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Reasons for the rapid modernization of Japan in the 19th century. Japan on the path of modernization. Features of traditional societies of the East

PAGE_BREAK--3. Reorganization of the state apparatus of the country. Meiji constitution.
Against the backdrop of widespread mass protests, the government began to carry out the necessary administrative reforms in order to strengthen the executive power in the country. In his manifest On the restoration of imperial power, Emperor Meiji promised that the Japanese people "will participate in public discussion." Very soon, to implement this idea, both in state bodies and in social movements, there were many proposals for future forms of constitutional structure. One of the leading Meiji leaders, Itō Hirobumi, two years after the Restoration, visited the United States in 1870 to study the American constitutional system. It is curious that the American constitution became for Ito Hirobumi not so much a role model as a model of what should not be included in the Japanese constitution. He believed that the American Republican constitution was ill-suited to Japanese political conditions.

In April 1875, the emperor's decree was published on the gradual transition to a constitutional system. To this end, institutions such as chamber of elders (genroin), supreme court chamber (tashin'in) and other organs. And in 1879, the government instructed all advisers to provide their written views on the introduction of the constitutional order. A huge number of points of view arose about the future structure of the country. The discussion on this occasion resulted in sharp confrontations at times. As a result, for example, Okuma Shigenobu, who expressed views close to those of the "movement for freedom and people's rights", was dismissed in October 1881 from his position as an adviser to the government. Somewhat later, his supporters were also removed from the government. These events became the basis for the creation, mentioned above, of the second opposition "reform party".

To realize the promise of the emperor to create a parliament in 1889, Ito Hirobumi was sent again in 1882 - this time to Europe - in order to study the constitutions of European countries. Returning in August 1883, he took a number of initiatives. In particular, at his suggestion, in order to form the upper house of peers in the future parliament, as a counterbalance to the lower house of representatives, in July 1884 was adopted decree on the introduction of aristocratic titles. Following the model of Bismarckian Germany, 5 titles were introduced: prince, marquis, count, viscount and baron. The new nobility was created from the former court nobility "kuge", the feudal nobility "daimyo", senior officers of the army and navy, as well as those who distinguished themselves by impeccable service during the Meiji restoration period.

In the process of creating a new administrative-political system importance given to the reform of the education system. In 1880, strict state control was established over the first and second grade schools. In 1881, the University of Tokyo was reorganized and turned into an educational institution for the training of future officials. The former relatively independent organization of faculties was replaced by a system of strict centralized control by the rector, who was responsible for his activities only to the Minister of Education. Kato Hirayukki was appointed rector of the University of Tokyo.

At the same time, work continued on the creation of the constitution. In 1884, the Bureau for the Study of Constitutional Systems was established, headed by Ito Hirobumi. In addition to him, three more people entered the Bureau: Inoue Kowashi, Kaneko Kentaro and Ito Miyoji. This Bureau reported directly to the Ministry of the Imperial Court, which practically excluded any external influence. In order to eliminate disagreements in the adoption of the constitution, at the suggestion of Ito Hirobumi, a Privy Council – the highest advisory body under the emperor. The members of the council were appointed by the emperor himself from representatives of senior officials. Ito was appointed chairman of the council, who, in connection with this, resigned from the post of prime minister. The function of the Privy Council was to develop criticisms of the constitution. Thus, further work on the development of the text of the constitution continued within the framework of the Privy Council. The work took place in complete secrecy (following the example of the drafters of the American constitution), in the country residence of Ito Hiobumi in the vicinity of Yokosuka. The emperor took part in all meetings of the Privy Council dedicated to the work on the constitution.

Itoh Hirobumi's next step was reform in December 1885 of the state apparatus, again, according to the German model. Under the new law, instead of the abolished State Council (Dajokan, or daijokan), a cabinet of ministers (naikaku) was created, which established a clear distribution of duties of ministers, whose activities were controlled by the chairman of the council of ministers. In total, 10 ministries were established: the imperial court, foreign affairs, internal affairs, finance, military, maritime, justice, education, agriculture and trade, and communications. The first prime minister was Ito Hirobumi, through whose efforts a system of examinations was introduced for officials to occupy positions, excluding officials of the highest ranks.

As for the regional government, elected prefectural and city assemblies were introduced here, in which persons who paid at least 10 yen of state tax could be elected. The mayors of the cities were elected from the members of the city assemblies, but since they did not receive remuneration for their work, it is clear that in order to occupy this position, it was necessary to have considerable income.

As promised by the emperor, work on the text of the constitution was completed by 1889. The Constitution Proclamation Ceremony took place at the Imperial Palace on the Day of the Foundation of the Empire, February 11, 1889. Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji) delivered the text of the constitution into the hands of Prime Minister Kuroda Kiyotaka, symbolizing talent constitution emperor to the people. At the same time, the emperor said:

Thus, from that moment, imperial Japan began to live according to the constitution, which went down in history under the name "Meiji Constitution".

Formally, there was an article in the constitution that provided for the possibility of changing it, but since the constitution was "granted" by the emperor to the Japanese people, then any initiative to change it could belong only to the emperor, and the right to interpret the constitution belonged to the courts, and, as the highest authority, the Privy Council. And, consequently, any attempt to change the constitution by voting, by a decision of the court or even by the chamber of parliament would put the initiator of such an attempt outside the law, and therefore no one set such a goal. The Cabinet of Ministers, according to the constitution, was responsible not to the parliament, but to the emperor.

According to the constitution, Japan established bicameral parliament, consisting of the upper house of peers, and the lower house of people's representatives. If deputies were elected to the lower chamber, then the formation of the upper chamber of peers took place in a more complicated way, on the basis of a special imperial decree. It included members of the imperial family, the highest representatives of the titled nobility and persons specifically appointed by the emperor. As a rule, these were the highest government officials and leading business representatives. The House of Representatives was formed on the basis of a special law. It should be noted that Ito Hirobumi deliberately did not include articles on suffrage in the constitution, hoping that a separate law would be adopted on this issue. Such an electoral law was passed in 1890, and it granted the right to vote to men over 25 years of age who paid the state a direct tax (land, income or business) of at least 15 yen during at least one year preceding the year of compilation lists. A candidate for deputies could be a man at least 30 years old, able to make a fairly high cash deposit.

Thus, as a result of the Meiji Restoration, Japan took the path of a constitutional and even parliamentary monarchy, which, it must be said, was very different from the “classical” English model. Thus, since the constitution was “granted” by the emperor, the responsibility of the institutions of power existed not before the people, whose main “aspirations”, as it is supposed, are expressed by the constitution, but before the emperor. The presence of a parliament, which could only influence the government, did not change the essence of power, since the cabinet of ministers was responsible to the emperor, and the upper house had the right to veto decisions of the lower one. In addition, soon after the first political battles and the government crisis of 1891-1892, another extra-constitutional body was created under the emperor - the institute of lifelong advisers to the emperor (genro). Therefore, despite the existence of a constitution, some authors characterize the state system of Meiji Japan as close to absolutism - the monarchical component in the power structure of this country was so strong.
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--PAGE_BREAK -- CONCLUSION.
The modernization of Japan, which took place under the slogan "Meiji Restoration" (Meiji Isin), was a compromise between conservative forces and supporters of the renewal of Japanese society. The conservatives agreed with the renewal in certain areas of public life, and the supporters of the renewal, in turn, chose the path of updating the social system while preserving and maintaining traditions. And here we can once again be convinced of the commitment of the Japanese to the fundamental principle of the Japanese worldview - the harmony of "wa". Unlike Europe, in Japan, immigrants from feudal principalities, representatives of commercial and industrial capital, easily adapted to the requirements of the new era, which prevented serious social conflicts that are so characteristic of societies in transition (neighboring China, for example).

Attention should also be paid to the environment in which the changes took place. The new Japanese leaders were forced to take on the reconstruction of the country in the face of the threat of foreign invasion, which constantly weighed on the country.

Moreover, Japan faced the danger of large-scale infiltration of foreign capital into the country, which had settled in Japanese port cities since the early Meiji years. This sense of external danger was fueled by the presence in Japan (until 1899) of the institution of extraterritoriality for foreigners, characteristic of European colonies in Asia, and the absence of its own tariff autonomy, which Japan achieved only in 1910.

The government laid the entire burden of the costs of creating a new society, first of all, on the shoulders of the Japanese peasants, thanks to whose work the accumulation of the capital necessary for reforms was achieved. The arrival in the government of representatives of the feudal nobility, commercial and usurious capital, and not the bourgeoisie, as happened in Europe, predetermined the specifics of the capitalist development of Japan, where feudal remnants were preserved to a large extent: landlord ownership of land, rent in kind, and semi-feudal working conditions on enterprises. This, in turn, affected the nature and direction of the reforms themselves carried out by the new government.

The lag behind Western countries in the field of engineering and technology was especially noticeable, so modernization in this direction became the policy of the new government. At the same time, first of all, what met the needs of the country was adopted from foreign experience.

At that time, the only way to take a worthy place in the world and become a world-class power was to pursue an aggressive foreign policy and conquer colonies. Therefore, Japan naturally took this path, putting forward the slogan "a rich country - a strong army" (fukoku - kyohei). The Emperor has become a symbol of renewed self-awareness, a symbol of national unity. Aggression has become the main direction in the foreign policy of Japanese leaders.

However, the changes in Japanese society during the Meiji Ishin period were a big breakthrough into the future. The Japanese reforms of the period of the Meiji Restoration were so significant for the country, and even revolutionary in nature, that many Russian (Soviet) historians assessed these events as an "incomplete bourgeois revolution."

However, most European and Japanese historians call these events the "Meiji Restoration", since the main political changes were expressed in the restoration of monarchical power, the creation of a representative body - parliament, the preservation of the continuity of traditions and the approval of the idea of deification of the emperor.

GLOSSARY

Modernization - historiosophical meaning - the macro-process of transition from traditional society to modern society, from agrarian to industrial. This process did not occur simultaneously in all countries, as a result of which scientists speak of leading countries and countries with a catch-up type of modernization.

Feudalism (from lat. feudum- flax, feudal landownership) - a socio-political structure characterized by the presence of two social classes - feudal lords (landowners) and commoners (peasants), who occupy a subordinate position in relation to feudal lords; the feudal lords are bound together by a specific type of legal obligation known as the feudal ladder. The basis of feudalism is feudal ownership of land.

Capitalism - an economic system of production and distribution based on private property, universal legal equality and freedom of enterprise. The main criterion for making economic decisions is the desire to increase capital, to make a profit.

Shogun (jap. 将軍 sho: gun? ) - in Japanese history, the so-called people who really (unlike the imperial court in Kyoto) ruled Japan for most of the time from 1192 until the Meiji period, which began in 1868. The shogun's government was called bakufu(幕府) (word bakufu means "tent camp" in the sense of the location of the commander, cf. Russian bid). The state system, in which the supreme power belonged to the shogun, is denoted as shogunate(non-Japanese word).

Factory or trading post- a trading settlement formed by foreign (most often European) merchants on the territory of another state or colony. Factories were similar formations in remote areas of their country. The same name is given to trading offices formed in remote regions for the same purpose.

Christianity (from the Greek Χριστός - “anointed one”, “messiah”) is an Abrahamic world religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ described in the New Testament.

Samurai (jap. 侍, busi Japanese 武士) - in feudal Japan in a broad sense - secular feudal lords, ranging from large sovereign princes (daimyo) to petty nobles; in the narrow and most frequently used sense - the military-feudal class of petty nobles. Although the words "samurai" and "bushi" are very close in meaning, "bushi" (warrior) is still a broader concept, and it does not always refer to a samurai. Also, in some definitions, samurai is a Japanese knight. The very word "samurai" comes from the verb "samurau", literally translated meaning "to serve a superior person"; that is samurai- a service person. Samurai are not just warrior knights, they were also the bodyguards of their daimyo (see above), and at the same time his servants in Everyday life. The most honorable position is the caretaker of the sword of his master, but there were also such positions as "caretaker of the umbrella" or "water dispenser in the morning, after sleep."

Conservatism (fr. conservatism, from lat. conservo- I keep) - ideological adherence to traditional values and orders, social or religious doctrines. In politics, a direction that upholds the value of the state and social order, the rejection of "radical" reforms and extremism. In foreign policy, the emphasis is on strengthening security, the use of military force, and the support of traditional allies; in foreign economic relations, protectionism.

