The protagonist of the novel by M. A. Sholokhov " Quiet Don» Grigory Melekhov, looking for the truth of life, gets confused a lot, makes mistakes, suffers, because in none of the warring parties he finds the moral truth he aspires to.

Gregory is faithful to the Cossack traditions, instilled in him from birth. But at the same time, he surrenders to the power of violent passion, capable of violating generally accepted norms and rules. Neither the formidable father, nor dirty rumors and ridicule can stop Gregory in his passionate outburst.

Melekhov is distinguished by an amazing ability to love. Unwittingly, at the same time, he causes pain to loved ones. Grigory himself suffers, suffers no less than Natalya, Aksinya, and his parents. The hero finds himself as if between two poles: love-duty and love-passion. Committing bad deeds from the point of view of public morality and meeting with a married woman, Gregory remains honest and sincere to the end. “And it’s a pity for you,” he says to Natalia, “to go to sleep, for these days we became related, but there is nothing in my heart ... Empty.”

Stormy historical events swirled Gregory in their whirlwind. But the more he goes into military operations, the more he is drawn to the land, to work. He often dreams of the steppe. His heart is always with my beloved, distant woman, with his native farm, kuren.

A new turn in history brings Melekhov back to the earth, to his beloved, to his family. Grigory meets with the house, with the farm after a long separation. The bosom of the family returns him to the world of shaken habitual ideas about the meaning of life, about the Cossack duty.

While fighting, “Grigory firmly protected the Cossack honor, seized the opportunity to show selfless courage, took risks, went wild, went disguised to the rear of the Austrians, removed outposts without blood.” Over time, the hero changes. He feels that “that pain over a person that crushed him in the first days of the war has irrevocably gone. Hardened heart, hardened ... ". The initial portrait of Gregory is also changing: "... his eyes are hollow and his cheekbones are sharply sticking out."

The tragic upheaval that split the world of the Cossacks into friends and foes poses numerous difficult and acute questions for Grigory. The hero is faced with a choice. Where to go? With whom? For what? Where is the truth? Melekhov, on his path of search, encounters different people, each of whom has his own point of view on what is happening. So centurion Efim Izvarin does not believe in the universal equality declared by the Bolsheviks, he is convinced of the special fate and destiny of the Cossacks and stands for an independent, autonomous life of the Don region. He is a separatist. Grigory, delving into the essence of his speeches, tries to argue with him, but he is illiterate and loses in an argument with a well-educated centurion who knows how to consistently and logically express his thoughts. “Izvarin easily defeated him in verbal battles,” the author reports, and therefore Grigory falls under the strong influence of Izvarin's ideas.

Other truths are instilled in Melekhov by Podtelkov, who believes that the Cossacks have common interests with all Russian peasants and workers, with the entire proletariat. Podtelkov is convinced of the need for elected people's power. He speaks so competently, convincingly and passionately about his ideas that this makes Gregory listen to him and even believe. After a conversation with Podtelkov, the hero "painfully tried to sort out the confusion of thoughts, think over something, decide." In Gregory, an illiterate and politically unsophisticated person, despite various suggestions, the desire to find his truth, his place in life, something that is really worth serving is still actively pulsating. Those around him offer him different ways, but Grigory firmly answers them: "I myself am looking for an entrance."

There comes a moment when Melekhov wholeheartedly takes the side of the new system. But this system, with its cruelty to the Cossacks, injustice, once again pushes Gregory onto the warpath. Melekhov is shocked by the behavior of Chernetsov and Podtelkov in the scene of the massacre of Chernetsovites. It burns with blind hatred and enmity. Gregory, unlike them, is trying to protect an unarmed enemy from a merciless bloody race. Gregory does not stand up for the enemy - in each of the enemies he sees first of all a person.

But in war as in war. Fatigue and anger lead the hero to cruelty. This is eloquently evidenced by the episode of the murder of sailors. However, Gregory is not easily given such inhumanity. It is after this scene that Melekhov is deeply tormented by the realization of a terrible truth: he has gone far from what he was born for and what he fought for. “The wrong course in life, and maybe I’m to blame for this,” he understands.

An unrelenting truth, an unshakable value, always remains for the hero a native nest. In the most difficult moments of life, he turns to thoughts about the house, about his native nature, about work. These memories give Gregory a sense of harmony and peace of mind.

Gregory becomes one of the leaders of the Veshensky uprising. This is new round in his path. But gradually he becomes disillusioned and realizes that the uprising did not bring the expected results: the Cossacks suffer from the Whites in the same way that they suffered from the Reds before. Well-fed officers - the nobles contemptuously and arrogantly treat the ordinary Cossack and only dream of achieving success with his help in their new campaigns; the Cossacks are only a reliable means of achieving their goals. The boorish attitude of General Fitskhelaurov towards him is outrageous for Grigory, foreign invaders are hated and disgusting.

Painfully enduring everything that is happening in the country, Melekhov nevertheless refuses to evacuate. “Whatever the mother, she is someone else’s kindred,” he argues. And such a position deserves all respect.

