RUSSIAN INVENTORS OF THE 19TH CENTURY. "1802 V.V. Petrov (1761-1834) Physicist, developed the world's largest galvanic battery; discovered an electric arc. 1806 K.K. Prince (1778-?) Engineer, developed the world's first heavy-duty platform scales. 1814 P .I.Prokopovich (1775-1850) was the first in the world to invent a frame hive, in which he used a magazine with frames.1826 V.V.Lyubarsky and P.S.Sobolevsky Chemists laid the foundation for powder metallurgy. 1856) Mathematician, presented the manuscript of the work "Abbreviated presentation of the principles of geometry". This date is considered the year of birth of non-Euclidean geometry. 1837 D.A. Zagryazhsky (1807-1860) invented caterpillars. 1838 B.O. Jacobi (1801-1874) invented electroplating B.S.Yakobson Academician, created the world’s first ship using galvanic cells 1841 P.P.Anosov (1797-1851) Metallurgist, revealed the secret of making ancient damask steel 1844 D.I.Zhuravsky (1821-1891) first developed the theory of calculations of bridge trusses, which is currently used throughout the world.1860 Na Kn The world's first steel cannon was cast at the Yaze-Mikhailovsky factory according to Obukhov's method. 1867 A.A.Inostrantsev (1843-1919) was the first in the world to use a microscope to study rocks. 1872 A.N. Lodygin (1847-1923) invented a carbon incandescent lamp. 1875 P.N.Yablochkov (1847-1894) invented the arc lamp. 1879 F.A. Blinov (1823-1899) for the first time in the world built a caterpillar machine - a prototype of a tractor, a tank. 1880 GG Ignatiev (1846-1898) for the first time in the world developed a system of simultaneous telephony and telegraphy over one cable. KS Dzhevetsky (1843-1938) built the world's first submarine with an electric motor. 1881 NI Kibalchich (1854-1881) was the first in the world to develop a scheme for a rocket aircraft. 1882 N.N. Benardos (1842-1905) invented electric welding. A.F. Mozhaisky (1825-1890) built the world's first airplane. 1886 PM Golubitsky (1845-1911) developed the world's first portable microtelephone station. VI Sreznevsky (1849-1937) Engineer, invented the world's first aerial camera. 1887 A.G. Stoletov (1839-1896) Physicist, for the first time in the world created a photocell based on an external photoelectric effect. PD Kuzminsky (1840-1900) built the world's first radial gas turbine. 1890 VK Tserasky (1849-1925) for the first time in the world carried out the melting of metals in the solar focus. 1891 for the first time in the world, three-phase current was transmitted at a distance of 170 km (Laufen-Frankfurt, Germany). The author of this project is the Russian engineer M.O. Dolivo-Dobrovolsky (1861-1919). In Russia, for the first time in the world, a privilege was obtained for a hydrofoil vessel. On November 21, V. Shukhov and S. Gavrilov received the privilege of a plant for continuous distillation and splitting, i.e. oil cracking. A similar patent appeared in the USA in 1912. 1893 I.A. Timchenko (1852-1924) At the end of this year he developed the world's first movie camera. In January of next year, he is already showing an image on the screen. In 1893, the movie camera appears in England. And only two years later (in 1895) the French Lumiere brothers develop a movie camera of their own design. S. M. Apostolov-Berdichevsky and M. F. Freidenberg created the world's first automatic telephone exchange. 1894 ND Pilchikov (1857-1908) Physicist, for the first time in the world created and successfully demonstrated a wireless control system. Radio engineer N.Tesla completed a similar work in principle in 1898. 1895 VA Gassiev Engineer built the world's first phototypesetting machine. On May 7, the physicist A.S. Popov (1859-1905) at a meeting of the Russian Physical and Chemical Society demonstrated the operation of the world's first radio receiver. The Italian radio engineer G. Marconi developed his radio receiver in 1897. 1896 KE Tsiolkovsky (1857-1935) began to systematically develop the theory of the movement of jet vehicles in outer space. VG Shukhov Engineer, got the privilege to design a tower, the surface of which is a hyperboloid of revolution. In the same year, such a tower was built at the Nizhny Novgorod Fair. The Americans used this invention of Shukhov to erect masts on their warships, because. they remain stable after many projectile hits. According to Shukhov's method, a tower was built in Moscow on Shabalovka. 1897 VG Shukhov (1853-1939) Engineer, according to his project, the world's largest oil pipeline 835 km long was built in Russia. 1899 PN Lebedev (1866-1912) Physicist, for the first time in science experimentally proved the existence of light pressure on solids. The world's first icebreaker, Yermak, was built in Russia.
