06/22/41 Germany attacked the USSR without declaring war. Together with the Wehrmacht (the armed forces of Germany), the troops of Hungary, Italy, Romania and Finland took part in military operations. According to the Barbarossa plan, it was assumed that the German troops would already be ready for the winter of 1941. they will seize the vital centers of the USSR and enter the Arkhangelsk-Volga-Astrakhan line. During the first weeks of the war, the Germans captured Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, a significant part of Ukraine and Moldova. Despite the stubborn resistance of the Red Army, the Germans by November 1941. blocked Leningrad in the north and went to Rostov-on-Don in the southeast, broke into the Crimea and went to the North Caucasus. In the center, the Germans stood 25-30 km. from Moscow. The most important strategic regions of the country were in the hands of the aggressor. The loss of personnel of the Red Army reached a catastrophic figure - up to 5 million. people killed and wounded.

But still, at the cost of incredible efforts, the enemy was stopped. An attempt by the Germans on 01.12.41. the resumption of the offensive against Moscow was thwarted, and the Germans were forced to go on the defensive.

At the same time, the issue of creating an anti-Hitli coalition led by the USSR, the USA and Great Britain began to be decided. Already 06/22/41. Winston Churchill declared his support for the USSR in the fight against fascism. 06/24/41 US President Roosevelt announced that the US would assist the USSR in the fight against Germany. 07/12/41 in Moscow, an agreement was signed between the USSR and Great Britain on joint actions in the war against Germany. The general principles of the national policy of the USA and Great Britain in the conditions of the Second World War were set out in the Atlantic Charter, to which in September 1941. the Soviet Union joined. The formation of the anti-Hitler coalition was facilitated by the holding in October 41. Moscow conference of representatives of the USSR, USA and Great Britain on the issue of military supplies. Signed in Washington on 01.0142, a significant role in the development of anti-fascist military-political cooperation was played. Declaration of the United Nations, which was joined by 26 states at war with the Axis countries. The legal registration of the allied relations of the three main countries - participants in the anti-Hitler coalition, was completed in the spring and summer of 1942. after the signing of the Soviet-British treaty and the Soviet-American supply agreement.

Holding back the onslaught of the German troops, 05-05.12.41. the offensive of the troops of the Kalinin and Western Fronts defending Moscow began, supported by the troops of the South-Western Front. As a result of the counteroffensive of the Soviet troops, the enemy was driven back by 100-250 km. from Moscow. 11,000 were released. settlements. Thanks to the victory near Moscow, Germany's allies - Turkey, Japan did not enter the war.

By the beginning of the spring-summer campaign of 1942. the enemy retained an advantage in the personnel of the troops, in the number of guns, tanks and aircraft. Despite the plan of defense in depth proposed by the General Staff, Stalin insisted on conducting a series of major offensive operations. In obedience to Stalin's directives, the troops went on the offensive in the Crimea and near Kharkov. It ended in a heavy defeat with a large number of killed, wounded and captured. In July, the Germans took Sevastopol. The enemy occupied the Donbass and went to the North Caucasus. At the same time, the Germans entered the bend of the Don, creating the threat of a breakthrough to the Volga and the Caucasus. On July 17, the defensive period of the Battle of Stalingrad began, which lasted until November 18. By mid-November 42g. the position of the Soviet troops remained difficult. The second front in Europe had not yet been opened, as a result of which the Germans concentrated their main forces on the Eastern Front. But despite this, on November 19, Soviet troops went on the offensive in the Stalingrad region and surrounded 22 German divisions with blows from the flanks. 91 thousand people were taken prisoner. Led by Field Marshal Paulus. Thanks to the Battle of Stalingrad, a radical turning point was outlined in the course of the war, and the strategic initiative gradually began to pass to the Red Army.

