History of Krasnoyarsk

Krasnoyarsk is a large industrial city of Russia, the capital of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which is known both for its large geographical size and natural resources - nickel, platinum, gold, aluminum, timber, water resources. On the territory of the region there are such giant enterprises as the polar Norilsk Nickel, the Krasnoyarsk aluminum plant, the non-ferrous metal plant, the Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station. In the region on the territory of Evenkia, on the shores of Lake Vivi, there is also the geographical center of Russia.

At the beginning, a little about the history of the city. Siberia was known in Russia for a long time, but its active conquest was started by Yermak. Siberia was attracted primarily by the abundance of the beast, which means expensive furs - the currency of that time.

In 1619, Yeniseisk was founded by the Cossacks on the banks of the Yenisei. The Yenisei Cossacks continued the expansion of Russia to the east and south. They founded prisons, and later cities, Irkutsk, Bratsk on the Angara, Yakutsk on the Lena, Verkhneudinsk in Transbaikalia. If in the east the expansion was relatively peaceful and calm, then in the south lived quite numerous and militant Kyrgyz of Turkic origin, Tatars, Dzungars, who resisted the newcomers.

To protect against their attacks, a prison was needed south and upstream of the Yenisei. Therefore, in 1624, Andrei Dubensky was sent from Yeniseisk with the Cossacks to select the site of the future prison. A. Dubensky chose such a four-day horse ride from Yeniseisk on the arrow (high flat place) between the mouth of the Izyr-su (Kacha) river and the Yenisei on its left bank. A drawing of the future prison was drawn up and sent to the city of Tobolsk. Then A. Dubensky was sent to Moscow - "to protect the project" prison. Tsar Mikhail Romanov, together with the Duma boyars, appointed A. Dubensky "town", i.e. builder and head of the future prison.

In 1627, an expedition of 303 servicemen (3 chieftains, 5 Pentecostals, 24 foremen, 270 ordinary Cossacks) left Tobolsk on 16 boards, 5 boats and 1 plow under the command of the governor A. Dubensky. After a long and difficult campaign in the middle of July 1628, they reached the place and immediately began the construction of a temporary defensive structure - a wooden town made of planks, on which the Cossacks sailed.

This town was fortified with gouges - pillars dug into the ground, connected from above and below by thick poles. The gouges went from the construction site of the prison (on the mountain 100 sazhens - 213 m) to the pier. The town was immediately in demand, because already on July 26, the Cossacks fought off the Kachin Tatars. The boardwalk town, due to its unreliability, was only a temporary defensive structure. Therefore, later, a pine forest was harvested 2 days' journey up the river, floated downstream, and on August 6, the construction of walls, towers, barns and other office buildings of the prison began. The construction of the fort was completed quickly.

Adygea, Crimea. Mountains, waterfalls, herbs of alpine meadows, healing mountain air, absolute silence, snowfields in the middle of summer, the murmur of mountain streams and rivers, stunning landscapes, songs around the fires, the spirit of romance and adventure, the wind of freedom are waiting for you! And at the end of the route, the gentle waves of the Black Sea.

History of the city of Krasnoyarsk starts from August 6, 1628 of the year. Governor Andrey Dubensky laid wooden prison on the arrow between the rivers Yenisei and Kacha. Prison represented himself wooden fortress, enclosed moat, rampart and walls with 5 towers. On top of the nearby hill Kum-Tigei was delivered guard tower. Now the hill is called Guard mountain. The tower performed perfectly practical function. Good with her looked through all nearby territory prison. When guard, towering noticed approaching enemy then kindled bonfire. Prison seeing bonfire, hastily prepared for the siege and not got caught by surprise! Maybe, the history of the city of Krasnoyarsk did not stop thanks to this watchtower! Krasnoyarsk jail performed the function protection from raids Mongolian and Turkic tribes cities Yeniseisk, partially city Tomsk, later villages of Russian settlers. AT 1805 year on the site of the watchtower was built wooden Chapel, which in 1855 year was redone from stone. Subsequently, this Chapel became calling card in history of the city of Krasnoyarsk. After annexation of Siberia to Russia Krasnoyarsk prison stopped having military meaning and in the 1690s years received CITY STATUS. Actually exactly from now on started history of Krasnoyarsk as CITIES! City name "Krasnoyarsk" derived from two words "red" and "yar". "Yar" - This high steep shore, that was next to the city at the time of its foundation. "Red" because THE SOIL this YARA RED!

