If we talk about the most common modes, then from the point of view of music theory, minor is a mode that has a certain sad tint. This coloring is given to it by the combination of a minor third and a perfect fifth in the construction of triads and arpeggios. In this case, the minor third is built from the tonic note, and then the major third is added to the interval. The result is a perfect fifth between the tonic and the dominant.

Minor and its meaning

The meaning of the word “minor” is inextricably linked with its interpretation from the point of view of the Latin language. After all, it came from there. Minor is a word derived from the Latin “molls,” which can literally be translated as “soft” or “sad.” It is not surprising that the designation of minor keys is made by adding the word “moll” to the tonic. For example, C minor (C minor).

Varieties of minor

They have three main varieties: natural, harmonic and melodic minor. The construction of the scale is different in each case, regardless of what key signs the tonality uses.

In natural minor, the execution of the scale involves only the signs in the key. The harmonic minor is a scale with a raised seventh degree, and the melodic minor has two degrees raised at once (sixth and seventh) and is played in different sequences up and down. That is, when playing in an ascending manner, the indicated levels increase. In reverse order, the “bekar” sign is used for them, and the notes sound in their pure form. This standard rule applies to all sharp or flat keys, as well as the only minor key that does not contain the A minor key.

By the way, to simplify the designation, the full name of the minor is often not used, and a small letter “m” is simply added to the main tonic note in the Latin version. If we give the simplest example based on such an abbreviation, then the same “E minor” will look like “Em”. It's very simple and convenient. It goes without saying that to designate keys like “C-sharp minor” you can use notations like “C#m” or “Cis-minor”. The second category of designations is used extremely rarely. The simplest abbreviation is enough.

Most Common Minor Scales

The most common and most frequently used are minor keys with tonics on the notes “A” and “E”. In this case, minor is a scale containing a minimum of key signs. In the minor scale, there are no “A” in the key at all. In E minor there is only F sharp. It is precisely thanks to the simplicity of playing the scale and constructing the main triads that these minors have become most widespread among pianists and guitarists.

For both instruments, chord technique is the simplest and is included in the initial music course. For the guitar, you can also distinguish “D minor”, ​​the chord of which is basic for playing with just three fingers, like “A minor”. "E minor" uses just two fingers to press the fourth and fifth strings on the second fret.

Lyrical characteristics of minor

Minor keys are distinguished by the fact that they give a piece of music a mournful tone or even some lyrical notes. In combination with the main scale degrees and parallel majors, they can cause a storm of emotions that simply cannot be expressed in words. If you look at it, most musical ballads or slow compositions are presented in minor keys. This is understandable, because deep feelings are conveyed only in this way. One has only to hear the initial chords, and the soul is immediately plunged into awe.

Of course, the matter is not limited to just a combination of standard harmonies and chords. For example, the use of increased and decreased triads by Pink Floyd adds an indescribable effect of psychedelic style to the compositions. For any musician, using minor keys gives a wide scope for creativity, despite the seven standard notes of the scale.

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Examples of the use of the word "minor" in the press

1. And the point is not only in the level of social guarantees, but also in (even primarily in) what mood prevails in society: positive, cheerful, when a person has a need to take care of his neighbors, or sad, minor, they say, I myself don’t know how to survive, what kind of children there can be. It seems to me that in Russian society (and perhaps in the Russian mentality itself) some kind of tragic attitude prevails. (Izvestia (Moscow edition), 06/08/2005)

2. A surprising thing, by the way, is that there are no specific requirements for the program at the competition, but it is extremely monotonous. Prokofiev’s sixth sonata was chosen for performance by seven participants at once, Si- minor Liszt - five, Rachmaninoff's Second - four.

3. Rare minor moments and were remembered most of all. Among them is the final farewell to the house of Gaev (Valery Alekseev) and Ranevskaya (Irina Gerasimova), who, in order to relieve tension, suddenly puffed out her cheeks, like a guilty child. (Culture, 07/07/2005)

4. It is no wonder that foreign observers (nearly a thousand of them came to Kyrgyzstan), especially from the OSCE and NATO countries, are in minor mood. (Moskovsky Komsomolets, 11-07-2005)

5. - The best folk songs - minor. (Novaya Gazeta, 06/16/2005)

6. Such facts add to optimism, because not all that glitters is gold, and the critical eye, with all its workload, still sometimes remains unclouded. On the other hand, the general tone of the responses is clearly minor coloring (Culture, 07/20/2005)

7. Disputes over the fate of border agreements ended at minor note Estonian Ambassador to Russia Karin Jaani visited the Russian Foreign Ministry last Monday, where she was handed a note on the termination of bilateral treaties on the state border. (Version, 04-07-2005)

8. After the second round program with an elegant Chopin frame, with a beautiful pair composed of Scriabin’s Ninth Sonata and Mozart’s “Variations on a Own Theme”, with a wonderfully performed “obligatory modern piece” (“Music for Piano” by Frangis Ali-Zadeh) and a competition hit - Si- minor Liszt's sonata, played for its passionate, tender, gloomy content and unexpectedly poignant farewell intonation, and not for its pianistic pomp, one can say that, in a sense, the Richter Competition has already taken place. (Vremya Novostei, 06/22/2005)