In the spring of 1943 there was a lull on the Soviet-German front. The opposing sides were preparing for a summer-autumn campaign. The command of the Wehrmacht planned to hold in the summer of 43. offensive operation in the Kursk region. The goal was to defeat the Soviet troops in the area and strike at the rear of the Southwestern Front. The headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief proposed to wear down the enemy in defensive battles, and then go on the general offensive. From 05.07.43 (within 5-7 days) our troops fought stubborn defensive battles, the result of which was a complete stop of the German offensive. Then at the front with a length of about 2 thousand km. Soviet troops went on the offensive, which resulted in the liberation of Orel, Belgorod, Kharkov and Smolensk. Then the forcing of the Dnieper began, and in November, units of the Red Army liberated Kyiv. The strategic initiative passed completely into the hands of the Soviet command. The advance of our troops made it possible to liberate more than 50% of the territory occupied by the enemy. November 43. The first meeting of the leaders of the "big three" - Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill took place in Tehran. It discussed the issues of the general interaction of the allies, the opening of a second front. On it, Stalin announced the dissolution in May 43. The Comintern, which was received with noticeable pleasure by the allies.

G. was marked by a whole series of victories for the Red Army. In January, an offensive near Leningrad began, finally lifting the blockade. In February-March, our troops reached the border with Romania. In the summer, Finland withdrew from the war, whose troops, part of the Red Army, were driven out of Karelia. In the same summer, Belarus was liberated during Operation Bagration. Pursuing the enemy, Soviet troops entered the territory of Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Norway. In early autumn, the Germans were driven out of the Baltic states and Transcarpathian Ukraine. Finally, in October, the German group near Pechenga was defeated by strikes in the Russian North. By the end of the year, the state border of the USSR was restored along the entire length from the Barents to the Black Sea. In addition, in the summer of 1944. the allies finally opened the "second front" by landing on 06/06/44. in Normandy.

By the beginning of 1945 on the Soviet-German front, the Germans concentrated a huge army, with a total number of about 3.7 million people. The problems of the complete defeat of fascist Germany and further post-war settlement were discussed at the Yalta Conference of the leaders of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, which was held in the Crimea from February 4 to 11, 45. They also discussed the defeat of Japan.

The intensification of the offensive of the Soviet army allowed the allies to operate successfully in the West and, in the period of January-March, capture a large territory in the bend of the Rhine. But the Red Army bore the brunt of German resistance. But despite this, in February 45g. Soviet troops occupied the capital of Hungary - Budapest, and in April - the capital of Austria, Vienna. Prague was liberated in May. Between 16.04. to 08.05.45 During the Berlin operation, Berlin was taken. On May 8, in the suburbs of Berlin - Karlshorst, the Act of unconditional surrender of Germany was signed. The Great Patriotic War waged by the Soviet people against fascism is over.

In accordance with the allied duty 08.08.45. The USSR declared war on Japan. For 23 days of stubborn fighting, our troops covered more than 5 thousand km. having liberated the southern part of Sakhalin Island, the Kuril Islands, Northeast China, and North Korea. 02.09.45 Japan signed the Act of Unconditional Surrender. This ended the 2nd World War.

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ANTI-HITLER COALITION, an alliance of states and peoples who fought in World War II against the aggressive bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. The main core of the anti-Hitler coalition was the USSR, the USA and Great Britain ... Modern Encyclopedia

ANTI-HITLER COALITION, UNION of states and peoples, formed during the 2nd World War against the bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. It included the USSR, USA, Great Britain, France and China, as well as Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia and ... ... Russian history

Anti-Hitler coalition- ANTI-HITLER COALITION, an alliance of states and peoples who fought in World War II against the aggressive bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. The main core of the anti-Hitler coalition was the USSR, the USA and Great Britain. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

The union of states and peoples, formed during the 2nd World War against the aggressive bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. The anti-Hitler coalition included the USSR, the USA, Great Britain, France and China, as well as Yugoslavia, Poland, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary

Union of states and peoples who fought in the Second World War 1939 45 (See World War II 1939 1945) against the aggressive bloc of Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, militaristic Japan and their satellites. united states... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Anti-Hitler coalition- The military-political union of states and peoples who fought in World War II against the bloc of Nazi Germany, fascist Italy, militaristic Japan (the so-called Axis) and their satellites. The main participants in the Anti-Hitler coalition are England, China, ... ... Encyclopedia of the Third Reich

- (coalition) Any association (eg political parties) to win an election. Most often, a coalition occurs when - by law - a simple majority is required to win and when no party has half the seats in ... ... Political science. Dictionary.

coalition- and, well. coalition f. Strike. Heeding bad advice, or being inspired by their own false calculations, workers sometimes form coalitions of strikes or coalitions among themselves. Butovsky 1847 2 441. Union, association on a voluntary basis of states, ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

