Spelling underlining is a topic that stretches from grades 1-2 to the 11th grade, and if you understand the principles of underlining in the primary grades, it will be much easier for a child to study in high grades. All the rules of the Russian language are studied in elementary school, then there is only the development of experience in their application.

Orthograms are letters in a weak position. What does it mean? These are the places in a word and sentence where someone can make a mistake against the rules or the dictionary. But even if the child figured out what the spelling is, the question always arises of how to emphasize it.

It is generally accepted to underline spellings with one dash, and the identification features of spellings - with two.

List of required first class spellings

• Capital letter at the beginning of a sentence.
• Own names.
• Combinations ZhI-SHI, CHA-SCHA, CHU-SCHU.
• The soft sign is an indicator of softness.
• Separating soft sign*.
• Combinations CHK-CHN.
• Checked unstressed vowels in the root of the word.
• Unchecked unstressed vowels at the root of a word (dictionary words).
• Paired consonants in a weak position (doubtful consonants) at the end of a word.
• Paired consonants in a weak position (doubtful consonants) at the end and middle of a word. *
• Own names.
• Prepositions.

* The dividing soft sign is not passed in all first class programs.

* Paired consonants in a weak position (doubtful consonants) at the end and middle of a word are not passed in all first class programs.

An example of a dictation with parsing and underlining spelling

Masha and I go for a walk in the thicket. Lilies of the valley bloom. Here is a prickly hedgehog running fast. Fluffy mice squeak. Birds make nests. (20 words)

Sample of oral analysis

M s - we write with a capital letter. Spelling - the beginning of the sentence is written with a capital letter.

C is a suggestion. So, it is written separately from the word.

Masha - we write with a capital letter. Spelling - a proper name is written with a capital letter.

Let's go - no spelling.

Walk - spelling - a soft sign is an indicator of softness.

B is a suggestion. So, it is written separately from the word.

H and shu - cha we write with A. Orthogram - combinations of cha-scha are written with the letter A. We underline with 2 dashes, A with one

Thicket y - shu we write with U. Orthogram - combinations of chu-shu are written with the letter U. We emphasize 2 dashes, At one.

Ts vetut - we write with a capital letter. Spelling - the beginning of the sentence is written with a capital letter.

Color here - spelling - a checked unstressed vowel at the root of the word. Test word CVE T. (Be sure to put stress to show that the vowel is unstressed).

Lily of the valley and - shi we write with I. Spelling - combinations of zhi-shi are written with the letter I. We underline with 2 lines, And one line.

. - Put a period at the end of the sentence.

In from - we write with a capital letter. Spelling - the beginning of the sentence is written with a capital letter.

Fast is a dictionary word. Written FAST. At the end of O. Emphasis on the sound Y.

Be zhit - spelling - a checked unstressed vowel at the root of the word. Verification word BE G.

Bezh and t - we write with I. Orthogram - combinations of zhi-shi are written with the letter I. We emphasize two, And one.

Koluchy - spelling - a checked unstressed vowel at the root of the word. Verification word UKO L.

Hedgehog - spelling - a paired consonant in a weak position. Verification word Hedgehog and K.

. - Put a period at the end of the sentence.

P search - we write with a capital letter. Spelling - the beginning of the sentence is written with a capital letter.

Pi shat - spelling - a checked unstressed vowel at the root of the word. Check word pi sk.

Food and t - we write with A. Orthogram - combinations of cha-scha are written with the letter A.

Push and tight - we write shi with I. Orthogram - combinations of zhi-shi are written with the letter I.

Mice ki - spelling paired consonant in a weak position. Check word mouse and.

. - Put a period at the end of the sentence.

P ticks - we write with a capital letter. Spelling - the beginning of the sentence is written with a capital letter.

Ptichk and - spelling - combinations of CHK-CHN are written without a soft sign. CK is underlined by two lines.

V u t - spelling - dividing soft sign.

Nests - no orthograms.

. - Put a period at the end of the sentence.