9. In fact, before it appeared in the collection minor there were an order of magnitude fewer notes in the creator’s life. At one time, he even showed great promise when, after graduating from Stroganov, he worked at the Institute of Technical Aesthetics. (Moskovsky Komsomolets, 01-06-2005)

10. His program was replete with technical losses, but nevertheless, the rest of the competitors can only dream of learning how to play like that. A brilliantly thought-out program (with an arch of two miniatures by Chopin at the edges, a block from Scriabin’s Ninth Sonata and “Variations on a Own Theme” by Mozart, Si- minor Liszt's sonata and "Music for Piano" by Frangiz Alizadeh) was played in such a way that there was a standing ovation in the hall. (Kommersant-Daily, 06/21/2005)

11. Gutman, agreeing with her colleagues, nevertheless especially noted the performance of Jung Wook Yo and even objected to Virsaladze, saying that she preferred Si- minor Liszt's sonata performed by Makoto Ueno. (Vremya Novostei, 06/27/2005)

12. Such a pessimistic forecast seemed insufficient to Rumsfeld minor, and he reinforced the impression by warning that an escalation of violence should be expected soon: “Iraq now faces the creation of a constitution and a referendum on its adoption, and government elections in December. (Newspaper, 06/28/2005)

13. Despite this, the meeting took place in a fairly minor for Mr. Yakunin tone. (Vremya Novostei, 07/27/2005)

14. The Mozart gala began with the “hit” solo- minor Symphony No. 40, which almost looked like a challenge on the part of the young conductor. (Culture, 11-08-2005)

15. However, the word “music lover” may no longer be very suitable, since it is masculine. During pauses prolonged due to force minor circumstances, took up visual counting. (Moskovskaya Pravda, 06/25/2005)

16. foreign exchange market Yesterday the euro exchange rate dropped to $1.221 per euro, ending at minor note a week. (Kommersant-Daily, 04-06-2005)

17. The government, however, failed to build on its success. Last year ended for him on minor note - 11.7\% instead of the predicted 10\%. (Vremya Novostey, 06/07/2005)

18. Enough about the sad stuff. In order not to end on minor Note, I’ll propose a neutral topic - let’s talk about referees (will we live to see happy times when the word “neutral” will be associated with referees?). (Sport-Express, 14-07-2005)

19. Prelude in minor key The law seemed to be developed publicly. (Moskovskaya Pravda, 06/15/2005)

20. New not only because the paint has not yet dried, but also because of the unexpected aesthetics. Batynkov, who always preferred minor and at the same time aesthetically stylish gray, brown and black tones (the main body of work is ink graphics on rough wallpaper paper), switched to color - bright, rich, rich. (Vremya Novostey, 08-07-2005)

21. Moreover, she emphasizes this when she deliberately builds her show in minor mood, says ALEXANDER VINOGRADOV. (Kommersant-Daily, 29-06-2005)

22. Salt- minor Haydn's Sonata and Schumann's Fantasia interpreted by Petr Laul (did not make it to the 2nd round). (Evening Moscow, 06/29/2005)

23. The theory of “optimal nutrition” appeared. Scientists have proven that we systematically do not receive the so-called minor substances (or micronutrients). (Trud, 08/13/2005)

24. The two-day meeting of the heads of 25 member countries of the European Union, held in Brussels on June 16-17, ended on a very minor Note: negotiators and observers can only state that the political crisis of the community, aggravated by the economic crisis, has further developed. (Newspaper, 06/20/2005)

25. Indeed, thanks to Walt Disney’s character Mickey Mouse, who in the last century played in one of the series of his adventures C-sharp minor Rachmaninov's Prelude, the name of the Russian emigrant composer became popular in America. (New News, 06/20/2005)

Every sane person understands that the human body is very complex. For centuries, the human body has been studied by a huge number of scientists, but the mysteries and complexities of the creator are beyond us, the human brain. Moreover, the number of chemical elements that make up the human body is very large. Almost all elements of the periodic system of chemical elements named after D.I. can be found in the human body. Mendeleev. All elements, depending on their quantity in the body, are divided intomajor and minor. Majorelements are those chemical elements whose concentration in the body is quite high - grams per liter, milligrams per liter, micrograms per liter. Aminor, respectively, are chemical elements that are contained in the body in very small quantities (nanograms per liter, femtograms per liter). Despite such a seemingly insignificant number of minor elements, they are necessary for the body to function properly. Without these minor elements, a person simply dies.

So, let's look at the basic minor chemical elements that are vital for humans.

Selenium – functions, norms, reasons for increase, decrease in content in the body

What biological structures does selenium contain?
Selenium is a typical black non-metal with a brittle structure. It was discovered in 1817 by J.Ya. Berzelius. In terms of chemical properties, selenium is an analogue of sulfur.
In the human body, selenium is part of:

• antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase
• contains the enzyme iodothyronine - 5 - deiodinase
• is a component of seleniumprotein.