AND; well. [from lat. coalitus united] Association, agreement, union (of states, parties, etc.) to achieve common goals. Reach a coalition in negotiations. Anti-government c. Pre-election c. ◁ Coalition, oh, oh. K. contract. Whoa… … encyclopedic Dictionary

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• Second front. Anti-Hitler coalition. Conflict of interest, Falin Valentin. The well-known political scientist and diplomat Valentin Falin, relying on little-known documents from military archives and memoirs of major European politicians, analyzes the historical events that led to…
• Second Front Anti-Hitler Coalition Conflict of Interest, V. Falin. Well-known political scientist and diplomat Valentin Falin, relying on little-known documents from military archives and memoirs of major European politicians, analyzes the historical events that led to…

The outbreak of the war required the USSR to seek support from other countries. It was necessary to look for allies for the joint struggle against fascism, the creation of an anti-Hitler coalition.

Anti-Hitler coalition- an alliance of countries that have joined their efforts to fight Nazi Germany and its allies.

Creation prerequisites:

1. The general threat of fascist enslavement.

2. Sympathy for the just liberation struggle of the peoples of the USSR and the desire to provide support. June 22, 1941 - British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, in an address to the British on the radio, declared his readiness to support the Soviet Union. June 23 - US President Roosevelt made the same statement.

The creation of the anti-Hitler coalition was not easy, as there were difficulties:

objective.

Different social systems (socialism and capitalism, democracy and totalitarianism).

Different goals of the war (for the USSR - the defeat of Germany, and England and the USA - to weaken both Germany and the USSR).

The desire of the United States to play a leading role in world politics and economics.

The economic difficulties of England, which entered the war on September 3, 1939 and suffered economic losses due to the bombing.

subjective.

Until June 1941, the USSR was an ally of Germany, an aggressor country. This caused concern.

Stages of creating an anti-Hitler coalition:

I. England and the USSR are taking the first steps towards rapprochement (the danger is more real for England). July 12, 1941 - a cooperation agreement is signed, according to which the countries undertake to help each other and not to conduct separate negotiations with Germany. England is giving us a loan of 20 million pounds. The United States also announced its readiness to provide economic assistance in early August.

II. September 1941 - an international conference in England in London adopted the "Atlantic Charter" on the goals of the joint struggle against fascist aggression. First it was signed by England and the USA, later the USSR joined.

III. September 29 - October 1, 1941 - a conference of 3 countries - England, the USSR and the USA was held in Moscow, where a decision was made on the Anglo - American supplies of weapons and strategic materials to the USSR, and the USSR - raw materials for military production. These deliveries began on November 7, 1941, went through Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, the Far East, Iran. The US gives us a loan of 1 billion dollars and includes us in the Lend-Lease Act. Lend-lease - lease or loan of military equipment, food, medicine, weapons of the United States to allies, countries within their sphere of interest. During the war years, we were supplied with 22,000 aircraft, 13,000 tanks, 427,000 trucks, 4.3 million tons of food, etc. - worth 14 billion dollars. These deliveries accounted for 10-12% of military production and were very timely.

IV. December 7, 1941- The United States enters the war after the Japanese attack on the naval base of Pearl Harbor. Now they are also interested in military cooperation. January 1, 1942- in Washington, 26 states (England, the USSR, the USA, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, China, etc.) signed the Declaration of the United Nations, according to which the participants pledged to use all means to fight the enemy, to cooperate with each other and not to conclude a truce and a separate peace with hostile countries.

V. May - June 1942 - bilateral treaties were signed on the war against Germany and its allies in Europe and on cooperation and mutual assistance after the war.

Thus, the anti-Hitler coalition was basically created. By the end of the war, it included about 50 states. For us, the main task is to achieve the opening of a second front in Europe.

At this meeting, representatives of three countries - the USSR, the USA and Great Britain - signed a protocol on mutual deliveries for the period October 1, 1941 - June 30, 1942. The USA and Great Britain pledged to supply the USSR with 400 aircraft, 500 tanks, anti-aircraft and anti-tank guns, vehicles, as well as aluminum and other metals. The Soviet Union assumed an obligation to supply the Anglo-American side with large quantities of raw materials for the needs of military production. However, delivery times were often missed (Figure 9.1).

