Parameter name	Meaning
Article subject:	Formation of a unified state of Russia. Ivan III
Rubric (thematic category)	History

1. At the end of August 1380 ᴦ. The Russian army set out from Kolomna and on September 6 approached the banks of the Don. After the meeting, the princes decided to cross the Don in order to cut off their retreat. On the night of September 7-8, the Don was crossed.

2. The Kulikovo field was in a bend at the confluence of the Nepryadva River into the Don. From three sides the field was limited by rivers, Mamai could attack only from the side of the Red Hill. Dmitry lined up the troops as follows: on the right wing stood the regiment of the right hand, in the center the foot army stood in close formation - the large regiment, on the left - the regiment of the left hand, in front of the large regiment was the guard regiment, which was the first to accept the battle. In Zelenaya Dubrava, a select ambush regiment was stationed under the command of the voivode Bobrok Volynsky and Serpukhov-Borovsky Prince Vladimir Andreevich. The order of battle of the Horde consisted of infantry in the center and cavalry on the flanks.

3. The battle began on September 8, 1380 ᴦ. at 11 am. At the beginning there was a duel between the heroes of Peresvet and Chelubey (Temir-Murza). The Οʜᴎ collided with such force that both immediately fell dead. The Horde destroyed the guard regiment with a strong blow, but it fulfilled its task - the archers could not bring confusion into the ranks of the Russians. The Horde cavalry dealt the main blow to a large regiment. Despite heavy losses, the soldiers of the large regiment held out. Prince Dmitry, in the clothes of a simple warrior, fought in the very center of the Russian system. On the right flank, all enemy attacks were repulsed, but the formation of the regiment of the left hand was broken, and the Tatar cavalry rushed into the gap. Enemies began to bypass the large regiment, trying to pin it to the river. But at the decisive moment, the ambush regiment under the command of the Serpukhov-Borovsk prince Vladimir Andreevich and the experienced governor Bobrok dealt a powerful blow to the rear of the Horde. The Horde cavalry fled, crushing their infantry in the process. Mamai was one of the first to escape, later he was killed in the Crimea. Throughout the day, the Russians pursued the fleeing enemy.

4. The main reasons for the victory of the Russian troops in the Battle of Kulikovo were:

> the unification of Russian lands, the center of which was Moscow, which allowed Prince Dmitry Ivanovich to put up an all-Russian army against Mamai;

> liberation nature of the struggle of the Russian people against the Horde yoke;

> mass heroism, courage and resilience of Russian soldiers;

> military art of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich, which manifested itself in the development of a strategic plan for the war with Mamai, and in setting operational and tactical tasks, and in organizing a mobile and disciplined army, in choosing a battle site, in building Russian troops before battle.

5. The significance of the Battle of Kulikovo is difficult to overestimate:

> although it was not possible to overthrow the Horde yoke, this historical task was put on the agenda, and its implementation became a matter of time;

> was dispelled the myth of the invincibility of the Golden Horde;

> after the defeat of Mamai accelerated the process of disintegration of the Horde;

> The Battle of Kulikovo strengthened the role of Moscow as a center for the unification of all Russian lands into a single state;

> and most importantly-Kulikovskaya victory marked the beginning of a spiritual revival, the growth of self-awareness of the Russian people.

At the same time, Horde dependence has not yet been eliminated. In 1382 ᴦ. Khan Tokhtamysh attacked Moscow and burned it, killing the inhabitants. Moscow had to resume the payment of tribute. In 1389ᴦ. Dmitry Donskoy dies. In his will, he transfers power to his eldest son Vasily I, without asking the permission of the Horde Khan

12. Reign of Ivan III and Vasily III. The overthrow of the Horde domination. Sudebnik 1497 ᴦ. Formation of the Russian united state

1. After the death of Vasily II (1462), his son Ivan III (1462-1505) becomes Grand Duke. At this time he was 22 years old. It was during the years of his reign that the process of unification of the Russian lands was completed. A cautious, prudent man, Ivan III consistently pursued his course to conquer the specific principalities, to return the Russian lands occupied by Lithuania. At the same time, he showed determination and an iron will.

2. Under Ivan III, Novgorod was finally included in the Moscow principality. Ivan III organized a well-planned campaign against Novgorod. The main battle took place on the Shelon River. And although the Novgorodians had a huge superiority in forces (about 40,000 against 5,000), they suffered a crushing defeat. Ivan III brutally cracked down on representatives of the pro-Lithuanian party: some were executed, others were sent to Moscow and Kaluga and imprisoned. In 1477 ᴦ. Ivan III undertook a second campaign against Novgorod. In December, the city was blocked from all sides. The negotiations lasted a whole month and ended with the capitulation of Novgorod. At the beginning of January 1478 ᴦ. Novgorod Veche was cancelled. Ivan III ordered the veche bell to be removed and sent to Moscow. The Novgorod Republic ceased to exist and became part of the Moscow Principality. Many boyars and merchants were taken from Novgorod to the central regions, and 2,000 Moscow nobles arrived in Novgorod.

3. In 1485 ᴦ. Ivan III made a trip to Tver. The rivalry between the two centers of North-Eastern Russia ended in favor of Moscow. The prince in Tver was the son of Ivan III - Ivan Ivanovich. The Muscovite principality turned into an all-Russian one. From 1485 ᴦ. the Moscow sovereign began to be called ʼʼsovereign of all Russiaʼʼ.

Under Vasily III (1505-1533), Rostov, Yaroslavl, Pskov (1510), Smolensk (1514), Ryazan (1521) were annexed. The unification of Russian lands is basically completed. There was a territory of the united Russian state - the largest in Europe. From the end of the fifteenth century it became known as Russia. The emblem of the state was a double-headed eagle. During this period, bodies are being formed government controlled. At the head of the state was the Grand Duke, to whom the princely-boyar power was subordinate

There are changes in the army. The feudal squads supplied by the boyars fade into the background. And the noble militia, noble cavalry, foot regiments with firearms (squeakers) and artillery come out on the first.