We select spelling

1. Capital letters, punctuation marks, and the indicator of softness must be underlined with one line.

2. We underline the letters where you can make a mistake in dictionary words and put the stress.

3. We emphasize combinations of cha-scha, chu-schu, zhi-shi. The consonant in these letter combinations is in two lines, the vowel is in one.

4. We emphasize the combinations of chk-chn with two features.

5. We emphasize the unstressed vowels being checked with one line and put the stress. In the test word, we underline the vowel that is stressed with two lines.

lo wil - ulo in

6. We underline the paired consonants being checked with one line. In the test word, we also underline this consonant with one line, and the vowel behind it with two lines. *

oak - oaks, lie ka - lie e to

7. We emphasize unpronounceable consonants at the root of words with one line. In the test word, the same consonant must also be underlined with 1 line, and the letter following it with two lines. If there is no unpronounceable consonant, we emphasize the suspicious letter combination with one line, and in the test word - the first letter of the letter combination with one, and the second after it - with two lines. *

local - local, dangerous - dangerous

8. A dividing soft sign or a hard sign must be underlined with one line, and the letters that it separates with two.

9. We underline the doubled consonant with one line.

* some teachers require in the test word to underline the consonant under test with two, and the vowel behind it with one line.

From the fourth grade, when designating a spelling, the teacher may require to indicate the part of the word in which the spelling is found - a prefix, root, suffix or ending.

The Russian language is rich in spelling, every child knows this. Since childhood, in Russian language lessons, we have been learning numerous rules, which cannot be counted, but all in order to know the correct spelling of words. All spellings of the Russian language cannot be counted, there are so many of them that even philologists sometimes confuse and forget them. This article will help you understand the basic rules of spelling.

Unstressed checked vowels in the root and the spelling "cha, shcha"

Children begin to learn this rule, as a rule, in the first grade or in kindergarten. The rule helps to find out which letter is written in the root of the word. For example, in the word "clearing" you can write both the letter "o" and the letter "a". To find out which letter is written in a word, you need to choose The appropriate word would be "chara", because here the emphasis falls on the letter "a". This means that "charm" is also written with the letter "a" in the root.

It should be borne in mind that orthograms in Russian may intersect. For example, another, no less important rule is the spelling "cha, shcha". Words starting with "cha, sha" are always written with the letter "a". For example, bowl, chara, charm, cup, etc.

Unchecked vowels in the root of a word

Unchecked vowels at the root of a word are the most unloved rule of schoolchildren in elementary grades. After all, when writing words with such an orthogram, no rules will help. Orthograms of the Russian language with an unverifiable vowel are not fundamentally checked, the spelling of such words must be remembered. Vowels cannot be checked in words such as: birch, raspberry, vinaigrette, alley, plant, people, banana, chocolate, diamond, etc. The spelling of such words must be remembered once and for all so as not to make mistakes.

Unpronounceable consonants at the root of a word

It is very important to study the rule because this spelling is often found in writing. Most often, unpronounceable consonants are root-checked. For example: dangerous - dangerous, heart - heart, sun - sun, giant - giant, happy - happiness, silence - rumor, etc.

ending in s-, s-

In fact, people often make mistakes in prefixes ending in z- and s-, even if they know Russian well. Spelling prefixes are common, so you just need to remember what the spelling of the prefix depends on. Prefixes on s- and s- are: air- / re-, through- / through-, air- / sun-, air- / re-, from- / is-, time- / race-, without- / without- and roses - / grew -.

In order to understand which letter is written, you need to look at the next one. If the letter following the prefix is ​​a deaf consonant (k, p, t, w, u, f, x, h, s, c), then the prefix is ​​\u200b\u200bwritten with the letter "s", such a rule provides for the Russian language. Orthograms indicate that if the subsequent sound is voiced, then a prefix with the ending "z" is written. Examples with "s": flare, paint, discolor, endless, etc. Examples with "z": excessive, joyless, product, look, etc.

fundamentally

The alternation of vowels in the roots is an important rule that will accompany the student from the 5th to the 11th grade. There is no spelling in almost all exams, such as the OGE (GIA) and the Unified State Examination.

