Explanatory text for the block
Domestic policy. After 1132, Russia consisted of about 10-15 independent principalities and lands that competed with each other. The ruling clan was Rurikovich, whose members had the exclusive right to be princes. Each Rurikovich received his own possession – appanage, the younger appanage princes had to obey the senior (great) princes, but in the affairs of their appanage principality they were almost completely independent. The strongest among the Russian lands were the Novgorod land, Vladimir-Suzdal and Galicia-Volyn principalities. Kyiv lost its former importance, but its possession was considered prestigious, and there was a struggle for it.
Since 1136, a republican system was established in Novgorod (1), power belonged to the boyars and the top merchants. The prince was invited and was responsible mainly for the defense of the republic.
The Vladimir-Suzdal principality was strengthened under Yuri Dolgoruky (son of Vladimir Monomakh). His nickname is explained by the desire to extend his power to lands far from Suzdal, including Kyiv. Yuri founded many cities in North-Eastern Russia, and the first annalistic mention of Moscow (1147) (2) is also associated with him.
Yuri's son Andrei Bogolyubsky (1157-1174) also sought to subjugate lands far beyond the borders of his principality, but, unlike his father, did not want to become a Kiev prince. In 1169, his troops took the city of Vladimir, which Andrew made his capital, began to be considered higher than Kyiv (3). Andrei strove to rule autocratically, clashed with the boyars and was killed by the boyars-conspirators. Soon the younger brother of Andrey Vsevolod the Big Nest (1176-1212) became the prince (he received the nickname for having many children). Under him, Vladimir-Suzdal Rus reached its greatest prosperity (4), but after his death, wars broke out between the sons of Vsevolod.
The Galicia-Volyn land was distinguished by a particularly sharp rivalry between the princes and the powerful boyars here. There was even a case of the reign of a boyar. The princely power increased under the Galician prince Yaroslav Osmomysl (1153-1187) and the Galician-Volyn princes Roman (border of the 12th-13th centuries) Daniil Romanovich (before the Mongol invasion).
In the first decades after the establishment of the Horde yoke, the growth of fragmentation continued. Among the specific princes – descendants of Vsevolod the Big Nest – wars broke out in which the Horde Khan intervened. To a lesser extent, the younger son of Alexander Nevsky, Daniel, took part in these wars, having received Moscow as an inheritance (being the youngest, he had no rights to the Great Vladimir reign). But Daniel showed concern for the improvement of his small principality, which began to grow rich rapidly (5).
Foreign policy. In the XII century. the international position of the ancient Russian principalities was generally favorable, there were no strong external enemies. Only the Polovtsy continued to disturb the South Russian lands. Of the wars with them, one should recall the unsuccessful campaign in the Steppe of the Novgorod-Seversky prince Igor Svyatoslavich in 1185 (6), but not because of its historical significance, but only because this campaign is described in the "Tale of Igor's Campaign".
The situation changed at the end of the 12th - beginning of the 13th centuries. Catholic (mostly German) crusader knights invade the Baltic lands, conquer local tribes, found cities and castles (7). This is where the crusader state comes into being. – Livonian order. At the same time, Sweden begins to conquer the Finnish lands. At the same time, far to the east, in the depths of the Steppe, under the leadership of Genghis Khan, the Mongol tribes unite (8) and begin to conquer neighboring and distant lands (China, middle Asia etc.).
One of the detachments of the Mongol-Tatars, under the leadership of Subudai and Jebe, in 1223 penetrated the Polovtsian steppe through Transcaucasia. The Polovtsy asked for help from the South Russian princes and received it, but in the battle near the Kalka River, the Russian-Polovtsian army was utterly defeated by the Mongol-Tatars due to disagreements among its leaders – three princes named Mstislav (9). Then the Mongol-Tatars went back, because. The expedition was exploratory in nature.
At the end of 1237, having previously ruined Volga Bulgaria, the Mongol-Tatars, led by the grandson of Genghis Khan (he himself had already died) Batu Khan (Batu), attacked North-Eastern Russia (10). The cities of Ryazan, Vladimir and others were taken by storm. In the battle on the river Sit (1238), the army of the great Vladimir prince Yuri Vsevolodovich was defeated, he himself died. The Russians desperately resisted (the squad of Evpaty Kolovrat and the seven-week defense of the city of Kozelsk were especially famous for their exploits), but the forces were unequal. Novgorod escaped general ruin, to which the Mongols did not reach for unclear reasons.