In 1476ᴦ. The Moscow principality ceases to pay tribute to the Golden Horde and Khan Akhman undertakes a new campaign against Russia. The Horde Yoke is broken. Thus ended the 240 year Horde yoke.

In 1497 ᴦ. Sudebnik was adopted - the first set of laws of a single state. He determined the norms of punishment for certain crimes, regulated the exit of peasants from their feudal lord. The lawsuit proved to be of little demand. He, apparently, was somewhat ahead of his time in the sense that the need for nationwide legislation was not yet supported by the achieved level of centralization. Locally, they relied on customary law and statutory charters. Nevertheless, the appearance of the Sudebnik is symbolic and testifies to the general direction of the political and legal development of the Russian state.

Feudal War took place with varying success, Vasily Kosoy was captured and blinded. In 1445 ᴦ. power in Moscow passed to Dmitry Shemyaka, who led the struggle of all the specific princes who opposed the strengthening of central power. The feudal war in this period was complicated by the intervention of the Golden Horde. In 1445 ᴦ. near Suzdal, the army of Vasily II was defeated by the Horde, and the Grand Duke himself was captured. For a large ransom, he managed to free himself. At the same time, he promised the Horde to give a number of Russian cities for feeding. All this caused a fall in the authority of the prince in all strata of Russian society. In 1446 ᴦ. he became a victim of a conspiracy of specific princes, was captured and blinded by order of Dmitry Shemyaka. Since then, he began to be called Vasily the Dark. Autumn 1446 ᴦ. Vasily II, in the presence of the princes of the church, noble boyars and boyar children, swore that he would no longer strive for the Moscow throne. At the same time, Dmitry Shemyaka was losing the support of all strata of Russian society. This was primarily due to the fact that the long feudal war brought economic ruin to many regions and cities. The ruling class is increasingly convinced of the extreme importance of the centralization of the grand duke's power. In the fight against Shemyaka, Vasily II was assisted by the church. The main fight took place in 1450 ᴦ. near Galich. And although the Grand Duke's troops suffered heavy losses, Shemyaka could not take Galich, he was forced to flee to Novgorod, where he soon died.
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Thus ended the feudal war. Vasily II the Dark again became the Grand Duke.

4. The war ruined the country, directly affected the situation of all strata of feudal society, slowed down the political unification of the Russian lands, the power of the Horde, which again began to interfere in the political affairs of Russia, noticeably increased. And at the same time, she showed the inevitability of the unification of Russian lands into one state. Moscow finally became the center of unification.

Grand Duke Ivan III (1462-1505) joined Novgorod more intensely. The Polish king and the Lithuanian prince Casimir united and stood up against the capture of Novgorod by the Moscow prince. Ivan III, learning about this, organized a campaign and defeated in 1471 ᴦ. on the river
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Sheloni Novgorod militia. Novgorod recognized itself as full-time Moscow, Ivan III gradually evicted the veche, the boyars from the Novgorod land. in 1485ᴦ. was attached. Tver. The final Moscow state was formed. Under the son of Ivan III, Vasily III, the north-east and north-west were annexed. Russia. Ivan III enlarged. the territory of the Moscow principality in the 2nd. YOU III succeeded in subordinating the church to his interests.

13.Culture of Russian lands in the XIII-XV centuries

Literature. Works dedicated to the Mongol-Tatar invasion were written: "The Word about the destruction of the Russian land", "The story of the devastation of Ryazan by Batu". The poems "Zadonshchina" and "The Legend of Mamaev's Massacre" were composed about the Battle of Kulikovo. By the 14th century, the emergence of a new folklore genre - historical songs. Merchant Afanasy Nikitin wrote "Journey beyond three seas."

Painting. Theophanes the Greek. His painting is characterized by extraordinary expressiveness. Andrei Rublev. In 1399 he painted the Annunciation Cathedral in the Moscow Kremlin. great picture of the Trinity.

Architecture. The first stone temple was in 1292 the Church of St. Nicholas on Lipno. In 1366, the construction of stone fortifications of the Moscow Kremlin began. The Kremlin's main cathedral, the Assumption Cathedral, is under construction. The Faceted Chamber is being erected.

The beginning of the 15th century is the time of the first translations made by ancient Russian scribes from various languages. There was a gradual revival of Russian culture after the Mongol-Tatar invasion.

Emotionality and interest in the human personality appear in church culture. The images of saints take on the features of real people. New ideas, architectural and pictorial forms come to Russia.

14. Moscow kingdom in the 16th century. The reign of Ivan IV. The content of the reforms of the government of A. Adashev and their historical significance

January 16, 1547 ᴦ. Ivan 4 was solemnly married to the kingdom. From now on, the main main task of the Moscow sovereign was the protection of Orthodoxy and care for the Orthodox - the establishment of true Truth on earth. According to the rank, which was compiled by Metropolitan Macarius, Ivan Vasilyevich was married with the ʼʼhat of Monomakhʼʼ and became known as the ʼʼtsar and grand prince of all Russiaʼʼ. The new title put Ivan Vasilyevich above the rulers of neighboring states - the Swedish and Polish kings. Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, the very act of the wedding reflected Moscow's desire to change its place in the current European system, to reach a new level of international relations.

Summer 1547 ᴦ. an uprising broke out in the capital. The reason for it was a catastrophic fire in its consequences, during which about 25 thousand households burned down. On June 29, the rebels came to the village of Vorobyevo, near Moscow, where the tsar was. Οʜᴎ they demanded that all the Glinskys be handed over for reprisal, reproaching Ivan for ʼʼdo not inflict disgrace on them in that (fire)ʼʼ. By communication and persuasion, the tsar and his entourage managed to bring down the intensity of the speech. But the terrible events of the summer once again reminded us of the vital importance of change.

In the late 40s, surrounded by Ivan 4, a circle of like-minded people formed, which went down in history under the name of the Chosen One. The composition of the elected council included both representatives of the highest aristocracy and ordinary people. Aleksey Fedorovich Adashev became an influential member of the Chosen Rada.