AT 1713 year in Krasnoyarsk there were living near 2 550 Human. city ​​dwellers were engaged primarily agriculture. Before 1773 the city looked like military fortress. AT 1773 year in history of the city of Krasnoyarsk, the strongest fire, and the city had to be built practically again! After division of Siberia into Western and Eastern in 1822 year was formed Yenisei province. Krasnoyarsk, became center of the Yenisei provinces. There appeared in the city several squares with churches and markets. On the initiative the first Krasnoyarsk governor A.P. Stepanov appeared in the city center urban garden with naturally growing pines on the banks of the Yenisei. today garden renamed to the park named after M. Gorky.

next meaningful stage of development history of the city of Krasnoyarsk, became 1884 year. This year director of the Krasnoyarsk teacher's seminary archaeologist and local historian Ivan Timofeevich Savenkov opened the first on the Yenisei parking lot ancient stone century at the foot Afontova the mountains. Now this is the junction automotive bridge to the left shore Yenisei Near railway bridge. were found here scrapers, tips copies, bones mammoth, primeval bull, northern deer. These finds are the only monument of the era Paleolithic in Russia. Human whose parking lot found Savenkov, called "afontove".

Huge value in development history of the city of Krasnoyarsk had prey GOLD. AT Krasnoyarsk began to settle gold miners and merchants. Started to build capital stone Houses. Population started quickly grow! AT 1838 opened first urban LIBRARY. This library was collected and opened Krasnoyarsk merchant, gold miner, landlord, winemaker Gennady Vasilievich Yudin. The library has over 80,000 books great amount journals, manuscripts, archival materials. Yudin, fearing frequent urban fires, built a library away from city buildings at the foot Afontova the mountains. Unfortunately now most of libraries located in the US Library of Congress.

On the night of 17 on the April 18, 1881 years in history of the city of Krasnoyarsk, happened tragic event – flared up the strongest fire. Within a few hours 2/3 of the old part of the city was completely burned out! thousands residents remained on the street. This was strongest fire after 1773 of the year ! Next fundamental step in development history of the city of Krasnoyarsk, was the opening in 1883 year of the first elementary school at the expense of the merchant 3rd Guild M. Sazhin. In subsequent 10 years were opened 2 more primary schools ! Based on materials census population 1887 of the year Krasnoyarsk was the most literate city in Siberia!

AT 1870s years on Resurrection street today prospekt Mira, were delivered 44 lantern with candle lighting. AT October 1891 of the year merchant of the 1st guild N. G. Gadalov lit in his mansion-shop, shop today "Child's world", first in the town light bulb! perspective electric lighting forced city ​​government build power plant. She was built project Moscow professor K.A. Kruga on the shore Yenisei against Sadovoe lane. AT 1912 was included electric street lighting.

Next the strongest impetus for development history of the city of Krasnoyarsk was the passage in 1895 year through the Krasnoyarsk railway. From now on story development city ​​of Krasnoyarsk start get ahead of history development cities Yeniseisk. The fact is that before the advent railway, main life-supporting transport artery of the Yenisei the province had a river Yenisei. City Yeniseisk, on the the Yenisei river takes more profitable location than Krasnoyarsk. It is located approximately 330 km downstream rivers and most main Yeniseysk situated BEHIND so-called Kazachinsky rapids. Therefore, the history of the city Yeniseisk started on 9 years before history of the city of Krasnoyarsk and developed more active for now through Krasnoyarsk did not pass Railway.

After the appearance in Krasnoyarsk in 1895 year iron roads in history of the city of Krasnoyarsk start to build apartment buildings Houses. AT 1868 year the building was built male gymnasium. Today it Polytechnic institute on st. Lenin. AT 1878 year the building was built girls' high school. Today it Pedagogical institute on st. Peace. AT 1913 built public building. Today it Officers' house. AT 1914 built Regional Museum. great achievement in history of the city of Krasnoyarsk, became railroad bridge across the river Yenisei, which was built for 3 of the year from 1896 to 1899 of the year. It was the most first bridge across the Yenisei. On the world Parisian exhibition of industrial metal structures in 1900 year Krasnoyarsk railway bridge took 2nd place in the world. His ahead of only the Eiffel Tower!

