Poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who should live well in Russia"

History of writing.

On February 19, 1861, a long-awaited reform took place in Russia - the abolition of serfdom, which immediately stirred up the whole society and caused a wave of new problems, the main of which can be expressed in a line from Nekrasov's poem: "The people are freed, but are the people happy? ..". The singer of folk life, Nekrasov, did not stand aside this time either - since 1863, his poem “Who Lives Well in Russia” begins to be written, telling about life in post-reform Russia. The work is considered the pinnacle in the writer's work and to this day enjoys the well-deserved love of readers. At the same time, despite its seemingly simple and stylized fairy-tale plot, it is very difficult to perceive. Therefore, we will analyze the poem “Who Lives Well in Russia” in order to better understand its meaning and problems.

Nekrasov created the poem “Who Lives Well in Russia” from 1863 to 1877, and some ideas, according to contemporaries, arose from the poet as early as the 1850s. Nekrasov wanted to present in one work everything that, as he said, “I know about the people, everything that I happened to hear from their lips”, accumulated “by word” over 20 years of his life.
Unfortunately, due to the death of the author, the poem remained unfinished, only four parts of the poem and a prologue were published.

After the death of the author, the publishers of the poem faced a difficult task - to determine in what sequence to publish the disparate parts of the work, since Nekrasov did not have time to combine them into one. The task was solved by K. Chukovsky, who, relying on the writer's archives, decided to print the parts in the order in which they are known to the modern reader: "Last Child", "Peasant Woman", "Feast for the Whole World".

Genre, composition

There are many different genre definitions of “Who lives well in Russia” - they talk about it as a “poem-journey”, “Russian Odyssey”, even such a confusing definition is known as “the protocol of a kind of All-Russian peasant congress, an unsurpassed transcript of the debate on an acute political issue ". Nevertheless, there is also the author's definition of the genre, with which most critics agree: the epic poem. The epic involves the depiction of the life of an entire people at some decisive moment in history, whether it be a war or other social upheaval. The author describes what is happening through the eyes of the people and often turns to folklore as a means of showing the people's vision of the problem. The epic, as a rule, does not have one hero - there are many heroes, and they play a more connecting than plot-forming role. The poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" fits all these criteria and can safely be called an epic.

Theme and idea of ​​the work, heroes, problems

The plot of the poem is simple: “on the pillar path” seven men converge who argued about who lives best in Russia. To find out, they go on a journey.
In this regard, the theme of the work can be defined as a large-scale narrative about the life of peasants in Russia. Nekrasov covered almost all spheres of life - during his wanderings, the peasants will get to know different people: a priest, a landowner, beggars, drunkards, merchants, a cycle of human destinies will pass before their eyes - from a wounded soldier to a once all-powerful prince. The fair, prison, hard work for the master, death and birth, holidays, weddings, auctions and the election of the burgomaster - nothing escaped the writer's gaze.

The question of who should be considered the main character of the poem is ambiguous. On the one hand, formally it has seven main characters - men wandering in search of a happy person. The image of Grisha Dobrosklonov also stands out, in whose person the author portrays the future people's savior and enlightener. But besides this, the image of the people as the image of the main character of the work is clearly traced in the poem. The people appear as a single whole in the scenes of the fair, mass festivities (“Drunk Night”, “Feast for the Whole World”), haymaking. Various decisions are made by the whole world - from the help of Yermil to the election of a burgomaster, even a sigh of relief escapes after the death of the landowner ...

everyone at the same time. Seven men are not individualized either - they are described as briefly as possible, do not have their own separate features and characters, pursue the same goal and even speak, as a rule, all together. The secondary characters (the serf Yakov, the village headman, Savely) are written by the author in much more detail, which allows us to talk about the special creation of a conditionally allegorical image of the people with the help of seven wanderers.