The next transitional stage, salvation for Gregory again becomes a return to the earth, to Aksi-nye, to the children. He is suddenly imbued with extraordinary warmth and love for children, he realizes that they are the meaning of his existence. The habitual way of life, the atmosphere of his native home give rise in the hero to the desire to get away from the struggle. Gregory, having passed a long and difficult path, loses faith in both whites and reds. Home and family are true values, real support. Violence, repeatedly seen and known, evokes disgust in him. More than once he does noble deeds under the influence of hatred towards him. Grigory releases the relatives of the Red Cossacks from prison, drives a horse to death in order to have time to save Ivan Alekseevich and Mishka Koshevoy from death, leaves the square, not wanting to be a witness to the execution of the underdogs.

Quick to reprisal and unjustifiably cruel, Mishka Koshevoy pushes Gregory to run away from home. He is forced to wander around the farms and, as a result, joins Fomin's gang. Love for life, for children does not allow Gregory to give up. He understands that if he does not act, he will be shot. Melekhov has no choice, and he joins the gang. A new stage of Gregory's spiritual quest begins.

Little remains with Gregory by the end of the novel. Children, native land and love for Aksinya. But the hero is waiting for new losses. He deeply and grievously experiences the death of his beloved woman, but finds the strength to search for himself further: “Everything was taken away from him, everything was destroyed by ruthless death. Only the children remained. But he himself still convulsively clung to the ground, as if, in fact, his broken life represented some kind of value for him and for others.

Gregory spends most of his life in captivity of hatred tearing the world, death, becoming hardened and falling into despair. Stopping on the way, he discovers with disgust that, hating violence, he does not set death. He is the head and support of the family, but he has no time to be at home, among people who love him.

All the attempts of the hero to find himself are the path of going through the torments. Melekhov goes forward with an open to everything, "tossed" heart. He is looking for wholeness, genuine and undeniable truths, in everything he wants to get to the very essence. His searches are passionate, his soul burns. He is tormented by an unsatisfied moral hunger. Gregory longs for self-determination, he is not without self-condemnation. Melekhov is looking for the root of mistakes, including in himself, in his deeds. But about the hero who went through many thorns, one can say with confidence that his soul, in spite of everything, is alive, it has not been ruined by the most difficult life circumstances. Evidence of this is Gregory's desire for peace, for peace, for the land, the desire to return home. Without waiting for an amnesty, Melekhov returns home. He has only one desire - the desire for peace. His goal is to raise his son, a generous reward for all the pains of life. Mishatka is Gregory's hope for the future, in him is the possibility of continuing the Melekhov family. These thoughts of Gregory are confirmation that he is broken by the war, but not broken by it.

The path of Grigory Melekhov to the truth is a tragic path of human wanderings, gains, mistakes and losses, evidence of a close connection between personality and history. This difficult path was traversed by the Russian people in the 20th century.

Critic Yu. Lukin wrote about the novel: “The meaning of the figure of Grigory Melekhov ... expands, going beyond the scope and specifics of the Cossack environment of the Don in 1921 and grows to a typical image of a person who did not find his way during the years of the revolution.”

Skopina Olga © IA Krasnaya Vesna

May 11 marks the 100th anniversary of the massacre of the commission of the Don Soviet Republic. At the end of April 1918, by decision of the Central Executive Committee of the republic, an expedition was sent to the north of the region to mobilize the Upper Don Cossacks. It was necessary to form detachments to repulse the Germans, who were already approaching Rostov. The counter-revolutionary-minded Cossacks first captured a commission headed by Fyodor Podtelkov and Mikhail Krivyshlokov, members of the Republic's Military Revolutionary Committee. And then they executed almost all the members of the expedition.

The anniversary of the event that led to a sharp aggravation between the Reds and the Whites, unfortunately, has gone almost unnoticed in the region. Commemorative events were planned only at the place of execution of the detachment members - in the Kashar region. The regional authorities actually ignored the centenary of one of the key episodes of the Civil War on the Don. Almost forgot about the anniversary and the Cossacks. Meanwhile, this story is worth remembering.

The first post-revolutionary months on the Don

By 1917, the population of the Don was very heterogeneous. The Cossacks, who made up about 40% of the population of the region, owned more than 80% of the land. In addition, the Cossack estate enjoyed other privileges, for example, did not pay taxes. All this led to great tension between the Cossacks and the “non-residents” (which included the entire non-Cossack population of the Don). The Cossacks themselves were also not a monolith - the poor and the "middle peasants" had big claims to the Cossack elite. This tangle of contradictions largely predetermined the future difficult fate of the region.

After the Great October Revolution on the Don, an active political confrontation began between the Rostov Soviet and the military government of Ataman Kaledin, who met in Novocherkassk. The aggravation quickly reached the sluggish hostilities. At the end of November, a detachment of Cossacks and junkers smashed the premises of the Rostov Soviet, killing several Red Guards. White partisan detachments began to operate. They were opposed by individual units of the Red Guards. The bulk of the Cossacks, who had only recently returned from the front, remained neutral.