Having rested in the Volga steppes, Batu attacked South Russia in 1240 (11). Kyiv and most of the cities of the Galicia-Volynsky principality fell. The Mongols invaded the countries of Central Europe, reached the Adriatic Sea, but then, for unclear reasons, turned back (possible versions: bleeding as a result of the heroic resistance of Russia; the desire of Batu and other Chingizids to participate in the election of a new Great Khan to replace the deceased).
Simultaneously with the Mongol invasion, Russia also experienced an onslaught from the West, but was able to repel it. In 1240, the young prince of Novgorod Alexander Yaroslavich (grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest) defeated the Swedish amphibious assault near the mouth of the Neva in the Battle of the Neva (12). For this victory, the prince received the nickname Nevsky. In 1242, he also inflicted a major defeat on the German crusaders in the Battle of the Ice (13). The northwestern borders of Russia have stabilized.
Meanwhile, Batu founded the Mongolian state centered on the Lower Volga, which went down in history as the ulus of Jochi (ie the possession of the descendants of Genghis Khan's eldest son Jochi), or the Golden Horde (14). He demanded from the Russian princes an expression of humility. On the other hand, the Pope expressed a desire to help the Russian principalities in the fight against the Mongols. Vladimir-Suzdal Prince Alexander Nevsky rejected Western aid, recognized the dependence of North-Eastern Russia and Novgorod on the Horde, and even helped the conquerors suppress liberation uprisings. On the contrary, Daniil of Galicia first agreed to an alliance with the West and even accepted the royal crown from the pope's envoy. However, not having received real military assistance, he also submitted to the Horde Khan. An important circumstance that influenced the choice of the Russian princes was that the Mongols, being pagans, did not impose their religion and culture, treated the Orthodox Church with respect, and the West planted Catholicism in every possible way.
Ultimately, all these events led to the establishment of the Horde yoke (15). The components of this form of dependence of the Russian principalities on the Golden Horde were the annual payment of a huge tribute (“the Horde exit”), the issuance of yarlyks (letters) by the khan for the right to reign, periodic devastating raids on Russian lands. A census was conducted to collect tribute by scribes (census takers). Initially, the collection of tribute was carried out by special representatives of the khan (Baskaki), but after a series of uprisings, this function was transferred to the Russian princes themselves.
Economy and social relations. The Polovtsian raids and the struggle of the princes for Kyiv ruined the South of Russia. People moved from here either to the Vladimir-Suzdal or Galicia-Volyn principalities (16), which is the reason for their strengthening. However, with the exception of the southern lands, the economy of Russia before the Mongol invasion developed successfully, even despite civil strife. Agriculture and crafts, as well as foreign trade, achieved great success. The path "from the Varangians to the Greeks" lost its former significance due to the decline of Byzantium, but the Volga-Baltic route, which passed through Novgorod and Vladimir-Suzdal Rus, functioned successfully. Along with handicrafts, crafts (furs, honey and wax of wild bees) provided important export products. In search of furs, Novgorodians, imposing tribute (yasak) on the local population, reached the White Sea.
By the beginning of the XII century. in general, the process of settling the combatants on the ground and turning them into landowners-boyars was completed (17). This process largely explains the emergence of fragmentation, because the combatants were interested in a strong central government that organizes successful military campaigns and distributes estates, and the boyars – in a stable local government that protects their fiefdoms. However, throughout the entire period, there was a struggle between the princes, who sought to strengthen their power, and the boyars, who sought to limit the power of the princes and introduce them into certain limits (18). At the same time, sometimes princes (for example, Andrei Bogolyubsky) tried to rely on small service people (nobles). Extreme cases: Novgorod (boyar republic) and Vladimir-Suzdal Rus (strong power of the prince).
The Mongol-Tatar invasion led to the decline of the economy (19), handicrafts were especially affected. The death of most of the old nobility and the establishment of the yoke contributed to the replacement of the old political traditions (in which the prince was perceived by the boyars as “first among equals”) with new ones (prince – master, all subjects – his servants) (20).