One way or another, the lives of the people are also affected by all the problems raised by Nekrasov in the poem. This is the problem of happiness, the problem of drunkenness and moral degradation, sin, the relationship between the old and the new way of life, freedom and lack of freedom, rebellion and patience, as well as the problem of the Russian woman, characteristic of many of the poet's works. The problem of happiness in the poem is fundamental, and is understood by different characters in different ways. For the priest, the landowner and other characters endowed with power, happiness is presented in the form of personal well-being, "honor and wealth." Peasant happiness consists of various misfortunes - the bear tried to bully, but could not, they beat him to death in the service, but they didn’t kill him to death ... But there are also such characters for whom there is no personal happiness apart from the happiness of the people. Such is Yermil Girin, the honest burgomaster, such is the seminarian Grisha Dobrosklonov, who appears in the last chapter. In his soul, love for a poor mother outgrew and merged with love for the same poor homeland, for the happiness and enlightenment of which Grisha plans to live.

From Grisha's understanding of happiness, the main idea of ​​​​the work grows: real happiness is possible only for someone who does not think about himself, and is ready to spend his whole life for the happiness of everyone. The call to love your people as they are, and to fight for their happiness, not remaining indifferent to their problems, sounds distinctly throughout the poem, and finds its final embodiment in the image of Grisha.

Artistic media

An analysis of Nekrasov’s “Who Lives Well in Russia” cannot be considered complete without considering the means of artistic expression used in the poem. Basically, this is the use of oral folk art - both as an object of image, to create a more reliable picture of peasant life, and as an object of study (for the future national intercessor, Grisha Dobrosklonov).

Folklore is introduced into the text either directly, as a stylization: the stylization of the prologue as a fairy-tale beginning (the mythological number seven, a self-collecting tablecloth and other details speak eloquently about this), or indirectly - quotations from folk songs, references to various folklore plots (most often to epics).

Stylized as a folk song and the very speech of the poem. Let's pay attention to a large number of dialectisms, diminutive suffixes, numerous repetitions and the use of stable constructions in descriptions. Thanks to this, “To Whom in Russia to Live Well” can be perceived as folk art, and this is not accidental. In the 1860s, an increased interest in folk art arose. The study of folklore was perceived not only as a scientific activity, but also as an open dialogue between the intelligentsia and the people, which, of course, was close to Nekrasov ideologically.

conclusions

So, having examined Nekrasov’s work “Who Lives Well in Russia”, we can confidently conclude that, despite the fact that it remained unfinished, it still represents a huge literary value. The poem remains relevant until today and can arouse interest not only among researchers, but also among the ordinary reader who is interested in the history of the problems of Russian life. “Who should live well in Russia” was repeatedly interpreted in other types of art - in the form of a stage production, various illustrations (Sokolov, Gerasimov, Shcherbakova), as well as popular prints on this plot.

Literature. Preparation for the exam-2017. 15 training options according to the demo version of 2017: teaching aid / Kondratyeva V.V., Skripka T.V., Logunova N.V., Sekacheva E.V.; ed. ON THE. Senina. - Rostov n/a: Legion, 2016

8. What is the development in the work of N.A. Nekrasov gets the theme of nobility and servility?

When formulating the author's position, indicate that the theme of lordship and servility is widely represented in the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who is it good to live in Russia". The peasant world is shown in the work in all its complexity and diversity. He is heterogeneous. There are philosophers (Yakim Nagoi), and the righteous (Yermilo Girin), and rebels (Savelius, the Holy Russian hero), and slaves (Klim Lavin, Yakov) in it. Echoes of serf bondage are felt even after the reform of 1861.

Expressing personal judgments, explain that legalized slavery has corrupted the soul of the peasants. Such henchmen of the masters appeared as Klim Larin, ready to serve the whims of the Last (Prince Utyatin), and Yakov "faithful", "exemplary serf", fulfilling any desires of Mr. Polivanov.

Arguing the answer based on a literary work, remember that the fate of Yakov, who faithfully served his master, who endured bullying both on himself and on his relatives, is an example of what terrible consequences serfdom can have.