Orthograms in the Russian language provide for the existence of four groups of alternation, each must be considered in detail:

• Roots in which the spelling of a vowel depends on the subsequent suffix:

Ber-/bir-, -ter-/-tir-, -per-/-pir-, -stel-/-steel-, -glitter-/-blist-, -der-/-dir-.

The letter "and" is written at the root of the word if the suffix -a- follows: freeze (but freeze), burn (but burn), shine (but shine), etc.

At the root of the word, "a" is written if the suffix follows -a-: touch (but touch), offer (but offer), etc.

• The roots in which the spelling of the vowel depends on the stress in the word:

Gar-/-gor-, -creature-/-creator-, -clan-/-clone-, -zar-/-zor-.

If in a word the stress falls on the letter "a", then "a" is also written in the root: tan, bow, glow, dawn, etc.

If in a word the stress does not fall on the root, then it is written "o": creation, bow, sunbathing, dawn, etc.

• The spelling of a vowel at the root of a word depends on the letter following that vowel:

Rust-/-grove-/-grove-, -skak-/-skoch-.

The letter "a" is written before "st" and "u": plant, grown, etc. The letter "o" is written in all other cases. Exceptions: sprout, teenage, growth, usurer, Rostov, etc.

"A" is written before "k", and "o" is written before "h": jump, jump, etc. Exceptions: jump, jump, etc.

• The spelling of a vowel is fundamentally dependent on the meaning:

Poppy-/-mok-, -equal-/-even-.

In the first case, “a” is written if the meaning of the word has the meaning of immersion in water: dip, dip, etc. It is written “o” with the meaning of liquid: wet, get wet, get wet, etc.

In the second case, "a" is written when the meaning is synonymous with the word "same": equal, equal, etc. It is written "o" when the meaning is synonymous with the word "straight": even, align, etc.

Letters "i", "s" after "c"

The Russian language is rich in various rules. Orthograms are found here and there. It is exactly the same with the letters "i", "s" after the consonant "c", schoolchildren very often get confused in their spelling. In fact, in order to correctly write words with such an orthogram, it is necessary to remember in which cases they write "and" and in which "s":

• "and" is written at the root of the word: figure, quote, circus, top hat, etc.
• "i" is written in words with "tion": nation, lecture, conference, information, privatization, etc.
• "s" is written in the endings and suffixes of words: (no) queen, (shawl) fox, (no) stepdaughter, etc.
• "s" is written in exception words: gypsy, chicken, chick-chick, poke, tiptoe, etc.

Spelling prefixes pre- and pre-

The spelling of prefixes complicates the Russian language quite a bit. Spellings for this part of the word are contained very often and in large numbers. However, the rule is quite easy to remember.

Used prefix pre- when:

• It has the meaning of stop, block, successor, etc.
• Gives the word the highest degree of quality: sweet, kind, exalt, excel, exceed, etc.

The prefix is ​​used when:

• Proximity matters: seaside, backyard, court, railway station, etc.
• Addition and approximation matters: fasten, lead, etc.
• Indicates the incompleteness of the action: close, lie down, proceed, calm down, etc.
• Indicates the completeness of the action: cut, muffle, etc.

As you know, all spellings of the Russian language have been studied for many years. In order to be literate and educated, it is necessary to memorize these spelling rules and do practical tasks. In schools, each spelling rule is carefully studied.

I have been working at the school for 30 years. I don’t remember a single year when at the methodological association of teachers, at meetings of different levels, the question of spelling literacy of students was not raised. This problem was and remains the main and not completely solved. The teacher must see when and on what material he works on each spelling, see the system in this matter. This is especially important for the beginning teacher. I compiled a spelling grid for the elementary school course by year of study.

1st class

Offer

1. Distinguish between a sentence and a group of words.
2. Making a proposal in writing (capital letter and dot).
3. Own names.

1. Vowels are stressed and unstressed.
2. Letter combinations zhi-shi, cha-cha, chu-shu.
3. Dictionary words.

Spelling of consonants.