Culture. The era of fragmentation is characterized by the formation of independent cultural centers (while maintaining the all-Russian unity) (21). This played a particularly large role in the development of chronicles, literature, architecture and fine arts.
The largest literary work of the era is considered to be “The Tale of Igor's Campaign (22). Another major work of the era was created in North-Eastern Russia – "Prayer" by Daniil Zatochnik, the author of which praised the princely power and spoke hostilely of the boyars.
With the formation of independent principalities, independent architectural schools arose. In Novgorod, the churches were built at the expense of the townspeople, were intended for everyday service, therefore they were relatively small and simple in decoration, squat, had powerful walls (example – Church of the Savior on Nereditsa) (23). The architecture of Vladimir-Suzdal Russia developed under the influence of princely tastes, and the local buildings were distinguished by majesty and elegance (Assumption and Demetrius Cathedrals in Vladimir, etc.) (24). An outstanding architectural monument of this period – Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, distinguished by exceptional elegance of proportions. Fresco painting and icon painting continued to develop everywhere, but only a few of them survived.
The Mongol invasion dealt a terrible blow to the development of culture (25). Suffice it to say that stone construction stopped for 50 years. The events of the invasion were reflected in a number of literary works, in particular, in "The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu", which tells about the heroism of the defenders of the city and the exploits of the hero Yevpaty Kolovrat.
1 option.
1. In what year did Russia break up into separate principalities:
1147 2) 1132 3) 1136 4) 1113
“…… you sit high on your gold-forged throne!
Supporting the Hungarian mountains with iron shelves
Barring the way for the king
Closing the Danube gates
Yuri Dolgoruky 2) Andrei Bogolyubsky
3) Vsevolod the Big Nest 4) Yaroslav Osmomysl.
3. What century is the first mention of Moscow?
1) IX 2) X 3) XII 4) XIV
4. Andrei Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod the Big Nest were princes
1) Moscow 2) Kiev 3) Vladimir
4) Galicia-Volyn
5. Head of the Republic in Novgorod:
1) Tysyatsky, 2) prince, 3) posadnik 4) archbishop
constant raids of the Khazars
unwillingness of the boyars to serve the prince of Kiev
7. Match the name of the prince and his nickname:
NAME OF THE PRINCE
NICKNAME
Yuri
Yaroslav
Vsevolod
Andrey
Bogolyubsky
Big Nest
Osmomysl
Dolgoruky
8. The congress of princes in Lyubech decided that
A. each prince will now rule his land together with the grand duke;
B. princes will participate in the struggle for power together with the prince of Kyiv;
V. each prince will now rule his own land independently, the princes have agreed to refrain from internecine wars;
9. What Kyiv prince held back feudal fragmentation?
A. Yaroslav the Wise;
B. Vladimir Monomakh;
V. Alexander Nevsky;
10. What form of government developed in Novgorod in the 12th century?
A. City
B. Monarchy
V. Republic
Topic: "Fragmentation in Russia."
Option 2.
1. In what year was Moscow first mentioned in the annals:
2) 1127 3)1137 4)1147
"You can splash the Volga with oars
Or Don to scoop out with helmets (his warriors) "
1) Yuri Dolgoruky 2) Andrei Bogolyubsky
3) Vsevolod the Big Nest 4) Yaroslav Osmomysl.
