Tolerance. From the history of the concept to modern socio-cultural meanings. Tutorial Bakulina Svetlana Dmitrievna
Express questionnaire "Index of tolerance" (G. U. Soldatova, O. A. Kravtsova, O. E. Khukhlaev, L. A. Shaigerova)
Processing of results. For quantitative analysis, the overall result is calculated, without dividing into subscales. Each answer to a direct statement is assigned a score from 1 to 6 (“strongly disagree” - 1 point, “strongly agree” - 6 points). Responses to reverse statements are assigned reverse points (“strongly disagree” - 6 points, “strongly agree” -1 point). The scores are then added up.
Numbers of direct statements: 1, 9, 11, 14, 16, 20, 21, 22.
Numbers of reverse statements: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19.
Individual or group assessment of the identified level of tolerance is carried out in the following steps.
22-60 - low level of tolerance. Such results testify to the high intolerance of a person and the presence of pronounced intolerant attitudes in relation to the world around him and people.
61–99 – middle level. Such results are shown by respondents who are characterized by a combination of both tolerant and intolerant traits. In some social situations they behave tolerantly, in others they may show intolerance.
100-132 - high level of tolerance. Representatives of this group have pronounced traits of tolerant personality. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that the results approaching the upper limit (more than 115 points) may indicate a blurring of the “boundaries of tolerance” in a person, associated, for example, with psychological infantilism, tendencies towards connivance, condescension or indifference. It is also important to consider that respondents in this range may exhibit a high degree social desirability (especially if they have an idea about the views of the researcher and the objectives of the study).
For a qualitative analysis of the aspects of tolerance, you can use the division into subscales:
1. Ethnic tolerance: 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21.
2. Social tolerance: 1, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 20.
3. Tolerance as a personality trait: 3, 5, 9, 13, 17, 19, 22.
Subscale " ethnic tolerance» reveals the attitude of a person towards representatives of other ethnic groups and attitudes in the field of intercultural interaction. The subscale "social tolerance" allows you to explore tolerant and intolerant manifestations in relation to various social groups (minorities, criminals, mentally ill people), as well as to study the attitudes of the individual in relation to some social processes. The subscale "tolerance as a personality trait" includes items that diagnose personality traits, attitudes and beliefs that largely determine a person's attitude to the world around him.
Soldatova G. U., Kravtsova O. A., Khulaev O. E. et al. Psychodiagnostics of tolerance // Psychologists on migrants and migration in Russia: inf. - analyze the bulletin. - M., 2002. - No. 4. - S. 59–65.
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Lektorsky VA About tolerance, pluralism and criticism (1997) 1. Tolerance as indifference The first understanding of tolerance, which I analyze, was the first and historically. In some respects, it is considered a classic and has survived to this day. It is associated with names.
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Methods from the "workshop on the study and diagnosis of personal tolerance"
2.1. Express questionnaire "Index of tolerance"
(G.U. Soldatova, O.A. Kravtsova, O.E. Khukhlaev, L.A. Shaigerova)
For diagnostics general level of tolerance, a group of psychologists of the "Gratis" center developed an express questionnaire "Index of Tolerance". It is based on domestic and foreign experience in this area (Soldatova, Kravtsova, Khukhlaev, Shaigerova, 2002). The stimulus material of the questionnaire was made up of statements reflecting both the general attitude towards the surrounding world and other people, and social attitudes in various areas of interaction, where tolerance and intolerance of a person are manifested. The methodology includes statements that reveal attitudes towards certain social groups (minorities, mentally ill people, the poor), communication attitudes (respect for the opinion of opponents, readiness for constructive conflict resolution and productive cooperation). Special attention is paid to ethnic tolerance-intolerance (attitude towards people of a different race and ethnic group, towards one's own ethnic group, assessment of cultural distance). Three subscales of the questionnaire are aimed at diagnosing such aspects of tolerance as ethnic tolerance, social tolerance, tolerance as a personality trait. Methodology Form
Instruction:Please rate how much you agree or disagree with the above statements, and in accordance with this, put a tick or any other icon in front of each statement:
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Statement
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Absolutely disagree
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Disagree
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Rather disagree
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Rather agree
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I agree
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I completely agree
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1.
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Any opinion can be represented in the media
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2.