Scientists of the 19th century are the creators of great innovations, discoveries and inventions. The 19th century gave us a lot famous people who completely changed the world. The 19th century brought us a technological revolution, electrification and great advances in medicine. Below is a list of some of the most important inventors and their inventions that have made a huge impact on humanity that we enjoy even today.
Nikola Tesla - alternating current, electric motor, radio technology, remote control
If you start to explore the legacy of Nikola Tesla, then you can understand that he was one of the greatest inventors of the 19th and early 20th centuries and rightfully deserves the first place on this list. He was born on July 10, 1856, in Smiljan, Austrian Empire, in the family of the Serbian priest Milutin Tesla Orthodox Church. The father, as a Serbian Orthodox priest, initially instilled Nikola's interest in science. He was well versed in the mechanical devices of the time.
Nikola Tesla received a gymnasium education and later entered politechnical University in Graz, Austria. He dropped out of school and went to Budapest, where he worked for a telegraph company and then became the chief electrician in Budapest at the automatic telephone exchange. In 1884 he began working for Edison, where he received a reward of $50,000 for engine improvements. Tesla then set up his own laboratory where he could experiment. He discovered the electron, x-rays, the rotating magnetic field, electrical resonance, cosmic radio waves and invented the wireless remote control, radio technology, the electric motor and many other things that changed the world.
Today he is the most famous scientist of the 19th century for his contributions to the construction of the Niagara Falls Power Plant and for his discovery and application alternating current which became the standard and is still in use today. He died on January 7, 1943, in New York, USA.
Every year or decade there are more and more scientists and inventors who give us new discoveries and inventions in various fields. But there are inventions that, once invented, change our way of life in the most enormous way, moving us forward on the path of progress. Here are just ten great inventions that have changed the world we live in.
List of inventions:
1. Nails
Inventor: unknown
Without nails, our civilization would surely collapse. It is difficult to establish the exact date of the appearance of nails. Now the approximate date of the creation of nails is in the Bronze Age. That is, it is obvious that nails could not have appeared before people learned how to cast and form metal. Previously, wooden structures had to be built using more complex technologies, using complex geometric structures. Now the construction process has become much easier.
Until the 1790s and early 1800s, iron nails were made by hand. The blacksmith would heat a square iron bar and then beat it on four sides to create the sharp end of the nail. Machines for making nails appeared between the 1790s and the early 1800s. Nail technology continued to evolve; After Henry Bessemer developed the process to mass-produce steel from iron, the iron nails of yesteryear gradually fell out of favor, and by 1886, 10% of nails in the US were made from mild steel wire (according to the University of Vermont). By 1913, 90% of the nails produced in the US were made from steel wire.
2. Wheel
Inventor: unknown
The idea of a symmetrical component moving in a circular motion along an axis existed in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt and Europe separately at different time periods. Thus, it is impossible to establish who and where exactly invented the wheel, but this great invention appeared in 3500 BC and became one of the most important inventions of mankind. The wheel facilitated work in the areas of agriculture and transportation, and also became the basis for other inventions, ranging from carriages to clocks.
3. Printing press
Johannes Gutenberg invented the manual printing press in 1450. By 1500 in Western Europe Twenty million books have already been printed. In the 19th century, a modification was made, and the iron parts replaced the wood ones, which speeded up the printing process. The cultural and industrial revolution in Europe would not have been possible were it not for the speed with which the printing press made it possible to distribute documents, books and newspapers to a wide audience. The printing press allowed the development of the press, and also gave people the opportunity to educate themselves. The political sphere would also be unthinkable without millions of copies of leaflets and posters. What can we say about the state apparatus with its endless number of forms? All in all, a truly great invention.
4. Steam engine
Inventor Story by: James Watt
Although the first version of the steam engine dates back to the 3rd century AD, it was not until the early 19th century with the advent of the industrial age that the modern form of the internal combustion engine emerged. It took decades of design, after James Watt made the first drawings, according to which the combustion of fuel releases high-temperature gas and, as it expands, puts pressure on the piston and moves it. This phenomenal invention played a decisive role in the invention of other mechanisms such as automobiles and airplanes that changed the face of the planet we live on.