At the beginning 20th century by Siberian scale Krasnoyarsk was big city. Then population city ​​was around 27,000 Human. Further development history of the city of Krasnoyarsk, continued thanks to the emergence of Krasnoyarsk 27th private industrial enterprises (iron foundry, mechanical, sawmill, leather, brick and others). By this time, the city had 27 educational institutions. The city turned from a provincial, into a major city Yenisei provinces.

AT 1917 year by Russia swept the revolution. Krasnoyarsk, became first city in Siberia, where it was established Soviet authority. But June 18, 1918 of the year Soviet authority in the town fell. AT history of the city of Krasnoyarsk established for a year and a half counterrevolutionary terror. At night from 3rd to 4th January 1920 year happened armed uprising and Soviet authority in Krasnoyarsk was restored. However, the next day from the side Bugacha, Nikolaevka and military camp launched an offensive Kolchak people. at the cost big losses the city held out until January 8th, and then parts arrived Red armies and partisan Shchetinkin and Kravchenko. Life was difficult to recover - economic devastation, famine, typhus.

AT 1921 year in history of the city of Krasnoyarsk have been outlined positive change. As a result of the adoption of 1921 year new economic policy(NEP) began to be resolved food questions, perked up trade. In the middle 1920s years, the work of factories resumed - mechanical(today Kraslesmash), sawmill, porcelain-faience, shoe factories, backwater and depot. by the most large the city's enterprise was then railway workshops. felt a lack of raw materials, fuel, electricity. AT 1925 year happened abolition titles Yenisei province, and after that Krasnoyarsk first treated to Novosibirsk, after to Irkutsk.

AT 1934 year December 7th a new stage in the development history of the city of Krasnoyarsk! was educated Krasnoyarsk region! It formed within the same limits what and Yenisei province. Krasnoyarsk became again administrative center!

According to the census 1939 years in Krasnoyarsk there were about 190 000 Human. Relatively high level education was ensured by the fact that after the victory over Kolchak the entire population aged from 16 to 50 years obliged to study. By the end 20s years 20th century in Krasnoyarsk there were 30 schools. Appeared technical schools - medical, agricultural, musical, pedagogical. To 1940 appeared in the city 8 professional and non-professional theaters.

Important factor in stories life city ​​of Krasnoyarsk was existence two big market squares. One was located on the arrow second in place of today Revolution Square. Most active they started trading in the beginning of September. From SOUTHERN parts Krasnoyarsk Territory barges came from flour, tomatoes, honey, caviar, watermelons and much more with !!! BUT fish in the Yenisei, until there were two largest in Russia HPP - Krasnoyarsk and Sayano-Shushenskaya, caught with "pants", and predominantly sturgeon breeds ! Generally pies with sturgeon or bird cherry were visiting card of the Krasnoyarsk house!

At the beginning 30s years in history of the city of Krasnoyarsk appeared scientific institutions – Siberian Research Institute forest economy, sanitary and bacteriological institute, fishery station. AT 1930s year in Krasnoyarsk from Omsk translated Siberian Forestry institute. AT 1932 year was opened Pedagogical institute.

Before the war in Krasnoyarsk existed 2 airports that were both are within the city. Land located in the area of ​​today takeoff street, and most runway was today's Molokova street. Hydroaerodrome was on Abakan stream next to the island Veal, which was subsequently renamed in Island Molokov. AT history of the city of Krasnoyarsk such famous events related with aviation, as AlSib and Arctic flights. AlSib - it was a race US military aircraft from USA from Alaska in the USSR throughout the territory THE USSR, including Krasnoyarsk. arctic flights are flights from Krasnoyarsk on the North behind Polar circle. AT Arctic flights were attended by such famous pilots as J.S. Lipp, M.V. Vodopyanov, I.I. Cherevichny, V.S. Molokov. Developed in Krasnoyarsk and parachuting. AT 1935 year was opened flying club.

Left her mark on history of the city of Krasnoyarsk and The Great Patriotic War. sent to the front several tens of thousands of Krasnoyarsk residents. At the beginning of the war from European part the USSR It was evacuated in Krasnoyarsk region more 40 enterprises, part which directly to Krasnoyarsk. For example, Bryansk machine building plant "Red Profintern" - today Sibtyazhmash, Zaporozhye combine and Lyubertsy agricultural machinery plant – today combine harvester plant. During the war years in Krasnoyarsk was about 20 hospitals. Ranks Hero of the Soviet Union honored 176 Krasnoyarsk residents!