Jacob showed up like this from his youth,

Only Jacob had joy:

Grooming the master, protecting, appeasing ...

Summarizing what has been said, note that even a faithful serf is able to "fool" when the landowner "sells" his beloved nephew into recruits. Jacob's form of protest is peculiar - he commits suicide in front of his master.

9. In what works of Russian classics is the confrontation between slaves and masters depicted?

The following works can be used as a literary context: A.N. Radishchev "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow", A.S. Pushkin "Village", I.S. Turgenev "Notes of a hunter", "Mumu", A.I. Herzen "The Thieving Magpie", N.S. Leskov "Dumb Artist".

Justifying the choice, note that "Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow" became an indictment against feudal Russia. Arbitrariness, oppression, the sale of their own kind, the poverty of serfs and the enrichment of their owners due to the overwork of the peasants - these are the terrible facts of pre-reform life. The picture of the popular uprising, presented in the ode "Liberty", is the author's answer to the question "What to do?"

Recall that in Pushkin's poem "The Village" the idyll of local life is broken by the depiction of "wild nobility" and "skinny slavery." The denunciation is accompanied by a dream of the release by the king of "yard crowds of tortured slaves."

Summing up the reflections, point out that the author of “Who Lives Well in Russia” also admires the fighters for the people's happiness, but with particular sharpness Nekrasov shows the contradictions in the soul of the people:

People of the servile rank -

Real dogs sometimes:

The more severe the punishment

So dear to them, gentlemen.

Analysis of the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who lives well in Russia"

In January 1866, another issue of the Sovremennik magazine was published in St. Petersburg. It opened with lines that are now familiar to everyone:

In what year - count

In what land - guess...

These words, as it were, promised to introduce the reader into an entertaining fairy-tale world, where a chiffchaff bird would appear, speaking a human language, and a magic self-assembly tablecloth ... So N.A. began with a sly smile and ease. Nekrasov his story about the adventures of seven men who argued about "who lives happily, freely in Russia."

He devoted many years to work on the poem, which the poet called his "beloved brainchild". He set himself the goal of writing a "people's book", useful, understandable to the people and truthful. “I decided,” said Nekrasov, “to state in a coherent story everything that I know about the people, everything that I happened to hear from their lips, and I started “Who should live well in Russia.” It will be the epic of peasant life.” But death interrupted this gigantic work, the work remained unfinished. However, uhthese words, as it were, promised to introduce the reader into an entertaining fairy-tale world, where a chiffchaff bird would appear, speaking a human language, and a magic self-collection tablecloth ... So, with a sly smile and ease, N. A. Nekrasov began his story about the adventures of seven men, arguing about "who lives happily, freely in Russia."

Already in the Prologue, a picture of peasant Russia was visible, the figure of the protagonist of the work, the Russian peasant, stood up, as he was in reality: in bast shoes, onuchs, an Armenian, unsatisfied, suffering grief.

Three years later, the publication of the poem was resumed, but each part met with severe persecution from the tsarist censorship, which believed that the poem "is distinguished by its extreme disgrace of content." The last of the written chapters - "Feast - for the whole world" was subjected to especially sharp attacks. Unfortunately, Nekrasov was not destined to see either the publication of The Feast or a separate edition of the poem. Without abbreviations and distortions, the poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" was published only after the October Revolution.

The poem occupies a central place in Nekrasov's poetry, is its ideological and artistic pinnacle, the result of the writer's thoughts about the fate of the people, about their happiness and the paths that lead to it. These thoughts worried the poet throughout his life, passed like a red thread through all his poetic work.

By the 1860s, the Russian peasant became the main character in Nekrasov's poetry. "Pedlars", "Orina, a soldier's mother", "Railway", "Frost, Red Nose" are the most important works of the poet on the way to the poem "Who should live well in Russia."