5. Bulb
Inventor: Thomas Alva Edison
The invention of the light bulb was developed during the 1800s by Thomas Edison; he is credited with the title of the main inventor of a lamp that could burn for 1500 hours without burning out (invented in 1879). The idea of the light bulb itself does not belong to Edison and was expressed by many people, but it was he who managed to choose the right materials so that the light bulb burned for a long time and became cheaper than candles.
6. Penicillin
Inventor: Alexander Fleming
Penicillin was accidentally discovered in a petri dish by Alexander Fleming in 1928. The drug penicillin is a group of antibiotics that treats several infections in humans without harming them. Penicillin was mass-produced during World War II to rid military personnel of STDs and is still used as the standard antibiotic against infections. It was one of the most famous discoveries made in the field of medicine. Alexander Fleming received in 1945 Nobel Prize, and the newspapers of the time wrote:
"To defeat fascism and liberate France, he made more whole divisions"
7. Phone
Inventor: Antonio Meucci
For a long time it was believed that Alexander Bell was the discoverer of the telephone, but in 2002 the US Congress decided that the right of primacy in the invention of the telephone belongs to Antonio Meucci. In 1860 (16 years earlier than Graham Bell), Antonio Meucci demonstrated an apparatus that could transmit voice over wires. Antonio called his invention Telektrofon and applied for a patent in 1871. This set the stage for one of the most revolutionary inventions that almost everyone on our planet has in their pockets and on their desks. The telephone, which later also developed as a mobile phone, has had a vital impact on mankind, especially in the areas of business and communication. The expansion of audible speech from inside one room to the whole world is a feat unparalleled to this day.
8. Television
Zworykin with an iconoscope
Inventor: Rosing Boris Lvovich and his students Zworykin Vladimir Konstantinovich and Kataev Semyon Isidorovich (not recognized as a discoverer), as well as Philon Farnsworth
Although the invention of television cannot be attributed to one person, most people acknowledge that the invention of modern television was the merit of two people: Vladimir Kosma Zworykin (1923) and Philo Farnsworth (1927). It should be noted here that in the USSR Kataev Semyon Isidorovich was engaged in the development of a TV using parallel technology, and Rosing described the first experiments and principles of operation of electric television at all at the beginning of the 20th century. Television was also one of the greatest inventions that has evolved from mechanical to electronic, from black and white to color, from analog to digital, from primitive models without a remote to intelligent, and now all to 3D versions and small home theaters. People usually spend about 4-8 hours a day watching TV, and this has greatly affected family and social life, as well as changed our culture beyond recognition.
9. Computer
Inventor: Charles Babbage, Alan Turing and others.
The principle of the modern computer was first mentioned by Alan Turing and later the first mechanical computer was invented in the early 19th century. This invention has really done amazing things in more areas of life, including the philosophy and culture of human society. The computer has helped take off high-speed military aircraft, put spacecraft into orbit, control medical equipment, create visual images, store vast amounts of information, and improve the functioning of cars, telephones, and power plants.
10. Internet and World Wide Web
Map of the entire computer network for 2016
Inventor: Vinton Cerf and Tim Berners-Lee
The Internet was first developed in 1973 by Vinton Cerf with the support of the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). Its original use was to provide a communications network to research laboratories and universities in the United States and to expand overtime. This invention (along with the World Wide Web) was the main revolutionary invention of the 20th century. In 1996, over 25 million computers were connected via the Internet in 180 countries, and now we even had to switch to IPv6 to increase the number of IP addresses, since IPv4 addresses were completely exhausted, and there were about 4.22 billion of them.
The World Wide Web, as we know, was first predicted by Arthur C. Clarke. However, the invention was made 19 years later in 1989 by CERN employee Tom Berners Lee. The web has changed the way we think about various areas, including education, music, finance, reading, medicine, language, etc. The web is potentially superior all the great inventions of the world.
The 19th century laid the foundations for the development of 20th century science and set the stage for many of the future inventions and technological innovations that we enjoy today. Scientific discoveries of the 19th century were made in many areas and had a great influence on further development. Technological progress progressed uncontrollably. To whom are we grateful for the comfortable conditions in which modern humanity now lives?
