For 2-3 months it is impossible to learn (repeat, pull up) such a complex discipline as chemistry.
There are no changes in KIM USE 2020 in chemistry.
Don't delay your preparation.
- Before starting the analysis of tasks, first study theory. The theory on the site is presented for each task in the form of recommendations that you need to know when completing the task. guides in the study of the main topics and determines what knowledge and skills will be required when completing the USE tasks in chemistry. For the successful passing of the exam in chemistry, theory is the most important thing.
- Theory needs to be backed up practice constantly solving problems. Since most of the errors are due to the fact that I read the exercise incorrectly, I did not understand what is required in the task. The more often you decide thematic tests the sooner you will understand the structure of the exam. Training tasks developed on the basis of demos from FIPI give them the opportunity to decide and find out the answers. But do not rush to peek. First, decide for yourself and see how many points you have scored.
Points for each task in chemistry
- 1 point - for 1-6, 11-15, 19-21, 26-28 tasks.
- 2 points - 7-10, 16-18, 22-25, 30, 31.
- 3 points - 35.
- 4 points - 32, 34.
- 5 points - 33.
Total: 60 points.
The structure of the examination paper consists of two blocks:
- Questions that require a short answer (in the form of a number or word) - tasks 1-29.
- Tasks with detailed answers - tasks 30-35.
3.5 hours (210 minutes) are allotted to complete the examination paper in chemistry.
There will be three cheat sheets on the exam. And they need to be dealt with.
This is 70% of the information that will help you successfully pass the exam in chemistry. The remaining 30% is the ability to use the provided cheat sheets.
- If you want to get more than 90 points, you need to spend a lot of time on chemistry.
- To successfully pass the exam in chemistry, you need to solve a lot: training tasks, even if they seem easy and of the same type.
- Correctly distribute your strength and do not forget about the rest.
Dare, try and you will succeed!
M.: 2013. - 352 p.
The textbook contains material to prepare for the exam in chemistry. 43 topics of the USE program are presented, the tasks for which correspond to the basic (28), advanced (10) and high (5) levels of complexity. The whole theory is structured according to the topics and questions of the content of the control measuring materials. Each topic contains theoretical positions, questions and exercises, tests of all types (with a choice of one answer, to establish correspondence, with multiple choice or answer in the form of a number), tasks with a detailed answer. Addressed to teachers and high school students high school, as well as university applicants, teachers and students of chemical faculties (schools) of pre-university training.
Format: pdf
The size: 3.5 MB
Watch, download: yandex.disk
CONTENT
FOREWORD 7
1. Theoretical sections of chemistry
1.1. Modern views about the structure of the atom 8
1.2. Periodic law and Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleeva 17
1.2.1. Patterns of changes in the chemical properties of elements and their compounds by periods and groups 17
1.2.2-1.2.3. general characteristics metals of the main subgroups of groups I-III and transition elements (copper, zinc, chromium, iron) according to their position in the Periodic system and structural features of their atoms 23
1.2.4. General characteristics of non-metals of the main subgroups of IV-VII groups according to their position in the Periodic system and structural features of their atoms 29
1.3. Chemical bond and structure of matter 43
1.3.1. Covalent bond, its varieties and formation mechanisms. Polarity and energy of a covalent bond. Ionic bond. Metal connection. Hydrogen bond 43
1.3.2. Electronegativity and oxidation state of chemical elements. Atomic valency 51
1.3.3. Substances of molecular and non-molecular structure. Type of crystal lattice. Dependence of the properties of substances on their composition and structure 57
1.4. Chemical reaction 66
1.4.1-1.4.2. Classification of reactions in inorganic and organic chemistry. Thermal effect of the reaction. Thermochemical Equations 66
1.4.3. Reaction rate, its dependence on various factors 78
1.4.4. Reversible and irreversible reactions. chemical balance. Equilibrium shift under the influence of various factors 85
1.4.5. Dissociation of electrolytes in aqueous solutions. Strong and weak electrolytes 95
1.4.6. Ion exchange reactions 106
1.4.7. Salt hydrolysis. Environment of aqueous solutions: acidic, neutral, alkaline 112
1.4.8. Redox reactions. Corrosion of metals and methods of protection against it 125
1.4.9. Electrolysis of melts and solutions (salts, alkalis, acids) 141
2. Inorganic chemistry
2.1. Classification of inorganic substances. Nomenclature of inorganic substances (trivial and international) 146
2.2. characteristic Chemical properties simple substances- metals: alkali, alkaline earth, aluminum, transition metals - copper, zinc, chromium, iron 166