He devoted many years to work on the poem, which the poet called his "beloved brainchild". He set himself the goal of writing a "people's book", useful, understandable to the people and truthful. “I decided,” said Nekrasov, “to state in a coherent story everything that I know about the people, everything that I happened to hear from their lips, and I started “Who should live well in Russia.” It will be the epic of peasant life.” But death interrupted this gigantic work, the work remained unfinished. However, despite this, it retains its ideological and artistic integrity.

Nekrasov revived the folk epic genre in poetry. “Who Lives Well in Russia” is a truly folk work: both in its ideological sound, and in the scale of the epic depiction of modern folk life, in posing the fundamental questions of the time, and in heroic pathos, and in the widespread use of the poetic traditions of oral folk art, the closeness of the poetic language to live speech everyday forms and song lyricism.

At the same time, Nekrasov's poem has features that are characteristic of critical realism. Instead of one central character, the poem depicts, first of all, the people's environment as a whole, the life situation of different social circles. The popular point of view on reality is expressed in the poem already in the very development of the theme, in that all of Russia, all events are shown through the perception of wandering peasants, presented to the reader as if in their vision.

The events of the poem unfold in the first years after the reform of 1861 and the emancipation of the peasants. The people, the peasantry - the true positive hero of the poem. Nekrasov connected his hopes for the future with him, although he was aware of the weakness of the forces of peasant protest, the immaturity of the masses for revolutionary action.

In the poem, the author created the image of the peasant Saveliy, “the hero of the Holy Russian”, “the hero of the homespun”, which personifies the gigantic strength and stamina of the people. Savely is endowed with the features of the legendary heroes of the folk epic. This image is associated by Nekrasov with the central theme of the poem - the search for ways to people's happiness. It is no coincidence that Matryona Timofeevna says about Savely to wanderers: "There was also a lucky man." Saveliy's happiness lies in love of freedom, in understanding the need for an active struggle of the people, who can achieve a “free” life only in this way.

There are many memorable images of peasants in the poem. Here is the clever old steward Vlas, who has seen a lot in his lifetime, and Yakim Nagoi, a characteristic representative of the working agricultural peasantry. However, Yakim Nagoi is portrayed as a poet who does not at all look like a downtrodden, dark peasant of a patriarchal village. With a deep consciousness of his dignity, he ardently defends the honor of the people, delivers a fiery speech in defense of the people.

An important role in the poem is occupied by the image of Ermil Girin - a pure and incorruptible "defender of the people", who takes the side of the rebellious peasants and ends up in jail.

In the beautiful female image of Matrena Timofeevna, the poet draws the typical features of a Russian peasant woman. Nekrasov wrote many exciting poems about the harsh “female share”, but he has not yet written about a peasant woman so fully, with such warmth and love, with which Matryonushka is described in the poem.

Along with the peasant characters of the poem, who arouse love and participation, Nekrasov also draws other types of peasants, mostly courtyards - lordly hangers-on, sycophants, obedient slaves and direct traitors. These images are drawn by the poet in the tones of satirical denunciation. The more clearly he saw the protest of the peasantry, the more he believed in the possibility of his emancipation, the more irreconcilably he condemned slavish humiliation, servility and servility. Such are the “exemplary serf” Jacob in the poem, who in the end realizes the humiliation of his position and resorts to pitiful and helpless, but in his slavish consciousness of terrible revenge - suicide in front of his tormentor; the "sensitive lackey" Ipat, who talks about his humiliations with disgusting relish; scammer, "a spy from his" Egor Shutov; elder Gleb, seduced by the promises of the heir and agreed to destroy the will of the deceased landowner about the release of eight thousand peasants (“Peasant sin”).

Showing ignorance, rudeness, superstition, backwardness of the Russian village of that time, Nekrasov emphasizes the temporary, historically transient nature of the dark sides of peasant life.

The world poetically recreated in the poem is a world of sharp social contrasts, clashes, acute life contradictions.