After the war, one of the most notable events in history of the city of Krasnoyarsk, construction became the largest in the USSR Krasnoyarsk and Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Krasnoyarsk HPP built with 1956 on 1972 year. Her full power 6,000,000 kWh. Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP built with 1963 on 2000th year. Her full power 10,000,000 kWh. Another notable event in history of the city of Krasnoyarsk became airport relocation outside the city in 1985 year at a distance 31 km from the city. Krasnoyarsk the airport was built taking into account the operation supersonic aircraft Tu 144, as spare airport !

AT 2016 year population Krasnoyarsk is about 1 000 000 man, but this is taking into account immigrants, the number of which according to different sources maybe more 100 000 Human !

Most cutting and significant leap in development history of the city of Krasnoyarsk and generally speaking Krasnoyarsk Territory occurred while in office Governor A.I. Lebed with 1998 on 2002 year . In particular, with him in Krasnoyarsk began real construction UNDERGROUND, which stopped right after his untimely death on April 28, 2002 of the year . In general, the number of his glorious deeds in history of the city of Krasnoyarsk is long list! GUESTS, cities Krasnoyarsk, former in Krasnoyarsk before governorships A.I.Lebed, and after him claim what DO NOT RECOGNIZE our city! widow A.I.Lebed Inna Lebed asked: « And what is he MYSELF in life appreciated most from made them ?» She answered: "Cadet Corps!"

rich and varied cultural history of the city of Krasnoyarsk. Among creators of beauty in Krasnoyarsk such names — painters V.I. Surikov, D.I. Karatanov, A.G. Pozdeev, opera singers P.I. Slovtsov, D.A. Khvorostovsky, V.S. Polushin, ballerina N.M. Chekhovskaya, writer V.P. Astafiev other. Widespread popularity worldwide conquered Krasnoyarsk State Dance Ensemble of Siberia name M.S. Godenko, created in 1960s year. AT 1978 year in Krasnoyarsk was built Opera and Ballet theatre. AT 1982 year in restored building catholic church resounded organ. Opened in the same year Large concert hall.

History of the city of Krasnoyarsk rich sports achievements. Repeatedly in Krasnoyarsk were carried out Spartakiad of the peoples of the USSR. Krasnoyarsk region is an homeland for such Olympic champions like I. Yarygin, Lyubov Berezhnaya, Alexey Shumakov, Elena Naimushina, and many others. In addition to Olympic champions, there are many champions Mira and Europe. AT Krasnoyarsk a bunch of sports facilities.

Quiz #1:

1 The Cossacks, under the leadership of Andrey Dubensky, set up the Krasny Yar prison in almost one month. It was ready by August 19, 1628. And to protect against attack, “ditches were dug near the prison ..”, and “garlic” was installed along the bottom of the ditch. What is "garlic"?

Correct answer: The Russian name "garlic" is a distorted derivative of the word "chastik", which means a fence of rows of pointed stakes. Modern analogues of garlic (also referred to as "hedgehogs") are used as an anti-vehicle barrier - to puncture tires.

2 In 1957, in Krasnoyarsk, at the Yenisei factory, they began to produce a musical instrument, which was called the Yenisei. Name it.

Correct answer: Pianos were produced in Krasnoyarsk until 1997, it was the only enterprise in the regional center that produced keyboard musical instruments. Then for some time furniture was produced here, and since 2005 the production was closed. Now a residential complex is being built on the site of the factory on Dudinskaya Street.

3 She worked at the Krasnoyarsk Museum of Local Lore, collecting folklore. In 1937 she published the collection Tales of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in 1940 - Tales of Our Territory. Say her name.

Correct answer: Maria Vasilievna Krasnozhenova (1871–1942), graduate and later teacher of the Krasnoyarsk women's gymnasium, ethnographer, folklorist, local historian, employee of the Krasnoyarsk Museum of Local Lore. In 2014, her book "Life of the Great Siberian Highway" was published, which contains the memories of the inhabitants of the Yenisei province.