But on January 10 (23) a congress of front-line Cossacks was assembled in the village of Kamenskaya. At first, the congress had no definite political orientation. But as soon as it became known about the telegram of the Don government with the order to disperse the congress and arrest those present, the mood of the delegates changed. Ensign Mikhail Krivoshlykov's proposal to declare the congress an organ of revolutionary power in the region was supported by all those present. The congress delegates elected the Don Cossack Military Revolutionary Committee (WRC). It should be noted that of the 15 members of the WRC, only three were Bolsheviks. Fedor Podtelkov was elected chairman, Mikhail Krivoshlykov was elected secretary.

Podtelkov and Krivoshlykov

Fedor Grigoryevich Podtelkov was born in the Krutovsky farm of the Ust-Khoperskaya village of the Ust-Medvedetsky district in 1886 in the family of a poor Cossack. Since 1909, he served in the Life Guards Artillery, which was part of the emperor's guard. Fought in the First World War, rose to the rank of cadet. After the February Revolution, he began to take an active part in the political life of the regiment, campaigning for Soviet power.

Mikhail Vasilyevich Krivoshlykov was born in the Ushakov farmstead of the Yelanskaya village of the Donetsk District in the family of a blacksmith in 1894. In 1909 he entered the Donskoy Agricultural School, located near Novocherkassk. After graduating from college, he worked as an agronomist. With the outbreak of World War I, he was drafted into the army. By 1917, he had risen to the rank of ensign and the position of commander of a hundred. After the February Revolution, he was elected chairman of the regimental committee, was a member of the division committee. In May 1917, he was sent as a delegate from the village of Yelanskaya to the Cossack Military Circle, where he sharply criticized the candidate for ataman, General Kaledin. He was one of the organizers of the congress of front-line Cossacks in Kamenskaya.

Actions of the MRC

On January 15, the delegates of the committee put forward an ultimatum to the Don government, in which they proposed to recognize the power of the Military Revolutionary Committee and resign. The Kaledin government refused. A situation of dual power was established in the region. On January 20, a decisive battle took place: one of the most combat-ready units of the chieftains, the detachment of Colonel Chernetsov, was defeated by the revolutionary Cossacks near the Glubokaya station. Vasily Chernetsov himself, along with part of his detachment, was captured.

What exactly happened during the escort of prisoners is unknown. According to the most common version (confirmed, among other things, by the surviving soldiers of his detachment), Chernetsov attacked Podtelkov, the commander of the convoy. In response to the attack, the chairman of the Military Revolutionary Committee hacked to death the colonel, the prisoners rushed into the loose. Some of them were shot while trying to escape, others managed to escape. Subsequently, it was this event that served as one of the main accusations against Podtelkov.

The Reds continued to advance. On January 29, Ataman Kaledin convened an emergency meeting of the government, at which he stated: “The population not only does not support us, but is also hostile to us”. He acknowledged the futility of further resistance and resigned as chieftain and chairman of the government. In the evening of the same day, General Kaledin shot himself. The Don government was headed by Ataman Nazarov, but even he could not raise the Cossacks to fight against Soviet power. On April 1, Novocherkassk was occupied by the Cossack detachment of Golubov, who dispersed the Military Circle. Small detachments of whites retreated to the Salsky steppes.

As early as March 23, the Military Revolutionary Committee announced the creation "an independent Don Soviet Republic in blood connection with the Russian Soviet Republic". It should be noted that the central Soviet authorities, in principle, did not object to autonomy. Lenin wrote on February 28: “I have nothing against the autonomy of the Don region ... Let the plenipotentiary congress of urban and rural councils of the entire Don region develop its own agrarian bill and submit it for approval to the Council of People's Commissars ...”.

Fyodor Podtelkov became the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and the military commissar of the republic. Mikhail Krivoshlykov took the post of Commissioner for Management Affairs. From 22 to 27 April, the First Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Cossacks' Deputies of the Don Republic was held in Rostov, attended by 713 delegates. The congress confirmed the powers of the commissars, recognized the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and held elections to the Central Executive Committee of the republic.

Mobilization Commission

However, not the entire population of the region recognized Soviet power. The remnants of the Don government incited the Cossacks to revolt. The situation was aggravated by the fact that German troops approached the region. The leadership of the republic sent a delegation to the Germans and tried to convince them to comply with the terms of the peace treaty, according to which the Germans did not have the right to occupy the Don region. However, the negotiations were unsuccessful, and at the end of April, German troops invaded the territory of the republic.

The appeal of the republican authorities calling on the population to stand up for the defense of the Don and the revolution from the invaders did not have much success. The Red troops continued to retreat under the pressure of the invaders. It was decided to send a mobilization commission to the northern Don districts to recruit volunteers to fight the Germans and strengthen local authorities.

Podtelkov was appointed head of the expedition, and Krivoshlykov was appointed commissar. The commission was supplied with 10 million tsarist money, and on April 30 a detachment of about 120 people left Rostov. But the goal was not achieved. As they moved to the north of the region, the detachment encountered more and more resistance from the population, desertion began. On May 10, the expedition was surrounded by superior forces of counter-revolutionary Cossacks. Members of the mobilization commission surrendered under the promise of personal immunity and the return of their weapons after being transported to the village of Krasnokutskaya.