1. Distinguish between vowels and consonants and letters.
2. Paired and unpaired consonants.
3. Consonants are voiced and voiceless.

1. Vowels consonants.
2. Percussion - unstressed.

1. Vowels consonants.
2. Percussion unstressed.

Spelling of unstressed vowels in adjective endings.

1. Vowels consonants.
2. Percussion - unstressed.

1. Vowels consonants.
2. Percussion - unstressed.

Separating b and b signs.

1. Observation of the pronunciation of words.
2. The work of dividing b and b.

Hyphenation.

1. Dividing words into syllables.

2nd grade

Offer

1. Types of sentences (according to the purpose of the statement and intonation).
2. Finding the subject and predicate.
3. Phraseologisms.

An unstressed vowel at the root of a word.

1. One-word words.
2. Finding the root of a word.
3. Selection of a check word.
4. Unstressed vowels at the root of disyllabic words.
5. Dictionary words.

Spelling of consonants.

1. Spelling of paired consonants at the end of a word.

Spelling of unstressed vowels in noun endings.

1. Recognition of parts of speech.
2. Grammatical features of the part of speech.
3. Spelling of the preposition and prefix (fused and separate).

Spelling of unstressed vowels in adjective endings.

1. Parts of speech.

Spelling of unstressed vowels in verb endings.

1. Parts of speech.
2. Grammatical signs of parts of speech.
3. Spelling of prepositions and prefixes.

Pronoun

1. Distinguishing parts of speech.

Separating b and b signs.

1. Separating b and b.

Hyphenation.

1. Transfer rule.

3rd grade

Offer.

1. Putting the necessary signs at the end of the sentence.
2. Allocation of the main and secondary members of the proposal.
3. Recognition of sentences with homogeneous members.
4. Phrases.
5. Phraseologisms.

An unstressed vowel at the root of a word.

1. Word composition.
2. Spelling of unstressed vowels at the root of a word in compound words by composition.
3. Dictionary words.

Spelling of consonants.

1. Spelling of paired consonants at the root of a word.
2. Unpronounceable consonants.
3. Words with double consonants.

1. Word composition.
2. Changing nouns by cases (know the names of cases and questions).
3. Distinguishing nouns by declension.
4. Verification method.
5. Nouns of feminine and masculine gender with hissing at the end.
6. Relationship of words in a sentence.
7. Phrases.
8. Anonymous and synonymous.

1. Relationship of words in a sentence.
2. Phrases.
3. Word composition.

Spelling of unstressed vowels in verb endings.

1. Word composition.
2. Parts of speech.
3. grammatical signs.

Pronoun.

1. Parts of speech.

Separating ъ and ь signs

1. Composition of the word and separators ъ and ь.

Hyphenation.

1. Special transfer cases.

4th grade

Offer

1. Recognition of types of sentences.
2. Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members.
3. Analysis of the proposal by the members of the proposal.

An unstressed vowel at the root of a word.

1. Spelling of words with an unstressed vowel at the root of the word in independent and creative works.
2. Finding this spelling in the text and its explanation.
3. Dictionary words.

Spelling of consonants.

1. Spelling of words with paired consonants at the end and in the middle of words, with unpronounceable and doubled consonants in independent and creative works.

Spelling of unstressed vowels in noun endings.

1. Finding the studied orthograms and their explanation.
2. The use of acquired knowledge in writing.

Spelling of unstressed vowels in adjective endings.

1. Case of the adjective.
2. Case endings.
3. Verification method.
4. Amonyms and synonyms.

Spelling of unstressed vowels in verb endings.

1. Verb - time, number, conjugation.
2. Correlation by conjugation.
3. spelling rule.
4. Infinitive.
5. ь at the end of the verb.
6. tsya and tsya

Pronoun

1. Recognition of the pronoun as a part of speech.
2. Number and person.
3. Pronoun with a preposition.

Separating b and b signs.

1. The use of words with ъ and ь.

Hyphenation.