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Mixed marriages usually have more problems than marriages between people of the same nationality
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3.
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If a friend betrayed, you need to take revenge on him
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4.
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Caucasians will be treated better if they change their behavior
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5.
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Only one point of view can be correct in an argument.
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6.
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Beggars and vagabonds are to blame for their own problems
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7.
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It's okay to think that your people are better than everyone else.
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8.
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Dishonest people are unpleasant to deal with.
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9.
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Even if I have my own opinion, I am ready to listen to other points of view.
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10.
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All mentally ill people must be isolated from society
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11.
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I am ready to accept a person of any nationality as a member of my family
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12.
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Refugees should be helped no more than everyone else, since local problems have no less
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13.
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If someone treats me rudely, I respond in kind
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14.
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I want to have people of different nationalities among my friends
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15.
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A "strong hand" is needed to restore order in the country
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16.
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Visitors should have the same rights as local residents
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17.
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A person who thinks differently from me annoys me
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18.
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Some nations and peoples are difficult to treat well
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19.
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Clutter annoys me a lot
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20.
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Any religious movements have the right to exist
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21.
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I can imagine a black person as my close friend
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22.
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I would like to become a more tolerant person towards others
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Results processing
For quantitative analysis, the overall result is calculated, without dividing into subscales.
Each answer to a direct statement is assigned a score from 1 to 6 (“strongly disagree” - 1 point, “strongly agree” - 6 points). Responses to the reverse statements are assigned reverse points ("strongly disagree" - 6 points, "strongly agree" - 1 point). The scores are then added up.
Numbers of direct statements: 1, 9, 11, 14, 16, 20, 21, 22.
Numbers of reverse statements: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15, 17, 18, 19.
An individual or group assessment of the identified level of tolerance is carried out according to the following steps:
22-60 - low level of tolerance. Such results testify to the high intolerance of a person and the presence of pronounced intolerant attitudes in relation to the world around him and people.
61-99 - the average level. Such results are shown by respondents who are characterized by a combination of both tolerant and intolerant traits. In some social situations they behave tolerantly, in others they may show intolerance.
100-132 - high level of tolerance. Representatives of this group have pronounced traits of tolerant personality. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that the results approaching the upper limit (more than 115 points) may indicate a blurring of the "boundaries of tolerance" in a person, associated, for example, with psychological infantilism, tendencies towards connivance, condescension or indifference. It is also important to consider that respondents who fall within this range may demonstrate a high degree of social desirability (especially if they have an understanding of the researcher's views and research objectives).
For quality analysis of aspects of tolerance, you can use the division into subscales:
1. Ethnic tolerance: 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21.
2. Social tolerance: 1, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 20.
3. Tolerance as a personality trait: 3, 5, 9, 13, 17, 19, 22.
The subscale "ethnic tolerance" reveals a person's attitude towards representatives of other ethnic groups and attitudes in the field of intercultural interaction. The subscale "social tolerance" allows you to explore tolerant and intolerant manifestations in relation to various social groups (minorities, criminals, mentally ill people), as well as to study the attitudes of the individual in relation to some social processes. The subscale "tolerance as a personality trait" includes items diagnosing personality traits, attitudes and beliefs that largely determine a person's attitude to the world around him.
In 2001 - 2002 in order to validate and standardize the questionnaire, a study was conducted in 16 cities Russian Federation(a total of 434 people were interviewed). The aim of the study was to diagnose changes in the level of tolerance after the implementation of a targeted psychological impact - tolerance training. It was this task that was solved within the framework of the joint project of the Russian Red Cross and the Scientific and Practical Center "Gratis" "Tolerance as a way of mutual adaptation of forced migrants and the local population." The survey was carried out by psychologists of the regional receptions of the RKK. The express questionnaire was filled out by high school students participating in the trainings twice: before the start of classes and after their completion.