Role and functions of glutathione peroxidase
Glutathione peroxidase is an antioxidant enzyme . What does it mean? Oxidation products - free radicals - are constantly formed in the cell. These compounds - free radicals - are chemically very active oxidizing agents and enter into chemical reactions with proteins , lipids, phospholipids, nucleic acids. By reacting with the above biological structures, free radicals damage the cell membrane, genetic apparatus , key cell proteins and the apparatus itself protein synthesis . As a result of such disruptions in the structure of key molecules, cells die. And glutathione peroxidase has the ability to neutralize free radicals. Therefore, with sufficient enzyme activity, damage to cell structures does not occur, but under conditions of reduced glutathione peroxidase activity, cell structures are irreversibly damaged by active free radicals. Such processes of free radical damage to vital structures can occur in any cells. Therefore, glutathione peroxidase is present in every cell of our body.
The role and functions of iodothyronine - 5 - deiodinase and selenium protein
Iodothyronine - 5 - deiodinase is an enzyme that controls the formation of the thyroid hormone - triiodothyronine (T3). This enzyme also controls the composition of proteins in muscle tissue and cardiac muscle (myocardium).
Selenium protein is a protein that forms the basis of testicular tissue in men.
Biological properties of selenium
Selenium itself exhibits anticancer properties, prevents the development of gene mutations, protects against the effects of radiation, stimulates antioxidant properties, normalizes the metabolism of proteins and nucleic acids, regulates the function of the pancreas and thyroid glands , improves reproductive health, removes heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, tin) from the body. Selenium is also necessary for the correct and sufficient functioning of cells of the immune system in the development of antiviral immunity . And this applies to all viruses - influenza, herpes, papillomavirus etc. Selenium helps keep the human immunodeficiency virus in an inactive state.
How does selenium deficiency manifest?
We found out what biological structures selenium is included in, what functions these structures and selenium itself perform. Therefore, we can identify the consequences that a selenium deficiency in the body entails. So, a lack of selenium leads to:

• deterioration of antioxidant protection
• decreased anticancer protection
• development of cardiac muscle dystrophy
• immunodeficiency states
• sexual dysfunction

Today, the anticancer properties of selenium are most successfully used - selenium-based drugs for the treatment of cancer, dietary supplements, etc. have been developed. Selenium is also used in the complex treatment of joint diseases ( arthritis, arthrosis, osteochondrosis ), diseases of the thyroid gland (hypertrophy), in the treatment hepatitis A.
Selenium consumption standards
What is the human need for selenium? Since the element is minor, the need for it is very small. The World Health Organization recommends the following selenium intakes depending on age:

• children under 1 year – 10-15 mcg per day
• children from 1 year to 6 years – 20 mcg per day
• children 7-10 years old – 30 mcg per day
• adolescents 11-14 years old boys – 40 mcg per day, girls – 45 mcg per day
• boys and girls 15-18 years old – 50 mcg per day
• men over 19 years old – 70 mcg per day
• women over 19 years old – 55 mcg per day
• pregnant and lactating women – 65-75 mcg per day, maximum 200 mcg

What foods contain selenium?
Foods containing selenium - onions, Brazil nuts, garlic, mushrooms, sea and rock salt, kidneys, liver, tomatoes, corn, herring, shrimp, lobster, squid. Today, the soils of many regions are depleted of selenium, resulting in a deficiency of this element in plants, therefore it is recommended to use multivitamins with selenium for preventive purposes to prevent deficiency.
However, you should not overuse selenium either. Since an excess of selenium leads to the development of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, loss of teeth, hair, damage to nails, and periodontitis.

How is selenium content determined? Determination method
Selenium concentration is determined in blood, urine and hair. The normal content of selenium in the blood is 60-120 µg/l, in urine – 15-45 µg/l, in hair – 0.7-1.5 µg/l. The level of selenium in the body also reflects the activity of the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. Selenium concentration is determined using stripping voltammetry or by qualitative reaction with copper oxide. Stripping voltammetry is a more modern and advanced method, but it is quite technically complex. Because of this, it is recommended to determine selenium concentration in specialized institutions. For analysis, blood is taken from a vein in the morning, on an empty stomach.

Cobalt – functions, norms, reasons for increasing and decreasing content in the body

Cobalt consumption standards. What foods contain cobalt?
According to its chemical properties, cobalt is classified as a metal. It was first obtained in its pure form in 1735 by G. Brandt. In general, cobalt has been known since ancient times - cobalt blue paint, cobalt blue glass, etc.
An adult human's body contains only 1.5 g of cobalt. In this case, the optimal daily dose is 20-50 mcg per day. Cobalt is found in the liver, muscles, bones, hair and adipose tissue. This element is excreted from the body mainly through feces - up to 80%. Cobalt is found in food products - liver, milk, beets, radishes, cabbage, garlic, greens (lettuce, parsley, onions).