But contrary to promises, the prisoners were taken only as far as Ponomarev's farm, where at night the White Cossacks gathered a court that was supposed to decide the fate of the detachment. Despite the fact that the expedition did not commit any violent actions, the court, directed by Cossack officers, decided to shoot the surrendered Cossacks, and hang the leaders of the detachment, Podtelkov and Krivoshlykov. Only one of the approximately 80 prisoners was released by the court. The severity of the sentence struck not only the members of the expedition, but also many of their opponents. The massacre was scheduled for the next day. The situation was further aggravated by the fact that it was a pre-Easter Saturday, and for many Cossacks the very idea of ​​execution on the eve of the holy holiday was seditious.

execution

Nevertheless, a firing squad was formed and the execution took place on the morning of 11 May. Part of the population of the farm (mostly from other cities) did not want to go and watch the massacre, but the village administration sent horse patrols through the streets, which actually drove the inhabitants to execution. According to eyewitnesses, in addition to the prisoners, local resident Mikhail Lukin was also executed for sympathy for the convicts.

The leaders of the detachment were among the last to be executed, and while waiting for the execution, they tried to encourage their comrades. Fedor Podtyolkov several times addressed the crowd of spectators and tried to convince the audience. Mikhail Krivoshlykov, ill with a fever, wrote a short letter to his relatives, which one of the Cossacks watching the execution agreed to deliver: “Dad, mom, grandfather, grandmother, Natasha, Vanya and all relatives! I went to fight for the truth to the end. Taking prisoners, they deceived us and they kill the disarmed. But do not grieve, do not cry. I am dying and I believe that the truth will not be killed, and our suffering will be redeemed with blood... Farewell forever! Your loving Misha. P.S. Dad! When everything calms down, then write a letter to my fiancee: the village of Volki, Poltava province, Stepanida Stepanovna Samoylenko. Write that I couldn't keep my promise to meet her.".

During the execution, the farm teacher managed to take a photo of the leaders of the detachment. The photograph has been preserved and is currently in the museum of Podtelkov and Krivoshlykov in the Ponomarev farm.

According to eyewitnesses, Podtelkov himself put a noose around his neck and, before the stool was knocked out from under his feet, shouted, addressing the Cossacks: “Only one thing: do not return to the old ...”. Krivoshlykov, during the execution, was very agitated and incoherently said that the cause of Bolshevism lives on, and they themselves are dying, like the first Christian martyrs, with the belief that their cause has not died.

The consequences of the massacre

The execution of the members of the Podtelkov expedition became one of the key events in inciting the Civil War on the Don. Fighting clashes between the Reds and Whites have occurred before, but such a massacre without investigation took place for the first time. The execution of the Podtelkovites marked the beginning of the practice of mass political anti-Soviet terror on the Don, which was then continued during the reign of Ataman Krasnov. Such a cruel and disenfranchised trial could not but evoke a response from the supporters of the Don Soviet Republic, who wanted to take revenge on the Cossacks for their executed comrades.

By mid-May, the situation of the Don Republic became catastrophic: Rostov and Taganrog were occupied by the Germans, Novocherkassk and most of the region's territories were controlled by their ally Krasnov. In fact, the republic ceased to exist by the summer, formally it was abolished on September 30th.

Subsequently, Soviet power returned to the Don at the beginning of 1919, and the former leadership of the DSR, which, in many respects, consisted of the Don Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), advocated an extremely tough policy towards the Cossacks. There is every reason to believe that one of their motives was revenge for the unjustly executed comrades.

Memory of the executed

In the winter of 1919, when the front passed through the Ponomarev farm, on the mass grave of the executed, the Red Army built an obelisk with the inscription: "You killed individuals, we will kill classes." In the late 1920s, Mikhail Sholokhov published the first two volumes of his brilliant "Quiet Flows the Don". In the second volume, the episode with the massacre of the expedition was described in detail. The writer clearly showed how much this execution had an impact on the consciousness of the Cossacks and pushed them to a fratricidal war.

Currently, several monuments to Podtelkov and Krivoshlykov are located on the territory of the Rostov region. The monument, located at the site of the execution in the Ponomarev farm, was restored in 2017. Local residents themselves raised funds for the examination of the monument, which showed the need for repairs. At the request of local residents and the district administration, the governor allocated funds from the reserve regional fund. But the monument, located in the center of the former capital of the Don Cossack Region - Novocherkassk, has not been repaired for many decades and is in disrepair.

Modern assessment of the events of the Civil War on the Don

After the collapse Soviet Union a myth about the participation of the Cossacks in the Civil War was introduced into the public consciousness. Its creators tried to present the complex and contradictory situation on the Don as if all the Cossacks unambiguously supported the Whites.

At present, Colonel Chernetsov is praised by the Cossacks as one of the main heroes of the Civil War. He led a detachment of counter-revolutionary youth, defeated near Glubokaya in January 1918. In 2008, at the place of the death of the colonel, by decision of the registered Don Cossacks, a memorial sign was erected to him. In an interview regional portal 161.ru a representative of the press service of the troops said that Chernetsov was erected a monument as the creator of "first partisan detachment on the Don to protect against the advancing troops sent by the Bolshevik government to seize power".