In 2002, students from various faculties of the Dagestan State University and Faculty of Psychology, Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov, as well as practical psychologists in Moscow, dealing with the problems of tolerance and intercultural interaction. One fifth of the surveyed students from DSU underwent tolerance training, and its participants filled out a questionnaire before and after the training. The results of these studies are partially presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Average values of the tolerance index in different groups
2.2. Questionnaire to measure tolerance
(V.S. Magun, M.S. Zhamkochyan, M.M. Magura)
This questionnaire was originally designed to assess the impact of tolerance training ( Soldatova, Shaigerova, Sharova, 2000) on the consciousness of high school students ( Magun, Zhamkochyan, Magura, 2000). The content of the methodology is not strictly tied to the specific features of the mentioned training, and it can be used in a wider context. In selecting and constructing questions, the authors relied on general theoretical ideas about tolerance and on the existing in the Western social psychology experience in measuring this characteristic. All questions of the methodology are aimed at identifying different attitudes, so this questionnaire, like the vast majority of other questionnaires, measures, first of all, the tolerance of people's verbal behavior.
The questionnaire included statements aimed at identifying different types tolerance: tolerance towards representatives of other nations, people from other places, representatives of other cultures; tolerance for other views, including the views and opinions of a minority; tolerance for deviations from generally accepted norms, rules and stereotypes; tolerance for the complexity and uncertainty of the surrounding world.
Although the questionnaire was originally used for adolescents, there are almost no age specifics in the questions included in its composition, and therefore, with minor modifications, this technique is applicable to the study of representatives of different age categories. When studying the effectiveness of the impact of tolerance training, the methodology is carried out twice - before and after the training.
Methodology Form
Instruction:Please express your attitude to the following statements. Please read the question and all possible answers carefully before answering. Then choose the answer that reflects your personal opinion.
You need to put any icon next to the answer you have chosen. In questions No. 1, 18, 21, 31, 36, 40, you need to circle the number corresponding to the answer you have chosen. Please do not skip a single question.
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Statement
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Absolutely
disagree
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Perhaps,
disagree
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Hard to say,
agree or not
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Perhaps,
I agree
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Fully
I agree
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When I see unkempt, sloppy people: (pick one)
I don't care - 1
something in between is correct - 2 ______________________
they make me dislike and disgust - 3
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A good job is one where it is always clear what to do and how to do it.
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There are nations and peoples that are difficult to treat well
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It's wonderful that young people today can freely protest against what they don't like and do their own thing.
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It's hard for me to imagine that a person of a different faith will become my friend
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Personal freedom in behavior is more important than good manners
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Writers who use foreign and unfamiliar words annoy me
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A person should be evaluated only by his moral and business qualities, and not by his nationality.
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I don't like girls who disregard the rules of morality accepted in society
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People who live according to the established order deprive themselves of many joys in life.
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Only one religion can be true
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A person who has committed a crime cannot seriously change for the better.
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It's annoying when a teacher can't clearly define what he wants to say.
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The fact that Russia is a multinational country enriches its culture
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(This question is asked to be answered only by young men.) For my girlfriend, I would prefer pronounced femininity
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(This question is for girls only.) For my boyfriend, I would prefer pronounced masculinity
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The sooner we get rid of the traditional family structure, where the father or mother commands, and the children are obliged to obey unquestioningly, the better.
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A person with a different point of view usually makes me: (pick one)
interest and desire to understand his judgments - 1
desire to convince him - 2
irritation - 3
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Judging by what is happening in the country, we need to use "strong means" to get rid of criminals and bribe takers
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I like people who doubt everything
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How, in your opinion, is it better to choose a husband (wife) among people of your nationality, or nationality should not be given importance? it is better to choose among your people nationality - 1__________________________
nationality should not be given importance - 2
find it difficult to answer - 3
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It is always easier to trust people in authority (specialists, respected citizens or religious leaders) than to listen to all the talkers who cause confusion in people's minds.
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Our country needs more tolerant people - those who are ready to make concessions for the sake of peace and harmony in society
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I have set clear rules for myself and believe that others should do the same.
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I would like to live in a foreign country
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A person from a different culture usually frightens or alarms others
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There is nothing wrong with having sex before marriage
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Respect for elders is one of the most important values to teach children.
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A strong personality does not show his feelings
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It is very important to protect the rights of those who are in the minority and have different attitudes and behaviors.
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I am very annoyed by the sight of an untidy room
something in between is true - 2 no - 3
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I never judge people until I'm sure of the facts.