1. Compliance with transfer rules.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. The Russian language is called “great and mighty” for a reason. It is one of the most difficult in the world, and learning it is a real headache not only for foreigners, but even for natives.

And if with colloquial speech things are even more or less (not for everyone, of course, but for the majority), then with written language everything is much worse.

The fact is that many words in Russian spelled differently than they are pronounced. Each such case requires a person to look into a textbook or dictionary.

Numerous rules - this is spelling. There are a huge number of them, and even certified philologists are sometimes not able to remember everything. But there are about 70 basic rules, and it is precisely this volume that is studied in Russian schools.

Spelling - what is it

Spelling - the correct spelling of words, based on the rules or established traditions and chosen from several options.

This term, like many others, came to the Russian language from ancient Greece - "orphos" (correctly) and "gramma" (letter). That is, it can literally be translated as “correct letters” or “ correct writing».

Thanks to the large number of spellings, even a whole science has appeared that studies and describes them - spelling.

Do not think that we are only talking about complex words, such as synchrophasotron or from under the subfold. No, even the simplest words, such as life, happiness, water, yellow or plane, have their own spellings. Let's explain what we mean:

1. ZhI ZN - it is not immediately clear by ear which letter is the second - “I” or “Y”;
2. MF ASTIER - by ear, we generally hear that this word begins with the letter "Щ", and not with "MF";
3. IN YES - in everyday speech we do not pronounce "O" in the first syllable, but replace it with "A";
4. SAME LTYY - again, although this color is written through the letter “Yo”, when pronouncing, we clearly hear “O”;
5. SA MO YEARS - again, there are two letters “A” in this word, that is, we pronounce “plane”.

And there are also so-called non-alphabetic spellings. These are the rules of the Russian language, which explain when to put a dash or a hyphen, when (for example, not-/ni-) are written together or separately, how to correctly hyphenate words, and so on.

An example of parsing dictation and underlining spelling

For example, parsing and underlining spelling in dictation for elementary grades (parents of first-graders may come in handy), which well demonstrates the vastness of their area of ​​\u200b\u200buse:

By the way, pay attention to the underlining style - it differs for different spellings. Here is the "legend" according to which this is done:

Here the adult will get confused, what can we say about the child ...

The most important spellings

We will not list all the existing spellings, and it will take too much time and space (it’s easier to read the textbook then). Let's dwell on the most important ones that children study in elementary grades.

ZhI-/SHI, CHA-/SCHA, CHU-/SCHU

Children are faced with this rule already in the first grade. And from an early age, we memorize the phrase: “Live / shi write with the letter “I”, write cha / cha with the beech “A”, write chu / shu with the letter “U”.

And the thing is that by ear we perceive completely different sounds. For example, in the words "lu zhi" and " shea roco" we clearly hear "Y", in " cha shka" and "pi shcha"respectively" I ", and in" chu gum" and "according to shu pat" - "Yu".

Spelling: unstressed vowels at the root

Take, for example, the words: le diana, be govaya, at ho dit, argu me ntate. The underlined syllables are orthograms, since it is not immediately clear in them which vowel should be, which means that it becomes difficult to write. To avoid a mistake, you need to choose a test word:

1. LE DYANOY - from the word ICE, which means that you need to write it through "E";
2. BE GOVAYA - from the word RUNNING and again it is necessary to write through "E";
3. At XO DIT - the test word HOD and, accordingly, we write through "O";
4. ARGU IU NTIROVE - the test word ARGUMENT.

One of the most difficult pairs of words related to this rule are POSP I ENLIGHTENMENT and ENLIGHTENMENT E SHENIE. Painfully, they sound similar, but at the same time they mean completely different things.

Yes, at the POSP I SHENCHIA the test word is HOLYNESS, therefore the letter “I” is written, and for CLEAR E SCHENIA is the test word LIGHT, so the letter “E” is written.