In 1549 ᴦ. was convened first Zemsky Sobor- an advisory body, a meeting of estate representatives from boyars, nobles, clergy, merchants, townspeople and black-haired peasants. At the Council, measures were taken that expanded the rights of the nobles and limited the rights of large feudal lords - boyar governors. The councils did not limit the power of the king, but they contributed to the political activities of the central government on the ground. Οʜᴎ did not become permanent, but were subsequently collected several times for the utmost importance. Based on the decisions of the Zemsky Sobor in the 50s of the XVI century. The following reforms have been made:

> military;

> judicial-a new all-Russian Sudebnik of 1550 was adopted;

> church;

> reforms of central and local governments.

In 1550 ᴦ. new Sudebnik Ivan IV, who contributed to the strengthening of centralized power. The judicial functions of the governors and volostels were limited, and the royal clerks observed the court on the ground. Bribery was punishable by monetary fines. The death penalty was introduced ʼʼ for robbery ʼʼ. The norm of the Sudebnik 1497 ᴦ was confirmed. about St. George's Day: the peasants could leave the feudal lord only once a year, and even the size of the ʼʼelderlyʼʼ was slightly increased. In 1581 ᴦ. For the first time, reserved years were introduced, which prohibited the transition of a peasant from one feudal lord to another in a certain year.

In the structure of the reforms of the Elected Rada, the reform of self-government was one of the central ones. With the abolition of feeding, service people received not only the sovereign's land and monetary salaries. Now the various categories of the ruling class were, as it were, equalized in the types of awards. There was a kind of redistribution of power in favor of the central government, the role and importance of which increased.

At Chosen One Rada develops a command system of government. Orders were special bodies of state executive power. The most important of them were: Posolsky (in charge of foreign relations), Pushkarsky, Robbery (in charge of the local army, defense of the country), Yamskoy (organized to maintain and lead the Yamskaya chase - the state postal service), Streletsky (in charge of archers), Local (engaged in land ownership), Kazansky (ruled the annexed territories (Kazan and Astrakhan khanates)), Siberian, Petitioned (all those who could not achieve the “truth” in communication with the governors came here). Duma clerks headed the orders, they were subordinated to clerks, zemstvos, who were at the head of the offices. This is how the professional apparatus of government was formed - the main support of the central government.

The archery army was created, armed with firearms.

The Code of Service (1556 ᴦ.) established a single order of military service.

The elected council increased the revenues of the treasury by carrying out tax and tax reforms.

In 1551 ᴦ. A council was convened to overcome the numerous deviations from the deanery.

One of the important results of the reforms is the formation of a class-representative monarchy. Zemsky Sobors reflected the social structure of Russian society, the place and role of each of the estates and social groups. The authorities listened to the voice of service people, merchants and tenants, who eventually began to send their elected representatives to the cathedrals. Great importance purchased by local governments.

The reforms of the Elected Rada advanced the country along the path of centralization, expanded the possibilities of power to solve national problems.

15. Causes of the fall of the government of A. Adashev. Oprichnina and its consequences. The formation of autocracy.

In 1559 ᴦ. there was a quarrel between the king and Adashev and Selvestor because of different points of view on the war for the Baltic states. In 1560 ᴦ. Adashev's opponents accused him of poisoning Grozny's wife, he was sent into exile, where he dies.

The main reason for the fall of the Adashev government was that it was unable to provide the landlords with new land holdings and workers. The reforms did not undermine the most important socio-economic foundations of the power of the boyar aristocracy. Well-born boyar families still occupied a prominent place at court. The internal contradictions of the various social groups that make up the ʼʼchosen councilʼʼ destroyed the government of compromise. The Adashev government led to the oprichnina.

At the request of the people, Ivan the Terrible agreed not to leave the state and dictated his conditions: the right to unlimited autocracy of power and the establishment of the oprichnina. Oprichnina terror began, executions, exile.

Ivan IV, introducing the oprichnina, pursued, first of all, main goal- strengthening their autocratic power. It is also impossible not to admit that objectively the oprichnina contributed to the centralization of the country, as it dealt a blow to the remnants feudal fragmentation. At the same time, the goal and means in this case turned out to be incommensurable. In 1570ᴦ. Ivan on the way to Novgorod defeated Klin, Tver and Torzhok. The political power of the boyar aristocracy was undermined. The consequences of the oprichnina for Russia were tragic:

> oprichnina contributed to the formation of the despotic nature of the Russian autocracy, in fact, it turned into slaves and feudal lords and peasants;

> the country's economy was undermined, many lands were devastated, the peasants fled from the estates and estates. In 1581 ᴦ. Ivan the Terrible introduced ʼʼ reserved yearsʼʼ - temporarily forbade peasants to leave the feudal lord even on St. George's Day, that is, serfdom was introduced in Russia for a while;

> oprichnina policy led to a deterioration in Russia's position in the Livonian War

Oprichnina worsened the situation of the peasants, contributed to their enslavement.

In 1572, the oprichnina was abolished. Oprichnina led to the weakening of centralized power.

16. Western, southern, eastern directions foreign policy Ivan the Terrible and its results.

Foreign policy.

By the middle of the XVI century. Russia has become a mighty power. The reforms made it possible to start solving foreign policy problems. Two directions of foreign policy were leading:

> east-the fight against Turkey and under the influence of the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean, Astrakhan and Nogai khanates; the tsar wanted to unite the fragments of the disintegrated Golden Horde around Moscow.

> Western-getting access to the Baltic Sea, the fight against the Livonian Order.

Since 1545, the last stage of the military and political rivalry between the Moscow kingdom and the Kazan Khanate begins. Several trips to Kazan ended in failure. But in 1552, a huge Moscow army led by the tsar himself, supported by detachments of Mordovians and Chuvashs, besieged and stormed Kazan. In 1556, the Astrakhan Khanate was relatively easily conquered. Merchants from Central Asia. The most important river artery, the Volga, became Russian throughout its entire length. The fall of Kazan opened the way along the Kama to the Urals and Siberia.