3. What century does the collapse of Russia into separate principalities belong to?
1) IX 2) X 3) XII 4) XIV
4. Roman Mstislavich, Daniil Romanovich were princes
1) Moscow 2) Kiev 3) Vladimir 4) Galicia-Volyn
5. The actual owners in Novgorod were:
1) artisans, 2) princes, 3) boyars 4) merchants
6. Which of the following is one of the reasons for fragmentation in Russia:
weakness of economic ties between Kiev and other cities
transition from tribal community to neighboring
strengthening the power of the Kiev prince
Cuman onslaught
7. Match the name of the prince and the principality in which he ruled:
NAME OF THE PRINCE
PRINCIPALITY
Yury Dolgoruky
Vsevolod Mstislavich
Yaroslav the Wise
Andrey Yurievich
Kievskoe
Galician
Vladimir-Suzdal
Novgorod land
8. Who was the first of the princes to appropriate the title of Grand Duke of Vladimir?
A. Vsevolod Big Nest
B. Yuri Dolgoruky
V. Andrey Bogolyubsky
9. Supreme, i.e., the main power in Novgorod was possessed (o) ...
A. People's Assembly
B. Veche
B. Council of the nobility
10. A striking literary monument of the late XII century was
A. "The Word of Law and Grace";
B. "Teaching children";
V. "The Tale of Igor's Campaign";
1. What event is the chronicler talking about? “And “Prince Alexander” went with his brother Andrei and with the Novgorodians and Suzdalians to the German land with great strength so that the Germans would not boast, saying “we will humiliate the Slovenian language.” The great prince set up an army on Lake Peipus on Uzmen, near the Voronya stone, and, having prepared for battle, went against them. The troops converged on Lake Peipus; there were plenty of those and others. It was then the Sabbath day, and at sunrise the two armies came together. And there was an evil and great slaughter for the Germans and the Chud, and the crack of breaking spears and the sound of blows from swords were heard, so that the ice on the frozen lake broke, and the ice was not visible, because it was covered with blood ... And the Germans turned to flight , and the Russians drove them with a fight as if through the air ... beat them 7 miles across the ice to the Subolitsky coast, and 500 Germans fell, and countless miracles, and 50 of the best German governors were taken prisoner and brought them to Novgorod, and other Germans drowned in lake, because it was spring ... ".
2. What foreign policy event of the 13th century is described in the following passage from the Ipatiev Chronicle? (specify the date) 2. What foreign policy event of the 13th century is described in the following excerpt from the Ipatiev Chronicle? (indicate the date) _ “Their first invasion was on Ryazan land, and they took the city of Ryazan by storm, lured out Prince Yuri by deceit and brought him to Pronsk, because his princess was at that time in Pronsk. They deceived the princess, and killed Prince Yuri and his princess, and killed all the inhabitants of his land, did not spare children, even infants.
3. Fill in the blanks Date Event y. 2. the first mention of Moscow 3. Vsevolod the Big Nest, 6. The Battle of the Kalka River, 8. an attempt to impose Catholicism on Russia was thwarted. 9. Victory of Alexander Nevsky over the Swedes d. 11. The heyday of the "Golden Horde"
9. Consequences Tatar-Mongol invasion cannot be attributed ... 1) the death of a significant part of the country's population; 2) slowdown in the development of handicrafts and trade; 3) the final transfer of the political center of the Russian lands from Kyiv to Vladimir; 4) the cessation of princely strife.
1. Boyars 2. Veche 3. Baskak 4. Label 5. Posad people 6. Boyar republic V. khan's charter, which gave the right to Russian princes to rule in their lands E. council, a body of state self-government in Russia D. the highest stratum of society in Russia ( along with the great and specific princes in X-XVII). They occupied a leading place after the Grand Duke in public administration G. a representative of the Horde khan in Russia, who exercised control over the actions of the princes, was in charge of collecting tribute A. merchants and artisans who settled near the fortress, in front of the Kremlin (fortress) B. A form of government in which the supreme belongs and is carried out by the rich elite.
Answers: 1. Battle of the Neva 1. Battle of the Neva 2. 1 campaign of Batu to Ryazan 2. 1 campaign of Batu to Ryazan reign of Yuri Dolgoruky in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality reign of Yuri Dolgoruky in the Vladimir-Suzdal principality g r establishment of the republic in Novgorod 4. establishment of the republic in Novgorod 5. Formation of the Galicia-Volyn principality 5. Formation of the Galicia-Volyn principality May 1223 May 1223 7. Batu Khan's invasion of Russia 7. Batu Khan's invasion of Russia 8. April 5 April July 1240 July 1240 10. Alexander Nevsky 10. Alexander Nevsky khan Uzbek khan Uzbek d, 2nd, 3-d, 4-c, 5-a, 6-b 11 1-d, 2nd, 3-d, 4-c, 5-a , 6-b
1. The period of feudal fragmentation lasted in Russia:
a) from the 11th to the 13th centuries;
b) from the 12th to the 15th centuries;
c) from the 10th to the 14th centuries;
d) from the 9th to the 12th centuries;
e) there is no correct answer.
2. The Moscow principality arose:
a) in 1147;
b) in the second half of the 13th century;
c) with the collapse Kievan Rus in 1132;
d) in 1240;
e) there is no correct answer.