In 2009, the first Military Chernetsov commemorations were held in the region, which became annual. The organizers and participants of the event glorify the members of the Chernetsov detachment in every possible way, as if forgetting that the Cossacks participated in the battle from both sides. So, at the events held on the centenary of the battle, Alexander Palatny, director of the Department for Cossacks and Cadet Affairs, shared his opinion on those events with the regional 33 channel. educational institutions Rostov region. He declared: “In difficult, critical times for Russia, there was a group of patriots, which consisted of young people, and who came out to defend the country”. It turns out, according to the regional authorities, the Red Cossacks who fought on the side of the Military Revolutionary Committee (which, we recall, later entered into battle with the Germans who came to the Don) were not patriots and posed a danger to the country.

But the fate of the mobilization commission of Podtelkov and Krivoshlykov, when some Cossacks carried out atrocious reprisals against others, testifies that the real situation that developed on the Don in 1918 was much more complex and deeper than they try to imagine. Such stories break the myth of a single “white” Cossacks, which is probably why they prefer either to keep silent about them completely or to distort them. So, in one of the Don cadet corps, a history teacher in a lesson told the children that Podtelkov and Krivoshlykov were white, and the Red Guards committed reprisals against them! Moreover, the teacher himself really believed in this “version” and did not see anything special in the incident.

Such a distortion of history primarily offends the Cossacks who fought in the Civil War, both "red" and "white". If only out of respect for them, the Cossacks should stop using their own history to achieve any political goals whatsoever. A hundred years have passed since those events, and it's time to really deal with the full truth about the Revolution and the Civil War.

The establishment of Soviet power on the Don is closely connected with the names of Fedor Podtelkov and Mikhail Krivoshlykov.

May 10, 1918 a gang of White Cossacks, fearing an open clash, deceitfully disarmed Podtelkov's detachment.

The next day, May 11, 1918 over the leaders of the Don government, Fedor Podtelkov and Mikhail Krivoshlykov, a massacre took place, as well as his entire detachment in the Ponomarev farm.
The mass murder was carried out in front of the inhabitants of the nearest farms - to intimidate the population.

It should be noted that they started their political Olympus from the village of Kamenskaya. The Kamensky Bolsheviks at the initial stage gave them great support.
The White Cossacks created special "hunting" detachments to capture and destroy "apostates" who were going to create red regiments. Convinced that the path to the north was closed, F. G. Podtelkov decided to go to the peasant volosts of the Donetsk district to join with the detachments of E. A. Shchadenko. But by this time his detachment was almost already surrounded by white Cossacks. The bandits demanded that the Podtelkovites surrender their weapons, promising to let them go north, to their native villages.

As soon as the weapons were handed over, the White Guards surrounded the podtelkovites and drove them under escort to the hut. Ponomarev camp. Krasnokutskaya. On the same day, the White Guard court sentenced F. G. Podtelkov and M. V. Krivoshlykov to hanging, and the remaining 78 captured members of the expedition to death.

May 11, 1918 near the farm. Ponomarev there was a massacre. Podtelkov and Krivoshlykov held themselves exceptionally firmly. With a noose around his neck, Podtelkov addressed the people with a speech, he called on the Cossacks not to believe the officers and chieftains.
“Only one thing: don’t go back to the old one!” - Podtelkov managed to shout his last words ...

So the best sons of the Don Cossacks met death courageously.

A year later, when the hut. Ponomarev Soviet troops, a modest obelisk was erected on the grave of the heroes with the words inscribed on it: "You killed individuals, we will kill classes."

In 1968, a monument was erected on the grave of F. G. Podtelkov, M. V. Krivoshlykov and their comrades-in-arms near the Ponomarev farm. On the 15-meter obelisk is carved: "To prominent figures of the revolutionary Cossacks Fyodor Podtelkov and Mikhail Krivoshlykov and their 83 comrades-in-arms who died from the White Cossacks in May 1918."

Volume 2 of M. A. Sholokhov’s novel “Quiet Don” describes the execution of Fyodor Podtelkov and Mikhail Krivoshlykov, as well as his entire detachment in the Ponomarev farm.
Fedor Grigorievich Podtelkov was born in the Krutovsky farm of the Ust-Khoperskaya village of the Ust-Medvedetsky district in the family of a poor Cossack Grigory Onufrievich Podtelkov. From early childhood, he helped his mother with the housework. Fedor lost his father at a very young age. He was raised by his grandfather. The boy had to walk six kilometers to school every day. It's time to serve in the army. The tall, broad-shouldered Fyodor Podtelkov was enrolled in the 6th Guards Battery, which served in the royal palace in St. Petersburg. During the First World War, for the courage and courage shown in battles, constable F.G. Podtelkov was awarded two St. George's crosses, the medal "For Courage". Received the rank of sergeant.
After the February Revolution, the cadet Podtelkov was elected commander of the 6th Guards Battery. After the October Revolution, the battery went over to the side of the Bolsheviks.