Functions of cobalt in the human body
It performs very important functions in the human body. Cobalt is included in vitamin B12 - cyan kobalamine. This element is necessary for the formation of blood cells, the functioning of the nervous, muscular systems and liver. Cobalt regulates the activity of the pancreas, the concentration of adrenaline in the blood, hematopoiesis, the rate of formation of nucleic acids, amino acid metabolism, regeneration and wound healing processes. Cobalt also takes part in the formation of thyroid hormones, reduces the intensity of metabolism iodine , increases fluid excretion by the kidneys. Cobalt, in addition to its direct participation in hematopoietic processes, increases the absorption gland . Another important ability of cobalt is its ability to restore the activity of substances - antioxidants that utilize free radicals.

When does cobalt deficiency develop? Signs of low cobalt levels in the body
Low cobalt levels can develop in vegetarians, athletes, bleeding, the presence of worms and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Signs associated with cobalt deficiency:

• weakness, fatigue
• memory loss and various memory disorders
• arrhythmias
• anemia
• development of vegetative-vascular dystonia
• long period of recovery and recovery after illness
• slower development of children

Who can overdose on cobalt?
Usually a state of cobalt deficiency develops, but the opposite option is also possible - an excess of cobalt in the body. This condition is mainly the result of occupational hazards among metallurgists, glaziers and concrete workers. Workers in these industries receive excess cobalt in the form of dust, which they inhale; it enters the lungs, from where it enters the bloodstream and spreads throughout the body. An overdose of vitamin B12 preparations is also possible. Previously, cobalt was used in brewing technology, as a result of which people who consumed beer daily developed cobalt dystrophy of the heart muscle. However, these are now prohibited technologies for use in the food industry.

Symptoms of excess cobalt in the body
Excess cobalt in the body is manifested by the following symptoms:

• "cobalt" pneumonia
• growth of connective tissue in the lungs
• allergic dermatitis
• goitre
• disruption of the auditory nerve
• increase in the concentration of red blood cells and hemoglobin in the blood
• high blood pressure
• disturbances in the lipid profile (increased total cholesterol, triglycerides, etc.)

When simultaneously inhaling air containing high concentrations of cobalt, pulmonary edema and pulmonary hemorrhage may develop.

The use of cobalt in the treatment of diseases
Cyanocobalamin preparations are used to treat anemia, and radioactive isotopes of cobalt are used in radiation therapy for cancer. Excess cobalt is removed using complexing agents.

How is cobalt content determined? Determination method
Cobalt concentration is determined in blood plasma, urine and hair. The normal cobalt content in the blood is 0.05-01 µg/l, in urine – 0.1-1.0 µg/l, in hair – 0.05-0.5 µg/l. The concentration of manganese in biological samples is determined using a complex method of atomic absorption spectrometry. The method is complex, labor-intensive and time-consuming (takes 8-10 hours in total). Therefore, determination of cobalt concentration is carried out only in specialized laboratories. To determine the cobalt concentration, blood is taken from a finger, vein, or umbilical vein into sterile tubes. Biological samples are taken in the morning, on an empty stomach.

Zinc – functions, norms, reasons for increase, decrease in content in the body

Application of zinc in the medical industry
Zinc is a transition (amphoteric) metal. Zinc was known in the ancient world in the form of an alloy with copper - bronze. However, the method for obtaining pure zinc was developed only in 1746 by A.S. Marggraf.
Zinc oxide, which is used as an anti-inflammatory and antiseptic agent, has found widespread use in the medical industry. The radioactive isotope of zinc is used for radionuclide diagnostics. In recent decades, zinc salts (gluconate, aspartate) have become actively used in dermatology, endocrinology and immunology.

Zinc intake rate. What foods contain zinc?
The adult human body contains only 1.5-3 g of zinc. The optimal daily dose is 10-15 mcg per day. Zinc is found in all organs and tissues of the human body, but its concentration is slightly higher in the prostate gland and sperm in men, as well as in skin, hair, muscles and blood cells.
Foods rich in zinc - beef, liver, oysters, squid, carrots, peas, onions, spinach, nuts, pumpkin and sunflower seeds, cocoa, egg yolk, oats, barley, green tea, cereals, figs, dates, lemon, grapefruit, tomatoes, beets, milk and others.

Biological functions of zinc in the human body
Zinc is so widespread because it is an essential component for the functioning of many enzymes. For example, zinc is part of the most important antioxidant enzyme - superoxide dismutase. Thanks to this, we can safely consider this element a necessary component for creating antioxidant protection of the body's cells. Zinc is essential for protein synthesis (such as collagen) and bone growth. This element also takes part in the processes of cell division and maturation, and in the formation of an antiviral immune response. Zinc regulates the activity of insulin and is part of the sex hormone dihydrocortisone. Without zinc, it is impossible to effectively absorb vitamin E and maintain normal levels of this vitamin in the body. In case of carbon dioxide intoxication, zinc promotes the rapid removal of gas from the body.
Dermatologists use the properties of zinc to accelerate the healing of skin wounds, promote hair and nail growth, and reduce the activity of the sebaceous glands. For the good condition of the skin, hair and nails, as well as the proper functioning of the skin, zinc is vital.