Signed on January 1 in Washington by the representatives of Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Haiti, Guatemala, Honduras, Greece, the Dominican Republic, India, Canada, China, Costa Rica, Cuba, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, New Zealand, Norway, Panama, Poland, El Salvador, USSR, USA, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and the Union of South Africa. These states pledged to cooperate in the struggle against the fascist states, using all their resources for this purpose. The declaration of 26 states could be joined by other countries that provided or could provide material assistance and assistance in the struggle for victory over Nazism.

Subsequently, the states that signed the declaration and acceded to it were transformed into the United Nations (UN).

3. Anglo-Soviet and Soviet-American negotiations in 1942

An important step towards rallying the anti-Hitler coalition was the signing of the Anglo-Soviet treaty on May 26, 1942, and the Soviet-American treaty on June 11, 1942, on alliance in the war against Nazi Germany, cooperation and mutual assistance.

At the talks between the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, an agreement was reached on the creation of a second front in Western Europe in 1942. Its timely opening could significantly speed up the defeat of the fascist bloc, reduce the duration of the war, and the number of its losses. However, the ruling circles of the United States and Great Britain shied away from fulfilling their obligations. Soon after the negotiations, they made a unilateral decision to postpone the opening of a second front to 1943. Instead of creating a second front, Anglo-American troops landed in North Africa in 1942, and in 1943 in Sicily and Southern Italy, where they diverted only a small part of the forces of the Nazi Wehrmacht (about 6-7%).

Rice. 9.1.

It worked out a Four-State Declaration (USSR, USA, Great Britain and China) on the issue of universal security. The determination of these countries to wage war until the unconditional surrender of the enemy and to establish an international organization was proclaimed. The question of measures to reduce the duration of the war was also considered. The “Declaration on the responsibility of the Nazis for the committed atrocities” signed by I. V. Stalin, F. Roosevelt and W. Churchill was published. This Declaration subsequently became the basis for the prosecution and punishment of war criminals.

It was attended by the leaders of the three allied powers - the USSR, the USA, Great Britain. At the insistence of the Soviet delegation, the main focus was on military issues, primarily the opening of a second front in Europe. The United States and Great Britain pledged to open a second front in France by May 1, 1944 (opened June 6, 1944). The Soviet Union stated that the Red Army would launch an offensive around the same time. The conference confirmed the possibility of cooperation between states with different social systems in solving international problems and frustrated the calculations of fascist diplomacy for a split between the allies.

The Soviet delegation, meeting the wishes of the allied governments, and also taking into account Japan's repeated violations of the Soviet-Japanese neutrality treaty of 1941, declared that the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan when the German army was finally defeated.

Questions of the post-war order of the world and the security of peoples were also discussed at the conference.

In the "Declaration of the Three Powers" adopted on December 1, 1943, the conference participants declared full agreement "... regarding the scale and timing of the operations that will be undertaken from the east, west and south." The leaders of the three powers exchanged views on the establishment of an international security organization after the war.

6. Crimean Conference 1945

It took place on February 4-11 in Livadia (near Yalta). It is also known in history as the Yalta Conference. It agreed on the military plans of the allies for the final defeat of fascist Germany, determined their relationship to Germany after its unconditional surrender. The leaders of the three great powers I. Stalin, F. Roosevelt, W. Churchill agreed to convene a conference in the United States on April 25, 1945, with the aim of establishing the United Nations Organization and a permanent body under it, the Security Council, to maintain peace and security.

The agreement of the three great powers on the Far East provided for the entry of the Soviet Union into the war against Japan two or three months after the surrender of Germany and the end of the war in Europe. (Under the conditions of maintaining the status of the MPR, the return of the USSR of South Sakhalin with the adjacent islands, the transfer of the Kuril Islands.)

The Conference of 50 founding states of the United Nations was convened in pursuance of the decision of the Crimean Conference (1945). It went down in history as the founding conference of the United Nations. It considered the draft UN Charter. Its discussion proceeded in an atmosphere of acute struggle between the USSR on the one hand, and the USA and Britain on the other. As a result of the persistent efforts of the Soviet delegation, a number of fundamental questions were positively resolved. The UN Charter, in particular, reflects the basic principles of peaceful coexistence and cooperation between states with different economic and social systems. As a result of the work of the conference of the founding states of the UN, their intention was proclaimed to save future generations from the scourge of war.