2.3. Characteristic chemical properties of simple substances - non-metals: hydrogen, halogens, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon 172
2.4. Characteristic chemical properties of oxides: basic, amphoteric, acidic 184
2.5-2.6. Characteristic chemical properties of bases, amphoteric hydroxides and acids 188
2.7. Characteristic chemical properties of salts: medium, acidic, basic, complex (on the example of aluminum and zinc compounds) 194
2.8. The relationship of different classes of inorganic substances 197
3. Organic chemistry
3.1-3.2. Theory of the structure of organic compounds: homology and isomerism (structural and spatial). Hybridization of carbon 200 atomic orbitals
3.3. Classification of organic compounds. Nomenclature of organic compounds (trivial and international). Radical. Functional group 207
3.4. Characteristic chemical properties of hydrocarbons: alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, dienes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and toluene) 214
3.5. Characteristic chemical properties of saturated monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, phenol 233
3.6. Characteristic chemical properties of aldehydes, saturated carboxylic acids, esters 241
3.7. Characteristic chemical properties of nitrogen-containing organic compounds: amines, amino acids 249
3.8. Biologically important compounds: fats, proteins, carbohydrates (mono-, di- and polysaccharides) 253
3.9. The relationship of organic compounds 261
4. Methods of knowledge in chemistry. Chemistry and life
4.1. Experimental Foundations chemistry 266
4.1.1-4.1.2. Rules for working in the laboratory. Methods for separation of mixtures and purification of substances 266
4.1.3-4.1.5. Determination of the nature of the environment of aqueous solutions of substances. Indicators. quality responses to inorganic substances and ions. Identification of organic compounds 266
4.1.6. The main methods for obtaining (in the laboratory) specific substances belonging to the studied classes of inorganic compounds 278
4.1.7. The main methods for obtaining hydrocarbons (in the laboratory) 279
4.1.8. The main methods for obtaining oxygen-containing organic compounds (in the laboratory) 285
4.2. General ideas about industrial methods for obtaining the most important substances 291
4.2.1. The concept of metallurgy: general methods for obtaining metals 291
4.2.2. General scientific principles of chemical production (on the example of obtaining ammonia, sulfuric acid, methanol). chemical pollution environment and its consequences 292
4.2.3. Natural sources of hydrocarbons, their processing 294
4.2.4. high molecular weight compounds. Reactions of polymerization and polycondensation. Polymers. Plastics, rubbers, fibers 295
4.3. Calculations for chemical formulas and reaction equations 303
4.3.1-4.3.2. Calculations of volume ratios of gases and heat effect in reactions 303
4.3.3. Calculation of the mass of a solute contained in a certain mass of a solution with a known mass fraction 307
4.3.4. Calculations of the mass of a substance or volume of gases from a known amount of a substance, mass or volume of one of the substances participating in the reaction 313
4.3.5-4.3.8. Calculations: mass (volume, amount of substance) of the reaction product, if one of the substances is given in excess (has impurities) or in the form of a solution with a certain mass fraction of the substance; practical yield of the product, mass fraction (mass) of the substance in the mixture 315
4.3.9. Calculations for finding the molecular formula of a substance 319
Standard exam paper
Work instructions 324
Answers to the standard version of the examination paper 332
Answers to tasks for independent work 334
APPS 350
Preparation for the exam in chemistry is, as a rule, preparation for the exam in chemistry from scratch.
The curriculum in ordinary schools is built in such a way that the hours allotted for chemistry are categorically not enough to begin to understand something.
Pupils remember only a few template schemes from the school curriculum. For example: "The reaction goes to the end if a gas, precipitate or water is obtained." But what kind of reaction, what kind of sediment - none of the high school students know this! The school does not go into these details. And in the end, even behind the apparent success, behind the school fives, there is no understanding.
When preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch, it is worth starting with the most ordinary school textbooks for the eighth and ninth grades. Yes, the textbook does not have the proper level of explanation that is needed to understand what is happening. Get ready that you will just have to memorize some of the information.
If you are preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch and reading a school textbook, you are learning chemistry like a foreign language. After all, in foreign language at the beginning of the study, too, some incomprehensible words, incomprehensible letters. And you need to spend some amount of time and effort on studying the “alphabet” and the basic “dictionary”, otherwise nothing will work out further.