3. The main military opponents of the Russian lands in the XIII century. were:
a) Swedish feudal lords and German knights;
b) Polovtsy;
c) Tatar-Mongols;
e) there is no correct answer.
4. The battle on Lake Peipus (Battle on the Ice) took place in:
a) 1240;
b) in 1242;
c) in 1223;
d) in 1236;
e) there is no correct answer.
5. Mongols are:
a) nomadic tribes of Asia;
b) the Baltic peoples;
c) Transcaucasian peoples;
d) the population of the Arabian Peninsula;
e) there is no correct answer.
6. The main occupation of the Mongols in the XIII century. It was:
a) nomadic pastoralism;
b) irrigation farming;
c) arable farming;
d) craft;
e) there is no correct answer.
7. The campaign of Batu to Russia took place:
a) in 1327;
b) in 1237-1241;
c) in 1480;
d) in 1380;
e) there is no correct answer.
8. Determine the order of the reign of the Mongol khans:
a) Genghis Khan, Ogedei, Batu;
b) Tokhtomysh, Batu, Genghis Khan;
c) Ogedei, Genghis Khan, Batu;
d) Tokhtomysh, Ogedei, Batu;
e) there is no correct answer.
9. The Mongolian state of the Golden Horde was formed:
a) in the X century;
b) in the 9th century;
c) in the 13th century;
d) in the 11th century;
e) there is no correct answer.
10. The Tatar-Mongol yoke in Russia existed:
a) from 1237 to 1380;
b) from 1223 to 1380;
c) from 1243 to 1480;
d) from 1223 to 1480;
e) there is no correct answer.
11. The seniority of Russian princes in the XIII - XV centuries was determined:
a) age;
b) a label for reigning issued by the Golden Horde Khan;
c) by decision of the congress of Russian princes;
d) "ladder" order of succession to the throne;
e) there is no correct answer.
12. Cities not destroyed by the Mongol invasion of 1237-1241:
a) Novgorod;
b) Vladimir;
c) Kozelsk;
d) Ryazan;
e) there is no correct answer.
13. The battle on the Kulikovo field took place:
d) there is no correct answer.
14. The Golden Horde yoke ended for Russia:
a) the Battle of the Kalka;
b) the Battle of Kulikovo;
c) standing on the Ugra;
d) the Neva battle;
e) there is no correct answer.
15. The collection of tribute for the Golden Horde began to be carried out by the Russian princes at:
a) Alexander Nevsky;
b) Dmitry Donskoy;
c) Ivan Kalita;
d) Vasily Temnoy;
e) there is no correct answer.
1. Feudal fragmentation is ....
2. The main ones during the period of feudal fragmentation were: ....
3. What forms of government were established in the Russian principalities during the period of feudal fragmentation?
4. Baskaki is ...
5. Moscow becomes the religious center of Russian lands in ... year in connection with ....
6. The first Moscow prince Daniel was the son of ....
1) a natural stage in the development of medieval states, characterized by the disintegration of a single state territory into independent, politically and economically independent destinies (land-states); 2) feudal patrimony and peasant community; 3) monarchy and boyar republic; 4) leaders of Mongolian military detachments; 5) in 1326 in connection with the transfer of the residence of the Russian metropolitan to it from Vladimir; 6) Alexander Nevsky.
Explanatory note
This test can be used as a final test after studying the first volume of the textbook "History of Russia" edited by Arsentiev N.M. for 6th grade.
The test consists of two parts, in the first part there are mainly tasks, with answer options, according to the principle - choose the right one, each correct answer gives one point.
The second part of the test consists of two tasks, where in the first one you need to correlate the name of the ruler - the year of his accession to the princely throne - an event that occurred during his reign, in the second, determine the event from the picture and describe it below. Tasks are evaluated at three points each, however, in case of an incomplete answer, but the correct formulation of the position, it is permissible to put one point for the answer.