Having achieved success in the east, Ivan 4 turned to the west. Here the way to the Baltic was controlled by the Livonian Order. It was weakened by internal sections, and Ivan 4 decided to take advantage of this. In 1558 Russian army entered the borders of Livonia. The Livonian War began. At the beginning, the fighting was successful - the Russian army captured more than 20 cities. But the Livonians recognized the patronage of Lithuania and Sweden. At the same time, Russia, weakened by the oprichnina, could not stand the long war with the two strongest states. The dispute over the lands of the disintegrated Livonian Order was lost. In 1583 the war ended. Russia has lost fortresses in the Baltic. Arkhangelsk on the White Sea became the most important seaport for communication with Europe. Starting the Livonian War, Russia, with its developing trade and economy, needed sea routes to the West.

The unsuccessful war slowed down the socio-economic development of the country and contributed to the conservation of the most archaic forms of the socio-political structure. The international position of the Russian state deteriorated sharply.

17. Russia at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries. The reign of Fyodor Ivanovich. Board of Boris Godunov. Beginning of the Time of Troubles

March 18, 1584 ᴦ. Ivan the Terrible died. Tsarevich Fedor, heir to Ivan the Terrible, was not distinguished by willpower and "has little mind of his own". Unity in the regency council created by the will of Ivan, with Fyodor Ivanovich incapable of independent rule, did not last long. A fierce struggle ensued. The princely-boyar nobility, headed by the Shuiskys, enjoyed great influence; they claimed power, relying on the nobility of the family. They were opposed by the aristocratic figures of a special "court" and the favorites of the late sovereign, who sought to maintain their positions under Fyodor Ivanovich. The Godunov-Romanov group was also influential, strong in its family ties with the tsar. She took over, gradually pushing all rivals away from the throne.

With death in 1586 ᴦ. the head of the Romanov clan, the boyar N. R. Yuryev, the position of the royal brother-in-law B. Godunov was strengthened. Soon he received the highest rank of stable yard and became the officially recognized ruler of the state.

Boris Godunov wanted to create European-style schools and universities; he was the first of the Russian tsars to send noble children to study abroad. Under Godunov, much attention was paid to the construction and improvement of the capital. Having become the ruler of the state, Godunov made great efforts to strengthen his power and to overcome the crisis in Russia and strengthen its shaken positions. The laws adopted under Godunov improved the position of the nobility. Much attention is paid to strengthening the borders of the state. Given the state of the country, Godunov sought to pursue a peaceful policy.

At the same time, the situation inside the country remained tense. Godunov tried to take measures to ease the discontent of the people. In 1598 ᴦ. he removed tax arrears, gave some privileges to servicemen and townspeople in the performance of state duties, announced an amnesty for prisoners, abolished the death penalty (for 5 years), allowed the partial exit of peasants from one owner to another.

But many noble boyars were dissatisfied with the election of Godunov, considering themselves bypassed, and spread rumors about his involvement in the death of Tsarevich Dmitry.

In 1598 ᴦ. the childless Tsar Fyodor Ivanovich died. A fierce struggle for the throne began. Godunov clashed with his recent Romanov allies. Godunov had advantages over his rivals. The administration of the state was concentrated in his hands.

In 1598 ᴦ. The Zemsky Sobor elected Boris as tsar.

In 1600-1601. the tsar dealt with the Romanovs and their supporters.

The government course of Boris took shape in extremely unfavorable conditions. Growing social and political tensions. The economic stabilization of the 90s was interrupted by a crop failure in 1601-1603. Secular and spiritual feudal lords hurried to cash in on the people's disaster.

The extent of the disaster prompted Tsar Boris to partially allow the peasant transition. In 1601 and 1602. decrees appeared according to which the farmer could leave the landowner of his own free will, fleeing hunger and oppression. Godunov tried to prevent the ruin of the bulk of the bulk of the service people. However, these measures could not radically improve the situation. The crisis deepened.

18. Causes of the Time of Troubles. False Dmitry I. V.I. Shuisky. False Dmitry II. Swedish intervention. ʼʼSeven Boyarsʼʼ.

Events at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries got the name ʼʼ Time of Troublesʼʼ. The reasons for the turmoil were the aggravation of social class, financial and international relations at the end of the reign of Ivan IV and his successors. The huge costs of the Battle of Livonia and ruin led to an economic crisis. 50% of the land was not cultivated, and prices increased 4 times. The economic crisis stimulated the strengthening of serfdom and caused social tension among the lower classes.

Political reasons: in the course of collecting lands, the Moscow principality turned into a vast state, which made great progress along the path of centralization in the 16th century. Changed significantly social structure society.

The political crisis was exacerbated by the dynastic crisis, which was by no means completed with the election of Boris Godunov. The idea of ​​a legitimate, legitimate monarch turned out to be inseparable from the concept of power.

In order to enslave the peasants, ʼʼReserved summersʼʼ were introduced - years when the transition from feudal lord to feudal lord was prohibited. In 1597 ᴦ. A decree was passed on a five-year investigation of runaway peasants.

Godunov suddenly dies and in May 1605 ᴦ.

In June 1605 ᴦ. False Dmitry solemnly entered Moscow. False Dmitry I proclaimed king. The new tsar was not afraid to break many Orthodox traditions and openly demonstrated his adherence to Polish customs. This alerted, and later turned the environment against him. Very soon a conspiracy was drawn up, headed by V. I. Shuisky. But the plot failed. False Dmitry showed mercy and pardoned Shuisky, sentenced to death. however, he did not fulfill the promise given to the Poles (income from Novgorod land). The Poles plundered the Russian lands and in May 1606 ᴦ. anti-Polish uprisings broke out in Moscow. False Dmitry I killed and proclaimed king Vasily Shuisky.