In the “round”, “ruddy”, “pot-bellied”, “moustached” landowner Obolt-Obolduev, whom the wanderers met, the poet exposes the emptiness and frivolity of a person who is not accustomed to seriously think about life. Behind the guise of a good-natured man, behind the gracious courtesy and ostentatious hospitality of Obolt-Obolduev, the reader sees the arrogance and anger of the landowner, barely restrained disgust and hatred for the “muzhik”, for the peasants.

Satire and grotesque marked the image of the landowner-tyrant Prince Utyatin, nicknamed by the peasants the Last. A predatory look, "a nose with a beak like a hawk", alcoholism and voluptuousness complement the disgusting appearance of a typical representative of the landowner's environment, an inveterate serf-owner and despot.

At first glance, the development of the plot of the poem should consist in resolving the dispute between the peasants: which of the persons named by them lives happier - a landowner, an official, a priest, a merchant, a minister or a king. However, developing the action of the poem, Nekrasov goes beyond the plot framework set by the plot of the work. Seven peasants are looking for a happy man not only among the representatives of the ruling classes. Going to the fair, in the midst of the people, they pose the question: “Isn’t he hiding there, who lives happily?” In The Last One, they explicitly say that the purpose of their journey is to search for national happiness, the best peasant share:

We are looking for, Uncle Vlas,

unworn province,

Not gutted volost,

Surplus village!..

Starting the story in a half-fairy joking tone, the poet gradually deepens the meaning of the question of happiness, giving it an ever sharper social sound. The most visibly the author's intentions are manifested in the censored part of the poem - "Feast - for the whole world." The story about Grisha Dobrosklonov begun here was to take a central place in the development of the theme of happiness-struggle. Here the poet speaks directly about that path, about that "path" that leads to the embodiment of people's happiness. Grisha's happiness lies in a conscious struggle for a happy future for the people, for "every peasant to live freely and cheerfully in all of holy Russia."

The image of Grisha is the final one in the series of "people's defenders" depicted in Nekrasov's poetry. The author emphasizes in Grisha his closeness to the people, live communication with the peasants, in whom he finds complete understanding and support; Grisha is depicted as an inspired dreamer-poet, composing his "good songs" for the people.

The poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" is the highest example of the folk style of Nekrasov's poetry. The folk-song and fairy-tale element of the poem gives it a bright national flavor and is directly connected with Nekrasov's faith in the great future of the people. The main theme of the poem - the search for happiness - goes back to folk tales, songs and other folklore sources, which spoke about the search for a happy land, truth, wealth, treasure, etc. This theme expressed the most cherished thought of the masses of the people, their striving for happiness, the people's age-old dream of a just social order.

Nekrasov used in the poem almost all the genre diversity of Russian folk poetry: fairy tales, epics, legends, riddles, proverbs, sayings, family songs, love songs, wedding songs, historical songs. Folk poetry gave the poet the richest material for judging the peasant life, way of life, customs of the village.

The style of the poem is characterized by a richness of emotional sounds, a variety of poetic intonation: a sly smile and unhurried narration in the "Prologue" is replaced in subsequent scenes by the sonorous polyphony of a seething fair crowd, in "Last Child" - by satirical mockery, in "Peasant Woman" - by deep drama and lyrical excitement, and in "A Feast - for the Whole World" - with heroic tension and revolutionary pathos.

The poet subtly feels and loves the beauty of the native Russian nature of the northern strip. The landscape is also used by the poet to create an emotional tone, for a more complete and vivid characterization of the character's state of mind.

The poem "To whom it is good to live in Russia" has a prominent place in Russian poetry. In it, the fearless truth of the pictures of folk life appears in a halo of poetic fabulousness and the beauty of folk art, and the cry of protest and satire merged with the heroism of the revolutionary struggle. All this was expressed with great artistic power in the immortal work of N.A. Nekrasov.

It is common for Russian poets and writers to create works in the form of reflection. Such literary monuments include “Duma” by M. Yu. Lermontov, “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” by A. N. Radishchev. Their traditions were continued by N. A. Nekrasov in the poem “Reflections at the front door”.