On the Don, after the proclamation of Soviet power, Ataman Kaledin launched an offensive. In the village of Kamenskaya, at the suggestion of the Bolsheviks, a congress of front-line Cossacks was convened. F.G. took an active part in its work. Podtelkov. The congress declared the power of Ataman Kaledin overthrown and formed the Don Regional Military Revolutionary Committee. Fyodor Podtelkov was elected Chairman of the VRC, and Mikhail Krivoshlykov was elected Secretary.
Podtelkov participated in the battles with the Kaledin Cossacks, the formation and strengthening of the revolutionary Cossack units, in the convening and work of the 1st Congress of Soviets of the Don Republic in 1918.
The Don Republic was formed at the end of March 1918, and on April 9, the 1st Congress of Soviets of the Don Republic met in Rostov, at which the Central Executive Committee was elected, headed by the communist V.S. Kovalev. The Central Executive Committee formed the Council of People's Commissars of the Don Republic. F.G. became its chairman. Podtelkov.

Monument

Installed in front of the building of the city museum of local lore, where the military revolutionary committee worked in 1918.
The opening took place on November 5, 1974. S. I. Kudinov, an honorary citizen of the city of Kamensk, spoke at the rally, who knew F. Podtelkov and M. Krivoshlykov well.
The author of the monument is the Rostov sculptor A. Kh. Dzhlauyan.

Sections: Literature

The purpose of the lesson: to show the inevitability of the tragic fate of Grigory Melekhov, the connection of this tragedy with the fate of the country.

Equipment: technological map of the lesson, textbooks, notebooks, the text of the epic novel "Quiet Don" by M.A. Sholokhov, episodes from the film by S.A. Gerasimov "Quiet Flows the Don", color reproductions of the Imperial Military Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George.

Lesson plan:

1. Organizational moment.
2. Conversation on questions (repetition of the material covered).
3. Learning new material.
4. Summing up.
5. Grading.
6. Homework with an explanation.

DURING THE CLASSES

teacher's word. Announcement of the topic of the lesson.

Students are asked to answer the following questions:

1. Name the genre of the work "Quiet Flows the Don" (Epic novel).
2. List the historical events depicted in the novel (The First World War, the Civil War, the uprising of the Cossacks on the Don).
3. Indicate the name of the village where the events of the novel mainly unfold (Khutor Tatarsky).
4. In what year did Sholokhov receive the Nobel Prize for the novel "Quiet Flows the Don" (1965)
5. What does "Cossack" mean in translation from Turkic? (brave, daring)
6. Why does the author use dialectisms? (To create color)

Learning new material

Teacher's word. Heroes of Sholokhov are simple people, but bright, strong, strong-willed. Grigory Melekhov - the protagonist Romana is a brave, honest, conscientious and truly talented person. He is the Cavalier of St. George, which speaks of the courage and heroism of Melekhov the warrior.

Student message(History of the Imperial Military Order of the Holy Great Martyr and Victorious George).

(Demonstration of color illustrations of the order).

The insignia of the military order, usually called the "George Cross" was established in 1807 by the Russian Emperor Alexander I. It was intended to reward the lower ranks of the army and navy for feats and courage in wartime. To deserve "Egoriy" was possible only by real courage and fearlessness in battle. It was worn on the chest in front of all medals on a ribbon with equal orange and black stripes in the colors of the Order of St. George. On the front side of the medallion, Saint George was depicted striking a snake with a spear, and on the other side of the medallion, intertwined monograms S. and G.
Among the lower ranks, this was the most honorable and respected award, which was not removed from the chest even during further promotion to the officer rank and, being already in the officer rank, was proudly worn on the chest with other officer awards. The insignia of the military order was the most democratic award for the lower ranks, because. could be awarded regardless of rank, class, and in some cases the recipients were chosen by decision of a meeting of a company or battalion. The lower ranks, awarded the distinction, received a lifelong pension and were exempted from corporal punishment, and also enjoyed a number of benefits due to the status of the order.
Initially, only the lower ranks of the Orthodox faith could receive a distinction, while the rest were awarded medals for courage and zeal. This caused dissatisfaction on the part of the lower ranks, representatives of other faiths, because. any soldier dreamed of having a cross with the image of a warrior on his chest. Since 1844, the insignia of the military order began to be awarded to the lower ranks - non-Christian denominations. Such signs were distinguished by the fact that on the front and back sides in the central medallion was placed the state emblem of Russia - a double-headed eagle.
1st degree - a golden cross on a St. George ribbon with a bow.
2 degree - a golden cross on a St. George ribbon without a bow.
3rd degree - a silver cross on a St. George ribbon with a bow.
4th degree - a silver cross on a St. George ribbon without a bow.

Special rights and benefits of persons awarded the St. George Cross:

- The George Cross has never been removed.
- The widow of the recipient after his death used the money due to him on the cross for another year.
- Cash distributions during the service were carried out as an increase in salary, and after dismissal from active service, as a pension.
- When awarding the St. George Cross of the 4th degree, the next rank complained at the same time.
- Having the St. George Cross, both employees and reserve and retired lower ranks who fell into a crime, were deprived of the St. George Cross only as a matter of court.
- In case of loss or unintentional loss of the St. George Cross by any of the lower ranks, even if it is a reserve or retired, a new cross is issued to him, at the request of the subject authorities, free of charge.