Scientific discoveries of the 19th century: Physics and electrical engineering
A key feature in the development of science of this period of time is the widespread use of electricity in all branches of production. And people could no longer refuse to use electricity, feeling its significant benefits. Many scientific discoveries of the 19th century were made in this area of physics. At that time, scientists began to closely study electromagnetic waves and their effect on various materials. The introduction of electricity into medicine began.
In the 19th century, such famous scientists as the Frenchman Andre-Marie Ampère, two Englishmen Michael Faraday and James Clark Maxwell, Americans Joseph Henry and Thomas Edison worked in the field of electrical engineering.
In 1831, Michael Faraday noticed that if a copper wire moves in a magnetic field, crossing lines of force, then electricity. This is how the concept of electromagnetic induction appeared. This discovery paved the way for the invention of electric motors.
In 1865, James Clark Maxwell developed electromagnetic theory Sveta. He suggested the existence of electromagnetic waves, through which electrical energy is transmitted in space. In 1883, Heinrich Hertz proved the existence of these waves. He also determined that the speed of their propagation is 300 thousand km / s. Based on this discovery, Guglielmo Marconi and A. S. Popov created a wireless telegraph - radio. This invention became the basis for modern technologies for wireless information transmission, radio and television, including all types of mobile communications, which are based on the principle of data transmission by means of electromagnetic waves.
Chemistry
In the field of chemistry in the 19th century, the most significant discovery was D.I. Mendeleev's Periodic Law. Based on this discovery, a table of chemical elements was developed, which Mendeleev saw in a dream. In accordance with this table, he suggested that there were still unknown chemical elements. The predicted chemical elements scandium, gallium and germanium were subsequently discovered between 1875 and 1886.
Astronomy
XIX Art. was a century of formation and rapid development of another field of science - astrophysics. Astrophysics is a branch of astronomy that studies the properties of celestial bodies. This term appeared in the mid-60s of the 19th century. Johann Carl Friedrich Zöllner, a German professor at the University of Leipzig, stood at its origins. The main research methods used in astrophysics are photometry, photography and spectral analysis. One of the inventors of spectral analysis is Kirchhoff. He conducted the first studies of the spectrum of the Sun. As a result of these studies, in 1859 he managed to obtain a drawing of the solar spectrum and more accurately determine the chemical composition of the Sun.
Medicine and Biology
With the advent of the 19th century, science begins to develop at an unprecedented speed. There are so many scientific discoveries that it is difficult to track them in detail. Medicine and biology are not far behind. The most significant contributions to this field were made by the German microbiologist Robert Koch, the French physician Claude Bernard, and the microbiological chemist Louis Pasteur.
Bernard laid the foundations of endocrinology - the science of the functions and structure of the endocrine glands. Louis Pasteur became one of the founders of immunology and microbiology. In honor of this scientist, the technology of pasteurization is named - this is a method of heat treatment of mostly liquid products. This technology is used to kill vegetative forms of microorganisms to increase the shelf life of food products such as beer and milk.
Robert Koch discovered the causative agent of tuberculosis, anthrax bacillus and vibrio cholerae. For the discovery of the tubercle bacillus, he was awarded the Nobel Prize.
Useful article:
Computers
Although it is believed that the first computer appeared in the 20th century, the first prototypes of modern machine tools with numerical control were built already in the 19th century. Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French inventor, came up with a way to program the loom in 1804. The essence of the invention was that the thread could be controlled using punched cards with holes in certain places where the thread was supposed to be applied to the fabric.
Mechanical engineering and industry
Already at the beginning of the 19th century, a gradual revolution in mechanical engineering began. Oliver Evans was one of the first who in 1804 in Philadelphia (USA) demonstrated a car with a steam engine.
At the end of the 18th century, the first lathes appeared. They were developed by the English mechanic Henry Maudsley.
With the help of such machines, it was possible to replace manual labor, when it was necessary to process metal with great accuracy.
In the 19th century, the principle of operation of a heat engine was discovered and the internal combustion engine was invented, which served as an impetus for the development of faster vehicles: steam locomotives, steamboats and self-propelled vehicles, which we now call cars.
Railroads also began to develop. In 1825, George Stephenson built the first railway in England. It provided rail links to the cities of Stockton and Darlington. In 1829 a branch line was laid that linked Liverpool and Manchester. If in 1840 the total length railways was 7700 km, then by the end of the 19th century it was already 1,080,000 km.