Ancient Russia And feudal fragmentation
1. What is the name of the oldest Russian chronicle:
"The Tale of Bygone Years"
"A word about the destruction of the Russian land"
"The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
"Zadonshchina"
2. What refers to the prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state:
Baptism of Russia
acceptance of "Russian Truth"
great migration of peoples
the need to repulse external enemies
3. The establishment in Ancient Russia of a new tribute collection system was the result of:
d Activities of Princess Olga
acceptance of "Russian Truth"
activities of Prince Igor
campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav
4. What was the name of the armed detachment under the prince in Ancient Russia:
Ryadovichi
archers
retinue
5. In what century was the state of Ancient Russia formed?
in the ninth century
6. The god was the patron of women and fertility:
Veles
7. In 1097, the Lubech Congress took place. What was his purpose:
ending princely strife
division of Kievan Rus into independent principalities
unification of fragmented Russia
8. Historians believe that the Mongol-Tatars turned Russia from a "country of cities" into a "country of villages." This can be explained by the fact that:
Mongol-Tatars primarily destroyed cities
trade and craft fell into decline, as masters were captured
urban population, fleeing, left the city
the Mongol-Tatars did not touch the villages
9. Determine the causes of feudal fragmentation:
weakness of economic ties under the dominance of subsistence farming
the country's defense system was created, and the boyars did not need the power of the Grand Duke
cities and boyars began to invite princes to reign
all answers are correct
10. During the period of feudal fragmentation, the Boyar Duma represented the council under the prince:
with duma nobles and clerks
with devious and duma nobles
with senior combatants and boyars
11. During the period of feudal fragmentation in Russia, the princes had the right:
declare war and make peace
tax collection
judge
all answers are correct
12. During the reign of Vladimir Monomakh, Russia solved one of the most important foreign policy tasks. Namely:
secured itself from the raids of the nomadic Polovtsy
concluded a peace treaty with Byzantium on favorable terms for her
defended its independence from the German-Swedish knights
13. Indicate the reason why Russia could not resist the Mongols-Tatars:
lower level of development
numerical superiority of the troops and the discipline of the Mongol-Tatars
feudal fragmentation in Russia
technical equipment of the Mongol-Tatars
14. Indicate who was the founder of the dynasty of Moscow princes:
Alexander Nevskiy
Dmitry Donskoy
younger son of Alexander Nevsky Daniel
15. Russian princes fought German-Swedish knights more than once. Determine where the battles took place (choose 2 correct answers):
on the river Kalka
on the river Neva
on the river acne
on Lake Peipsi
on the river vozhe
16. Determine historical meaning Russian victories in the battle on Lake Peipus:
preservation of the unity of Russia
preservation of religious unity
17. Campaigns of military monastic orders to Russia pursued the following goals:
plant the Catholic faith in Russia
capture the rich lands of Novgorod and Pskov
protect their lands from the Mongol-Tatars who attacked Russia
18. Called for the unity of the princes
"Prayer of Daniel the Sharpener"
"Words about Igor's Campaign"
"Journeys beyond three seas".
19. Vladimir Monomakh, being the fourth son of Prince Izyaslav, did not have the right to the throne, but it was he who became the Grand Duke, because:
older brother died, the other two did not claim the throne
seized power using his squad
P crushed the uprising in Kyiv and seized power
20. The Baptism of Russia took place in:
21. First single Russian state was named:
Novgorod Rus
Kievan Rus
Vladimir Rus
Chernihiv Rus
22. Who were called boyars:
junior combatants of the prince
senior warriors of the prince
clergy
people's militias
23. Name the Slavic tribe that did not want to pay tribute to Kiev and constantly rebelled against Prince Igor.
Drevlyans
Dregovichi
24. Polyudie is:
collecting tribute from vassals
asking for alms from people
gathering of people at the fair.
popular assembly
25. Prince, who participated in military campaigns almost all his life and died from the Pechenegs:
Svyatoslav
Vladimir
26. The first princely strife in Kievan Rus occurred after death:
Svyatoslav
Yaroslav
27. The heyday of the Old Russian state is the time of reign:
Svyatoslav
Vladimir
Yaroslav the Wise
28. Title of head of the Russian Orthodox Church in Old Russian state:
metropolitan
archbishop
29. A wide sleeveless cloak embroidered with precious stones was called?
epancha
1. Match RULER - YEAR - EVENT, write the correct answers in the table below the task.
Write the correct answers in the table below.
| 1,c,10; 2,d,9 3,a,7 4,b,8 5,g,6 | ||
2. Carefully study the picture and describe in detail the event that is depicted here.
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