Chemistry is an empirical science, and this is its difference from mathematics. We are dealing with facts that we are trying to explain. First we get acquainted with a certain fact, and when it is not in doubt, we explain it. There are many facts in chemistry, and it is difficult to understand them if you are preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch. Therefore, we start with an ordinary school textbook. For example, a textbook, the authors of which are G. E. Rudzitis and F. G. Feldman, or N. E. Kuzmenko, V. V. Lunin, V. V. Eremin.
And after that, you need to move on to serious books. Because if you are preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch, an attempt to “jump” into a serious book right away may end in failure. At the same time, school textbooks alone will not be enough to prepare for the exam in chemistry!
I wrote a manual for preparing for the exam in chemistry. It's called Chemistry. The author's course of preparation for the exam. This book is for those who have already read school textbooks, who do not need to be told from scratch what valence is and which symbol denotes which element.
Another tip for those who are preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch.
In this situation, it makes no sense to “scatter” on the Olympiads, because there will be almost no chance to solve something there. If a person you started to prepare in advance, and by the beginning of the 11th grade he writes trial exams in chemistry for 70 points, then it makes sense to participate. It is worth studying the individual sections of physical chemistry that are needed for the Olympiad and trying your hand.
But what to do if a high school student wants to prepare for the exam in chemistry from scratch and at the same time does not understand the school textbook? Can't understand! He wants to become a doctor, but he does not understand the school textbook. What then? Go to a tutor?
You can try to take another school textbook. All of them are written in different languages They have slightly different approaches. But if a high school student decided to prepare for the Unified State Examination in chemistry from scratch and cannot master a single school chemistry textbook for the 8th grade ... Maybe then you should think about a specialty that is easier to deal with? Such an applicant will spend a lot of energy on admission, but if he passes, then, most likely, on a paid one, and then he will also fly out! After all, studying in the medical field is much harder than preparing for the exam for admission to the medical one. If preparation for the exam in chemistry causes insoluble difficulties, absolutely insoluble, then studying in medicine will be much harder! Keep this in mind when preparing for the exam in chemistry from scratch.
The textbook contains material to prepare for the exam in chemistry.
43 topics of the USE program are presented, the tasks for which correspond to the basic (28), advanced (10) and high (5) levels of complexity. The whole theory is structured according to the topics and questions of the content of the control measuring materials.
Each topic contains theoretical positions, questions and exercises, tests of all types (with a choice of one answer, to establish correspondence, with multiple choice or answer in the form of a number), tasks with a detailed answer.
It is addressed to teachers and students of the senior classes of the complete secondary school, as well as university applicants, teachers and students of chemical faculties (schools) of pre-university training.
Examples.
Samples of metals are given: lead - copper - mercury - sodium - gold - silver - tungsten.
Identify these metals by physical characteristics:
a) very soft (cut with a knife);
b) colored yellow;
c) has a matte surface;
d) has the highest refractoriness;
e) liquid at room temperature;
e) painted red;
g) has a metallic luster and high electrical conductivity.
Copper samples were obtained from the starting materials: red Cu2O, black CuO, white CuSO4, blue CuSO4 5H2O, dark green Cu2CO3(OH)2, and yellow-brown CuCl2. Should (yes, no) the received copper samples differ:
a) by color
b) by melting point,
c) according to the ability to be covered with a black-green coating in the city air?