In conservatism, the preservation of the traditions of society, its institutions, beliefs and even "prejudices" is accepted as the main value.

Feudal monarchy - a kind of monarchy and a form of government in which agricultural production prevails in the economy, subsistence farming dominates, there are two main social groups: feudal lords and peasants. The use of methods of non-economic coercion, the combination of supreme power with land ownership is characteristic. From the point of view of Marxist theory, feudalism is a socio-economic formation that replaces the slaveholding and precedes the capitalist one.

Daimyo(jap. 大名, daimyo:, lit. "big name", obsolete. Daimios) - the largest military feudal lords of medieval Japan. If we assume that the samurai class was the elite of Japanese society in the 10th-19th centuries, then the daimyo is the elite among the samurai.

In translation, this concept means "big landowner", it arose simultaneously with the emergence of a stable military stratum - bushi - in the 9th-11th centuries.

Governor (via Polish governor from lat. governor from other Greek. κυβερνήτης (kybernētēs) - "pilot") - the head of a large administrative-territorial, federal unit.

Prefecture- the European name of the main administrative-territorial unit of Japan.

Bourgeoisie (fr. Bourgeoisie from fr. bourg; cf.: German. Burg - walled city) - a social class category, which corresponds to the ruling class of capitalist society, which owns property (in the form of money, means of production, land, patents or other property) and exists at the expense of income from this property.

Shintoism , Shinto (jap. 神道 Shinto:? , "the way of the gods") - the traditional religion of Japan. Based on the animistic beliefs of the ancient Japanese, the objects of worship are numerous deities and spirits of the dead. Experienced in its development a significant influence of Buddhism.

Parliament of Japan (jap. 国会 cokkay? ) - the highest body of state power in Japan and the only legislative body in the state. It is divided into two chambers, the lower house is the House of Representatives and the upper house is the House of Councilors of Japan. Both chambers are elected in a general election, by parallel voting. In addition to passing laws, parliament is formally responsible for electing the prime minister. The first parliament was convened in 1889 as a result of the adoption of the Meiji constitution. In 1947, after the adoption of the modern Japanese constitution, the parliament becomes the highest body of state power and acquires its modern form.

rotation - constant renewal of the composition of representative bodies and their functions in order to prevent their bureaucratization.

Democratization - (tracing paper from English. democratization(which, in turn, from other Greek δῆμος - people and κράτος - power)) - the process of introducing democratic principles into the political system, culture, lifestyle, etc.

Conscription (Conscription) - the duty of citizens to defend the state with weapons in their hands and to carry out military service in the ranks of the armed forces.

agrarian reform - transformation of the system of land tenure and land use.

Industrialization (or industrial revolution ) (lat. Industry- activity, diligence, diligence) - the process of socio-economic transition from an agrarian type of society to an industrial one, with a predominance of industrial production in the economy, which is undergoing a period of extensive development in order to produce as many products as possible. This process is associated with the development of new technologies, especially in industries such as energy and metallurgy. Various authors note the following key factors of industrialization: political and legislative reforms, the presence of natural resources, as well as relatively cheap and skilled labor resources.

ground rent is the price paid for the use of a limited amount of land and other natural resources.

Pension (from lat. pension, payment) - a regular (usually monthly) cash benefit that is paid to persons who:

§ have reached retirement age (old-age pensions),

§ have a disability,

§ lost a breadwinner (survivor's pension).

Entrepreneurship , business - independent, carried out at one's own risk activity aimed at systematic profit from the use of property and / or intangible assets, the sale of goods, the performance of work or the provision of services by persons registered in this capacity in the manner prescribed by law. The effectiveness of entrepreneurial activity can be assessed not only by the amount of profit received, but also by the change in the value of the business (market value of the enterprise, goodwill). Entrepreneurship, business is the most important attribute of a market economy, penetrating all its institutions.

Loan - a type of obligation relationship, an agreement by virtue of which one party (the Lender) transfers money or other things defined by generic characteristics (for example: number, weight, measure) into the ownership of the other party (the Borrower), and the borrower undertakes to return the same amount of money to the lender (loan amount) or an equal number of other things received by him of the same kind and quality.

Bond (lat. obligatio- obligation; English bond- long-term, note- short-term) - issuance debt security, the owner of which has the right to receive from the issuer of bonds within a specified period of time its nominal value in money or in the form of other property equivalent. A bond may also provide for the owner's right to receive a fixed percentage (coupon) of its face value or other property rights.

Protectionism - the policy of protecting the domestic market from foreign competition through a system of certain restrictions: import and export duties, subsidies and other measures. On the one hand, such a policy contributes to the development of national production.

Subsidy (from lat. subsidium- assistance, support) - an allowance in cash or in kind, provided at the expense of the state or local budget, as well as special funds to legal entities and individuals, local authorities, other states.

E xport comes from lat. exporto, which literally means to send goods and services from the country's port. Export involves the export abroad of goods sold to a foreign buyer or intended for sale on a foreign market. The seller of such goods and services is referred to as the "exporter" country, while the foreign buyer is referred to as the "importer" country. Any goods, resources or services that are transported legally from one country to another constitute the main element of the trade sphere. The equivalent concept of export is import.
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Sections: History and social studies

Lesson Objectives:

Reveal the features of the modernization process in Japan in the second half of the 19th century;
to determine the reasons for the transformations in Japan in the second half of the 19th century;
reveal the content of the "Meiji era", highlight the results and significance of the reforms;
establish the features of the development of Japan in the 19th century;
continue developing the ability to independently work with documents as sources of new knowledge, highlight the main thing, use previously acquired knowledge, establish cause-and-effect relationships;
continue to develop the cartographic skills of students.

Basic concepts:

Meiji - the bourgeois revolution in Japan in 1867-1868; restoration of the monarchy in Japan with the aim of overthrowing the shogunate.

The shogunate is a peculiar form of government of the feudal aristocracy in Japan of the 12th-19th centuries, in which the emperor was the supreme person only nominally, and all power really belonged and was inherited by the head of a large feudal clan.

Lesson equipment: map "Territorial and political division of the world 1876-1914"

Lesson plan:

Student survey
Features of traditional societies of the East.
Causes of reforms in Japan in the second half of the 19th century.
Meiji Reforms. Reasons for the rapid modernization of Japan.
Features of the development of Japan at the beginning of the 20th century.
Railway development in Japan.
Consolidation of the material, summing up.

During the classes

1. Survey of students.

A) Frontal survey on knowledge of historical terms (coalition, continental blockade, segregation, abolitionism, industrial revolution, capitalism, amnesty, charter, militarization).

B) Individual work with cards.

Card 1.

Describe the features of the development of Latin American countries at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries.
Define the terms: reservation, oligarchy, racism.

Card 2.

List the three main echelons of capitalist development.
Define the terms: radical, attache, militarization.

C) Oral questioning of students on the knowledge of home paragraph 21.

What were the reasons behind liberation wars in the first quarter 19th century.
Why have the countries of Latin America not risen to the level of development of European states and the United States in almost 100 years of independence?
What are the consequences for the countries of Latin America led to the preservation of the vestiges of traditionalism?

2. Features of traditional societies of the East.

The teacher begins the explanation of the new material with the task for the students: using the table, determine where most of the world's population lived at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Which society - traditional or industrial - dominates in the countries of the East?

Working with statistical data.

Territory	Population, mln.
Asia	950
Europe	290
Russia	130
Africa	110
North America	81
Latin America	64
Australia and Oceania	6,8

Sample student response.

Students conclude that most of the world's population at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century lived in Asia (approximately 950 million people). In the countries of the East, the features of traditional society dominate.

From the 7th grade history course, students recall the main features of traditional societies in the East:

Omnipotence of the state.
The main occupation of the population is agriculture, the dependence of society on the natural environment.
Society is divided into estates, castes, communities, the individual is completely dependent on the state and on the social group to which he belongs.
Collective property (state, communal) dominates.

3. Causes of reforms in Japan in the second half of the XIX century.

Teacher's explanation:

Japan entered the 19th century, being a distant outskirts of the world mastered by Europeans. Like other countries in Asia and Africa, it has become the object of the expansion of Western countries. For her, the 19th century ended with a rapid rise to the ranks of the great powers. Therefore, the main goal of the lesson is to identify the features of the modernization process in Japan.

As you can see on the world map (Appendix 1 - Slide 2). Japan is an island nation. In the middle of the 19th century, the Japanese lived mainly on four islands: Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, Hokkaido.

The first Europeans to visit Japan in 1542 were the Portuguese. Local princes began to buy weapons from the Portuguese (Slide 4). The British and Dutch rushed to the country after the Portuguese, Japan's trade with Europe gradually developed. The Japanese government feared that the Europeans would be able to subjugate the country. Therefore, the shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu in the middle of the 17th century decided to close the country. An exception was made only for the Dutch, who helped the shogun suppress peasant uprising. The only port, Nagasaki, was opened for them.

Educational assignments.

What do you think, what consequences did the artificial isolation of Japan lead to?

Sample student response:

Low rates of economic development;
The international position of the country was unstable.
The military-technical backwardness of the country.

Teacher's explanation.

The United States was interested in Japan as a base for the deployment of aggression in the Pacific region. In 1853, an American military squadron headed by Commander Matthew K. Perry arrived in the Gulf of Edo on the island of Honshu (Slide 5). Perry gave the Japanese a letter from US President Fillmore expressing his desire to establish with Japan diplomatic relations. The Japanese asked for time to think. Perry announced that he would come next year. In February 1854 he returned with ten courts-martial (Slide 7). On March 31, 1854, a Japanese-American treaty was signed, and Japan was forcibly opened to Western countries. Trade agreements were unequal. In fact, Japan at the end of the 19th century turned into a semi-colony.

The "discovery" of Japan had important consequences. Firstly, the shogun showed his weakness, he yielded to the "barbarians" (as the Japanese called the Europeans). Secondly, trade with Western countries upset the Japanese economy. Cheap European goods flooded into the country. The Japanese blamed the surging troubles on the shogun, who allowed foreigners into the country (Slide 8).

More and more often in Japan one could hear the following speeches:

“These barbarians bring us unnecessary luxuries, deprive us of basic necessities, ruin the people and seek to take over Japan in the near future. It was our shogun who sowed the seeds of all disasters." Mass dissatisfaction with the penetration of Europeans into Japan gave rise to a movement against the shogun and foreigners, its participants advocated the restoration of the real power of the emperor.

4. Reforms of the Meiji era.

In 1868, a military coup took place in Japan, during which imperial power was restored. The reign of Emperor Mutsuhito (Slide 9) was called the "Meiji era" ("enlightened rule"). During this period, Japan, which by the middle of the 19th century had actually become a semi-colony of Western countries, was the only one among the countries of the East that turned into an advanced power that itself began colonial conquests.

On April 6, 1868, the Emperor made a solemn declaration in which he put forward the following program of action:

“A broad assembly will be created, and all state affairs will be decided in accordance with public opinion.
All people, both rulers and ruled, should unanimously devote themselves to the prosperity of the nation.
All the people will be allowed to carry out their own aspirations and develop their activities.
All bad practices of the past will be abolished.
Knowledge will be borrowed all over the world, and in this way the foundations of the empire will be strengthened.

Students read the text of the program and highlight the key phrases, come to the conclusion: we have the emperor's program on the introduction of the achievements of European civilization in Japan.

Teacher's explanation. The new government is implementing a number of reforms.

Reforms of Emperor Mutsuhito.

agrarian reform.
Administrative reform.
military reform.
Judicial reform.
Education reform.

Students write down the reforms in a notebook and describe their meaning using textbook material.

Educational task.

What are the consequences of these reforms?

Approximate response of students: the development of bourgeois relations, the beginning of the industrialization and democratization of the country and society, the strengthening of the country's defense capability.

5. Features of the development of Japan at the beginning of the 20th century.

Japan embarked on the path of accelerated modernization. The government actively patronized the development of industry and trade, seeing in the industrialization of the country a protection against the danger of foreign interference in the affairs of the state. By order of the emperor, “model factories” were built at the expense of the state treasury, which were then sold or given to firms close to the imperial court. The Mitsui and Mitsubishi firms received especially generous gifts. One foreigner who visited Japan before the First World War noted: “You can come to Japan on a steamship owned by Mitsui, disembark at a port equipped by Mitsui, take a tram belonging to Mitsui to a hotel built by the same Mitsui.” At the end of the 19th century, Japanese capitalism entered a monopoly stage of development. Trade could not develop without good roads. Therefore, the state itself took up railway construction.