The 19th century is the age of the industrial revolution, the age of electricity, the age of railroads. It had a significant impact on the culture and worldview of mankind, radically changed the system of human values. The appearance of the first electric motors, the invention of the telephone and telegraph, radio and heating devices, as well as incandescent lamps - all these scientific discoveries of the 19th century turned the life of people of that time upside down.
Radio, television, the first artificial satellite, color photography and much more are inscribed in the history of Russian inventions. These discoveries marked the beginning of the phenomenal development of the most different areas in science and technology. Of course, everyone knows some of these stories, because sometimes they become almost more famous than the inventions themselves, while others remain in the shadow of their loud neighbors.
1. Electric car
The modern world is hard to imagine without cars. Of course, more than one mind had a hand in the invention of this transport, but in improving the machine and bringing it to its current state, the number of participants is increasing many times, geographically gathering together the whole world. But separately we will note Ippolit Vladimirovich Romanov, since he owns the invention of the world's first electric car. In 1899, in St. Petersburg, an engineer presented a four-wheeled carriage designed to carry two passengers. Among the features of this invention, it can be noted that the diameter of the front wheels significantly exceeded the diameter of the rear ones. The maximum speed was 39 km / h, but very a complex system recharging allowed to pass at this speed only 60 km. This electric car became the forefather of the trolleybus known to us.
2. Monorail
And today, monorails make a futuristic impression, so you can imagine how incredible by the standards of 1820 was the “road on poles”, invented by Ivan Kirillovich Elmanov. A horse-drawn trolley moved along a bar, which was mounted on small supports. To Elmanov's great regret, there was no philanthropist who was interested in the invention, because of which he had to abandon the idea. And only 70 years later the monorail was built in Gatchina, St. Petersburg province.
3. Electric motor
Boris Semenovich Jacobi, an architect by education, at the age of 33, while in Koenigsberg, became interested in the physics of charged particles, and in 1834 he made a discovery - an electric motor operating on the principle of rotation of the working shaft. Instantly, Jacobi becomes famous in scientific circles, and among many invitations for further education and development, he chooses St. Petersburg University. So, together with Academician Emil Khristianovich Lenz, he continued to work on the electric motor, creating two more options. The first was designed for a boat and rotated the paddle wheels. With the help of this engine, the ship easily kept afloat, moving even against the current of the Neva River. And the second electric motor was the prototype of a modern tram and rolled a man in a cart along the rails. Among Jacobi's inventions, electroplating can also be noted - a process that allows you to create perfect copies of the original object. This discovery was widely used to decorate interiors, houses and much more. Among the merits of the scientist is also the creation of underground and underwater cables. Boris Jacobi became the author of about a dozen designs of telegraph devices, and in 1850 he invented the world's first direct-printing telegraph device, which worked on the principle of synchronous movement. This device was recognized as one of the greatest achievements of electrical engineering in the middle of the 19th century.
4. Color photography
If earlier everything that happened tried to get on paper, now all life is aimed at obtaining a photograph. Therefore, without this invention, which has become part of the small but rich history of photography, we would not have seen such a “reality”. Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky developed a special camera and introduced his brainchild to the world in 1902. This camera was capable of taking three shots of the same image, each shot through three completely different light filters: red, green, and blue. And the patent received by the inventor in 1905 can be considered, without exaggeration, the beginning of the era of color photography in Russia. This invention is becoming much better than the achievements of foreign chemists, which is an important fact in view of the massive interest in photography around the world.
5. Bicycle
It is generally accepted that all information about the invention of the bicycle before 1817 is doubtful. The history of Efim Mikheevich Artamonov also enters this period. The Ural serf inventor made the first bike ride around 1800 from the Ural worker of the Tagil factory settlement to Moscow, the distance was about two thousand miles. For his invention, Efim was granted freedom from serfdom. But this story remains a legend, while the patent of the German professor Baron Karl von Dres from 1818 is a historical fact.
6. Telegraph
Mankind has always been looking for ways to transfer information as quickly as possible from one source to another. Fire, smoke from a campfire, various combinations of sound signals helped people transmit distress signals and other emergency messages. The development of this process is undoubtedly one of the critical tasks facing the world. The first electromagnetic telegraph was created by the Russian scientist Pavel Lvovich Schilling in 1832, presenting it in his apartment. He came up with a certain combination of symbols, each of which corresponded to a letter of the alphabet. This combination appeared on the apparatus as black or white circles.