Causes of zinc deficiency
Zinc deficiency can be caused by various pathological conditions of the body or insufficient dietary intake. Zinc deficiency develops in the following pathological conditions:

1. extensive wound surfaces (burns, skin lesions, postoperative scars)
2. high level of zinc requirement (pregnancy, lactation, recovery from illness)
3. alcohol intoxication
4. the presence of pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, in which the process of zinc absorption is disrupted (for example, dysbacteriosis, fermentopathy)
5. worms
6. excess introduction into the body of copper, cadmium, mercury, lead
7. abuse of certain drugs (estrogens, corticosteroids, diuretics)

Symptoms of Zinc Deficiency
We examined under what conditions zinc deficiency can develop. What consequences can a zinc deficiency entail? Firstly, this is the development of such unpleasant and non-cosmetic pathological conditions as seborrhea (dandruff), psoriasis, and excessive sweating. In addition to these conditions, there are so-called general manifestations of zinc deficiency in the body:

• severe fatigue or, conversely, increased activity, sleep disturbances
• memory loss
• irritability
• digestive disorders – loss of appetite, diarrhea, taste disturbances, formation of mouth ulcers
• weight loss
• tendency to depression
• accelerated development of alcoholism
• disturbances of vision and smell
• formation of excess iron, copper, mercury, cadmium
• delayed growth and development, delayed puberty in adolescents
• decreased libido in men, poor sperm quality, impotence
• risk of premature birth in pregnant women or infertility in women
• pathology of nails and hair (white spots on nails, layering, dull, slow-growing hair, dandruff, increased hair loss)
• skin lesions - eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis, scaly skin rashes
• a sharp deterioration in the formation of T-cell immunity, as a result of frequent and prolonged colds, trophic ulcers, prolonged healing of even small wounds, acne, boils
• formation of anemia
• allergic diseases
• increased risk of cancer
• low insulin concentration with the development of diabetes mellitus
• sharp acceleration of the aging process

Thus, a lack of zinc has a very strong effect on the body and leads to the development of multiple pathologies affecting the functioning of almost all organs and systems. You can compensate for zinc deficiency by including zinc-rich foods in your diet and excluding alcohol consumption. For more severe zinc deficiency, the use of zinc tablets is recommended.

Causes and symptoms of zinc excess
However, the abuse of drugs and dietary supplements with zinc is also unacceptable, since it can lead to the formation of the opposite condition - an excess of zinc in the body.
Excessive concentration of zinc in the body also leads to disastrous consequences. In everything you need a golden mean; you should not be guided by the rule - the more, the better. Excess zinc in the body is formed as a result of abuse of zinc preparations (tablets, ointments, pastes), with excessive intake into the body by workers in hazardous industries, as well as with impaired zinc metabolism. That is, an excess of zinc leads the body to no less sad consequences than a deficiency. So, here are the main symptoms of excess zinc:

• disruption of the functioning of the immune system by the type of hyperimmunization - development of autoimmune diseases (rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, etc.)
• nausea, sharply increased sensitivity of the stomach
• disruption of the normal functioning of the liver and pancreas
• in men – prostate dysfunction
• drop in the concentration of iron, cadmium and copper in the body
• deterioration of skin, hair and nails

We consider it necessary to indicate substances that reduce and increase the concentration of zinc in the body. So, copper, cadmium, and lead reduce the zinc content; the effect of these microelements is especially pronounced when the protein content in the blood is low. Excessive intake of phytates, phosphates, calcium, glucocorticoids, oral contraceptives, anabolic steroids, diuretics, alcohol and immunosuppressants can contribute to the development of zinc deficiency in the body.

How is zinc content determined? Determination method
Zinc concentrations are determined in hair and whole blood. To determine zinc deficiency, the concentration of zinc-containing enzymes in the blood - carbonic anhydrase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase - is also determined. The concentration of zinc is determined by a complex stripping-voltammetric method. Therefore, these analyzes are carried out in highly specialized laboratories. The test is taken in the morning, on an empty stomach. Before taking the test, you should stop taking medications that affect clotting, since the test is performed on whole blood.

Copper - functions, norms, reasons for increasing and decreasing content in the body

Application of copper in the medical industry
Copper, like zinc, is a transition metal with a beautiful pink-golden color. Copper has been known to mankind for a long time and has also been used for a long time. When burning, copper colors the flame green-blue. In recent years, the medical industry has also used the properties of copper to produce bactericidal surfaces to reduce the intrahospital transmission of bacteria, viruses, etc. To do this, all surfaces that the human hand comes into contact with are made of copper or covered with copper sheets - door handles, bed rails, railings on stairs, countertops of all kinds of cabinets, tables, etc. Copper sulfate is used for cauterization and as an antimicrobial agent. Various copper salts are used for external rinsing and douching. Copper is also included in ointments used in the treatment of inflammation of the mucous membranes. Copper contraceptive intrauterine devices are widely used.