6. Features of the development of railway transport in Japan.

Teacher's words: Guys, list the main reasons for the rapid modernization of Japan.

Decisive reforms of Emperor Mutsuhito.
Traits of national character - steadfastness, readiness for change, diligence.
Use of Western experience, techniques and technologies.

The reforms carried out in the economic, political, social and spiritual spheres of life were organically accepted by the society. They turned out to be in tune with the Japanese way of life, ideas, culture, i.e. the mentality of the Japanese. However, while borrowing Western achievements and putting them into practice, the Japanese did not abandon their original traditions. European clothes did not supplant the national kimono (Slide 13), the introduction of the European calendar and the education system - the tea ceremony (Slide 14), admiring the cherry blossoms (Slide 15).

CONCLUSION: Japan adopted all the latest achievements of Europe, and applied them not exactly in this form, no, she applied them to the extent necessary to strengthen her forces.

Japan used Europe as a ladder to climb onto the roof of the Far East.

7. Fixing.

Reasons for the artificial isolation of Japan.
a) the spread of Christianity;
b) an increase in the number of Europeans in Japan;
c) strengthening the position of the bourgeoisie.

Why Japan became one of the most advanced countries in the world?
a) decisive reforms, the use of Western experience;
b) the shogun Tokugavo Cake relinquished power.

Which country was the first to sign a trade agreement with Japan?
a) USA;
b) Russia;
c) France.

Homework.

Paragraph 25 (study), terms to learn, fill in the table

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

New history of Asia and Africa. "The science"; M.1982.
Abdulaev E.N., Mendrin V.M. Story shogunate in Japan: In 2 volumes : T.1 M.: St. Petersburg. 1999.
Alpatov V.M. Story and culture Japan: [Sb.st.] / Ros. acad. Sciences. Institute of Oriental Studies. - M. 2002.
Eremin V.N. Story Japan: Textbook: T.2. 1868-1998 / V.N. Eremin, A.E. Zhukov, I.P. Lebedeva.- M.: IV RAN, 1998.

TEST

in the discipline "World Economy"

Topic: MODERNIZATION OF JAPAN

IN THE END XVIII - EARLY XIX centuries.

INTRODUCTION

I CHAPTER

CHAPTER II

CHAPTER III

1. The first steps of reform

state administrative system

2. Formation of institutions of local self-government

3. Reform of the estate system

4. Military reform. Creation of a regular army

5. Creation of a police apparatus

6. Judicial and legal reform

2. Reforms in the 1880s

2.1. Agrarian reforms 1871-1873

2.2. Capitalization of samurai pensions

2.3. Japan's initial period of industrialization

2.4. Education reform

3. Reorganization of the state apparatus of the country

Meiji constitution

CONCLUSION

GLOSSARY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

The process of the country's transition from a feudal society to a capitalist one, which is also called the process of modernization of society, did not proceed in the same way in different countries. In some European countries, this process took centuries. In the East, where all social and political processes do not fit into the framework of European scientific schemes, such processes were very different from European ones, and they can be traced in the most striking form in the example of Japan in the second half of the 19th century.

As noted by the famous American Japanologist E. Reisschauer (Harvard University), Japan entered the path of modernization in the Meiji period, being already at a fairly high level of development. In addition, the support of the state, which made modernization a priority of its policy, played an important role in the transformations. The borrowing of Western methods of industrialization led to a significant reduction in the time for the transition of Japanese society from a feudal state to a modern one. At the same time, such a reduction in terms led to complications in society, which can be explained by the fact that in the process of implementing the modernization introduced into Japanese traditional structures modern technologies, political, economic and other innovations were not always consistent with the level of development of a given society.

A characteristic feature of the Japanese modernization in the Meiji era was its implementation through the elite of the nation. The population itself did not directly encounter representatives of Western civilization and received new knowledge and information translated into Japanese. Therefore, the rapid turn of society towards the West, the Europeanization of society, did not give rise to feelings of rejection in the Japanese mind, and, in addition, some Western concepts (positivism, for example) were close to Japanese traditional views. In general, it must be said that it was the pragmatism of the Japanese that allowed them to respond so successfully to the challenge of the West and carry out fairly effective reforms in a relatively short time, unlike, say, China. In both the Japanese and Chinese cases, the most important role was played by socio-psychological reasons that have deep historical roots, such as, for example, the attitude of national consciousness to the outside world. China, throughout its long history, has played the role of a donor of cultural achievements to the countries around it. That is why the Chinese for a long time could not come to terms with the idea of having other, different from their own, cultural values outside and the need to learn something from other peoples. For example, the rejection of the idea, natural for a European, of an equal position of embassy missions with the head of state in which these missions are represented, was one of the reasons for the third opium war.

The Japanese, in the course of history, borrowed cultural achievements from outside (mostly from the same China), and therefore were able to quickly reorient themselves to their new source, while maintaining their national identity.

I CHAPTER

Transition from feudalism to capitalism in Japan, in contrast to Western countries, it passed quite quickly and, one might say, rather painlessly. This can be explained by the coincidence in time of at least two factors: the crisis of the feudal political system within the country and pressure on Japan from the West. Moreover, the crisis was of a comprehensive nature, i.е. affected all aspects of the political and economic life of the country (systemic crisis).

The historically unique shogunate system that had developed in Japan as early as the 12th century was approaching its end at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries. Since the beginning of the 17th century, when Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) established the dominance of his house over most of Japan, the last in the history of Japan was established in the country. shogunate .

From the beginning of the 17th century, the Tokugawa rulers began to pursue a policy of isolating the country from the outside world.

After 1640, foreigners were generally prohibited from entering the country, as well as foreign trade. An exception was made only to Dutch (for help in the fight against the Portuguese) and Chinese merchants, who could trade exclusively through a small trading post on the island of Dejima in Nagasaki. For complete isolation, in 1637, under pain of death, all residents of the country were banned from leaving the country, and it was also forbidden to build large ships capable of making long voyages.

The reasons for the shogunate's policy of "closing Japan" can be explained by the fact that through such a policy, the shogunate tried to prevent the threat of losing the country's political independence.

Another important factor that caused the closure of the country was the rapid and fairly effective spread Christianity in Japan. However, it should be noted that the “closure of the country” took place not only in Japan, which is quite well known, but also in China and Korea. Such a policy was a natural reaction of the countries of Confucian morality to the invasion of a new for the East, a religion completely different in its essence - Christianity.

However, by the beginning of the 19th century, the political system of the shogunate had become a brake on the further development of society.

Both internal (the systemic crisis of the shogunate) and external (the desire of Western countries to open up Japan, caused primarily by the need of the world fleet for intermediate supply bases) were developing in the country, which ultimately led the feudal system of the shogunate to collapse.

In addition, high taxes and famine caused an increase in the number of peasant uprisings.

In 1720, the ban on foreign literature was lifted, and some new philosophical teachings came to Japan from China and Europe (Germany).

At the end of the 18th century, pressure from the rest of the world began to mount when Russia unsuccessfully tried to establish trade relations with Japan. Russia was followed by European states and Americans in the 19th century. Commander Parry in 1853 and 1854 asked the Japanese government to open several ports for maritime trade, but foreign trade relations remained negligible until the Meiji Restoration in 1868.

These events sparked a wave of anti-Western sentiment and criticism of the Tokugawa shogunate, as well as a growing movement in support of the restoration of the emperor. The anti-Western and pro-imperial movement ("Sonno Joi") was widespread among samurai Choshu and Satsuma provinces. More restrained people understood much earlier the serious achievements of science and military art of the West and preferred to open Japan to the world. Later and conservatives from Choshu and Satsuma realized the advantages of the West, participating in several battles with Western warships.

In 1867-68, the Tokugawa government, under political pressure, left the scene and the Meiji era began.

CHAPTER II

Meiji era (jap. meiji jidai) - the period in the history of Japan from October 23, 1868 to July 30, 1912, when Mutsuhito was emperor). Emperor Mutsuhito took the name Meiji, which means "enlightened government" (Mei - light, knowledge; ji - rule). Indeed, this period was marked by Japan's rejection of self-isolation and its emergence as a world power.

After the fall of the Tokugawa regime, opportunities arose to transform Japan from a backward feudal monarchy into an advanced and European-style power. The first serious blow to the feudal system and the privileges of the samurai was that the government forced the daimyo to give up their feudal rights to rule the clans. In 1869, the so-called voluntary return of the country and people to the emperor took place - hanseki-hokan.

Mutsuhito (1852-1912), the first emperor of Japan after the overthrow of the shogunate. During the years of his "enlightened reign" all the privileges of the samurai class were abolished.

Daimyō were at first left in charge of their former domains as hereditary governors(tihanji), but after the complete destruction of the division of Japan into principalities and the introduction prefectures(ken) in 1871, the princes were completely removed from management affairs. The exercise of supreme power in the prefectures began to fall within the competence of government officials. Landed property was annulled, its owners became landowners of a new type and bourgeoisie .

In 1872, the complex and strict class division adopted in Tokugawa Japan was abolished. The entire population of the country (not counting the imperial family - kazoku) began to be divided into three estates: kazoku, formed from representatives of the court (kuge) and military nobility; shizoku- former military service nobility (buke) and hamin- common people (peasants, townspeople, etc.). All estates were formally equalized in rights. Peasants and townspeople received the right to have a surname.

In addition to the three main classes, Japanese pariahs also received rights, which became known as Shinheimin, that is, the new hamin(or burakumin - residents of special settlements - buraku). They were also allowed to have a surname, they became formally equal members of society.

The Meiji Restoration was of revolutionary importance for the further development of Japan. Against the backdrop of active colonization processes in Asia, Japanese politicians set themselves the task of not only preserving the national independence of the country, but in the shortest possible time mastering the achievements of Europeans in the field of technology, technology, state building and rising to the level of advanced Western powers. To solve these problems, the idea of the divine origin of the nation, expressed in the personality of the emperor, was adopted as a national idea. (idea "shinto"). Therefore, the restoration of imperial power was a completely logical step, symbolizing the principle of succession characteristic of the Japanese. This principle was expressed in all the steps of subsequent Meiji changes. New elements were added to the old structures, not destroying, but, as it were, supplementing them, up to the death of these old structures. Thanks to this, in Japanese society, even very significant cardinal changes were dispensed with without significant social upheavals. Therefore, during the Meiji Isin period, an internal compromise developed in Japanese society between the reformist part, striving for renewal, and the conservative forces, which made efforts to preserve the old traditions.

Comparing the development of Japan with the "classical" European countries, one can see that in medieval Japan there were all signs of a developed state for that time: there was foreign trade, piracy (as a source of capital accumulation until it was prohibited by Toyotomi Hideyoshi), and even attempts to colonization policies. By the end of the 16th century, Japan maintained contacts with more than a dozen countries, Japanese ships not only sailed in the region of Southeast Asia, but repeatedly crossed the Pacific Ocean, delivering the embassies of the shogun to New Spain (Mexico). The military expedition to Korea by Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1592-1598), which, however, was not so much a manifestation of an aggressive foreign policy, as an attempt by Hideyoshi to channel the internal turmoil of the samurai outside.

All these actions were quite consistent with their time and are designated in historiography as a manifestation of the "policy of mercantilism", which was pursued by many European countries and, above all, Great Britain. The subsequent 250-year period of Japan's isolation stopped the progressive development of the country, left a deep imprint on the economy and society of this country.

After the Meiji Restoration, Japanese society was forced to overcome the backwardness that had developed by that time. In this new situation, when the economic and even political independence of the country was at stake, Japan had to catch up with the advanced countries with their modern machine technology in the shortest possible time.

CHAPTER III

state-administrative system.

The basis for future transformations was political course new Japan, which was proclaimed in the emperor's oath (gokajo goseimon) on April 6, 1868. The main idea of this oath was that from now on "... all state affairs will be decided in accordance with public opinion" and "on the basis of just laws", and the rulers (as well as the ruled ones) "should devote themselves to serving the people", to whom the opportunity to "show personal enterprise and activity." Thus, the contours of the future parliamentary system were already laid in the emperor's oath. The actual implementation of this document was the decree on the state system of May 17, 1868, in which the emperor's oath was included in full, in the form of the first article.