Teacher's word. Grigory is a full cavalier of the Order of St. George's Cross, received an officer's rank. Cossack troops are one of the most combat-ready units of the regular Russian army.

Student's report on the participation of Cossack troops in hostilities.

For the first time, the Don Cossacks began to act jointly with the Russian army during the reign of Ivan 1U. Having mastered the tactical art of the Russian army, the Cossacks developed their own methods of cavalry fighting in battles with the Turks and nomadic peoples. After the suppression of the Bulavin uprising, the tsarist government deprived the Cossacks of many privileges.
During the First World War, the Cossack formations were among the most combat-ready units of the Russian army. Among the Cossacks there were the smallest losses of manpower, for the entire time of hostilities only one banner was lost. The Cossacks were well versed in all types of weapons, they were excellent at dzhigitovka. During the First World War, there was a great shortage of funds, and the government collected donations to the Fatherland Defense Fund. One of these collections was the collection of awards from precious metals to the state fund. Everywhere in the army and navy, lower ranks and officers surrendered their awards of silver and gold. Documents confirming these facts have been preserved in the archives.

teacher's word. Let's see how the hero reacted to military service. A Cossack nicknamed Chubaty teaches Gregory the famous blow that cuts a man in two. Gregory cannot master the technique of this terrible blow in any way.

Question. Why can't Melekhov master this blow?

Episode No. 1. Conversation between Grigory and Chubatoy (book 1, part 3, chapter 12)

- You are strong, but you are a fool to cut. That's how it should be, Chubaty taught, and his saber in an oblique flight hit the target with monstrous force. - Chop the man boldly. He is a soft man, like dough, Chubaty taught, laughing with his eyes. - Don't think how or what. You are a Cossack, your job is to chop without asking, Filthy, he is a man ... Evil spirits, stinks on the ground, lives like a toadstool mushroom. You have a liquid heart, but I have a solid one.
“You have a wolf heart, or maybe you don’t have any,” Grigory objected.
Conclusion. Sholokhov uses the antithesis. Chubaty imposes on Grigory his understanding of the war, where there is no mercy, no feeling of compassion. The whole nature of Gregory opposes the cruelty that is behind this blow, the hero feels pain for a person (these are the words of Sholokhov).

teacher's word. Grigory proposes to send the captured officer to headquarters. Chubaty volunteered to escort the prisoner.

Episode No. 2. The capture of an officer (book 1, part 3, chapter 12)

A few minutes later, a horse's head appeared from behind a pine tree. Chubaty rode back.
- Well? .. - the constable jumped in fright. - Missed it?
Waving his whip, Chubaty rode up, dismounted, stretched. - He escaped ... I thought to run away. I cut him down.
"You're lying," shouted Gregory. - Killed for nothing!
- What are you making noise? Do you care? Don't go where you don't have to! Understood? Don't climb! Chubaty repeated sternly.
Pulling the rifle by the belt, Grigory swiftly threw it to his shoulder. His finger jumped, not falling on the trigger, his brown face looked strangely sideways.
- But! the constable shouted menacingly, running up to Grigory.
The shock preceded the shot, and the bullet, upholstering the needles from the pines, sang viscously and loudly. The constable, shoving Grigory in the chest, snatched the rifle from him, only Chubaty did not change his position: he still stood with his leg aside, holding his belt with his left hand.
“I’ll kill you!” Grigory rushed towards him.
- Yes, what are you? Like this? Do you want to go to court, to be shot? Lay down your weapons, the officer yelled, and, pushing Grigory aside, stood between them, swearing his hands with a crucifix.

Question. What is this episode about? Why does Grigory want to kill Chubaty?

Answer. Grigory's attempt to kill Chubaty is an attempt to punish evil.

Conclusion. War as mass murder is not Grigory Melekhov's element. By nature, he is a peaceful person. The tragedy of a man in war is forced murder. Gregory dreams of a house. He says to his brother: “I would have been at home now, I would have flown if I had wings.”

Teacher's word. After the October Revolution, the country split. Many yesterday's friends, fellow soldiers, relatives became on different sides, turned out to be enemies. Each side has its own position, its own, though. But Gregory does not share any of the positions. If the heroes of the novel evaluate what is happening only from the point of view of their truth, then Grigory thinks on a large scale, in his mind there are other categories: war and peace, life and death. That's why Gregory is sometimes with whites, sometimes with reds. He does not find his truth anywhere.

Episode No. 3 The execution of Chernetsov (book 2, part 5, chapter 12),

Podtelkov, stepping heavily on the fallen snow, approached the prisoners. Chernetsov, who stood in front, looked at him, screwing up his bright, desperate eyes contemptuously. Podtelkov approached him point-blank. He was trembling all over, his unblinking eyes crawling over the pitted snow.
- Gotcha, bastard! - Podtelkov said in a bubbling low voice and took a step back; His cheeks were slashed with a black smile.
- A traitor to the Cossacks! Scoundrel! Traitor! Chernetsov rang through clenched teeth.
Podtelkov shook his head as if dodging slaps. What happened next played out with astonishing speed. It became quiet. The snow creaked distinctly under the boots of Minaev, Krivoshlykov and several other people, who rushed to Podtelkov. But he got ahead of them; he slashed Chernetsov on the head with terrible force. Grigory saw how Chernetsov, trembling, raised his left hand above his head, saw how a severed wrist broke at an angle and a saber fell silently on Chernetsov's thrown back head.
Podtelkov, already lying down, hacked him again, walked away as an aged, overweight marching soldier, wiping the sloping valleys of his checkers, black with blood, as he went.
Grigory tore himself away from the cart, keeping his bloodshot eyes on Podtelkov, quickly hobbled towards him, Minaev grabbed him from behind, wringing his arms, twisting his arms, and took away the revolver.