Norm of copper content, daily consumption. What foods are rich in copper?
In total, the adult human body contains up to 80 g of copper. Copper is a vital element, which is confirmed by the rule formulated by the World Health Organization: “today it is absolutely clear that the risk of health problems from a lack of copper far exceeds that from its excess.” It is believed that the best daily dose of copper intake from food is 2-3 mg per day. Poisoning can be caused by ultra-high doses - more than 200 mg per day. Copper is found in all organs and tissues of the body, but the highest concentrations are found in the liver, kidneys, brain and blood.
Copper is found in high concentrations in seafood, cabbage, legumes, potatoes (boiled in their jackets), greens (nettles, spinach), corn, carrots, apples, cocoa beans.

Biological role of copper
Copper is a component of many vitamins, is part of hormones, and forms the active centers of enzymes. Participates in the formation of respiratory molecules, including tissue respiration, regulates metabolic processes, etc. Copper plays an invaluable role in maintaining the correct structure and normal functioning of all types of connective tissue - bone, cartilage, tendons, and blood vessel walls. The proper functioning of the pulmonary alveoli and skin is also due to copper-containing enzymes. The protective sheath of nerve fibers also contains copper. Under the influence of copper, the process of glucose oxidation is accelerated and the breakdown of liver glycogen is inhibited. Copper is a component of the active center of the following enzymes - cytochrome oxidase, tyrosinase, ascorbinase, superoxide dismutase. These enzymes perform antioxidant function, tissue respiration, participate in the regulation of the thyroid gland and the metabolism of vitamin C and amino acids. Copper also improves the absorption of iron (important in the treatment of anemia) and alleviates the symptoms of autoimmune diseases (for example, rheumatoid arthritis , glomerulonephritis).

Causes of copper deficiency in the body
The lack of copper in the human body in most cases is due to insufficient intake from food, and less often due to metabolic disorders. Also, low copper concentrations are caused by taking a number of medications - corticosteroids, antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs . Due to the fact that currently most people actively and often use both antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ( aspirin, indomethacin, ibuprofen etc.), copper deficiency can be a very common condition.

Symptoms of copper deficiency in the body
So, let's look at the main manifestations of copper deficiency in the human body:

• impaired absorption of iron, and as a result, the development of anemia
• development of coronary heart disease, dystrophy of the heart muscle and vascular pathology (wall aneurysm)
• susceptibility to fractures, osteoporosis
• increased susceptibility to allergic diseases - bronchial asthma, dermatoses
• disorder of skin pigmentation (vitiligo), hair
• destruction of the protective sheath of nerve fibers with subsequent development of multiple sclerosis
• an increase in the size of the thyroid gland with a simultaneous decline in functional activity
• disorders of sexual development, menstrual cycle in women, decreased libido, development of infertility
• lipid metabolism disorder with the formation of obesity, atherosclerosis
• suppression of the immune system and acceleration of the aging process

Causes of excess copper in the body
Since copper in high concentrations is a highly toxic element, an excess of copper can also be dangerous for the normal functioning of all organs and systems. The phenomenon of “copper” intoxication occurs due to metabolic disorders, frequent use of copper utensils, and also due to excessive intake of copper into the body. Excessive intake of copper is possible with the uncontrolled use of copper-containing preparations and dietary supplements, and is also a consequence of occupational hazards among workers in copper production (they inhale copper compounds with dust).

Manifestations of excess copper in the body
Manifestations of excess copper in the body also affect the functioning of various organs and systems. Let's look at the main symptoms of high copper concentrations in the body:

• disruption of the nervous system - memory impairment, sleep disturbances, depression, apathy
• liver and kidney dysfunction
• allergic dermatitis
• Wilson-Konovalov disease
• high risk of developing atherosclerosis
• development of hemolytic anemia
• the appearance of blood in the urine

When vapors containing high concentrations of copper are simultaneously inhaled, a condition called “copper fever” develops. “Copper fever” is manifested by chills, high fever, heavy sweats, convulsions in the leg muscles. When the skin and mucous membranes come into contact with dust or vapors containing copper, irritation of the skin and mucous membranes develops - itching, coughing, sneezing, lacrimation, burning of the nasopharynx. If contact continues, this leads to headaches, leg cramps and disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.

If a person overuses high doses of zinc or molybdenum, this can lead to copper deficiency. In moderate quantities, zinc, iron and cobalt, on the contrary, improve the absorption of copper. Ascorbic acid, manganese, cadmium, iron, and tannins impair the absorption of copper from food. Hormonal medications - oral contraceptives, cortisone, estrogens - lead to increased removal of copper from the body.