ON THE. Nekrasov, according to N. A. Dobrolyubov, is “the most beloved Russian poet, a representative of good principles in our poetry.” In his work, Nekrasov relentlessly followed the principles of goodness and justice, the poet wholeheartedly cared for Russia, for its people. The poem “Reflection at the front door” is one of the works in which Nekrasov’s personality is revealed to the maximum not only as a poet, but also as a citizen.

The poem was written in 1858, in a difficult era for Russia. Its basis is the contrast of two worlds. The representative of the first of them is the “owner of luxurious chambers”, the second is the destitute poor.



Every person who has devoted his life to literary creativity sooner or later thinks about the fate of literature, about his mission, about the role of an individual in the life of the country.

N. A. Nekrasov’s poem “The Poet and the Citizen”, written in the form of a dialogue, is also devoted to reflections on the relationship between a high civic position and poetic art. Already in the first part of the poem, we see the opposition of the positions of the citizen and the poet.



The lyrics of N. A. Nekrasov are imbued with amazing, deep warmth and tenderness. His poems, sometimes sad, with their melody resemble folk songs that tell about the life of a simple person, about his joys and sorrows, happiness and suffering. Many of the poet's works are not limited to the frames of their time, their themes are in demand to this day. These include the poem "Attention to the horrors of war ...". Centuries, years succeed each other, but human psychology remains unchanged. This poem was written 150 years ago, but humanity has not heeded what the poet is talking about. Nekrasov created this work, being under the impression of the events of the Crimean War, the defense of Sevastopol.



N. A. Nekrasov devoted his entire life and work to the Russian people. Describing the hardships of folk life, singing the kindness of the soul and the unparalleled patience of the Russian people, the poet sought to change the difficult peasant lot, to draw public attention to the life of the Russian peasant, full of worries and hardships.



The image of a Russian woman, her fate occupy a special place in Nekrasov's poetry. A woman is always the main bearer of life, the embodiment of its fullness and diversity. In the poem “To whom it is good to live in Russia”, the largest of all chapters, “The Peasant Woman”, is devoted to understanding the female share. The image of Matrena Timofeevna embodied the features of all Russian women bound by one fate. A woman's fate is difficult, and sometimes tragic, but not bending under the blows of fate, a Russian woman remains the embodiment of wisdom, kindness and love.



Not dull obedience - Friendly strength is needed. In the poem by N. A. Nekrasov, three chapters: “About an exemplary serf - Jacob the faithful”, “About two great sinners”, “Peasant sin” - are united by the theme of sin. The author himself considered these parts of the work to be very important and vigorously objected to the prohibition by the censor of the story "About the exemplary serf - Jacob the faithful." Here is what Nekrasov wrote to the head of the press department V.V. Grigoriev: “... made some sacrifices to the censor Lebedev, excluding a soldier and two songs, but I can’t throw out the story about Yakov, which he demanded under the threat of arrest of the book, I can’t - the poem will lose its meaning.



On February 19, 1861, Alexander II issued the Manifesto and the Regulations on the abolition of serfdom. It would seem that now the Russian peasant was supposed to live for his own pleasure. The peasants were promised personal freedom and the right to dispose of their property. But the land remained the property of the landlords. They were charged with the obligation to provide the peasants with a personal plot and a field allotment, which they had to redeem. The peasants who redeemed the allotment were called owners, and those who did not switch to redemption were called temporarily liable. The establishment of such temporary relations preserved the feudal system of exploitation. The same peasants who bought the land at a price two or three times higher than the actual one could not feed themselves from this beggarly allotment, and again they had to go to the landowner into bondage. All these transformations ended in mass enslavement of the peasants and the ruin of the old village.