By this decree, power was concentrated in the hands of state council, which had a two-tier structure and consisted of an advisory council and a number of departments. The actual government body was a bicameral advisory council. His upper house, consisted of the highest officials of the country - members of the imperial family, "kuge" and representatives of the southwestern principalities. They were engaged in the development of laws, the exercise of the highest judicial power, and the solution of major political issues. Lower Chamber consisted of representatives administrative divisions countries. Being an advisory body, this chamber did not last long, but in the future, it is on the basis of its experience that the lower house will be created. Japanese parliament .

It is noteworthy that already at the first stage of the new statehood, separation of powers , expressed by the formula "legislative power should not have executive functions, and executive power cannot have legislative functions." In order to centralize power in the country, the decrees of the new government limited the power of large feudal lords "daimyo": without the consent of the central government, they could no longer mint coins, recruit foreigners, etc. Thus, after Meiji, the existence of principalities independent of the center became impossible. A provision was also introduced on the electability and "rotation" officials.

The formation of centralized power occurred gradually. Already in May 1868, special bodies of the central government began to carry out their functions in the principalities, which at the beginning acted as intermediaries between the government and local authorities. Accordingly, a special apparatus was created under the government, to which authorized governments in the principalities closed.

The government's next step was the abolition of the principalities (haihantiken), which was done by law of August 29, 1871, and the creation of a new system of administrative division on the basis of the former principalities. Under this law, more than 300 "ken" prefectures and 3 "fu" metropolitan areas in Tokyo, Osaka and Kyoto were created.

At the same time, among the reformers, the idea of the need to form a parliamentary system in the country matured. This idea had both supporters and opponents. Under pressure from the former, on April 14, 1875, an imperial decree was published on the gradual introduction of a constitutional system in the country.

During the Meiji period, ideas democratization were so strong that sometimes they overtook time. This was the case, for example, with the creation of institutions of local self-government. The creation of a system of local self-government originates from the formation in 1873 of the department of internal affairs. The sphere of activity of this department included control of the entire system of local government. The general direction of the policy of the regions, as well as control over its implementation, was entrusted to the governors of the prefectures, who were appointed together with the staff of officials from the center. According to a series of acts of 1878, the administrative-territorial division of prefectures into counties (gun), districts (ku), towns (mati) and villages (mura) was established. Under these laws, the heads of the respective administrative units were elected by the population, and then they were confirmed by the governor, issuing a document of appointment.

The class structure that has long been established in Japan was the abbreviation "si-no-ko-sho", that is, the society was divided into: samurai(si), peasants(but), artisans(ko) and merchants(sho). After some adjustments, in 1872 a new structure of society was approved, consisting of 3 estates: high nobility "kazoku",(which included the former largest feudal lords "daimyo" and the court nobility "kuge"), nobility "shizoku"(included high samurai), and ordinary people "heimin"(which included a wide range of the population: from the lower saraists to the "outcast" eta).

The "Meiji Restoration" was carried out by the military formations of the southwestern principalities, and until 1871, when the imperial guard was created, the new government did not have its own army. After the abolition of the principalities and the dissolution of their armed forces in July 1871, the process of creating a regular army on the basis of the imperial guard began, which lasted until the adoption of the law on universal conscription in 1873. According to this law, all male citizens who have reached the age of 20 were subject to conscription for military service for a 3-year period. The call was carried out on the basis of the principle: "one person from the family." The emperor was the commander in chief. The army charter was developed on the basis of documents for the imperial guard and it was called the "Imperial order". Initially, the Japanese army was created according to the French model, however, from 1885, the Prussian army, with its slender and rigid structure, was taken as a model.

After the liquidation of the military units of the feudal principalities, which, among other things, carried out the functions of a patrol service to protect public order, it became necessary to create police units. The beginning of this process, simultaneously with the dissolution of the capital military formation, was the creation in 1871 of the patrol service of the metropolitan area in Tokyo. The next step was the creation of a nationwide centralized police system, which in 1874 began to be closed to the department of internal affairs, and in the prefectures directly to the governor. Over time, along with the general tasks of protecting public order, sanitary condition and supervision of fire brigades, the functions of censorship and control over public morality were assigned to the police. In 1881, the military police and the secret police (kempeitai) were created, which, in addition to domestic political tasks, also performed the functions of foreign intelligence.

Prior to the Meiji era, judicial proceedings were mainly in the hands of the feudal princes. After the Meiji were created departments of criminal affairs(keibusho), civil cases(mimbunsho) and administrative control service(danjodai). However, the created structures did not fully meet modern requirements, and in June 1871, instead of the department of criminal affairs and the control service, ministry of justice(shihose), who was entrusted with legal proceedings and search.

The new legislation established the equality of all before the law and introduced the principle of individualization of guilt.

Finally, the modern judicial and legal system took shape after the adoption in 1889 Meiji constitution when they were accepted civil procedure and commercial codes.

2. Reforms in the 1880s

When we talk about the transformation of the feudal economy and the creation of an industrial economic base, then we are talking about a process called "modernization", that is, in this case, we are talking about the entry of society into the path of capitalist development. The basis of the Japanese economy was agriculture and small-scale handicraft production. Therefore, agrarian reforms were of paramount importance for the modernization of the country.

The most significant steps that predetermined the results agrarian reforms, were the following: the abolition of the feudal dependence of the peasants, the abolition of feudal ownership of land and the introduction of a system of purchase and sale of land, and, finally, the reform of the land tax. As a result of these reforms, private ownership of land was created, and the development of agricultural production was ensured, which for Japan at that time was not only the main source of tax revenues, but the main source of reforms in the country. At the same time, the importance of the agrarian reform also consisted in the fact that it provided the necessary prerequisite industrialization– the formation of an excess labor market.

Carrying out agrarian reforms. Land tax reform. The abolition of the ban on the sale of land in 1872 was the first and most important step towards the establishment of a new modern (for that time) land tax, which was at the center of all agrarian reforms.

Anyone who could prove that he was the actual owner of the land was issued the appropriate land ownership certificates. "ticken". Such certificates at the beginning of 1872 were received, first of all, by those peasants who had their own land allotments or paid ground rent or other taxes to feudal lords or officials of the shogunate.

A few months later, land certificates were also received by those who bought land after the approval of the new government. Thus, the right of private ownership of land was recognized, and a circle of land owners was singled out.

The next step was to conduct a land survey throughout the country (1875-1881). Based on the assessment of the land value, a land tax was introduced (3% of the land value), which was levied in cash, and its value did not depend on either the quality or the quantity of the crop. The law determined that after the completion of the reform, the size of the land tax would be correlated with the value of the land and could not be lowered or increased in lean or productive years.

In 1875-1892. the share of land tax was 85% of all budget revenues. Having thus secured a constant source of income, the government created the conditions for the introduction of an efficient budgetary and financial system in the country.

Another important step that stimulated the development of capitalist relations was the capitalization of samurai pensions in 1873-1876. As mentioned above, fulfilling its promises, the Meiji government, in exchange for the privileges lost by large feudal lords "daimyo" and samurai, provided them with monetary compensation in the form of lifelong pensions. However, it soon became clear that for the country's post-reform budget, this burden, which accounted for about a third of its entire revenue, turned out to be unbearable. Therefore, in 1873, the government invited all recipients of samurai pensions to voluntarily capitalize their pensions. That is, the state offered the samurai instead of life-long pensions to receive a one-time cash compensation, half of which was government bonds. In addition, they were granted the right to acquire state lands at preferential prices. The purpose of these steps of the government was the desire to attract the samurai class to the occupation entrepreneurial activity. But the government's call did not arouse much enthusiasm among the samurai. In this regard, in 1876, the government, which was in a difficult financial situation, was forced to take compulsory measures to capitalize samurai pensions. Instead of regular pension payments, a one-time payment of compensation in the amount of a pension for 5-14 years was carried out, depending on the rank of the samurai or daimyo. The funds for the payment of these compensations were taken by the government from the London loan, which amounted to 2.4 million pounds sterling. Such payments continued until 1882.

The significant amounts received by the samurai and former daimyo in the form of compensation were invested by them in agriculture, industry, but most of all in the banking sector. However, a significant part of the samurai and petty feudal lords received amounts that were not sufficient to rise above the level of the middle strata of society. And therefore, dissatisfaction with this step of the government resulted in a series of samurai uprisings, which have already been mentioned above.

In addition to the capitalization of pensions, the government decided to pay off the debts of the daimyo princes to usurers and merchants. These debts in total exceeded 41 million yen. However, this decision of the government did not apply to the debts of the shogunate, and was of particular importance to the Osaka bourgeoisie, who were heavily indebted to the ruined princes. In order to implement the government decision, a new loan, whose bonds not only guaranteed the payment of bad debts to the merchant bourgeoisie, but also provided the owners with bonds the necessary funds for investment in industrial enterprises and agriculture. Such measures contributed to the transformation of large landowners and usurers into shareholders and bankers. Thus, in the city of Niigata, in 1873, the large landowner and usurer Itishima Tokujiro created the “Fourth Bank” (Daishi Ginko), which still exists today, the shareholders of which were mainly large landowners who occupied leading positions in local political and administrative spheres. Thus, already in this period we can see the close interweaving of interests of landowners, bank capital and government officials, which is very typical for Japan.

For the implementation of industrialization, the following conditions are necessary:

1) a sufficiently high level of development of production and circulation of goods, as well as the process of division of labor;

2) some accumulation of capital in the hands of the most active part of the population (entrepreneurs);

3) the presence of a sufficiently large army of free laborers.

With the beginning of the Meiji period, specialization by regions was carried out, replacing the former independence of the clans. At the same time, the process of division of labor in Japan was delayed due to the presence of a wide range of domestic production of porcelain, lacquer, cotton and other products, concentrated mainly in the hands of peasants and poor samurai families. The influx of cheap foreign goods from the beginning of the Meiji era, and especially cheaper cotton yarn and machine-made products, undermined the Japanese domestic industry. This accelerated the process of division of labor and the formation of the internal market.

As for the accumulation of initial capital, this process in Japan had a number of features. First of all, the long "closedness" of the country did not allow Japan to use such "classic" European sources of capital accumulation as piracy or robbery of colonies and overseas territories. Therefore, capital in Japan was concentrated mainly in the hands of a small number of large merchants and usurers, in particular, in the hands of the trading houses of Mitsui, Ono, Konoike and some others. Deprived of the opportunity to profit from any external sources, Japanese merchants were forced to limit themselves to exploiting a rather modest domestic market, which greatly reduced the rate of capital accumulation.

Therefore, the economic course of the Meiji government was characterized, first of all, by public protectionism , that is, a policy in which the state took on most of the care necessary for social development for the development of the national industry.

The lack of capital made the position of the government very difficult. The young Meiji leaders who overthrew the Bakufu sought to demonstrate the effectiveness of the new government as quickly as possible. And as a "clear evidence" of this effectiveness, it was decided to start building a railway in the country, the first section of which, as expected, was supposed to connect one of the central metropolitan areas of Shinbashi with the port of Yokogamma.

The presence of a very small number of very wealthy houses predetermined the second feature of the modernization process in Japan - predominance from the very beginning of the monopoly, i.e. highly centralized capital . The government itself was forced to engage in the development of such industries, using loans from the same financial magnates and very limited resources of its own, the main share of which was the land tax.

The big capitalists preferred to invest their money in trading, banking and credit enterprises, especially in the very profitable area of government loans. This determined the third feature of Japanese capitalism - dominance of bank capital , which in its growth significantly overtook industrial capital. In addition, this process of concentration of capital was accelerated by government policy subsidies and encouragement.

In general, the reasons for the very rapid pace of capital concentration in Japan can be summarized as follows:

1) low level of initial capital accumulation;

2) the need for large masses of capital to create large enterprises that could be compared with modern Western enterprises;

3) the introduction in Japan from the very beginning of the industrialization of the system of joint-stock companies;

4) competition with Western companies, which also encouraged the concentration of capital.

The process of concentration of capital took place through the absorption of small enterprises by large ones, thanks to which the so-called "zaibatsu" (financial oligarchies) of Mitsui, Sumitomo, Yasuda and others were born. Banking and loan capital, based on strong state support, in turn, was used by the government to develop those sectors of the economy that required large investments, such as infrastructure, capital construction, transport, communications.