How is copper content determined? Determination method
The copper concentration is determined in the blood - the norm is 0.75-1.3 mg/l, in the urine - the norm is 2-25 mg/l and in the hair - the norm is 7.5-20 mg/l. The copper concentration is determined by the complexation reaction. The method is used by specialized laboratories. To determine the concentration, blood is taken from a finger, a vein, in the morning, on an empty stomach.

Manganese - functions, norms, reasons for increasing, decreasing content in the body

The use of manganese in medical practice
Manganese is a transition metal, very brittle. Since ancient times, manganese compounds have been used in the glass industry. It was first obtained in its pure form and described in 1774 by the Swedish scientist Yu. Gan. In medicine, a manganese compound is used - KMnO 4 – potassium permanganate, or in common parlance “potassium permanganate”. Potassium permanganate solutions are used as an antiseptic for rinsing, douching, treating various body surfaces (for example, burn surfaces, ulcers), mucous membranes (for example, for treating a scab after cauterization of cervical erosion). Potassium permanganate solutions are also used as uroantiseptics - they wash the bladder and urinary tract. Radioactive isotopes of manganese are used in radionuclide diagnostics.

Where is manganese found in the body? Consumption standards. What foods contain manganese?
Manganese is present in all tissues of the body, in every cell. Manganese is mainly concentrated in mitochondria - special cellular structures that carry out tissue respiration and ATP production. ATP is adenosine triphosphoric acid; this substance is a universal “energy carrier” in the human body. Compared to other organs, more manganese is found in the liver, bones, pancreas and kidneys. The absorption of manganese from food is low - no more than 10%, so it is recommended to consume 3-5 mg of manganese per day with food. High concentrations of manganese are found in bran, rye bread, peas, soybeans, beets, blueberries and tomatoes.

Biological role of manganese
Manganese has a significant effect on growth (primarily on the development of bones, cartilage, blood vessels, etc.) and human development, on the normal functioning of the gonads, and also takes part in the processes of hematopoiesis. Manganese takes part in the exchange of mediators (adrenaline, norepinephrine, acetylcholine) of the nervous system, antioxidant processes, and stabilizes the structure of the cell membrane. Manganese is a necessary trace element in the metabolism of thyroid hormones, in the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates (increases the intensity of these types of metabolism, reducing the level of lipids in the blood). Manganese prevents fatty degeneration of the liver, is necessary for muscle tissue and regulates the exchange of copper, vitamins E, C and B .

Causes of low manganese content in the body
Currently, manganese deficiency is quite common. This is due to frequent and strong psycho-emotional stress, as a result of which the nervous system consumes quite a lot of manganese. Let's consider the reasons leading to manganese deficiency in the human body:

1. low intake of manganese from food
2. abuse of products containing preservatives - phosphates (for example, carbonated drinks with dyes)
3. an excess of calcium, copper and iron in the body, which enhance the processes of manganese excretion from the body
4. various psycho-emotional overloads
5. poisoning by toxic elements - cesium, vanadium (especially among workers in the chemical industry, metallurgy)
6. in women during periods of hormonal changes - menopause and perimenopause

Manganese deficiency symptoms
Such common symptoms of general malaise as: headaches, weakness, fatigue, bad mood, muscle pain, dizziness can accompany manganese deficiency. People suffering from multiple sclerosis, bronchial asthma, diabetes, vitiligo, various dermatoses, and joint diseases also have a deficiency of manganese in the body. Here are the general signs of manganese deficiency in the body:

• delayed mental and physical development of children
• decreased memory and cognitive abilities of the brain
• dysfunction of the musculoskeletal system (muscle cramps and spasms, sprains, osteoporosis)
• changes in the skin and appendages (vitiligo, skin discoloration, rashes, slow growth of nails and hair)
• endocrine disorders (obesity, decreased concentrations of antiatherogenic cholesterol fractions, decreased glucose tolerance)
• ovarian dysfunction, premature menopause and early aging
• immunity disorders

Causes of excess manganese in the body
Excess manganese in the body is quite rare. It takes quite a long time for the “clinic” to appear. However, cases of acute poisoning with manganese compounds have been recorded among workers in industries where these manganese compounds are used. As a result of such poisoning, a condition called “manganese psychosis” develops. Another interesting fact was also revealed: people live longer and age slower in those areas where the manganese content in the air is higher. Excessive intake of manganese into the body with food and development, as a result of this, symptoms of “manganese” intoxication have not been identified to date. Therefore, the leading cause of the formation of increased concentrations of manganese in the body today is its intake with dust and vapors upon contact with manganese compounds (for example, inhalation of welding aerosol).

Manifestations of excess manganese in the body
The main manifestations of excess manganese content in the body are the following pathological processes and conditions:

• disorders of higher nervous activity (memory, thinking processes, etc.)
• fatigue, weakness, apathy, lethargy, drowsiness, depression
• disorders of neuromuscular transmission - paresthesia, slowness, stiffness of movements, gait disturbances, stiffness of movements
• parkinsonism, various encephalopathies
• development of lung diseases due to inhalation of dust and vapors (manganoconiosis)

In physiological doses, vitamins B1, C, phosphorus, and calcium promote the absorption of magnesium from the gastrointestinal tract. However, excess calcium and phosphorus interferes with the normal absorption of manganese.