7. Incandescent lamp
If you pronounce "incandescent lamp", then the name of Edison immediately sounds in your head. Yes, this invention is no less famous than the name of its inventor. However, a relatively small number of people know that Edison did not invent the lamp, but only improved it. Whereas Alexander Nikolaevich Lodygin, being a member of the Russian Technical Society, in 1870 proposed the use of tungsten filaments in lamps, twisting them into a spiral. Of course, the history of the invention of the lamp is not the result of the work of one scientist - rather, it is a series of successive discoveries that were in the air and were needed by the world, but it was the contribution of Alexander Lodygin that became especially great.
8. Radio receiver
The question of who is the inventor of the radio is debatable. Almost every country has its own scientist, who is credited with the creation of this device. So, in Russia, this scientist is Alexander Stepanovich Popov, in whose favor many weighty arguments are given. On May 7, 1895, the reception and transmission of radio signals at a distance were demonstrated for the first time. And the author of this demonstration was Popov. He was not only the first to put the receiver into practice, but also the first to send a radiogram. Both events occurred before the patent of Marconi, who is considered the inventor of the radio.
9. Television
The discovery and widespread use of television broadcasting has radically changed the way information is disseminated in society. Boris Lvovich Rosing was also involved in this most powerful achievement, who in July 1907 filed an application for the invention of the "Method of electrical transmission of images over distances." Boris Lvovich managed to successfully transmit and receive an accurate image on the screen of the still simplest device, which was the prototype of the kinescope of a modern television, which the scientist called the "electric telescope". Among those who helped Rosing with experience was Vladimir Zworykin, then a student of the St. 1911.
10. Parachute
Gleb Evgenievich Kotelnikov was an actor in the troupe of the People's House on the Petersburg Side. Then, impressed by the death of the pilot, Kotelnikov began to develop a parachute. Before Kotelnikov, the pilots escaped with the help of long folded "umbrellas" fixed on the plane. Their design was very unreliable, besides, they greatly increased the weight of the aircraft. Therefore, they were rarely used. Gleb Evgenievich proposed his completed project of a backpack parachute in 1911. But, despite successful tests, the inventor did not receive a patent in Russia. The second attempt was more successful, and in 1912 in France, his discovery received legal force. But even this fact did not help the parachute to start wide production in Russia because of the fears of the head of the Russian air forces, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, that the aviators would leave the airplane at the slightest malfunction. And only in 1924 he finally receives a domestic patent, and later transfers all rights to use his invention to the government.
11. Movie camera
In 1893, working together with the physicist Lyubimov, Iosif Andreevich Timchenko created the so-called "snail" - a special mechanism with which it was possible to intermittently change the sequence of frames in the stroboscope. This mechanism later formed the basis of the kinetoscope, which Timchenko is developing together with the engineer Freidenberg. The kinetoscope was demonstrated the following year at a congress of Russian doctors and naturalists. Two tapes were shown: "The Spear Thrower" and "The Galloping Horseman", which were filmed at the Odessa hippodrome. This event is even documented. So, in the minutes of the section meeting it says: “Representatives of the meeting got acquainted with the invention of Mr. Timchenko with interest. And, in accordance with the proposals of two professors, we decided to express our gratitude to Mr. Timchenko.”
12. Automatic
Since 1913, the inventor Vladimir Grigorievich Fedorov began work, consisting in testing an automatic rifle (firing in bursts) chambered for 6.5 mm, which was the fruit of his development. Three years later, soldiers of the 189th Izmail regiment are already armed with such rifles. But the serial production of machine guns was launched only after the end of the revolution. The weapons of the designer were in service with the domestic army until 1928. But, according to some reports, during the Winter War with Finland, the troops still used some copies of the Fedorov assault rifle.
13. Laser
The history of the invention of the laser began with the name of Einstein, who created the theory of the interaction of radiation with matter. At the same time, Alexei Tolstoy, in his famous novel The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin, wrote about the same thing. Until 1955, attempts to create a laser were not successful. And only thanks to two Russian physicists - N.G. Basov and A.M. Prokhorov, who developed a quantum generator, the laser began its history in practice. In 1964, Basov and Prokhorov received the Nobel Prize in Physics.