In this way, If in most Western countries during the formation of capitalism banking capital existed separately from industrial capital, then it is also characteristic of Japanese capitalism that industrial capital did not develop independently in this country. As has already been shown, in Japan the process of industrialization was initiated by the state. .

And only after raising industry to its feet did it transfer enterprises to large private entrepreneurs at a very low price. Such a policy is called "the policy of state protectionism."

It can be said that Japanese industrial capital grew out of banking and usurious capital. The latter, using high land rents, attracted investments mainly in agriculture, since, as already noted, the contribution of investments in industrial enterprises was associated with great risk and did not provide quick and high profits.

The results of the economic reforms of the transitional period. As a result of agrarian reforms, the capitalization of samurai pensions and the repayment by the state of samurai debts to usurers and merchant capital, a powerful impetus was given to the concentration of capital, which became an important prerequisite for the rapid development of capitalism in Japan.

At the same time, agriculture has not changed much. The main crop remained rice, which was grown by peasants in small terraced fields on the slopes of the mountains. The scale of land leases, which were usually paid in rice, increased significantly. Among the traditional home crafts, sericulture was the most developed, the products of which were used for export. Accordingly, foreign trade developed rapidly in the early Meiji years. Its peculiarity in this period was that, due to the lack of domestic experience, foreign trade was carried out for a long time by Japanese companies through foreign sales agents.

Traditionally, education in Japan was quite widespread even before the Meiji era. The literacy rate of the Japanese population was quite high. Contemporary documents testify to the spread of literacy even among Japanese peasants. The content of education was reduced to the study of classical Confucian books and the foundations of mathematics. Much attention in Japanese education has always been given to moral education.

However, such a traditionally patriarchal education no longer met the requirements of the era of modernization. Therefore, the leaders of the reforms, the most prominent Japanese educators Ito Hirobumi, Fukuzawa Yukichi and others, set the task of creating a perfect system of education according to the Western model. For this purpose, a large number of students were sent to Europe and America to study. Thus, in 1873, 373 Japanese students studied in London alone. In addition, among foreign specialists who were invited in large numbers to Japan to help organize and establish work both in the field of state administration and local authorities, as well as in enterprises, in the army and other areas, there were many specialists who helped organize the Japanese education system.

As a result of the activities of a special commission for the preparation of education reform, it was decided to take the French and American systems as a model. In 1872, a fairly liberal for its time was adopted Education Act, according to which all classes, men and women, acquired an equal right to receive an education, and no discrimination. Initially, it was assumed that the costs of training would be borne by the population itself. However, due to the low solvency of most of the Japanese population, in 1880 it was decided to lay the bulk of the costs of financing education on local authorities. In 1886, a law was passed on compulsory 4-year primary education, which since 1900 has become free for the population. I must say that the successes of Japan in the field of education were very significant. By the end of the 19th century, about 85% of Japanese children received compulsory primary education. According to this indicator, by the beginning of the twentieth century, Japan caught up with such an advanced country as Great Britain.

3. Reorganization of the state apparatus of the country.

Meiji constitution.

Against the backdrop of widespread mass protests, the government began to carry out the necessary administrative reforms in order to strengthen the executive power in the country. In his manifest On the restoration of imperial power, Emperor Meiji promised that the Japanese people "will participate in public discussion." Very soon, to implement this idea, both in state bodies and in social movements, there were many proposals for future forms of constitutional structure. One of the leading Meiji leaders, Itō Hirobumi, two years after the Restoration, visited the United States in 1870 to study the American constitutional system. It is curious that the American constitution became for Ito Hirobumi not so much a role model as a model of what should not be included in the Japanese constitution. He believed that the American Republican constitution was ill-suited to Japanese political conditions.

In April 1875, the emperor's decree was published on the gradual transition to a constitutional system. To this end, institutions such as chamber of elders (genroin), supreme court chamber (tashin'in) and other organs. And in 1879, the government instructed all advisers to provide their written views on the introduction of the constitutional order. A huge number of points of view arose about the future structure of the country. The discussion on this occasion resulted in sharp confrontations at times. As a result, for example, Okuma Shigenobu, who expressed views close to the views of the "movement for freedom and people's rights", was dismissed in October 1881 from the post of adviser in the government. Somewhat later, his supporters were also removed from the government. These events became the basis for the creation of the second opposition "reform party" mentioned above.

In the process of creating a new administrative and political system, great importance was attached to reforming the education system. In 1880, strict state control was established over the first and second grade schools. In 1881, the University of Tokyo was reorganized and turned into an educational institution for the training of future officials. The former relatively independent organization of faculties was replaced by a system of strict centralized control by the rector, who was responsible for his activities only to the Minister of Education. Kato Hirayukki was appointed rector of the University of Tokyo.

The next step of Ito Hirobumi was the reform in December 1885 of the state apparatus, again, according to the German model. Under the new law, instead of the abolished State Council (Dajokan, or daijokan), a cabinet of ministers (naikaku) was created, which established a clear distribution of duties of ministers, whose activities were controlled by the chairman of the council of ministers. In total, 10 ministries were established: the imperial court, foreign affairs, internal affairs, finance, military, maritime, justice, education, agriculture and trade, and communications. The first prime minister was Ito Hirobumi, through whose efforts a system of examinations was introduced for officials to occupy positions, excluding officials of the highest ranks.

Thus, from that moment, imperial Japan began to live according to the constitution, which went down in history under the name "Meiji Constitution".

Formally, there was an article in the constitution that provided for the possibility of changing it, but since the constitution was "granted" by the emperor to the Japanese people, any initiative to change it could belong only to the emperor, and the right to interpret the constitution belonged to the courts, and, as the highest authority, the Privy Council. And, consequently, any attempt to change the constitution by voting, by a decision of the court or even by the chamber of parliament would put the initiator of such an attempt outside the law, and therefore no one set such a goal. The Cabinet of Ministers, according to the constitution, was responsible not to the parliament, but to the emperor.

Thus, as a result of the Meiji Restoration, Japan followed the path of constitutional and even parliamentary monarchy, which, it must be said, was very different from the "classical" English model. Thus, since the constitution was "granted" by the emperor, the responsibility of the institutions of power existed not before the people, whose main "aspirations" are supposed to be expressed by the constitution, but before the emperor. The presence of a parliament, which could only influence the government, did not change the essence of power, since the cabinet of ministers was responsible to the emperor, and the upper house had the right to veto decisions of the lower one. In addition, soon after the first political battles and the government crisis of 1891-1892, another extra-constitutional body was created under the emperor - the institute of lifelong advisers to the emperor (genro). Therefore, despite the existence of a constitution, some authors characterize the state system of Meiji Japan as close to absolutism - the monarchical component in the power structure of this country was so strong.

CONCLUSION.

The modernization of Japan, which took place under the slogan "Meiji Restoration" (Meiji Isin), was a compromise between conservative forces and supporters of the renewal of Japanese society. The conservatives agreed with the renewal in certain areas of public life, and the supporters of the renewal, in turn, chose the path of updating the social system while preserving and maintaining traditions. And here we can once again be convinced of the commitment of the Japanese to the fundamental principle of the Japanese worldview - the harmony of "wa". Unlike Europe, in Japan, immigrants from feudal principalities, representatives of commercial and industrial capital, easily adapted to the requirements of the new era, which prevented serious social conflicts that are so characteristic of societies in transition (neighboring China, for example).

However, the changes in Japanese society during the Meiji Ishin period were a great breakthrough into the future. The Japanese reforms of the period of the "Meiji Restoration" were so significant for the country, and even revolutionary in nature, that many Russian (Soviet) historians assessed these events as "an unfinished bourgeois revolution."

GLOSSARY

Shogun (jap. 将軍 sho:gun ? ) - in Japanese history, the so-called people who really (unlike the imperial court in Kyoto) ruled Japan for most of the time from 1192 until the Meiji period, which began in 1868. The shogun's government was called bakufu(幕府) (word bakufu means "tent camp" in the sense of the location of the commander, cf. Russian bid). The state system, in which the supreme power belonged to the shogun, is denoted as shogunate(non-Japanese word).

Christianity (from the Greek Χριστός - “anointed one”, “messiah”) is an Abrahamic world religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ described in the New Testament.

Samurai (jap. 侍, busi Japanese 武士) - in feudal Japan in a broad sense - secular feudal lords, ranging from large sovereign princes (daimyo) to petty nobles; in the narrow and most frequently used sense - the military-feudal class of petty nobles. Although the words "samurai" and "bushi" are very close in meaning, "bushi" (warrior) is still a broader concept, and it does not always refer to a samurai. Also, in some definitions, samurai is a Japanese knight. The very word "samurai" comes from the verb "samurau", literally translated meaning "to serve a superior person"; that is samurai- a service person. Samurai are not just warrior knights, they were also the bodyguards of their daimyo (see above), and at the same time his servants in everyday life. The most honorable position is the caretaker of the sword of his master, but there were also such positions as "caretaker of the umbrella" or "water dispenser in the morning, after sleep."

In conservatism, the preservation of the traditions of society, its institutions, beliefs and even "prejudices" is accepted as the main value.

In translation, this concept means "big landowner", it arose simultaneously with the emergence of a stable military stratum - bushi - in the 9th-11th centuries.

Governor (via Polish governor from lat. governor from other Greek. κυβερνήτης (kybernētēs) - "pilot") - the head of a large administrative-territorial, federal unit.

Prefecture- the European name of the main administrative-territorial unit of Japan.

Shintoism , Shinto (jap. 神道 Shinto: ? , "the way of the gods") - the traditional religion of Japan. Based on the animistic beliefs of the ancient Japanese, the objects of worship are numerous deities and spirits of the dead. Experienced in its development a significant influence of Buddhism.

Parliament of Japan (jap. 国会 cokkay ? listen)) is the highest body of state power in Japan and the only legislative body in the state. It is divided into two chambers, the lower house is the House of Representatives and the upper house is the House of Councilors of Japan. Both chambers are elected in a general election, by parallel voting. In addition to passing laws, parliament is formally responsible for electing the prime minister. The first parliament was convened in 1889 as a result of the adoption of the Meiji constitution. In 1947, after the adoption of the modern Japanese constitution, the parliament becomes the highest body of state power and acquires its modern form.

rotation - constant renewal of the composition of representative bodies and their functions in order to prevent their bureaucratization.

Conscription (Conscription) - the duty of citizens to defend the state with weapons in their hands and to carry out military service in the ranks of the armed forces.

agrarian reform - transformation of the system of land tenure and land use.

Industrialization (or industrial revolution ) (lat. Industry- activity, diligence, diligence) - the process of socio-economic transition from an agrarian type of society to an industrial one, with a predominance of industrial production in the economy, which is undergoing a period of extensive development in order to produce as many products as possible. This process is associated with the development of new technologies, especially in industries such as energy and metallurgy. Various authors note the following key factors of industrialization: political and legislative reforms, the availability of natural resources, as well as relatively cheap and skilled labor resources.

ground rent is the price paid for the use of a limited amount of land and other natural resources.

Pension (from lat. pension, payment) - a regular (usually monthly) cash benefit that is paid to persons who:

Reached retirement age (old age pension),

Have a disability

Lost a breadwinner (survivor's pension).

E xport comes from lat. exporto, which literally means to send goods and services from the country's port. Export involves the export abroad of goods sold to a foreign buyer or intended for sale on a foreign market. The seller of such goods and services is referred to as the "exporter" country, while the overseas buyer is referred to as the "importer" country. Any goods, resources or services that are transported legally from one country to another constitute the main element of the trade sphere. The equivalent concept of export is import.

Discrimination (lat. discrimination- distinction) - restriction of the rights and duties of a person on a certain basis.

Restriction of rights may be supported by legislation ( legal , de jure), the accepted religion in the country, or may be based solely on established moral standards ( informal , de facto). Any significant difference of a person can serve as a sign, for example, race, nationality, citizenship, kinship, gender, religious beliefs, sexual orientation, age, disability, occupation, etc.

Manifesto (from late lat. manifestum- call):

1. A special act of the head of state or the highest body of state power addressed to the population. Accepted in connection with any important political event, solemn date, etc.

2. Appeal, declaration of a political party, public organization, containing the program and principles of activity.

3. A document containing a list of bills of lading and presented to customs authorities, as well as agents and stevedoring companies at ports of destination.