Thus, during the years of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet Union pursued an active foreign policy course, persistently fought for the expansion of the collective struggle against fascism and militarism. The authority of our country in the international arena has grown significantly. If before the Great Patriotic War the USSR had diplomatic relations (with the exception of those interrupted after the outbreak of World War II) with 26 states, then at the end of 1945 - already from 52. Governments and peoples listened to the voice of the Soviet Union, without its participation, in essence, not a single problem affecting the fundamental interests of the world was solved.

• On December 7, 1941, the United States declared war on Japan and entered World War II. The reason was a sudden combined attack by Japanese carrier-based aircraft and midget submarines on American naval and air bases in the Hawaiian Islands in the Pearl Harbor area in order to prevent the intervention of the US Pacific Fleet in Japanese operations in the south. Air raids by the Japanese practically destroyed warships and aircraft at the bases.

Great Patriotic War 1941-1945.

Germany's goals in the war were:
1. Liquidation of the USSR and socialism as a state, system and ideology. colonization of the country. Destruction of 140 million “superfluous people and peoples.
2. Liquidation of the democratic states of Western Europe, deprivation of their national independence and subordination to Germany.
3. The conquest of world domination. The pretext for aggression is the imminent threat of attack from the USSR.
The goals of the USSR were determined during the war. This:
1. Defense of the freedom and independence of the country and socialist ideas.
2. The liberation of the peoples of Europe enslaved by fascism.
3. Creation of democratic or socialist governments in neighboring countries.
4. Liquidation of German fascism, Prussian and Japanese militarism.

Character: predatory, unfair, inhumane on the part of the aggressor states.

In the first period of the war, Soviet troops suffered heavy defeats in border battles. The Nazi armies managed to encircle and destroy a significant part of the forces of the Western, as well as the North-Western and South-Western fronts.

In October 1941, the fascist German command, having regrouped forces in the western direction, launched the first, and in November 1941, the second decisive offensive against Moscow (Operation Typhoon). The battle for Moscow began.

The second period of the war began on November 19, 1942 with a counteroffensive of the Soviet troops near Stalingrad. It went down in history as a turning point in the war. In the course of it, the Soviet Army again seized the strategic initiative, surrounded and destroyed the 330,000-strong enemy grouping that broke through to the Volga (Operations Uranus, Little Saturn, and Ring), then inflicted a crushing defeat on the German, Romanian, Italian and Hungarian troops on the Middle and Upper Don, liberated most of the North Caucasus, Donbass, a number of central regions of Russia, broke through the blockade of Leningrad (Operation Iskra). The enemy was pushed back 500-600 km. Only after the transfer of significant forces from the west did the German command manage to stabilize the front with a counterattack in the Donbass and near Kharkov.
The victory at Stalingrad marked the beginning of a radical turning point in the war.

The third period of the war lasted from January 1, 1944 to May 9, 1945. During this period, the Soviet armed forces dealt increasing blows to the enemy. In 1944, the largest strategic offensive operations were carried out, as a result of which the Soviet troops finally lifted the blockade of Leningrad, liberated the Leningrad and Novgorod regions, Crimea, Belarus and most of the right-bank Ukraine, reached the state border to the foothills of the Carpathians and the territory of Romania.
In the summer of 1944, after the Western powers opened a second front in Europe, during Operation Bagration and a number of other major operations in the northwestern, western, southwestern directions, most of the Baltic states were liberated, all of Belarus, Western Ukraine, were withdrawn from the war Romania, Finland, the liberation of Hungary began. Germany lost all its allies in Europe. The war came close to the eastern borders of Germany, and in East Prussia stepped over them.
In the winter and spring of 1945, the Soviet Army, together with the armies of its Western allies, carried out the final strategic operations on the territory of Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Austria. The fascist German armies were completely routed. Germany capitulated. May 9, 1945 was the day of Victory over Nazi Germany and the end of the war in Europe.
59. Creation of the anti-Hitler coalition. Development by allies of global strategic decisions on the post-war reorganization of the world (Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam conferences). Anti-Hitler coalition