14. Artificial heart
The name of Vladimir Petrovich Demikhov is associated with more than one operation, which was performed for the first time. Surprisingly, Demikhov was not a doctor - he was a biologist. In 1937, being a third-year student of the biological faculty of the Moscow state university, he created a mechanical heart and put it on the dog instead of the real one. The dog lived with the prosthesis for about three hours. After the war, Demikhov got a job at the Institute of Surgery of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR and created a small experimental laboratory there, in which he began to engage in research on organ transplantation. Already in 1946, he was the first in the world to perform a heart transplant from one dog to another. In the same year, he also performed the first transplant of a heart and lung into a dog at the same time. And most importantly, Demikhov's dogs lived with transplanted hearts for several days. It was a real breakthrough in cardiovascular surgery.
15. Anesthesia
Since ancient times, mankind has dreamed of getting rid of pain. This was especially true of treatment, which was sometimes more painful than the disease itself. Herbs, strong drinks only dulled the symptoms, but did not allow serious actions accompanied by serious pain. This significantly hindered the development of medicine. Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov, the great Russian surgeon, to whom the world owes many important discoveries, made a huge contribution to anesthesiology. In 1847 he summarized his experiments in a monograph on anesthesia, which was published throughout the world. Three years later, for the first time in the history of medicine, he began to operate on the wounded with ether anesthesia in the field. In total, the great surgeon performed about 10,000 operations under ether anesthesia. Also, Nikolai Ivanovich is the author of topographic anatomy, which has no analogues in the world.
16. Plane Mozhaisky
Many minds around the world worked to solve the most difficult problems in the development of the aircraft. Numerous drawings, theories and even test designs did not give a practical result - the plane did not lift a person into the air. The talented Russian inventor Alexander Fedorovich Mozhaisky was the first in the world to create a full-size aircraft. Having studied the works of his predecessors, he developed and supplemented them using his theoretical knowledge and practical experience. His results fully resolved the issues of his time and, despite the very unfavorable situation, namely the lack of actual opportunities in material and technical terms, Mozhaisky was able to find the strength to complete the construction of the world's first aircraft. It was a creative feat that forever glorified our Motherland. But the surviving documentary materials, unfortunately, do not allow us to give a description of the aircraft of A.F. Mozhaisky and its tests in the necessary detail.
17. Aerodynamics
Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovsky developed theoretical basis aviation and methods for calculating aircraft - and this was at a time when the builders of the first aircraft claimed that “an aircraft is not a machine, it cannot be calculated”, and most of all they hoped for experience, practice and their intuition. In 1904, Zhukovsky discovered the law that determines the lift force of an aircraft wing, determined the main profiles of the wings and propeller blades of an aircraft; developed the vortex theory of the propeller.
18. Atomic and hydrogen bomb
Academician Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov occupies a special place in the science of the twentieth century and in the history of our country. He, an outstanding physicist, plays an exceptional role in the development of scientific and scientific-technical problems of mastering nuclear energy in the Soviet Union. The solution of this most difficult task, the creation of a nuclear shield of the Motherland in a short time in one of the most dramatic periods in the history of our country, the development of problems of the peaceful use of nuclear energy was the main business of his life. It was under his leadership that the most terrible weapon of the post-war period was created and successfully tested in 1949. Without the right to make a mistake, otherwise - execution ... And already in 1961, a group of nuclear physicists from the Kurchatov laboratory created the most powerful explosive device in the entire history of mankind - the AN 602 hydrogen bomb, which was immediately assigned the quite appropriate historical name - “Tsar Bomb ". When this bomb was tested, the seismic wave resulting from the explosion circled the globe three times.
19. Rocket and space technology and practical astronautics
The name of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev characterizes one of the brightest pages in the history of our state - the era of space exploration. The first artificial satellite of the Earth, the first manned flight into space, the first spacewalk by an astronaut, many years of work orbital station and much more is directly related to the name of Academician Korolev, the first Chief Designer of Rocket and Space Systems. From 1953 to 1961, every day Korolev was scheduled by the minute: at the same time he worked on projects for a manned spaceship, artificial satellite and intercontinental missile. October 4, 1957 was a great day for world cosmonautics: after that, the satellite flew through Soviet pop culture for another 30 years and even registered in the Oxford Dictionary as “sputnik”. Well, about what happened on April 12, 1961, it’s enough to say “man in space”, because almost every one of our compatriots knows what it is about.