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1 What is the peculiarity of Nekrasov's love lyrics? [An example of writing an essay 17.2 at the Unified State Examination in Literature] Those who claim that N.A. Nekrasov cannot have poems filled with passions, evoking emotions of joy and tears. For the majority, he is a poet-citizen, from whose pen the work “Who Lives Well in Russia” came out. Of course, first of all, he is a poet who writes about the needs of the people and mourns for their fate. But there is also love poetry in Nekrasov's work, which opens him from an unexpected, or rather, unusual side. Present in the collection of the poet are such poems that take to the soul, reflect personal experiences, reveal the secret impulses of the soul. Such poems are a reflection of either experiences at the time of difficult trials, or delight from a surging feeling. In 1856, original notes appeared in Nekrasov's work: he began to write about love in a new way. Crazy, passionate, all-consuming love became for the poet Avdotya Panaev, to whom he dedicated a cycle of poems. The works written for and about her beloved have no analogues for comparison. Their relationship was not innocent or simple: Panaeva was married. Only after some time they were able to unite their destinies. Before Nekrasov, poets preferred to portray love only as a wonderful feeling, idealizing it. Nekrasov also poeticizes this feeling, but his "Panaev cycle" can only be compared

2 with verses from Tyutchev's "Denis'ev cycle". The poet was passionately in love, and his feelings were reflected in poetry. “I do not like your irony” is an example of highly intellectual poetry, where the characters know and understand the predestination of their love and are sad for this reason. The two “hearts that love so dearly” have recently united and, although the hero admits that “rebelliously jealous anxieties and dreams are still boiling” in his soul, he is already worried about a possible denouement. He suffers from the irony of his beloved, “secret coldness and longing” reigns in his heart. The character of the heroine in this poem is complex, which was a completely new technique in lyrical works. In the final lines of the poem, a vivid comparison of cooling feelings with an autumn river emphasizes the inevitability of separation. Relations between lovers change, quarrels and disagreements arise (the poem “Yes, our life flowed rebelliously”). Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov did not sing of ideal love without quarrels and mutual claims, and the prose and poetry of relationships are closely intertwined with him. “You and I are stupid people,” written in 1851, confirms this assumption. He calls for frankness in feelings: “Speak when you are angry, Everything that excites and torments the soul!”. And at the same time, he tries to attach "prose" to the poetics of relations: If prose is inevitable in love, So let's take a share of happiness from it: After a quarrel, so full, so tender, The return of love and participation. But separation is inevitable. After another quarrel with Panaeva, Nekrasov writes a lyrical miniature "Forgive me", wanting to be forgiven. The poem is literally saturated with emotion. It is felt how deeply the poet is experiencing this quarrel. That's why

3 each line of the poem ends with an exclamation mark. It can be called a kind of confession of the poet, in which he asks for forgiveness for the offenses caused, recalls the happy moments of love, begs his beloved to forget “anxiety, despondency, anger”, “jealousy of threats”, calls for memories of bright and joyful events. I think that a feature of Nekrasov's love lyrics is the presence of two heroes in the works: a lover and his chosen one. This technique speaks of the poet's respect for a woman, of his desire to create the image of a real woman with her advantages and disadvantages. Nekrasov's love lyrics are saturated with deep lyricism and originality. The poet authentically reveals the features of the relationship between a man and a woman, shows the significance of love in their lives. The material was prepared by Dovgomelya Larisa Gennadievna Read also other examples of essays on the exam in literature Essay "How do the heroes and the author of the poem "Who lives well in Russia" understand happiness?