4 This enterprise in Krasnoyarsk was founded in the middle of the last century. At first, artificial flowers were made here, then papier-mâché toys, and now it is the only enterprise from the Urals to the Far East that produces Christmas tree decorations. What is it called and where is it located?

Correct answer: Now Biryusinka is one of the leading enterprises in the industry, which produces soft-stuffed toys, carnival costumes for children and adults, PVC plastisol toys, glass Christmas tree decorations and toy packaging for New Year's gifts. "Biryusinka" continues the traditions of folk art that originated at the beginning of the 20th century.

5 In September 1955, a boat with the State Commission set off upstream from the river station in Krasnoyarsk. The commission liked the high rocky shores near the small village of Shumikha. Since that time, the place has become famous. What is here?

Correct answer: Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station is the "visiting card" of the region. The station was built on the Yenisei River in 1955-1972. In terms of installed capacity (6,000 MW), it ranks second in Russia and is among the ten largest hydroelectric power plants in the world.

6 Often, villages in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (and not only) are named after their founders. Vasilievka, Ivanovka, Bochkarevka, Bogdanovka, Vanino and others. Three villages in the Krasnoyarsk Territory are named after women - Tatyanovka, Olgino, Maryevka.

Correct answer: Three villages in the Krasnoyarsk Territory are named after the three daughters of the last Tsar of Russia Nicholas II - Tatyanovka, Olgino, Maryevka.

7 There is a riddle in "Ergaki" near the Lake of Mountain Spirits. Experts cannot explain the appearance of a perfectly flat sloping surface by ordinary tectonic processes or the result of rock weathering. This rock is also called the rock of the Brothers, as if they joined hands. What is it called?

Correct answer: Ergaki is a very “compact” area, you can get around it in a few days. And some of the natural attractions have become iconic for these places. It is they who form the unique image of Ergakov and are the “centers of attraction” for tens of thousands of tourists. Among them is the rock formation Brothers (the second name is Parabola).

8 The hero of an Evenki tale went fishing, left his wife, children and a herd of deer. He returned to the camp, his wife was crying: "The enemies have stolen all the deer." The husband says: “Oh, how you scared me. I thought you lost.... What could a woman lose and why was this item so expensive?

Correct answer: In ancient times, Evenk families especially valued those items that could not be made on their own. One of these items was a needle. It cost a lot and was alone. If they lost it, then there was nothing to sew clothes on, and the whole family could die from the cold.

9 This photo paper factory was evacuated to Krasnoyarsk from Leningrad in October 1941. This is how it looked during the Great Patriotic War. Now only the name of this factory has been preserved; a shopping center is located in the factory buildings. Name it.

Correct answer: In June 1942, the installation of the second stage equipment was completed at the factory, and photographic paper began to be produced here. In 1945, the production of X-ray film was mastered here. And since 1952, they completely switched to photographic paper. The plant was called "Quantum", now this name has passed to the shopping center.

10 Photo taken in 1941. The train with the evacuated plant goes to Siberia, to Krasnoyarsk. On which shore were the evacuated factories located?

Photo: from the funds of the children's library of Kassil

Correct answer: The equipment of the evacuated factories was unloaded as close as possible to the railway, there were more suitable sites on the right bank, it was there that even before the war they planned to build the first thermal power plant. Most of the factories were located on the right bank, although there was no automobile bridge across the Yenisei at that time, there was only one, a railway one.

11 The northernmost forest in the world is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. It is noteworthy that it consists of one tree species. Where is it located and what breed does it consist of?

Correct answer: The northernmost forest in the world is a branch of the Ary-Mas Taimyr Reserve. It consists of Daurian larch.

12 What places in the Krasnoyarsk Territory should a traveler visit in order to get closer to the center of the Earth?

Correct answer: To get closer to the center of the Earth, you need to visit the northernmost point of the edge, and to move away from it, you need to visit the southernmost point. The fact is that the polar radius of the Earth is 22 km shorter than the equatorial one.

13 Solve the puzzle and name the city of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Rebus

Correct answer: Kansk was founded in 1628 as the Kansky small prison near the Komarovsky rapids on the Kan River, 43 km below the modern city. Like Krasnoyarsk, the city was built as a fortress against the raids of the Yenisei Kirghiz. Now about 89 thousand people live here, this is the center of the Kansk region.

14 This enterprise was founded in 1898 and became the first truly large enterprise in Krasnoyarsk. It works to this day. Name this plant.