20. Mi series helicopters
During the Great Patriotic War, Academician Mil worked in the evacuation in the village of Bilimbay, mainly engaged in the improvement of combat aircraft, improving their stability and controllability. His work was marked by five government awards. In 1943, Mil defended his Ph.D. thesis "Criteria for the controllability and maneuverability of an aircraft"; in 1945 - a doctorate: "The dynamics of a rotor with hinged blades and its application to the problems of stability and controllability of an autogyro and a helicopter." In December 1947, M. L. Mil became the chief designer of an experimental design bureau for helicopter construction. After a series of tests at the beginning of 1950, a decision was issued to create an experimental series of 15 GM-1 helicopters under the designation Mi-1.
21. Aircraft of Andrey Tupolev
Andrei Tupolev's design bureau developed more than 100 types of aircraft, 70 of which were mass-produced in different years. With the participation of his aircraft, 78 world records were set, 28 unique flights were performed, including the rescue of the crew of the Chelyuskin steamer with the participation of the ANT-4 aircraft. Non-stop flights of the crews of Valery Chkalov and Mikhail Gromov to the USA through the North Pole were carried out on ANT-25 aircraft. In the scientific expeditions "North Pole" by Ivan Papanin, ANT-25 aircraft were also used. Big number bombers, torpedo bombers, reconnaissance aircraft designed by Tupolev (TV-1, TV-3, SB, TV-7, MTB-2, TU-2) and torpedo boats G-4, G-5 were used in combat operations in the Great Patriotic War in 1941-1945. In peacetime, among the military and civilian aircraft developed under the leadership of Tupolev were the Tu-4 strategic bomber, the first Soviet Tu-12 jet bomber, the Tu-95 turboprop strategic bomber, the Tu-16 long-range missile carrier bomber, and the Tu-22 supersonic bomber; the first Tu-104 jet passenger aircraft (it was built on the basis of the Tu-16 bomber), the first Tu-114 turboprop intercontinental passenger airliner, Tu-124, Tu-134, Tu-154 short- and medium-haul aircraft. Together with Alexei Tupolev, the Tu-144 supersonic passenger aircraft was developed. Tupolev's planes became the backbone of Aeroflot's fleet and were also operated in dozens of countries around the world.
22. Eye microsurgery
Millions of doctors, having received a diploma, are eager to help people, dream of future achievements. But most of them gradually lose their former fuse: no aspirations, the same thing from year to year. Fedorov's enthusiasm and interest in the profession only grew from year to year. Just six years after the institute, he defended his Ph.D. thesis, and in 1960 in Cheboksary, where he then worked, he performed a revolutionary operation to replace the lens of the eye with an artificial one. Similar operations were carried out abroad before, but in the USSR they were considered pure charlatanism, and Fedorov was fired from his job. After that, he became the head of the Department of Eye Diseases at the Arkhangelsk Medical Institute. It was here that Fedorov's "empire" began in his biography: a team of like-minded people gathered around the indefatigable surgeon, ready for revolutionary changes in eye microsurgery. People from all over the country flocked to Arkhangelsk with the hope of regaining their lost sight, and they really began to see clearly. The innovative surgeon was also appreciated "officially" - together with his team, he moved to Moscow. And he began to do absolutely fantastic things: to correct vision with the help of keratotomy (special incisions on the cornea of the eye), transplant the donor cornea, developed a new method for operating on glaucoma, and became a pioneer of laser eye microsurgery.
23. Tetris
Mid 80s. A time covered in legends. The idea of Tetris was born by Alexey Pajitnov in 1984 after getting acquainted with the American mathematician Solomon Golomb's Pentomino Puzzle. The essence of this puzzle was quite simple and painfully familiar to any contemporary: from several figures it was necessary to assemble one large one. Alexey decided to make a computer version of pentomino. Pajitnov not only took the idea, but also supplemented it: in his game, it was necessary to collect figures in a glass in real time, and the figures themselves consisted of five elements and could rotate around their own center of gravity during the fall. But the computers of the Computing Center turned out to be unable to do this - the electronic pentomino simply did not have enough resources. Then Aleksey decides to reduce the number of blocks that made up the falling figures to four. So from pentomino turned tetramino. Alexey names the new game “Tetris”.