After the death of False Dmitry, the boyar tsar Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610) came to the throne. He gave an obligation in the form of a cross-kissing record (kissed the cross) to preserve the privileges of the boyars, not to take away their estates and not to judge the boyars without the participation of the Boyar Duma. The nobility now tried to resolve the created deep internal and external contradictions with the help of the boyar tsar. One of Shuisky's most important affairs was the appointment of a patriarch. Patriarch Ignatius the Greek was deprived of his rank for supporting False Dmitry I. The patriarchal throne was taken by an outstanding patriot, the 70-year-old Kazan Metropolitan Hermogenes. In order to suppress rumors about the rescue of Tsarevich Dmitry, his remains were transferred by order of Vasily Shuisky three days after the coronation from Uglich to Moscow. The prince was canonized as a saint. By the summer of 1606 ᴦ. Vasily Shuisky managed to gain a foothold in Moscow, but the outskirts of the country continued to seethe. The political conflict, generated by the struggle for power and the crown, grew into a social one. The people, finally losing faith in the improvement of their situation, again opposed the authorities. In 1606-1607 he. an uprising broke out under the leadership of Ivan Isaevich Bolotnikov, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ many historians consider the peak Peasants' War early 17th century

From Poland in the spring of 1608 ᴦ. spoke False Dmitry II and in 1609 ᴦ. in the Tushino region he set up his camp. The Swedes, who were hired by Shuisky in exchange for the Korelsky volost, defeated the Tushentsev. In 1609 ᴦ. The Poles began an open intervention of Russia, and approached Moscow. In 1610 ᴦ. Shuisky was overthrown, boyars seized power (ʼʼ Seven boyarsʼʼ), who surrendered Moscow to the Poles and invited the Polish Prince Vladislav.

Having removed V. Shuisky from power on July 17, 1610, the Moscow aristocracy created its own government - "Seven Boyars"- and invited the Polish prince Vladislav to the Russian throne. The election of the Russian tsar of the heir to the Polish throne, Vladislav, was stipulated by a number of conditions: Vladislav's acceptance of Orthodoxy and the crowning of the kingdom according to the Orthodox rite. Having converted to Orthodoxy, Vladislav lost the right to the Polish throne, which removed the threat of Russia joining Poland. It was envisaged to introduce the separation of powers. The king would be the head of state (limited monarchy with separation of powers).

19. National liberation struggle of the Russian people during the Time of Troubles. The role of the Russian Orthodox Church in saving the state from foreign conquest. I and II Zemsky militia. K. Minin and D. Pozharsky

Formation of a unified state of Russia. Ivan III - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Establishment of a unified state of Russia. Ivan III" 2017, 2018.

TOPICS 3-4

TOPIC 3: EDUCATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MOSCOW STATE

PLAN

Formation of the Moscow state. Ivan III.

The development of the Muscovite state in the 16th century. Ivan IV.

Time of Troubles".

Formation of the Moscow state. Ivan III

Completion of the collection of Russian lands around Moscow. Under the Moscow princes Ivan III (1462 - 1505) and his son Vasily III (1505 - 1533), the political and territorial formation of the Russian state was completed. Ivan III was one of the outstanding statesmen feudal Russia. An authoritative and prudent politician, who almost always acted for sure. Possessing an extraordinary mind and breadth of political ideas, he was able to understand the urgent need to unite the Russian lands into a single state. An external threat dictated a high rate of unification, which the processes of state, economic and social integration could not keep pace with. The Grand Duchy of Moscow was replaced by the State of All Russia, which included Yaroslavl (1463), Rostov (1474), Tver (1485) principalities.

The story of the annexation of Novgorod to Moscow is dramatic: Ivan III saw in the position of the pro-Lithuanian part of the boyars, led by the mayor's widow Marfa Boretskaya and her son Dmitry, a retreat from the Orthodox faith ("treason") in favor of Catholic Lithuania, which was the reason for the war with Novgorod ( 1471). In January 1478, the Novgorod autonomy was abolished - all judicial and administrative matters were transferred to the jurisdiction of Moscow. All territorial acquisitions of the Grand Duke were not subject to specific division. During the reign of Vasily III, the Pskov Republic (1510) and the Ryazan Principality (1521) were annexed to Moscow.

End of the yoke. As a result of "standing on the Ugra" (1480), Ivan III, having entered into an alliance with the Crimean Khan, directed against the Horde Khan Akhmat, managed to put an end to the Horde dominion. An almost bloodless victory was achieved largely due to the diplomatic skill of the young Ivan III. In the XNUMXth century The Golden Horde broke up into a number of states, while the rulers of the Great Horde, the Kazan and Crimean khanates continued to periodically make devastating raids on Russian lands.

Russian-Lithuanian wars. The Lithuanian tribes living in the Baltics united under the rule of Prince Mindovg and by 1240 formed the state - the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Under Gediminas (1316-1341) and Olgerd (1345-1377), it became one of the strongest states in Eastern Europe. Western Russian lands (Black Russia, Polotsk, Minsk and other lands) were included in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in 1404 - Smolensk land. 90% of the territory of the newly formed state, stretching from the Baltic to the Black Sea, were Russian lands; Russian was used at court and in official office work. Lithuanian writing at that time did not exist at all.

Until the end of the 14th century, Russian regions within the state did not experience national-religious oppression. Grand Duke Jagiello converted to Catholicism in 1386 and formalized the union of the Lithuanian-Russian principality with Poland, and Catholic expansion began in the western lands of Russia. However, the majority of Russians remained faithful to Orthodoxy and ancient traditions. National-religious enmity began, developing into a tough one. political struggle. As a result of the Russian-Lithuanian wars of 1487-1494 and 1500-1503. the Verkhovsky principalities, Chernigov, Novgorod-Seversky, Gomel, Bryansk went to Moscow. The creation of the Moscow state was accompanied by the establishment of a system of power here, close to the eastern despotism, which was largely facilitated by the lust for power of Ivan III and Vasily III.

Internal reforms. Centralization. Under Ivan III, the process of folding the central state apparatus was going on. The Boyar Duma became a permanent deliberative body under the supreme authority. It included duma ranks: boyars, roundabouts, from the beginning of the 16th century. - duma nobles, later duma clerks. The unification of the nobility of the principalities attached to Moscow as part of the Sovereign's court continued. The relationship between the princely-boyar aristocracy of Moscow and the region was regulated by localism.