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People with a different skin color (of a different race) may be normal people, but I would prefer not to take them as friends
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There is nothing immoral or pathological about sexual relations between people of the same sex
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The fact that people in our country hold different and sometimes even opposing views is good for Russia
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When making decisions, I consider it obligatory for myself to reckon with generally accepted norms of behavior ("what is good and what is bad")
when how - 2 no - 3
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Some people are too complex to understand
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There is no such interethnic conflict that could not be resolved through negotiations and mutual concessions.
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It would be better for everyone if the authorities introduced censorship on television in order to preserve public morality.
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If I saw (a) that familiar children are fighting (pick one):
I would leave them to figure out their own relationship - 1
I don't know what I would do - 2
would try to sort out their quarrel - 3
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I like to communicate with people who have everything clear and definite
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Most of the crimes in our city are committed by visitors.
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I don't see anything reprehensible in the fact that girls visit beer bars
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Many problems will be solved if we get rid of mentally ill people.
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Fighting a difficult problem is often more fun than solving a simple one.
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Many of our modesty and sexual behavior rules are just conventions and should not be taken too seriously.
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Often a person is not to blame for his misdeeds, since his actions were determined by external circumstances.
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To make concessions is to show weakness
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Results processing
The score obtained for items with five possible answers is calculated as follows.
Direct questions (No. 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 17, 20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 32, 34, 35, 38, 43, 45, 46, 47): Reverse questions (No. 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19, 22, 24, 26, 28, 29,
33, 37, 39, 41, 42, 44, 48):
Three-choice questions (No. 1, 18, 21, 31, 36, 40):
item number
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1
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18
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21
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31
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36
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40
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Options answers
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1
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2
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3
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1
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2
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3
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1
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2
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3
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1
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2
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3
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1
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2
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3
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1
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2
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3
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Points
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2
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0
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-2
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2
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0
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-2
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-2
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2
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0
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-2
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0
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2
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-2
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0
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2
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2
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0
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-2
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Questions 1, 3, 7, 10, 12, 13, 18, 20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 29, 34, 35, 37 were found to be particularly sensitive to the effects of tolerance training. If it is necessary to measure the aspects of tolerance that are most amenable to influence, one can limit oneself to these issues only.
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Express questionnaire "Index of tolerance"
(authors G.U. Soldatova, O.A. Kravtsova, O.E. Khukhlaev, L.A.Shaigerova)
The Express Questionnaire is designed to diagnose:
– aspects of tolerance: general level and/or personality trait;
-types of tolerance: ethnic and social.
The stimulus material of the questionnaire was made up of statements reflecting:
The express questionnaire was developed by psychologists (Gratis Center) G.U. Soldatova, O.A. Kravtsova, O.E. Khukhlaev, L.A. Shaigerova in 2002. Basis: domestic and foreign experience.
1. tolerance as a personality trait, we reveal: a general attitude towards the world around us; attitude towards other people; social attitudes in various areas of interaction, where tolerance and intolerance of a person are manifested;
2. social tolerance, we reveal: attitude towards certain social groups (minorities, criminals, the mentally ill, the poor); communication attitudes (respect for the opinion of opponents, readiness for constructive conflict resolution, productive cooperation); attitudes of the individual in relation to some social processes.
3. ethnic tolerance / intolerance, we reveal: attitude towards people of a different race, ethnic group, towards one's own ethnic group; installations in the field of intercultural interaction.
Answer form
№
| Statement
| Absolutely disagree
| Disagree
| Rather disagree
| Rather agree
| I agree
| I completely agree
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Points (for "direct" statements)
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1 C
| Any opinion can be represented in the media
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arr
| Mixed marriages usually have more problems than marriages between people of the same nationality
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3 L arr
| If a friend betrayed, you need to take revenge on him
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arr
| Caucasians will be treated better if they change their behavior
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5 L arr
| Only one point of view can be correct in an argument.
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| Beggars and vagabonds are to blame for their own problems
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arr
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arr
| Dishonest people are unpleasant to deal with.
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9 L
| Even if I have my own opinion, I am ready to listen to other points of view.