4. A written statement of the literary or artistic principles of any direction or group in literature and art.

5. Expression of opinion by a certain group of people

Constitution (from lat. constitutio- "device") in the formal sense - the fundamental law of the country, the normative legal act of the highest legal force of the state or state-territorial formation in a federal state, fixing the foundations of the political, legal and economic systems of this state or formation, the foundations of the legal status of the individual.

The constitution in the material sense is a set of legal norms that determine the highest bodies of the state, the procedure for their formation and functioning, their mutual relations and competence, as well as the fundamental position of the individual in relation to state power.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Galperin A.L. On the issue of the genesis of capitalism in Japan // On the genesis of capitalism in the countries of the East. M., 1962.

2. Galperin A.L. Essays on the socio-political history of Japan in the period of late feudalism. M., 1963.

3. Galperin A.L. On the issue of the genesis of capitalism in Japan // On the genesis of capitalism in the countries of the East. M., 1962.

4. History of Japan. In 2 TT. Moscow, IVRAN, 1998 (2nd edition - 1999).

5. Molodyakov V. E. Russia and Japan: over the barriers. M. AST-Astrel, 2005.385

6. Norman G. Formation of capitalist Japan. Per. from English. M., 1952.

7. Norman G. The emergence of the modern state in Japan. M., IVL, 1961.

8. Essays on the new history of Japan (1640-1917). Ed. A. Galperin. M., IVL, 1958.

9. Paskov S.S. Modern Japanese bourgeois historiography. Problems of the policy of Japan and China at the end of the 19th-first quarter of the 20th century. M., IVL, 1982.

10. Reflections on Japanese history. Sat. articles. M., 1996.

11. Toyama S. Meiji Isin. The collapse of feudalism in Japan. M., Izd.in.lit., 1959.

12. According to the materials of the newspaper "Metals of Eurasia" - 1998

13. Robert A. Manning, Adapted from the It's Hard to Be a God series. - 1998

14. Countries of the world: Brief polit. -econ. directory. - M.: Politizdat, 1989.

15. Japan 1988. Yearbook. -M.: Science

16. Japan. Regional Structure of the Economy./Ed. V. Ya. Vybornova. -M.: Nauka, 1987.

17. Japanese paradox: (Realities and contradictions of capitalist management) /B. Z. Milner, I. S. Oleinik, S. A. Roginko. -M.: Thought, 1985

18. Historical Encyclopedia "M. 1994

19. Lomakin V.K., World economy. M., 1998.

20. Countries of the world: a brief watered. - Economy. directory. M., 1993.

21. Soviet encyclopedic dictionary. M., 1987.

22. Gladkiy Yu.N., Lavrov S.B., Economic and social geography of the world. M., 1993.

Lesson topic: Japan on the path of modernization: Eastern morality - Western technology.

Lesson Objectives:

Describe the socio-economic and political development of Japan in the first half of the 19th century;

Find out the causes and significance of the Meiji Revolution (1867-1868);

To reveal the essence of the reforms of the 60-70s. and the Constitution of 1889;

Determine the reasons for Japan's aggressive foreign policy;

Continue developing the ability to independently work with documents as sources of new knowledge, highlight the main thing, use previously acquired knowledge, establish cause-and-effect relationships, highlight major and minor events, work with a historical map;

Develop the conceptual apparatus of students;

To promote the education of students of tolerant attitude towards people of different cultures.

Equipment: presentation, handouts, documents

During the classes

I. Introductory part.

1. Organizational moment.

Greeting in Japanese: "kon-ni i-va"(Good afternoon)

Sit down, do-ju(please). In what language do you think I addressed you?

How does it relate to today's lesson?

2. Water conversation

We studied the events that took place in the 19th century in the countries of Europe, North and Latin America.

Guys, tell me what was common in the development of the countries of Europe and the USA? (Modernization of the economy, expansion of influence on other countries and their conquest)

What place did the countries of Latin America occupy in these events? (they were underdeveloped, they hosted national liberation movements against Spain and Portugal, the influence of the United States is increasing)

And today we will begin to consider the features of the development of Asian countries.

- Remember which largest states existed in the East by the beginning of the 19th century ? (India, China, Japan)

- In your opinion, were the Asian states economically more developed than the Western states or not? Why?

- Do you think that the states of the East will be able to maintain their position unchanged? Why? ( western countries needed markets and expansion of their influence and will try to subjugate the weaker eastern countries)

(against the background of music) Among the Asian countries, one state occupied a special place, you now hear the music of this country, which in its development by the end of the 19th century approached the developed countries of Europe. What state are we talking about?

1. Japan entered the 19th century, being a distant outskirts of the world mastered by Europeans. Like other countries in Asia and Africa, it became the object of the expansion of Western countries, but did not become dependent on them. She managed not only to resist the onslaught of Western countries, but also to become one of the developed countries. In today's lesson, we should find out how Japan managed to achieve such a position? Guess what problems Japan had to solve. (carry out transformations in the field of economy)

What is the name of the improvement process? , introducing innovations that meet modern requirements? (modernization)

- Formulate topic of today's lesson:"Japan on the path of modernization"

What tasks need to be solved? (what changes have occurred, what are their consequences?)

- Determine the main problem of the country in the process of its modernization:

II. Main part. Learning new material. Presentation of the topic and objectives of the lesson.

1. Features of the geographical location

- What are the geographical features of Japan? (work on the map: textbook, slide)

As you can see on the world map, Japan is an island nation. In the middle of the 19th century, the Japanese lived mainly on four islands: Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku, Hokkaido.

2. Features of the development of Japan until the middle of the 19th century.

From the 12th century, the shogunate was established in Japan.

What does shogunate mean? (Shogunate - a peculiar form of government of the feudal aristocracy in Japan, in which the emperor was the supreme ruler only nominally, and the power actually belonged to the head of a large feudal clan by inheritance).

The first Europeans to visit Japan in 1542 were the Portuguese. Local princes began to buy weapons from the Portuguese. The British and Dutch rushed to the country after the Portuguese, Japan's trade with Europe gradually developed. The Japanese government feared that the Europeans would be able to subjugate the country. Therefore, the shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu in the middle of the 17th century decided to close the country. An exception was made only for the Dutch, who helped the shogun suppress a peasant uprising. The only port opened for them was Nagasaki.

- What do you think, what consequences did the artificial isolation of Japan lead to?

(Low rates of economic development; The international position of the country was unstable. The military-technical backwardness of the country.)

Until the middle of the 19th century, Japan remained closed to foreigners and developed in accordance with the traditions that have been preserved since the Middle Ages.

The United States and European states began to look more and more closely at the Far East.

3. Introduce the Forced Opening of Japan

- Think about why the US was interested in penetrating Japan?

Working with document p.249 - what are the reasons for the discovery of Japan

(Japan had important strategic position: 1. The country was of interest to the United States as transshipment base American ships sailing in the northern waters of the Pacific Ocean;

2. Japan was convenient springboard to strengthen American positions in the Far East).

In 1853, an American military squadron led by Commander Matthew C. Perry arrived in the Gulf of Edo on the island of Honshu, who handed over to the Japanese a letter from US President Fillmore, which expressed a desire to establish diplomatic relations with Japan. The Japanese asked for time to think. Perry announced that he would come next year. In February 1854 he returned with ten ships-martial. Perry demanded concessions from the Japanese, threatening to intervene. On March 31, 1854, the Japanese-American Treaty "On Peace and Friendship" was signed, and Japan was forcibly opened to Western countries. Trade agreements were unequal. In fact, Japan at the end of the 19th century turned into a semi-colony.

In 1855, the first Russian-Japanese treaty was signed, according to which the Kuril Islands to the north of Iturup Island departed to Russia, and Sakhalin remained in joint possession.

Soon, similar agreements were signed with other European countries (England, France, Holland, etc.), which granted them a number of benefits in trade with Japan and the right of extraterritoriality.

4. Determine the consequences of the opening of Japan. " The discovery of Japan had important consequences. Read textbook C.244 and determine the consequences of the discovery of Japan

(deterioration of the situation: an increase in military spending, an increase in taxes, an undermining of national production due to the influx of foreign factory goods, the export of gold, which undermined finances.

T. Oh, trade with Western countries has upset the Japanese economy. Cheap European goods flooded into the country, undermining national production. There was an understanding that over the years of isolation, Japan had lagged behind in technical terms from Western countries and that modernization was needed.

Increasingly, the following speeches could be heard in Japan: “These barbarians bring us unnecessary luxuries, deprive us of our basic necessities, ruin the people, and seek to take over Japan in the near future. It was our shogun who sowed the seeds of all disasters."

- Who was considered guilty of worsening the situation? (shogun)

Mass dissatisfaction with the penetration of Europeans into Japan in 1868 gave rise to a movement against the shogun and foreigners, its participants advocated the restoration of the real power of the emperor. The Japanese quickly and orderly rebuilt, taking their own fate into their own hands. Opposition to the shogun was led by local princes. In search of an alternative to the power of the shogun, they turned to Emperor Mutsuhito. In 1868, a military coup (revolution) took place in Japan, during which imperial power was restored. 15-year-old Emperor Mutsihito became the head of the country.

Why do you think the shogunate and its coalition were defeated?

5. Consider the content of the Meiji reforms.

The reign of Emperor Mutsuhito was called the "Meiji era" - "enlightened rule". On April 6, 1868, the Emperor made a solemn declaration in which he put forward the following program of action:

- “A wide assembly will be created, and all state affairs will be decided in accordance with public opinion.

All people, both rulers and ruled, should unanimously devote themselves to the prosperity of the nation.

All the people will be allowed to carry out their own aspirations and develop their activities.

All bad practices of the past will be abolished; justice and impartiality as understood by all will be observed.

Knowledge will be borrowed all over the world, and in this way the foundations of the empire will be strengthened.

- What is the essence of the program? about the introduction in Japan of the achievements of European civilization.

Emperor Mutsuhito agreed with the Japanese proverb: "When the blind have a blind guide, they fall into a pit." The motto of the reforms was the slogan " fukoku kyohei» (« rich country, strong army"). A policy of "enlightenment from above" was pursued. To get acquainted with the state of affairs in the West, a « », which, having visited 15 countries, brought home invaluable information about the modern principles of society. The entire period of the Meiji era was held under the slogans: "Japanese spirit, European knowledge", "Teaching others is always an honor, learning from others is never a shame." Begins Westernization of Japan. Westernization - borrowing by Japan from the Western European states of the latest achievements of science and technology, the foundations of the political system and their implementation, taking into account the local mentality (national traditions, customs, corporatism)

PHYSICAL MINUTE

Are you tired?

Get up! Hands up!

Stretch high and take a deep breath!

They lowered their hands smoothly ... At the lesson - not to boredom!

Right, left head - one and two, one and two.

They smiled at each other and leaned forward slightly.

And now they bent back, straightened, swayed ...

And they went down to the desk, and we continue to work.

The new government is implementing a number of reforms. Students write down the reforms in a notebook and characterize their meaning using textbook material from 244-245.

Name of the reform

Main activities

Significance of reforms

Agrarian reform (1872-1873)

Fixing private ownership of land, permission to buy and sell it

The emergence of landless peasants, who ensured the creation of a class of hired workers, the preservation of landownership

Military reform (1872)

The elimination of the samurai class, the creation of a regular army

The formation of a disciplined army devoted to the government, the spirit of samurai was cultivated - the "code of bushido"

Administrative-territorial reform (1871)

Abolition of principalities, introduction of division into 72 prefectures

The elimination of fragmentation, the introduction of a unified system of management of different parts of the state.

Financial reform (1868)

Replaced old coins with a single yen

Contributed to the expansion of the domestic market, the development of trade and industry, the formation of banks

Education reform (1872)

According to the European (French) model, 5.5 thousand primary schools and 8 universities were founded

Elementary education became mandatory, accessible to women; by 1914 the Japanese were considered among the most educated people in the world

Judicial Reform (1872)

Introduction of common courts of European type and laws for the whole country

Overcoming fragmentation, the emperor had the right to approve and legislate; equality of citizens before the courts, further centralization of the state

The Meiji reforms were aimed at overcoming the feudal backwardness of Japan, accelerating the development of capitalist relations, and increasing industrial production. The reforms brought Japan out of international isolation and introduced it to the world economy.