At the end of the 15th century, central government institutions began to emerge, which were in charge of individual branches of government on all lands of the state. They were called huts, and later - orders. The boyars were at the head of the huts, but the main work was done by the clerks, from among the service nobles - the office managers and their assistants. Local administrative, financial and judicial functions were performed by the institute of governors and volostels that had developed in Russia, supported by feeding.

The incompleteness of the centralization process, caused by the rapid expansion of the state territory due to the colonization of lands, led to the conservation of the multistructural economy. With the formation of a unified state, a huge amount of black and confiscated privately owned lands turned out to be at the disposal of the Grand Duke. Service to the Grand Duke becomes the main duty of the boyars and free servants. Those who served for the benefit of the state were placed on new lands (landowner), they owned them conditionally while they served. The local system marked the beginning of the separation of the military service class - the nobility. New phenomena were reflected in the legislation - in 1497 the first all-Russian "Sudebnik" appeared. Article 57, legislatively formalizing the local system, limited the time for peasants to leave the landowner a week before and a week after St. George's Day (November 26); the peasant had to pay the old. From the end of the XV century. estates begin to take shape in Russia - the feudal aristocracy (boyars), the nobility, the clergy, townspeople and peasants (Christians).

Russian Orthodox Church. For all Russians in the XIV-XV centuries. the only connecting thread was the Orthodox faith. The Church supported the idea of ​​the unity of Russia. The most significant phenomenon and event was the refusal of the Russian Orthodox Church to fulfill the Union of Florence in 1439. The Byzantine Empire, experiencing repeated invasions of the Ottoman Turks, in the name of salvation, turns to the Pope for help. He promises help on the condition that Orthodox Byzantium recognizes the supremacy of papal Rome. Between the Orthodox and Catholic churches in Florence (1439) is a union (unia). The Russian Patriarch Isidore, who supported the union, was deposed and arrested upon his return to Russia. The Bishop of Ryazan, Jonah, elected in 1448, became the supreme hierarch of the ROC (Russian Orthodox Church), which testified to the distance of the Moscow Metropolis from the Patriarchate of Constantinople and its acquisition of independence (autocephaly). The leadership of the Russian Orthodox Church in the western lands included in Lithuanian principality, carried out by the Metropolitan of Kyiv. The unification of the Moscow and Kiev metropolises will take place after 1654, which marked the reunification of Ukraine with Russia.

Under Ivan III, the struggle between two currents in the Russian Orthodox Church intensified: the Josephites (founder and spiritual leader Joseph Sanin-Volotsky) and non-possessors (Sorians), prominent representatives of this trend were Nil Sorsky-Maikov, Vasily Kosoy, Maxim Grek, Vassian Patrikeev. At the church council of 1503, the attempt of the non-possessors to put into practice the idea of ​​the monasteries giving up land ownership provoked active opposition from Joseph Volotsky and his supporters. Ivan III, who hoped to replenish the land fund of the state through secularization, was forced to recognize the program of the Josephites.

After the fall of Constantinople (1453), only one Orthodox kingdom remained - Moscow. Russian religious thought in search of an answer to the question "Why did God punish Byzantium?" found the answer in apostasy, primarily in Uniatism. According to the Pskov monk Philotheus, the author of the theory “Moscow is the third Rome”, Moscow becomes the heir of the true faith (Orthodoxy). She is the heir to the traditions of both the first Rome, on whose territory Christianity arose, and the second Rome - Constantinople. In conclusion, the author states: "Moscow is the third Rome, and there will never be a fourth." Thus, the Muscovite state was assigned the role of an outpost in the Christian world.

1. After the death of Vasily II (1462), his son Ivan III (1462-1505) becomes Grand Duke. At this time he was 22 years old. It was during the years of his reign that the process of unification of Russian lands was completed. A cautious, prudent man, Ivan III consistently pursued his course to conquer the specific principalities, to return the Russian lands occupied by Lithuania. At the same time, he showed determination and an iron will.

2. Under Ivan III, Novgorod was finally included in the Moscow principality. Back in 1471, the pro-Lithuanian part of the Novgorod aristocracy, headed by Martha Boretskaya, concluded an agreement with the Lithuanian prince Casimir IV: Novgorod recognized Casimir IV as its prince, accepted his governor, and the king promised help to Novgorod in the fight against the Grand Duke of Moscow. Ivan III organized a well-planned campaign against Novgorod. The main battle took place on the Shelon River. And although the Novgorodians had a huge superiority in forces (about 40,000 against 5,000), they suffered a crushing defeat. Ivan III brutally cracked down on representatives of the pro-Lithuanian party: some were executed, others were sent to Moscow and Kaluga and imprisoned. The independence of the Novgorod Republic was severely undermined. After 1471 the situation in Novgorod became even more aggravated. In 1477 Ivan III undertook a second campaign against Novgorod. In December, the city was blocked from all sides. The negotiations lasted a whole month and ended with the capitulation of Novgorod. At the beginning of January 1478, the Novgorod veche was cancelled. Ivan III ordered the veche bell to be removed and sent to Moscow. The Novgorod Republic ceased to exist and became part of the Moscow Principality. Many boyars and merchants were taken from Novgorod to the central regions, and 2,000 Moscow nobles arrived in Novgorod.

3. In 1485, Ivan III made a trip to Tver, Prince Mikhail of Tver fled to Lithuania. The rivalry between the two centers of North-Eastern Russia ended in favor of Moscow. The prince in Tver was the son of Ivan III - Ivan Ivanovich. The Muscovite principality turned into an all-Russian one. Since 1485, the Moscow sovereign began to be called the "sovereign of all Russia." Under Vasily III (1505-1533), Rostov, Yaroslavl, Pskov (1510), Smolensk (1514), Ryazan (1521) were annexed. The unification of the Russian lands was basically completed. There was a territory of the united Russian state - the largest in Europe. From the end of the fifteenth century it became known as Russia. The emblem of the state was a double-headed eagle. During this period, government bodies are formed. At the head of the state was the Grand Duke, to whom the princely-boyar power was subordinate. Along with the boyar elite and the princes of the former specific principalities, the service nobility is gaining strength. It is a support for the Grand Duke in his struggle against the boyars. For service, the nobles receive estates that are not inherited. Naturally, the nobles are interested in supporting the grand duke's power.