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10C arr
| All mentally ill people must be isolated from society
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| I am ready to accept a person of any nationality as a member of my family
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12C arr
| Refugees should be helped no more than everyone else, since local problems have no less
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13 L arr
| If someone treats me rudely, I respond in kind
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| I want to have people of different nationalities among my friends
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15C arr
| A “strong hand” is needed to restore order in the country
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16C
| Visitors should have the same rights as local residents
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17 L
| A person who thinks differently from me annoys me
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arr
| Some nations and peoples are difficult to treat well
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19 L arr
| Clutter annoys me a lot
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20С arr
| Any religious movements have the right to exist
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| I can imagine a black person as my close friend
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22 L
| I would like to become a more tolerant person towards others
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Processing of results.
Quantitative analysis - all scores are summed up. Each answer to direct the statement is assigned a score from 1 to 6 (“strongly disagree” - 1 point, “strongly agree” - 6 points). Responses to reverse statements are assigned reverse points (“strongly disagree” - 6 points, “strongly agree” - 1 point). Then the results are summarized.
Direct statements: 1,9,11,14,16,20,21,22; reverse: 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,12,13,15, 17,18,19.
Interpretation of results.
An individual or group assessment of the identified level of tolerance is carried out according to the following steps:
22-60 - low level of tolerance. Such results testify to the high intolerance of a person and the presence of pronounced intolerant attitudes in relation to the world around him and people.
61-99 - the average level. Such results are shown by respondents who are characterized by a combination of both tolerant and intolerant traits. In some social situations they behave tolerantly, in others they may show intolerance.
100-132 - high level of tolerance. Representatives of this group have pronounced traits of tolerant personality. At the same time, it is necessary to understand that the results approaching the upper limit (more than 115 points) may indicate a blurring of the “boundaries of tolerance” in a person, associated, for example, with psychological infantilism, tendencies towards connivance, condescension or indifference. It is also important to consider that respondents in this range may demonstrate a high degree of social desirability (especially if they have an understanding of the researcher's views and research goals).
For qualitative analysisaspects of tolerance, you can use the division into subscales:
Key for processing
1. Subscale "ethnic tolerance": 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21.
2. Subscale "social tolerance": 1, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16, 20.
3. Subscale "tolerance as a personality trait": 3, 5, 9, 13, 17, 19, 22.
(G.U. Soldatova, O.A. Kravtsova, O.E. Khukhlaev, L.A. Shaigerova)
To diagnose the general level of tolerance, a group of psychologists of the "Gratis" center developed an express questionnaire "Index of Tolerance". It is based on domestic and foreign experience in this area (Soldatova, Kravtsova, Khukhlaev, Shaigerova, 2002). The stimulus material of the questionnaire was made up of statements reflecting both the general attitude towards the surrounding world and other people, and social attitudes in various areas of interaction, where tolerance and intolerance of a person are manifested. The methodology includes statements that reveal attitudes towards certain social groups (minorities, mentally ill people, the poor), communication attitudes (respect for the opinion of opponents, readiness for constructive conflict resolution and productive cooperation). Special attention is paid to ethnic tolerance-intolerance (attitude towards people of a different race and ethnic group, towards one's own ethnic group, assessment of cultural distance). Three subscales of the questionnaire are aimed at diagnosing such aspects of tolerance as ethnic tolerance, social tolerance, tolerance as a personality trait.
No. Statement Strongly disagree Disagree Rather disagree Rather agree Agree Completely agree
1. Any opinion can be represented in the media
2. Mixed marriages usually have more problems than marriages between people of the same nationality.
3. If a friend betrayed, you need to take revenge on him
4. Caucasians will be treated better if they change their behavior
5. Only one point of view can be correct in a dispute.
6. Beggars and vagabonds are to blame for their own problems.
8. Untidy people are unpleasant to deal with.
9. Even if I have my own opinion, I am ready to listen to other points of view.
10. All mentally ill people must be isolated from society
11. I am ready to accept a person of any nationality as a member of my family
12. Refugees should be helped no more than everyone else, since local problems have no less
13. If someone treats me rudely, I answer the same
14. I want people of different nationalities among my friends.
15. A "strong hand" is needed to restore order in the country
16. Visitors should have the same rights as locals
17. A person who thinks differently from me annoys me.
18. Some nations and peoples are difficult to treat well.
19. Clutter annoys me a lot.
20. Any religious movements have the right to exist
21. I can imagine a black person as my close friend.
22. I would like to become a more tolerant person towards others.