What are the consequences of these reforms? the development of bourgeois relations, the beginning of the industrialization and democratization of the country and society, the strengthening of the country's defense capability).

6
. Constitution of 1889

Along with changes in the economy, there were also changes in political life. Trade unions began to emerge, an organized labor movement arose, and a liberal movement was being formed. In 1880, the Liberals created the League for the Establishment of Parliament. Emperor sent to Europe to study the experience of Western countries

a special delegation, which was supposed to choose the most suitable variant of government for Japanese traditions. The first Japanese constitution was approved by the emperor in 1889. It gave the emperor broad rights. He was declared a "sacred and inviolable person." He had the right to declare and conclude peace, approve laws, convene and dissolve parliament, all officials in the state were subordinate to him, he was the commander-in-chief of the army and navy.

The constitution provided for the creation of a 2-chamber parliament. The upper chamber of peers consisted of members of the imperial family and dignitaries appointed by the emperor. The members of the lower house were elected. The right to vote was given to men over 25 years of age, who paid a tax of at least 15 yen. 1% of the population got the right to vote. Deputies had the right to discuss government bills, they themselves had no right to adopt laws. The government was responsible only to the emperor. The constitution proclaimed basic civil rights.

7. To acquaint with the features of the development of Japan by the beginning of the 20th century.: Work with the textbook p.245-246 and sources

Japan embarked on the path of accelerated modernization. The government actively patronized the development of industry and trade, seeing in the industrialization of the country a protection against the danger of foreign interference in the affairs of the state. By order of the emperor, “model factories” were built at the expense of the state treasury, which were then sold or given to firms close to the imperial court. The equipment for these factories was purchased abroad. The Mitsui and Mitsubishi firms received especially generous gifts. One foreigner who visited Japan before the First World War noted: “You can come to Japan on a steamship owned by Mitsui, disembark at a port equipped by Mitsui, take a tram belonging to Mitsui to a hotel built by the same Mitsui.” At the end of the 19th century, Japanese capitalism entered a monopoly stage of development. Trade could not develop without good roads. Therefore, the state itself took up railway construction.

The government sought to give the relations between the bourgeoisie and workers the character of family ties. The capitalist, the officials argued, was the head of the family, and the workers were its members. These relationships corresponded to the traditional ideas of ordinary Japanese about the need to work hard and obey the master in everything. Corporal punishment was used in factories.

What does the following data say?

Iron production increased by almost 6 times, steel in 69 once.

Coal mining increased in 8,8 once.

Foreign trade increased by more than 20 once.

Industrial capital increased in 36 times, and banking in 2 times.

Thus, in the 90s, in Japan, as well as in European countries and the United States, an industrial boom began. New branches of industry arose: mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, etc. Western technologies were used. Large corporations turned into monopolies. Japan sought to penetrate the markets of other countries, building railways in Korea.

8. Foreign policy of Japan.

At the turn of the century, the idea of pan-Asianism was born in Japan, which claimed: "Asia for Asians." Supporters of this idea argued that only thanks to the unification with the help of Japan, Asia would be able to resist the West. And for this it is necessary to extend the power of the Japanese emperor to the Asian peoples. After 1868, the militant samurai spirit could not be realized within the country. Therefore, its embodiment was the aggressive policy of Japan.

History reference. (if there is time) From an article by the Russian researcher G. Vostokov, published in 1904“When it appeared in the 1850s. American-European squadrons, they (the Japanese) had to admit their impotence. The feeling of national pride, deeply wounded by the consciousness of the superiority of the Europeans, however, did not reconcile itself, and with their perseverance and impetuosity, the Japanese set out to seize this superiority, which, in their ideas, comes down to technical progress and military improvements, and not only to master, but and surpass. And now, at the age of thirty, they made a revolution in their country, in comparison with which our noisy European revolutions seem to be marking time in one place. If in this coup the Japanese were guided by a sense of national dignity, then national pride began to carry them further. Having established themselves in the idea that they were compared with the Europeans in culture, the Japanese were not satisfied with the consciousness of such equality and began to dream of the exclusive recognition of their people in the history of mankind.

1)The main directions of external expansion: (work with the map)

Japanese-Korean War - 1876, 1894, 1910.

Sino-Japanese War - 1894-1895 Russo-Japanese War - 1904-1905 Territorial acquisitions:

1895 - about. Taiwan. 1905 – South Sakhalin, Liaodong Peninsula.

1910 – Korea.

After the Russo-Japanese War, Japan acquired the international status of a strong power, which now had to be reckoned with.

9. Introduce lifestyle changes (student report)

III. Consolidation.

So, guys, we have finished studying the topic. We need to draw a general conclusion.

1. Back to our problem: How did the small island nation of Japan manage to avoid the fate of becoming a dependent (colonial) country?

2. Do you agree with the statement of James Fallows "Looking at the Sun." “Japan in the Meiji era was unique in its systematic attempt to learn from what the rest of the world had achieved by that time and apply it as quickly as possible to Japan… To avoid foreign domination, the Japanese leadership launched an onslaught of systematic study of the achievements of the rest of the world.”

2. Select from the list: factors that contributed to the development of Japan in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries;

implications for Japan as a result of rapid economic development.

1. Forced "opening" of Japan.

2. The reign of the shoguns from the Tokugawa clan.

3. Implementation of reforms by Emperor Meiji.

4. The dominance of the samurai.

5. Adoption of the Constitution of 1889

6. Modernization of Japan.

7. National traditions, nepotism, corporatism.

8. Borrowing European knowledge, achievements of science and technology.

9. The emergence of monopolistic associations - concerns - zaibatsu.

10. Tea ceremony.

11. Building exemplary enterprises

11. Signing of allied treaties with European states.

12. Preservation of feudal relations.

13. The leading role of the state in the industrialization of the country.

14. Independence from European countries.

15. Preservation of landownership.

16. Aggressive foreign policy.

17. International status of a strong power.

Students response: As a result of the forcible "opening" of Japan, the implementation of reforms by Emperor Mutsuhito, the adoption of a new Constitution, borrowing from European countries the latest achievements of science and technology, as well as the leading role of the state in the industrialization of the country, while maintaining national traditions and corporatism, allowed Japan to modernize the industry, which led to the emergence of monopolistic zaibatsu associations, the signing of allied treaties with European states. This made it possible for Japan to pursue an aggressive foreign policy and at the beginning of the 20th century to obtain the international status of a strong power.

IV. Summing up the lesson. Japan adopted all the latest achievements of Europe and applied them not exactly in this form, no, she applied them to the extent necessary to strengthen her forces. Japan used Europe as a ladder to climb onto the roof of the Far East

Reflection:

I found out….

I understand…

I am surprised…

It's hard for me to understand...

V. Homework.

Paragraph 27, terms to learn, fill in the table

TEST-Control

1. Until the middle of the 19th century, Japan was a "closed" country. This meant: a) the Japanese kept the doors closed; b) the leading countries of the world introduced a naval blockade; c) the Japanese people had no contact with foreigners.

2. From the beginning of the 17th century until 1968, the following was introduced in the country: a) the samurai regime; b) shogunal regime; c) kabuki mode; d) yamoto mode.

3. The power of which Japanese emperor was overthrown as a result of the Meiji revolution: a) Mutsuhito; b) Hirohito; c) Furukawa; d) Tokugawa.

4. What is the second name of Japan: a) The country of the rising moon; b) the country of the morning sun; c) land of the rising sun; d) the country of the rising star.

5. What is the name of the monetary unit of Japan: a) yen; b) crown; c) shekel; d) tanga.

6. What was the purpose of the Meiji reforms: a) were aimed at overcoming feudal backwardness; b) to overcome the resistance of the samurai; c) to solve the food problem.

7. Specify the dates of the Russo-Japanese War:

1) 1903-1905; 2) 1904-1905; 3) 1905-1906; 4) 1906-1907

8. What territories were captured by Japan in the late XIX - early XX century:

9. Under the Constitution of 1889, Japan became:

A) an absolute monarchy

B) a limited monarchy;

C) bourgeois monarchy;

10. Arrange the correspondences:

A) The policy of building up military power - the arms race, 1. Modernization, which is carried out by the ruling circles of a state.

B) Borrowing by Japan from Western European states 2. Westernization of states of the latest achievements of science and technology, the foundations of the political system and their implementation, taking into account the local mentality.

C) Update, improvement, processing in accordance with 3. Corporativeness with modern requirements, the use of best practices and achievements.

D) Employment was for life and created a special atmosphere 4. Militarism of trust, responsibility for one's work and solidarity with one's owner, interest in the prosperity of the enterprise.

W
and during this period, Japan, which by the middle of the 19th century had become in fact a semi-colony of Western countries, was the only one among the countries of the East that turned into an advanced power that itself embarked on colonial conquests.

What contributed to such a rapid rise of the country?

A possible personally significant problem: the combination of devotion to national traditions with the ability to borrow from other countries everything of value for one's country makes it possible to achieve a high level of economic development while maintaining national culture

Cognitive tasks: 1. Think about why Japan became almost the only country in the East that managed to resist the colonial policy of the West. 2. Do you agree that the success of Japan's modernization is due to the presence in the country of a dynamic tradition, enriched at the expense of the West? Comment on this point of view and provide facts that support it. 4. Express your opinion on the question: why did the Japanese state pursue a policy of active intervention in the industrialization of the country?

An excerpt from the movie "The Last Samurai" (2-3 min.

4. Reforms of the Meiji era.

5.

Guys, list the main reasons for the rapid modernization of Japan.

Decisive reforms of Emperor Mutsuhito.

Traits of national character - steadfastness, readiness for change, diligence.

Use of Western experience, techniques and technologies.

National traditions, corporatism.

The leading role of the state in the industrialization of the country.

Use of world achievements of science and technology.

The introduction of a single monetary unit - the yen, the creation of a banking system.

The emergence of monopolistic associations - concerns - zaibatsu.

Creation of exemplary enterprises (textiles, matches, glass, cement, beer, etc.)

Independence from European countries.

Revisiting unequal trade agreements.

As a result of reforms and rapid economic growth, Japan has become the advanced state of Asia..

Teacher's words:

CONCLUSION: Japan adopted all the latest achievements of Europe, and applied them not exactly in this form, no, she applied them to the extent necessary to strengthen her forces.

Japan used Europe as a ladder to climb onto the roof of the Far East.

TEST.

Reasons for the artificial isolation of Japan.
a) the spread of Christianity;
b) an increase in the number of Europeans in Japan;
c) strengthening the position of the bourgeoisie.

Why Japan became one of the most advanced countries in the world?
a) decisive reforms, the use of Western experience;
b) the shogun Tokugavo Cake relinquished power.

Which country was the first to sign a trade agreement with Japan?
a) USA;
b) Russia;
c) France.

Homework.

Paragraph 25 (study), terms to learn, fill in the table

Direction of reforms

The content of the reform

Significance of reform

State administration

Public relations

Economic reforms

Education reforms

Students' presentations and discussion of the question: "How successful was the modernization in Japan and why?"

) Presentation of work by students.

After Map - slide number 53,

Task for the map:

1. Show on the map the main directions of Japanese foreign policy. 2. What territories were annexed to Japan. ( slide number 54 )

Understanding and systematization of the acquired knowledge.

Let's answer the key questions of the lesson (distribute the “Student Page”: topic, goal, lesson plan, summary of new material, conclusion, d / z) 1. What does the expression "Eastern morality - Western technology" (Westernization) mean? 2. Expand the main idea of the Japanese slogan "Asia for Asians".

3. Give your own assessment of the changes that took place in Japan in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.

TEST-Control

After the test, students exchange work for quick review and evaluation.

To the middleXIX century Japan was a "closed" country. This meant: a) the Japanese kept the doors closed; b) the leading countries of the world introduced a naval blockade; c) the Japanese people had no contact with foreigners.

FirstXVII century and until 1968 the country introduced: a) samurai regime; b) shogunal regime; c) kabuki mode; d) yamoto mode.

Which Japanese emperor was overthrown in the Meiji Revolution? a) Mutsuhito; b) Hirohito; c) Furukawa; d) Tokugawa.

What is the second name of Japan? a) The country of the rising moon; b) the country of the morning sun; c) land of the rising sun; d) the country of the rising star.

What is the Japanese currency called? a) yen b) crown; c) shekel; d) tanga.