There are changes in the army. The feudal squads supplied by the boyars fade into the background. And the noble militia, noble cavalry, foot regiments with firearms (squeakers) and artillery come out on the first.

But the Grand Duke still has to reckon with the economic and political strength of the princes and boyars. Under him there is a permanent council - the Boyar Duma. Members are appointed to this advisory body by the Grand Duke on the basis of parochialism. This is the name of the order of appointment to a position in accordance with generosity, the proximity of the family to the Grand Duke and the prescription of service, and not according to personal abilities and merits. The Boyar Duma met daily, resolving all issues of domestic and foreign policy. But often Ivan III single-handedly made decisions, limiting boyar power. Thus, under Ivan III, the formation of a class-representative monarchy takes place, when the Grand Duke rules with the help of the Boyar Duma.

At the end of the XV - beginning of the XVI century. orders are created - special institutions for the management of military, judicial and financial affairs.

The most significant innovation of Ivan III was the judicial reform, promulgated in 1497 in the form of a special legislative collection - the Sudebnik. Until 1497, the deputies of the Grand Duke, for the implementation of judicial and administrative functions, received the right to collect “food” from the subject population for their needs. They were called feeders. These officials abused the power granted to them, imposed exorbitant taxes on the population, took bribes, and performed an unfair trial. The Sudebnik of Ivan III banned bribes for legal proceedings and management, proclaimed an impartial court, and established uniform court fees for all types of judicial activities. This was a major step towards the creation of a judicial apparatus in the country. The Code of Laws in legislative form expressed the interests of the ruling class - boyars, princes and nobles - and reflected the attack of the feudal state on the peasants. Article 57 of the Sudebnik marked the beginning legal registration serfdom. It limited the right of peasants to move from one feudal lord to another. From now on, a peasant could leave his feudal lord a week before and a week after St. George's Day (November 26), i.e. when all the farm work was done. At the same time, he had to pay the feudal lord for living on his land "elderly" and all debts. The size of the "elderly" ranged from 50 kopecks to 1 ruble (the price of 100 pounds of rye or 7 pounds of honey).

V. Overthrow of the Horde yoke (1480)

1. In 1476, Ivan III stopped paying tribute to the Horde. The ruler of the Great Horde, Akhmat Khan, decided to force the Moscow prince to observe the old order. In the autumn of 1480, Akhmat with a significant army moved to Moscow and stopped at the tributary of the Oka - the Ugra River.

2. Ivan III convened a council, at which it was decided to resist the Horde. The great sovereign went to the Ugra In early October 1480, Akhmat twice tried to cross the river, but both times he was driven back by Russian troops. Ivan III withdrew his troops from the river, choosing a de facto defensive plan of war with Akhmat. Not knowing about the intentions of the Russians, Akhmat believed that they had given up their coast to him in order to lure him into a trap. With the onset of frost, Akhmat could have easily crossed the Ugra, but did not dare. It was tantamount to a Russian victory. Akhmat went to the Horde, actually admitting his defeat, and was soon killed by the Nagais. "Standing on the Ugra River" ended with the victory of the Russians. In 1480, the Russian state was freed from the Horde yoke, which lasted 240 years. It was an event of world-historical significance.

3. At the beginning of the XVI century. the process of unification of Russian lands was completed, the Russian centralized state, the Great Russian nationality was formed on the basis of the East Slavic peoples living on the territory of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality and the Novgorod-Pskov land. Russia also included other nationalities: Utro-Finns, Karelians, Komi, Permians, Nenets, Khanty, Mansi. The Russian state was formed as a multinational one.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS:

What impact did the feudal war of the second quarter of the 15th century have on the development of the country? ?

Can we say that in the XV century. formed a single Russian state? By what signs?

1. After the death of Vasily II (1462), his son Ivan III (1462-1505) becomes Grand Duke. At this time he was 22 years old. It was during the years of his reign that the process of unification of Russian lands was completed. A cautious, prudent man, Ivan III consistently pursued his course to conquer the specific principalities, to return the Russian lands occupied by Lithuania. At the same time, he showed determination and an iron will.

2. Under Ivan III, Novgorod was finally included in the Moscow principality. Back in 1471, the pro-Lithuanian part of the Novgorod aristocracy, headed by Martha Boretskaya, concluded an agreement with the Lithuanian prince Casimir IV: Novgorod recognized Casimir IV as its prince, accepted his governor, and the king promised help to Novgorod in the fight against the Grand Duke of Moscow. Ivan III organized a well-planned campaign against Novgorod. The main battle took place on the Shelon River. And although the Novgorodians had a huge superiority in forces (about 40,000 against 5,000), they suffered a crushing defeat. Ivan III brutally cracked down on representatives of the pro-Lithuanian party: some were executed, others were sent to Moscow, and Ivan III undertook a second campaign against Novgorod. In December, the city was blocked from all sides. The negotiations lasted a whole month and ended with the capitulation of Novgorod. At the beginning of January 1478, the Novgorod veche was cancelled. Ivan III ordered the veche bell to be removed and sent to Moscow. The Novgorod Republic ceased to exist and became part of the Moscow Principality. Many boyars and merchants were taken from Novgorod to the central regions, and 2,000 Moscow nobles arrived in Novgorod.