How is manganese content determined? Determination method
The manganese content is determined in the blood - the norm is 0.3-1.0 µg/l, in the urine - the norm is 0.1-15 µg/l and in the hair - the norm is 0.2-2.0 µg/l. The concentration of manganese in biological samples is determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The method is complex, labor-intensive and time-consuming (takes 8-10 hours in total). Therefore, determination of cobalt concentration is carried out only in specialized laboratories. To determine the cobalt concentration, blood is taken from a finger, vein, or umbilical vein into sterile tubes. Biological samples are taken in the morning, on an empty stomach.

Aya, oh. mineur. 1. music Rel. to minor 1. At first a naive and one-phrase romance, almost always written in a minor key, it takes advantage of the invention of modulation, adding in its small sphere an additional phrase, which, ... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

Depressed, sad, elegiac, lean, elegiac, sad, melancholic, gloomy, sour, mournful, melancholic, sad, sad Dictionary of Russian synonyms. minor adj. sad sad gloomy gloomy joyless ... Synonym dictionary

- (from Italian minore). plaintive, sad, insecure. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. minor 1) music. related to minor; 2) transfer sad, melancholic. New dictionary of foreign words. by… … Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

MINOR, a, m. Ozhegov’s Explanatory Dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

I adj. 1. ratio with noun minor I, associated with it 2. Peculiar to the minor [minor I], characteristic of it. 3. Based on a combination of sounds characteristic of a minor [minor I]. II adj. 1. ratio with noun minor II, associated with it 2. Sad, ... ... Modern explanatory dictionary of the Russian language by Efremova

Minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor, minor,... ... Word forms

Major... Dictionary of antonyms

minor- Minor; briefly form ren, rna... Russian spelling dictionary

minor- cr.f. mino/ren, mino/rna, rno, rny; mino/earlier... Spelling dictionary of the Russian language

Aya, oh; ren, rna, rno. 1. only full. Music k Minor (1 digit). M. chord. My gamma. 2. Unwind Sad, sad. My mood. ◁ Minor, adv. Sound m. m. look... encyclopedic Dictionary

Books

• Children of Ishim, Viktor Ivanovich Zavidey. The author of the story “The Twentieth D Minor” shares his thoughts and impressions about the people and events of the dramatic twentieth century. Despite some autobiographical nature of the story, the author... eBook

I get tired of minor people. I’m used to thinking like in the joke about the Jew - if a problem can be solved with money, then it’s not a problem, but an expense. Until recently, by minor I meant people who make it clear in the background that life is pain; for some, even getting up in the morning is an inhuman feat. Yes, I know about sugar spikes, I’m like that myself. But we're not talking about sugar here.
Recently we met some acquaintances whom I did not position in any way - well, good people and good people. Only their children were always sad and despondent. This got me thinking, where does all this baggage come from? And then it suddenly dawned on me that all the days of rest, none of the parents were really happy, not even smiling. They didn’t swear, they weren’t sad, but the general non-verbal background was sad and slightly dissatisfied. So you understand: the first week of a normal summer, the Volga, sun, vacation, reflections on the water, water lilies and lilies, jumping fish... In short, a resort. AND Always slightly dissatisfied faces. No smiling for any reason. Moreover, people themselves are verbally quite happy with life, but non-verbally life is, if not pain, then at least a turmoil. I don’t expect people to jump to the ceiling, but this background is oppressive. I accept them, but I prefer a calm background - zero or above zero. It’s good that I simply don’t have such people in my circle of loved ones.
I immediately remembered the national characteristics of perception: like Americans smile falsely, a Russian person, in the opinion of an American, is gloomy and serious, but in the opinion of a European, he is generally aggressive. Damn. That's when you realize that this is really so. You have to watch your face)))))). Because everyone has problems, but most often they are just expenses, and they have nothing to do with others. And we even have every right to spoil our holiday with this constant minor. But is it necessary to pass on this sweet habit to your children? It is no better than the habit of swearing or looking for someone to blame. Or am I taking it too seriously?

I honestly take care of my face all my life, sometimes it works. I do this simply because I have a specific facial structure - a set of drooping eyes, circles under the eyes and drooping corners of the lips. (I don’t have Slavic cheeks yet!!!))) And if I don’t smile and don’t use concealer, they start asking me what happened and who died. Therefore, in my case, “a smile is the best makeup” is the only way to communicate with people. ( nitoc I said that I am Pierrot without makeup :-))

And here's another question. (The conversation got sidetracked) Are we not attracting something unnecessary to ourselves? There is Vedic wisdom that a woman who is happy and satisfied with her life is given everything she wants. Therefore, being happy and contented is not a final factor, but an initial one. Well, we all remember about the goldfish.

Do you have minor people around? How do you get along with them?