What was the purpose of the Meiji reforms? a) were aimed at overcoming feudal backwardness; b) to overcome the resistance of the samurai; c) to solve the food problem.

7. Specify the dates of the Russo-Japanese War:

1) 1903-1905;

2) 1904-1905;

3) 1905-1906;

4) 1906-1907

8. What territories were captured by Japan in con.XIX – the beginning of the twentieth century:

A) Korea, b) China, c) India, d) Liaodong Peninsula, e) Sakhalin Island, f) Honshu, i) Taiwan Island, g) Manchuria, h) Mongolia.

9. Under the Constitution of 1889, Japan became:

A) an absolute monarchy

B) a limited monarchy;

C) bourgeois monarchy;

10. Arrange the correspondences:

A) The policy of building up military power - the arms race , 1. Modernization which is carried out by the ruling circles of a particular state.

B) Borrowing by Japan from Western European 2. Westernization states of the latest achievements of science and technology, the foundations of the political system and their implementation, taking into account the local mentality.

C) Update, improvement, processing in accordance 3. corporatism with modern requirements, the use of best practices and achievements.

D) Employment was for life and created a special atmosphere 4. Militarism trust, responsibility for their work and solidarity with their owner, interest in the prosperity of the enterprise.

E) A peculiar form of government of the feudal aristocracy in Japan in the 12th-19th centuries, in which the emperor was the supreme person only nominally, and all power really belonged and was inherited by the head of a large feudal clan.

TEACHER'S CONCLUSION: Japan has assimilated all the latest achievements of Europe and applied them not exactly in this form, no, she applied them to the extent necessary to strengthen her forces. Japan used Europe as a ladder to climb onto the roof of the Far East

I found out…. and rate my knowledge on... points.

I understand…

I am surprised…

It's hard for me to understand...

clash with the West threatened the loss of Japan's independence, and under these conditions, the young state, using the traditional Japanese propensity for useful borrowing, lack of contempt for foreign culture, prepared Japanese society to understand the need for modernization and contributed to reforms that destroyed traditional society; reforms allowed Japan to follow the path of modernization and development of the capitalist economy; the development of monopoly capitalism in the country took place in the conditions of the narrowness of the domestic market, the poverty of the vast majority of the population, the growth of nationalist sentiments - this made Japan an aggressive country seeking to seize foreign lands

“Japan is the only non-European country whose level of development by the beginning of the 20th century. reached the level of the leading European powers. What is the key to this exceptional phenomenon? Firstly, even during the period of the “closure” of the country, the authorities did not reject everything foreign. On the contrary, accustomed to adopting everything useful for its own development, the state continued to follow this tradition. The propensity for useful borrowings from outside, cultivated over the centuries, led to the fact that in Japan, even after the “first closure” (in the 17th century), contacts with the Dutch continued. From them the achievements of Western science and technology came to the country.

Secondly, the insular position of Japan gave a special role to trade and navigation. And although the merchants belonged to the lowest class, powerful princes needed their services, who provided their cities and merchants with benefits. Trade and navigation were private enterprises (the state did not do this). It was through the merchants that communications with the outside world were carried out. This was supported by the princes. Thus, Japanese merchants and the princes patronizing them contributed to the development of private entrepreneurial activity.

Thirdly, in Japan, power was in the hands of the military (the shogunate system). The functions of officials in the country were performed by samurai, faithful to the knightly code of honor (Bushido). Japan did not develop a state with comprehensive control over the population. As a result, after the Meiji revolution, the young state was not burdened with an unbearable burden of traditions and bureaucracy with the inertia and corruption characteristic of the latter. This opened the way for useful borrowings, including the European model of constitutional monarchy.

Fourthly, Japan, due to scarce natural resources, was less attractive to the colonialists than China or India. The positions of European states in the Japanese economy were less strong than in these countries. Therefore, the transformations in the country, the breaking of the traditional structure were carried out not by the colonialists, but by the young state, which took the European countries as a model. At the same time, one should not forget that the young state did not rely on old traditions, since in the past it was ruled by shoguns. The emperor who returned to power (it is no coincidence that these events are also called the “Meiji Restoration”) was focused on breaking with the old statehood, on borrowing from the West. The main functions of the Japanese state became political functions, that is, the implementation of the policy in which the ruling classes and social strata of the new Japan were interested.

Fifth, Japan's aggressive foreign policy required active modernization of the economy and society. In the future, Japan demonstrated not only its economic successes, but also the old, almost medieval in cruelty, military tradition, the norms of which provided for the ruthless destruction of not only defeated warriors, but also the civilian population in the conquered countries.

The final part of the lesson may be difficult for some students, so we recommend that the teacher's generalization be accompanied by a note on the blackboard or in history notebooks. In the next lesson, students will compare Japan and China at the end of the 19th century.

TEST. 1. Reasons for the artificial isolation of Japan. a) the spread of Christianity; b) an increase in the number of Europeans in Japan; c) strengthening the position of the bourgeoisie.

2. Why did Japan become one of the most advanced countries in the world? a) decisive reforms, b) use of Western experience; c) Shogun Tokugawo Keik relinquished power.

3. Which country was the first to sign a trade agreement with Japan? a) USA; b) Russia;

c) France.

Reflection.

The name of the state is displayed on the flag of Japan: a red disk in the center of the cloth means the morning sun. In terms of the beauty of nature, Japan occupies one of the first places in the world (slides of nature and architecture, Mount Fuji, the Imperial Palace, etc.). Here the heat is replaced by frost, and the hot sun is replaced by falling snow. Japan is a country of curiosities and unique culture. Everyone knows Japanese samurai - warrior knights, the art of ikebana, cherry blossoms, tea ceremonies, an unusual and exciting kabuki theater, funny monkeys who love to bask in hot springs. Japan is the birthplace of karate, ninja, and sumo wrestling.

However, from the beginning of the 17th century. for almost 250 years, Japan became a closed country and avoided all kinds of contact with Europe under pain of death.

Key questions of the lesson (slide number 36 +Handout)

What does the expression "Eastern morality - Western technology" (Westernization) mean?

Expand the main idea of the Japanese slogan "Asia for Asians".

Give your own assessment of the changes that took place in Japan in the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries;

(the questions are on the desks so that students can read them at any time)

Using the table, determine where most of the world's population lived at the end of the 19th-beginning of the 20th century. Which society - traditional or industrial - dominates in the countries of the East?

Territory

Population, mln.

Asia

950

Europe

290

Russia

130

Africa

110

North America

Latin America

Australia and Oceania

Students conclude that most of the world's population at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century lived in Asia (approximately 950 million people). In these countries, the features of traditional society dominated.

- What are the main features of a traditional society? (following traditions, honoring elders, etc.)

Japan on the path of modernization

Prepared by a 8th grade student:

Barinov Alexey

Forced "opening" of Japan

In the 16th century, the rulers of Japan forbade the people to practice the Christian religion, and in the 17th century they "closed" the country and expelled all Europeans. It was believed that Christianity destroys the traditions of the people. And Christian preachers were seen as "the vanguard of the invaders."

Decades passed. The governments of the United States and Europe looked more and more closely at the Far East.
1854 An American squadron under the threat of cannons forced the government of the shogun to "open" the country.

Opening ports

Japan opened two ports for the Americans and received an American consul.
Following the United States, similar agreements were signed with Great Britain, Holland, France and Russia, which sent a squadron under the command of Admiral Putyatin to the shores of Japan. The signed agreement was very beneficial for Russia: the Kuril Islands north of Iturup Island were recognized as Russian territory, but Sakhalin was supposed to be jointly owned.

Efim Vasilyevich Putyatin

Count Evfimy (Efim) Vasilyevich Putyatin (November 8, 1803, St. Petersburg - October 16, 1883, Paris) - Russian admiral, statesman and diplomat. In 1855 he signed the first treaty of friendship and trade with Japan, an honorary member of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society.

The beginning of the era of "enlightened government"

As a result of these events, Japan was forced to spend a lot of money on the purchase of weapons, and this led to an increase in taxes, the main burden of which fell on the peasants and urban artisans.
Over time, discontent in the poor sections of the population (peasants, artisans, poor samurai, merchants and princes) began to rise very strongly. Slogans aimed at expelling foreigners became popular.

"Meiji Revolution"

As a result of general discontent in 1868, Japan experienced a revolutionary coup, as a result of which power passed into the hands of the 15-year-old Emperor Mutsuhito. He is crowned Emperor Meiji - "enlightened rule".

Emperor Mutsuhito

Emperor Meiji (November 3, 1852, Kyoto - d. July 30, 1912, Tokyo) is the 122nd emperor of Japan, who ascended the throne on February 3, 1867 and ruled the country until his death.
His lifetime name was Mutsuhito. Although outside of Japan he is occasionally referred to as "Emperor Mutsuhito", in Japan, deceased emperors are only referred to by their posthumous names.
By the time of his birth in 1852, Japan was an isolated, technologically backward, and feudal nation ruled by the Tokugawa shogunate and daimyo, the major feudal lords of Japan's more than 250 decentralized regions. By the time of his death in 1912, Japan had gone through a political, social and industrial revolution and had become one of the world's strongest powers.

Meiji reforms

1) Agrarian reform, which established private ownership of land and allowed its purchase and sale
2) Administrative reform destroyed the power of the princes. The country was divided into provinces and prefectures, headed by appointed officials.
3) The military reform of 1872 introduced universal military service in Japan Samurai lost the privilege of being a closed military caste.
4) Judicial reform destroyed estates.

Reforms in public administration

In 1889, on behalf of the emperor, a constitution was published, created according to the Prussian model. The emperor was considered a sacred and inviolable person, endowed with almost unlimited rights.
Parliament consisted of two chambers: the Upper (chamber of peers, whose members were appointed by the emperor) and the lower (elected). As a result of high property and age qualifications and the lack of the right to vote for women, at first the right to vote was extended to only 1% of the population.

New features of the economy

The financial reform included a new monetary unit - the yen.
The construction of railways, telegraph lines and mail began, similar to the European model.
"Exemplary" factories were built, which were then sold or leased on preferential terms to commercial and industrial firms. The Mitsui and Mitsubishi firms received especially generous gifts.

Shinto in the service of the state

In the 1980s and 1990s, nationalistic ideas began to spread widely in Japan, based on myths about the divine origin of the emperor. The military circles and the monopoly bourgeoisie were primarily interested in spreading these ideas.
An ancient religion, Shintoism, was used to promote nationalism.

Shintoism

Shinto, Shinto "the way of the gods" is a traditional religion in Japan. Based on the animistic beliefs of the ancient Japanese, the objects of worship are numerous deities and spirits of the dead. Experienced in its development a significant influence of Buddhism.

Foreign policy

By the 1990s, Japan had become the most powerful and richest country in Asia. But the country had very little land for agriculture, and was poor in minerals.
In 1893-1894, South Korea was engulfed in a peasant war. Under the pretext of "assisting the elimination of internal disturbances," Japan invaded that country. In 1894, Japanese troops captured Seoul, defeated the garrison and installed a puppet government. Without declaring war, Chinese maritime transport was attacked.

Japanese - Chinese War (1894 - 1895)

The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 - Japan's war against the Manchu Qing Empire (which included China) in order to establish control over Korea (nominally a vassal state of the Qing Empire) and penetrate Manchuria and China.
As a result, the Chinese troops were defeated, and under the terms of the 1895 peace treaty, Japan received a large indemnity, the island of Taiwan, the Penghulidao Islands, and the right to build its enterprises in Korea.

The young state quickly and clearly carried out a series of reforms that destroyed the foundations of traditional society, which allowed Japan to follow the path of modernization and development of the capitalist economy.

During the classes

1. Survey of students.

2. Features of traditional societies of the East.

3. Causes of reforms in Japan in the second half of the XIX century.

4. Reforms of the Meiji era.

5. Features of the development of Japan at the beginning of the 20th century.

6. Features of the development of railway transport in Japan.

7. Fixing.

CONCLUSION

3. Reorganization of the state apparatus of the country.

Meiji constitution.

CONCLUSION.

7. To acquaint with the features of the development of Japan by the beginning of the 20th century.: Work with the textbook p.245-246 and sources

9. Introduce lifestyle changes (student report)

III. Consolidation.

4. Reforms of the Meiji era.

5.

ecosystems

Zoology

Biology

Long 19th century

recent history

Middle Ages

new time

Interwar period