3. In 1485, Ivan III made a trip to Tver, Prince Mikhail of Tver fled to Lithuania. The rivalry between the two centers of North-Eastern Russia ended in favor of Moscow. The prince in Tver was the son of Ivan III - Ivan Ivanovich. The Muscovite principality turned into an all-Russian one. Since 1485, the Moscow sovereign began to be called the "sovereign of all Russia." Under Vasily III (1505-1533), Rostov, Yaroslavl, Pskov (1510), Smolensk (1514), Ryazan (1521) were annexed. The unification of the Russian lands was basically completed. There was a territory of the united Russian state - the largest in Europe. From the end of the fifteenth century it became known as Russia. The emblem of the state was a double-headed eagle. During this period, government bodies are formed. At the head of the state was the Grand Duke, to whom the princely-boyar power was subordinate. Along with the boyar elite and the princes of the former specific principalities, the service nobility is gaining strength. It is a support for the Grand Duke in his struggle against the boyars. For service, the nobles receive estates that are not inherited. Naturally, the nobles are interested in supporting the grand duke's power. Changes are taking place in the army. The feudal squads supplied by the boyars fade into the background. And the noble militias, noble cavalry, foot regiments with firearms (squeakers) and artillery come to the fore. But the Grand Duke still has to reckon with the economic and political strength of the princes and boyars. Under him there is a permanent council - the Boyar Duma. Members are appointed to this advisory body by the Grand Duke on the basis of parochialism. This is the name of the order of appointment to a position in accordance with generosity, the proximity of the family to the Grand Duke and the prescription of service, and not according to personal abilities and merits. The Boyar Duma met daily, resolving all issues of domestic and foreign policy. But often Ivan III single-handedly made decisions, limiting boyar power. Thus, under Ivan III, the formation of a class-representative monarchy takes place, when the Grand Duke rules with the help of the Boyar Duma. At the end of the 15th - beginning of the 16th century. orders are created - special institutions for managing military, judicial and financial affairs. The most significant innovation of Ivan III was the judicial reform, promulgated in 1497 in the form of a special legislative collection - Sudebnik. Until 1497, the deputies of the Grand Duke, for the implementation of judicial and administrative functions, received the right to collect “food” from the subject population for their needs. They were called feeders. These officials abused the power granted to them, imposed exorbitant taxes on the population, took bribes, and performed an unfair trial. The Sudebnik of Ivan III banned bribes for legal proceedings and management, proclaimed an impartial court, and established uniform court fees for all types of judicial activities. This was a major step towards the creation of a judicial apparatus in the country. The Code of Laws in legislative form expressed the interests of the ruling class - boyars, princes and nobles - and reflected the attack of the feudal state on the peasants. Article 57 of the Sudebnik marked the beginning of the legal registration of serfdom. It limited the right of peasants to move from one feudal lord to another. From now on, a peasant could leave his feudal lord a week before and a week after St. George's Day (November 26), i.e. when all the farm work was done. At the same time, he had to pay the feudal lord for living on his land "elderly" and all debts. The size of the "elderly" ranged from 50 kopecks to 1 ruble (the price of 100 pounds of rye or 7 pounds of honey).

Having won the struggle for the great reign in Russia, the Moscow princes continued their efforts to unite the lands around Moscow. The reign of Ivan the 3rd (1462-1505) accelerated this process. In 1463, pursuing a unifying policy, he annexed the Yaroslavl principality.

Active resistance to the unification was provided by the Tver principality and the Novgorod Republic. To preserve their independence, the Novgorod boyars entered into an alliance with Lithuania and ended up under the partial rule of the Lithuanian prince Casimir 4th.

In 1471, Ivan the 3rd led an army to Novgorod and in the battle on the river. Shelony won. For the complete conquest of Novgorod, a second campaign was also needed. In 1478, Ivan the 3rd finally conquers the city (having survived the siege) and deprives it of its independence by abolishing local governments and eliminating symbols of independence (the veche Novgorod bell was taken to Moscow). With the fall of Novgorod, all of its vast territories fell into the possession of Moscow.

In 1472 the Perm Territory was conquered. In 1474, the Rostov Principality was redeemed. In 1485, Ivan the 3rd, at the head of a large army, approached Tver and took the city without loss in two days, taking advantage of the betrayal of the Tver boyars. Grand Duke Mikhailo Borisovich fled to Lithuania.

Having annexed Tver, Ivan the 3rd created a single state and began to title himself the sovereign of all Russia.

In the middle of the 15th century. broke up into several independent khanates. Ivan the 3rd began to behave towards them as an independent sovereign. He stopped paying the ransom and created an alliance with the enemy of the Golden Horde - the Crimean Khan.

The Golden Horde Khan Akhmat tried to restore his power over Russia. In 1480, having concluded an alliance with the Lithuanian Grand Duke and the Polish King Casimir 4th, he led his troops to Moscow.

It all ended with a confrontation between Russian and Tatar troops on the river. Acne.

Without waiting for the allies, Akhmat did not dare to start the battle and in November 1480 he was forced to retreat. This meant the final fall of the Mongol-Tatar yoke, which had gravitated over Russia for more than two centuries.

Ivan the 3rd sought to further expand the state. In 1487 Kazan recognized its dependence on Moscow. By the end of the 15th century. the state includes territories in the northeast. Ivan the 3rd conquers a number of Belarusian and Ukrainian lands from Lithuania and Poland.

The unifying policy was continued by the son of Ivan the 3rd - Vasily 3rd. In 1503, having destroyed the Pskov feudal republic, he annexed Pskov. In 1514 he recaptured Smolensk from Lithuania. In 1517-1523. Vasily 3rd took Chernigov and the Ryazan principality.

The process of formation of a single state consisted in significant internal socio-economic and political changes. This was expressed in the formation of a regime of a class-representative monarchy, in which the autocracy is supported by various classes, primarily the nobility, the townspeople and the top of the capital's boyars, who were interested in creating a state and having a strong central authority in it.

The years of the reign of Ivan the 3rd are characterized by changes in the authorities. becomes the supreme deliberative body, institutions are created that are in charge of various spheres of state life, the first orders are issued, governors are engaged in local administration and are supported by the territory they control.

In 1497, a code of laws was published, the first code of the Russian state, which consolidated a unified system of state administration and regulated the activities of state bodies. The Sudebnik set a deadline for peasant transitions (once a year, on St. George's Day) and payment for the use of the yard. The law limited the freedom of the peasants and attached them to the land.

During the reign of Ivan the 3rd and Vasily the 3rd (1505-1533), the process of unification of Russian lands was completed and the strengthening of Russian statehood continued.