4 N.A. Nekrasov dedicated his work to the people. He admits this in his "Elegy": I dedicated the lyre to my people. Perhaps I will die unknown to him, But I served him and I am calm in my heart. Nekrasov is very close to the subject of the suffering of the people, because from childhood he saw the lack of rights of the peasants, oppressed by the cruel tyrant, the father of the future poet. Nekrasov throughout his life carried in his heart pain for the plight of the Russian peasants. His work is addressed to the themes of the liberation of serfs, denunciation of landlord Russia. The writer not only thought about people's happiness, but also devoted his life to achieving it. Reading the poem, I remembered the story of VG Korolenko "Paradox". In it, an armless "phenomenon" says: "Man is created for happiness, like a bird for flight." It is quite possible to agree with this, since every person is born, in my opinion, in order to find his own happiness. Another thing is that all people understand the word "happiness" something of their own. The main characters of the poem "Who Lives Well in Russia", peasants, at first think that wealthy gentlemen have happiness. For the underprivileged

5 peasants material well-being is one of the signs of happiness. They can be understood, money at all times gave a person freedom and a better standard of living. After the abolition of serfdom, only people with means of subsistence became free. What was left to do for those who could not redeem themselves from the master's bondage? And where could the landless peasants go from the landowner? To feed their families, most Russian peasants stayed with their owners. A hungry person cannot be happy. But money, as the heroes of the poem found out, does not give happiness. The priest, it turns out, earns hard for his bread, constantly seeing the grief of the peasant. The landowners complain about the impoverishment of the countryside, and the soldiers "shave with an awl" and "warm themselves with smoke." The chapter "Happy" describes how the Russian people understand happiness. One had only to promise vodka, there were many “happy ones”. After listening to the stories of people, the peasants understood: Hey, peasant happiness! Leaky, with patches, Hunchbacked with calluses, Get the hell out of here! Not like all the miller, steward Ermila Girin. He challenges the world with his honesty despite his wrongdoing. When he needed help, people responded to his request, gave money to the mill. Maybe the trust and love of the people is happiness? The landowner Obolt-Obolduev has a completely different understanding of happiness: money, the obedience of the peasants, unlimited power over people: Whom I want to have mercy on, Whom I want to execute. Act my wish! Fist my police!

6 Behind this idea of ​​happiness one can discern a primitive, spiritually undeveloped personality. In the chapter "Peasant Woman", wanderers ask Matryona Timofeevna about her happiness. Despite the difficult, full of troubles and hardships, many consider her life happy. But is it really so? If we consider a serene life without grief to be happiness, then the fate of a soldier is, of course, unhappy: The keys to female happiness, From our free will Abandoned, lost From God himself! Matryona Timofeevna is admired for her will to live. She is not discouraged by the suffering that has befallen her. This wise woman knows how to find happy moments. She sincerely rejoices at the release of her husband Philip, the birth of her son Liodorushka. The beauty of nature does not leave her indifferent: Good, light In the world of God! Okay, easy, clear on the heart. The happiness of the hero Savely, it seems to me, lies in his human dignity, love for freedom. He does not resign himself to the position of a slave by doing a worthy deed. The bogatyr kills the murderer Vogel without fear of consequences. Saveliy stands out from people even with his appearance. He looks like Ivan Severyanovich Flyagin from N.S. Leskov's story "The Enchanted Wanderer". Savely and Flyagin resemble the appearance of Russian heroes. Both heroes are repentant sinners who have gone to the monastery. The Holy Russian hero does not agree with the lack of rights of the peasants. To the words of his son that Saveliy is “branded convict”:

7 He will go to his little house, Read the holy calendar, be baptized, Yes, and suddenly he will say cheerfully: “Branded, but not a slave!” In the face of Grisha Dobrosklonov, the author portrayed the people's intercessor. Nekrasov believes that a happy time will come, although he knows that there will be much more suffering along the way. Grisha is ready to fight for the happiness of the people: He heard immense strength in his chest, His sounds of grace delighted his ears, The sounds of the radiant anthem of the noble He sang the embodiment of the happiness of the people. All the characters, all the images of the poem express an understanding of the happiness of the poet himself. Nekrasov is invisibly present in their words and deeds. Using the folk language, the writer faithfully depicts peasant life with its troubles and hardships. The author dreams of people's happiness, but understands that nothing will come of it without desire and effort. In the understanding of N.A. Nekrasov, the happiness of the people is impossible without freedom: The share of the people, Happiness, Light and freedom First of all!

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