Question. Why did Gregory want to stand up for the enemies with whom he fought to the death a few hours ago?

Student response. Gregory is against the killing of unarmed prisoners, because. considers it a crime.

teacher's word. Grigory Melekhov decides to leave the Reds and join the Whites.

Episode No. 4. The execution of Podtelkov. Watching an episode from the film by S.A. Gerasimov "Quiet Flows the Don"

Question. Why do you think M.A. Sholokhov placed these two episodes side by side in the novel?

Student response. These two episodes are placed by the author side by side to show the wrong and lawlessness of both the Reds and the Whites.

Conclusion. Evil begets evil, the flow of violence cannot be stopped.

teacher's word. Gregory's throwing between the Reds and the Whites testifies to the contradiction of his character. When describing the hero, Sholokhov very often uses the technique - antithesis. Peaceful consciousness is opposed to the consciousness of war. The hero wants peace and silence, and all around is war and violence. And this is the tragedy of man, the tragedy of a generation, the tragedy of a people who were drawn into a fratricidal civil war, where there is no place for the observance of the law, no place for mercy, where there are no prisoners. It is not the hero who is split in his mind, but the world is torn apart. Guys! Remember the works about the civil war that we studied.

Students response. I. Babel "Letter", "Crossing the Zbruch", M.A. Sholokhov "Mole".

Episode No. 5. A conversation between Grigory and Mikhail Koshevoy in the Melikhovs' house. Viewing frames from the film by S.A. Gerasimov "Quiet Flows the Don"

Mikhail is a friend of Melikhov, they grew up and served together. Michael is married to Gregory's sister.

Question. What cannot Michael forgive a friend of his youth?

Answer. Mikhail cannot forgive Gregory for serving with the Whites.

Question. What thought sounds in the words of Gregory: "If you remember everything, you have to live like wolves."

Student response. A very important thought sounds - reconciliation, unity is necessary.

Conclusion. To live on, you need to forgive each other. But this is also the tragedy of Grigory Melekhov and the hundreds of thousands of Russian people who could not find this reconciliation. Each of the opposing sides had its own truth. Therefore, the ending is tragic: Grigory's family is scattered, his beloved woman dies, the house is devastated, after long ordeals the hero returns home. The whole horror of the civil war lies in the fact that honest, worthy people who passionately love Russia spoke on both sides, but no one wanted to hear the other side, to find common ground for unity and understanding. The tragedy of Gregory lies in the need for truth and the impossibility of achieving it.

Episode No. 6. The death of Aksinya (book 4, part 8, chapter 17)

Aksinya pulled on the reins and, throwing herself back, fell on her side. Grigory managed to support her, otherwise she would have fallen.
- Were you hurt? Where did it go?! Speak now!.. – Grigory asked hoarsely.
She was silent and leaned harder and harder on his arm. As he galloped, clutching her to himself, Grigory gasped and whispered:
- For God's sake! At least a word! Yes, what are you?!
Aksinya died in Grigory's arms shortly before dawn. Consciousness never returned to her. He silently kissed her lips, cold and salty with blood, carefully lowered her onto the grass, stood up. An unknown force pushed him in the chest, and he backed away, fell on his back, but immediately jumped to his feet in fright. And once again he fell, painfully hitting his bare head on a stone. Then, without rising from his knees, he took out a saber from its scabbard and began to dig a grave. The earth was moist and pliable. He was in a hurry, but choking was pressing on his throat, and to make it easier to breathe, he tore his shirt.
He buried his Aksinya in the bright morning light. Already in the grave, he crossed her dead, whitened, swarthy hands on his chest, covered his face with a head scarf so that the earth would not fall asleep her half-open, motionlessly directed to the sky and already beginning to fade eyes, He said goodbye to her, firmly believing that they would part for a short time. …

Question. How does Gregory survive the death of his beloved woman?

Answer. The personal life of the protagonist is tragic. With the death of Aksinya comes the realization that the worst tragedy in his life has happened.

Question. What remains for Gregory? Find the answer in the text of the novel.

Student response (Book 4, Part 8, Chapter 17).

Gregory finally returns home, to his father's house, to his native land, takes his son in his arms. Life goes on.

Final word from the teacher. Author's position lies in the fact that it is impossible to achieve the ideal, but this does not mean that one should not strive for it, because we must be responsible to future generations. And when we leave, this heavy burden will fall on your shoulders.

Summarizing, grading.

Homework. Prepare for an essay based on the novel by M.A. Sholokhov "Quiet Don". (Themes for preparation for the composition are announced).