictionaries I.Ya. Krivoshchekov, devoted to colonization, contained information about agriculture and the peasantry.

Trapeznikov V.N. considered the main reason for resettlement to the Urals was the enslavement of peasants and the class struggle, and the main driving force was the peasantry and townspeople. He argued that the Russian people appeared in the Urals long before the Stroganovs, considered the role of monasteries.

In the Soviet period, the cultural significance of the colonization of the Middle Urals was dealt with in different ways by: P.S. Bogoslovsky, A.A. Savich, A.P. Pyankov, A.A. Vvedensky, V.I. Shunkov, A.A. Preobrazhensky, V.A. Oborin (settlement and development of the Middle Urals in the 11th-18th centuries) and others. V.A. Oborin studied, along with written sources, archaeological and ethnographic sources, which allowed him to conclude that arable farming of the indigenous people (Udmurts and Komi-Permyaks) existed long before the arrival of the Russians. The proximity of the economic structure and social order the alien population and the indigenous contributed to the settlement and development of the middle Urals by representatives of more than 15 peoples of the Urals. Oborin considered the three most important forms of colonization of the region: peasant, township, monastic-church, and their interaction with the government. The works of P.S. Bogoslovsky (1927), N.N. Serebryannikova (about Permian wooden sculpture), V.V. Danilevsky, V.S. Virginsky, V.A. Kamensky and others(6)

Currently, in the works of V.V. Pundani, V.V. Menshchikov, the theme of the colonization of the Urals is being developed.

The very first mention of the Urals known to us dates back to c. 90 - 160 BC On the map of the ancient Greek scientist Ptolemy (under the name of the Rimmean (Riphean) mountains, the Ural mountains are shown. The Northern, Middle and Southern Urals. The Middle Urals does not differ in height; two large rivers flow through its territory - the Chusovaya and the Iset.

According to written sources, in the 7th-5th centuries BC. This territory was inhabited by tribes of Fassagetes, Iirks, Issedons, Arimaspians, Argippeis, who possessed numerous herds of animals and were themselves excellent riders. Mythical griffins flew over the mountains - winged beasts guarding gold (Aristaeus, Herodotus) In Russian chronicles of the 11th-12th centuries. among the tribes living in this territory are called Perm, Samoyed, Yugra. In the annals of the thirteenth century - ancient Hungarians, later - the tribes of the Itkul culture (the most famous monument of this culture is near the city of Polevskoy on Mount Dumnaya, a metallurgical center, which, probably, supplied the products of its activities to the Scythian-Sarmatian tribes). In the future, ethnic processes in the Urals proceeded in the same way, the infusion of ethnic groups of different origin and number was characteristic, especially during the Great Migration of Peoples. At present, the Urals is a unique ethnic and socio-cultural region, in which representatives of more than 100 nationalities live (indigenous and migrants from the era of the first wave of Russian colonization, Petrine settlement, Stolypin reforms, the period of revolutions and civil war, Stalinist collectivization, shock construction projects, repressions, etc.) (7)

Thus, the history of settlement and development of the Urals goes back thousands of years. Archaeological finds speak of those times. It is true that, being at the crossroads from Asia to Europe, on the border between the steppe and the forest, the region was the crossroads of many migratory flows. Over the millennia, hundreds of tribes and peoples have passed through these lands. By the X-XV centuries. the local population partially mastered the territory of the Urals. In the surviving chronicle documents there is no firm answer to the question about the initiative. Many historians have been and are engaged in the topic of the colonization of the Urals.

There are different points of view about the time of the first acquaintance of Russian people with the Middle Urals: XIV, XV or XVI centuries. FROM Northern Urals, the Ural Yugra - the first reliable evidence belongs to the wealthy Novgorodian Gyuryata Rogovich at the end of the 11th century (1092) (8) local, aboriginal population furs in exchange for Russian goods. On the ways of their movement, settlements arose - settlements, winter huts, towns. Christian missionaries also went to the East.” (9)

The detachments sent by the Moscow Grand Dukes did not stay long: having obtained precious furs (tribute from the local population), they went home to Russia. At the end of the XVI century. Russian peasants began to penetrate into the lands of the Trans-Urals, into the upper reaches of the Iset River. “It is no coincidence that Russian people began to leave the Riphean mountains from their old habitats quite actively after Yermak's campaign. In addition to the aggravation of social contradictions between the “tops” and “bottoms” of Russian society, the split of the Russian church, the growth of population density in European Russia, the beginning of “land oppression”, the reason for the advancement of Russian people beyond the Urals was the desire to find there a more favorable natural and social ecology.

A man who was leaving for the Urals, looking for “land and freedom” there, found here “a fertile wild and cattle-breeding places, spacious green, spacious rivers, sweet waters and many different fish in their own waters” These were natural wealth, almost untouched by people. There was no serfdom here.) (10)

There is a version that “the first settlers of the Ural River were people who fled from the bloody reign of Ivan the Terrible. Around 1559, the influx of those who fled to the Volga intensified: the gangs consisting of them lived by robberies and robberies. In 1577, to disperse these gangs, a detachment of Ivan Murankin was sent, who, with his successful actions, forced them to flee, some to Siberia (Ermak), some to the Terek (Grebensky Cossacks), some to the Ural River. Dmitry Volodikhin, candidate of historical sciences, in his article “A thousand miles in a year and a half”, claims that Russian military people visited Siberia, “took yasak there, preached the Christian faith. For some time, the Siberian Tatars even found themselves in vassal dependence on Moscow, moreover, long before Yermak. But all these temporary achievements did not bring Russia any benefit, in addition to the reputation of a strong and stubborn adversary ”(11).

It becomes obvious that the settlement and development by the Russians of the region, located "meet the sun", was unrealistic without the creation of a sufficiently effective military-administrative system.