But the Russian language is complicated by the fact that it has exceptions to any rule. For example, in this case there are many words for which it is impossible to find test words. Therefore, you just need to memorize their spelling by heart. These words include: e cash, b e cut, m a lina, h a water, b a nan, a diamond, choco fret, fault warm.

Spelling: unpronounceable consonants at the root

We already mentioned at the beginning of the article the word MF ASTIER, which is pronounced through "Sch", but is written through "MF". And there are many such words, especially when a noun is converted into an adjective, and because of this, one of the consonants may “lose” by ear. To write correctly, you must also use the test word.

1. SER D CE - cardiac;
2. IZVES T NOY - news;
3. HOUR T NIK - participation;
4. ZDRA AT STVE - health;
5. SO L NCE - solar;
6. SER D CE - cardiac;
7. CHES T NOY - honor.

But, of course, there are words that cannot be verified in any way. Them you just need to remember. This is, for example, a forest t nitsa, holiday d nickname, svers t nicki, chu in stva.

Spelling: prefixes ending in З- / С-

This rule appeared in the Russian language exactly 100 years ago, when the Bolsheviks carried out a reform. Previously, all prefixes ended in the letter "Z", and no one had any questions. Now there are divisions: voz-/vos-, iz-/is, raz-/races, vz-/sun-, without-/bes-, roses-/ros-.

To learn how to write a particular word, you need to pay attention to the letter that comes after the prefix. If it is a voiceless consonant (К, П, С, Т, Ф, Х, Ц, Ш, Ш, Щ), then a prefix with “С” at the end is used.

besK terminal, rasK opal, RosP is, VSP gasped voss dancing

If after the prefix there is a voiced consonant (B, C, G, D, F, Z, L, M, N, P) or a vowel, then prefixes with “Z” are used.

without B olny, near come alive fromD alec, times cheerful, vzg lad

Spelling: verbs ending in -T / -TH

Another spelling that children get acquainted with in elementary grades. The question is simple - when it is necessary to put a soft sign after the letter "T", and when it is not necessary. And why?

Compare:

Teach TH it's never too late
He teach T all day long

The rule here is very easy to remember. You just need to look at what question the verb answers - “what to do?” or “what does it do?”. And the writing of a soft sign will depend on this.

"I appear in the sky T the first stars (what are they doing?)" and "In the sky began to appear TH Xia the first stars (what did they start doing?) "

Spelling: adjectives with -Н- and -НН-

Another painful topic for many students, especially when preparing for the exam. The fact is that there are several rules at once, and which one to apply depends on the particular word.

Rule number 1.

If the root of the noun ends with the letter "H", then there will be two of them in the adjective.

length - length HH th, soN - with HH th

The same applies to words whose root ends in "MY".

TIME - time HH th, seed - seme HH oh

At the same time, as always, there are a number of exceptions: young, pork, mutton, green, blue, spicy, peacock, crow. Although in all these words the root ends in the letter "H".

Rule number 2.

If the adjective is formed using the suffixes -ENN- and -ONN-, then two letters "H" are written, regardless of the root.

straw ENN th, leaves ENN oh, station HE N th

And if the suffixes -AN-, -YAN- and -IN- are used, then the letter "H" remains alone.

lion IN oh, sol YAN oh skin AN th

Exceptions- TIN, WOODEN, STEEL.

It used to be said in schools that they were easy to remember if you imagined a window. It has a glass base, a wooden frame, and a pewter handle.

Rule number 3.

Two letters "H" also, which are formed from verbs:

wash HH th (erase), offended HH th (offend), purchase HH oy (buy), heat HH th (fry).

But then again there are exceptions, which include the established expressions:

"conche H th person", "name H oh sister", "plant H th father”, “easier H oh Sunday."

Summary

Of course, in our time, spelling has become less attention. After all, we now write most of the tests not by hand, but print on computers and gadgets. And they have special programs that will correct any errors.

But these technical innovations are unlikely to help schoolchildren when passing exams. Yes, and adults from time to time have to write something on their own. And without knowing the rules (spelling), it is very easy to pass for illiterate.

Good luck to you! See you soon on the blog pages site

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