Start creating Anti-Hitler coalition was laid down by the statements of mutual support made by the governments of the USSR, the USA and England after the attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR, the Anglo-Soviet and Soviet-American negotiations in the summer of 1941, the signing on July 12, 1941 of the Soviet-English agreement on joint actions in the war against Germany, the Moscow Conference 1941 of the three powers, as well as a number of other agreements between the allies in the war against the fascist bloc. On January 1, 1942, a Declaration was signed in Washington by 26 states that by that time were at war with Germany, Italy, Japan and their allies; the Declaration contained the obligation of the countries Anti-Hitler coalition to use all the military and economic resources at their disposal for the struggle against the fascist states and not to conclude a separate peace with them. In the future, allied relations between the participants Anti-Hitler coalition were sealed by a number of new documents: the Soviet-British Treaty of 1942 on an alliance in the war against Nazi Germany and its accomplices in Europe and on cooperation and mutual assistance after the war (signed on May 26), an agreement between the USSR and the USA on the principles applicable to mutual assistance in waging war against aggression (June 11, 1942), the 1944 Soviet-French Treaty of Alliance and Mutual Assistance (signed on December 10), the decrees of the Tehran (November-December 1943), Crimean (February 1945) and Potsdam (July-August 1945) conferences of the heads governments of the USSR, USA and Great Britain.

Tehran Conference

Declarations on joint action against Germany were adopted

Decisions on the post-war borders of Poland

On the opening of the 2nd front in Europe in 1944.

Stalin announced the readiness of the USSR to enter the war against Japan immediately after the surrender of Germany

Yalta Conference (February 4-11, 1945)

(Stalin, Roosevelt, Churchill)

Bili agreed on the plans of the parties to finish. Defeat the Wehrmacht

Conditional surrender of Germany

Post-war transformations of the 3rd Reich based on democratization

It was decided to create zones of occupation in Germany, to collect reparations from the aggressor countries in favor of the affected peoples

Establish a founding conference of the UN to prepare the UN charter

The USSR announced its entry into the war with Japan in 2-3 months. After the end of the war

Problems of the post-war reconstruction of the world and Europe

Demilitarization of Germany

Punished. Nazi war criminals

The introduction of a 4-sided occupation of Germany by the troops of the USSR, USA, England and France

Joint administration of Berlin

Establishment of the western borders of Poland

Resist the fascists

Already during the battle near Moscow, about 2 thousand partisan and underground groups were operating in the occupied territory of our country. Throughout the territory occupied by the Nazis, the partisans disrupted enemy communications, prepared sabotage, attacked the rear facilities of the German army and military administration, cracked down on traitors, and disrupted the sending of Soviet people to Germany. Created in May 1942, the partisan movement covered all the land occupied by the Nazis, especially the forest regions of Bryansk region (there arose the Partizan region, which was not subject to the invaders), Smolensk region, Oryol region, Belarus, Ukrainian Polissya, Crimea.

More than 400 partisan detachments numbering up to 50 thousand people operated in Belarus. A brigade fought near Orsha, the commander of which was K.S. Zaslonov. The Komsomol underground organization "Young Guard" originated in Krasnodon. Famous was the raid of cavalry partisan formations (3 thousand people) under the command of S.A. Kovpak and A.N. Saburov, undertaken in the autumn of 1942 in the Bryansk region. The actions of partisans under the command of D.N. Medvedev in the Orel, Smolensk, Mogilev, Rivne and Lvov regions, P.M. Masherov - in Belarus, and others became widely known.

The invaders severely punished the armed resistance of Soviet citizens. Tens of thousands of partisans and those whom the Nazis suspected of having links with them died. The Germans ruthlessly burned entire villages for their connection with the partisans.

Social origins of the victory of the USSR

Mobilization of millions of people. General military training. Labor mobilization of the population. Use of female and adolescent labor. Card power system. Payment in kind for labor. Possibility to sell products on collective farm markets. Strengthening patriotism, glorifying the heroic past. Call for the unity of peoples. Reconciliation with the Orthodox Church. Anti-fascist literature, cinema. Concerts of artists at the front. Artists who painted posters and caricatures. In science: new hard alloys and steels for the tank industry. Radio wave research. The theory of quantum fluid motion - Landau. The struggle in the occupied territory, the movement of partisans.