CONTENT
FOREWORD 7
1. Theoretical sections of chemistry
1.1. Modern ideas about the structure of the atom 8
1.2. Periodic law and Periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Mendeleeva 17
1.2.1. Patterns of changes in the chemical properties of elements and their compounds by periods and groups 17
1.2.2-1.2.3. General characteristics of metals of the main subgroups of groups I-III and transition elements (copper, zinc, chromium, iron) according to their position in the Periodic
system and features of the structure of their atoms 24
1.2.4. General characteristics of main nonmetals
subgroups of IV-VII groups according to their position in the Periodic system and structural features of their atoms 30
1.3. Chemical bond and structure of matter 44
1.3.1. Covalent bond, its varieties and formation mechanisms. Polarity and energy of a covalent bond. Ionic bond. Metal connection. Hydrogen bond 44
1.3.2. Electronegativity and oxidation state of chemical elements. Atomic valency 52
1.3.3. Substances of molecular and non-molecular structure. Type of crystal lattice. Dependence of the properties of substances on their composition and structure 59
1.4. Chemical reaction 68
1.4.1-1.4.2. Classification of reactions in inorganic and organic chemistry. Thermal effect of the reaction. Thermochemical Equations 68
1.4.3. Reaction rate, its dependence on various factors 80
1.4.4. Reversible and irreversible reactions. chemical balance. Equilibrium shift under the influence of various factors 88
1.4.5. Dissociation of electrolytes in aqueous solutions. Strong and weak electrolytes 98
1.4.6. Ion exchange reactions 108
1.4.7. Salt hydrolysis. Environment of aqueous solutions: acidic, neutral, alkaline 115
1.4.8. Redox reactions. Corrosion of metals and methods of protection against it 128
1.4.9. Electrolysis of melts and solutions (salts, alkalis, acids) 144
2. Inorganic chemistry
2.1. Classification of inorganic substances. Nomenclature of inorganic substances (trivial and international) 149
2.2. Characteristic chemical properties of simple substances - metals: alkali, alkaline earth, aluminum, transition metals - copper, zinc, chromium, iron 170
2.3. Characteristic chemical properties of simple substances - non-metals: hydrogen, halogens, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, silicon 177
2.4. Characteristic chemical properties of oxides: basic, amphoteric, acidic 189
2.5-2.6. Characteristic chemical properties of bases, amphoteric hydroxides and acids 193
2.7. Characteristic chemical properties of salts: medium, acidic, basic, complex (on the example of aluminum and zinc compounds) 199
2.8. The relationship of different classes of inorganic substances 202
3. Organic chemistry
3.1-3.2. Theory of the structure of organic compounds: homology and isomerism (structural and spatial). Hybridization of atomic orbitals of carbon 205
3.3. Classification of organic compounds. Nomenclature of organic compounds (trivial and international). Radical. Functional group 213
3.4. Characteristic chemical properties of hydrocarbons: alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, dienes, alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene and toluene) 220
3.5. Characteristic chemical properties of saturated monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, phenol 239
3.6. Characteristic chemical properties of aldehydes, limiting carboxylic acids, esters 247
3.7. Characteristic chemical properties of nitrogen-containing organic compounds: amines, amino acids 255
3.8. Biologically important compounds: fats, proteins, carbohydrates (mono-, di- and polysaccharides) 259
3.9. The relationship of organic compounds 267
4. Methods of knowledge in chemistry. Chemistry and life
4.1. Experimental Foundations of Chemistry 272
4.1.1-4.1.2. Rules for working in the laboratory. Methods for separating mixtures and purifying substances 272
4.1.3-4.1.5. Determination of the nature of the environment of aqueous solutions of substances. Indicators. Qualitative reactions to inorganic substances and ions. Identification of organic compounds 272
4.1.6. The main methods for obtaining (in the laboratory) specific substances belonging to the studied classes of inorganic compounds 284
4.1.7. The main methods for obtaining hydrocarbons (in the laboratory) 286
4.1.8. The main methods for obtaining oxygen-containing organic compounds (in the laboratory) 292
4.2. General ideas about industrial methods for obtaining the most important substances 298
4.2.1. The concept of metallurgy: general methods for obtaining metals 298
4.2.2. General scientific principles of chemical production (on the example of obtaining ammonia, sulfuric acid, methanol). Chemical pollution of the environment and its consequences 300
4.2.3. Natural sources of hydrocarbons, their processing 302
4.2.4. high molecular weight compounds. Reactions of polymerization and polycondensation. Polymers. Plastics, rubbers, fibers 303
4.3. Calculations by chemical formulas and reaction equations 311
4.3.1-4.3.2. Calculations of volume ratios of gases and heat effect in reactions 311
4.3.3. Calculation of the mass of a solute contained in a certain mass of a solution with a known mass fraction 315
4.3.4. Calculations of the mass of a substance or volume of gases from a known amount of a substance, mass or volume of one of the substances participating in the reaction 321
4.3.5-4.3.8. Calculations: mass (volume, amount of substance) of the reaction product, if one of the substances is given in excess (has impurities) or in the form of a solution with a certain mass fraction of the substance; practical yield of the product, mass fraction (mass) of the substance in the mixture 324
4.3.9. Calculations for finding the molecular formula of a substance 328
Answers to tasks for independent work 333
APPENDICES 350.