Correct answer: The first name of this plant is "Main Railway Workshops of the Siberian Road". He entered the history of the city and the region not only for his production successes. The workers took part in strikes and revolutions, and in the winter of 1905-1906, when a republic existed in Krasnoyarsk, they actively supported it.

15 There is a legend that, setting out to storm Azov, Peter the Great stopped for a halt near the village of Cherkassk. He was sitting by the fire, surrounded by his companions. The Cossacks came up and threw something into the fire. Everyone felt an unbearable heat. What mineral are we talking about, is it in the Krasnoyarsk Territory?

Correct Answer: It is coal. The Krasnoyarsk Territory is rich in coal and is one of the leading coal-mining regions of modern Russia.

YOUR RESULT:
Are you apparently from another region?

YOUR RESULT:
Not bad, but there is no limit to perfection.

Cetelem Bank is a joint venture between Sberbank and BNP Paribas banking group (France). The main direction of work of a financial institution is servicing individuals. Setelem confidently enters the top 50 Russian banking institutions. According to a number of indicators, for example, the size of assets and the loan portfolio, he is in 3rd or 4th place in the top ten.

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How to cancel insurance when lending?

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I.

II. Exploration of Siberia.

Formation of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Before the arrival of Russians in Siberia, tribes of the Turkic, Ket, Samoyed and Tungus language groups lived on the territory of the modern Krasnoyarsk Territory. The vast expanses of Siberia, its unexplored riches have long attracted the attention of government circles, commercial and industrial people of Russia. At the end of the 16th century, the Russian people, according to A.M. Gorky, "without the help of the state ... annexed huge Siberia to Moscow through the hands of Yermak and the low-ranking freemen, who had fled from the boyars."

After the death of Yermak, further advancement into the depths of Siberia was continued by the tsarist governors, and, despite the national and class oppression that tsarism carried, the annexation of small peoples to Russia. Inhabiting Siberia, played a huge progressive role in the development of this region. It broke up the patriarchal-tribal relations that had previously dominated here, and brought with it a higher culture. The government of tsarist Russia was very interested in obtaining valuable furs from Siberia, which occupied a prominent place in foreign trade. Moscow also sought to find ore and other minerals here, as well as to populate a vast region by forcibly sending peasants to Siberia to provide servicemen, merchants and industrialists with bread.

Along with the peasant settlers, the most energetic and freedom-loving Russian people fled to the Siberian forests and steppes from serf, barracks and monastic captivity. Relying on the created fortifications (military fortresses) they made geographical and geological discoveries, promoted the spread of crafts, and traded with local native tribes. For three centuries

the only transport artery in trade and communication of the northern and southern regions of the Yenisei region was the Yenisei River. Until the middle of the 19th century, timber, cattle, bread, vegetables, fish, furs, and graphite were rafted by rafts and barges. Delivery of goods to the northern regions was relatively easy.

It was much more difficult to transport goods from the lower reaches, since ships had to be driven against the current by horse-drawn traction, and often with the help of barge haulers.

Yenisei (in Evenk Ionessi, literally - big water, and in Nenets - Yenase, which means "wide river"). In the granite rapids of the path punching, From the free Tuvan steppes

The stormy river hurries to the ocean, The beauty of the taiga is the Yenisei.

(I. Rozhdestvensky).

Its sources are the Big Yenisei (Biy-Khem) and the Small Yenisei (Ka-Khem). The river flows almost along the meridian to the north within the Krasnoyarsk Territory and flows into the Kara Sea. The length of the Yenisei is 3,478 km, and in terms of the area of ​​​​the water basin - 2,640 thousand kilometers, it ranks second among the rivers of Russia (after the Ob) and seventh among the rivers of the world. The Yenisei basin is characterized by a sharp asymmetry: its right-bank part is 5.6 times larger than the left-bank part. The Yenisei basin is an upland - the mountains of southern Siberia and most of the Central Siberian plateau.

The main part of the basin is covered with taiga. The hydrographic network of the Yenisei includes 198,620 rivers and 126,364 lakes. In terms of runoff, the Yenisei occupies

first place among the rivers of Russia. The maximum flow rate at Igarka reaches 154,000 cubic meters per second. The Yenisei is the most important waterway of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The region includes vast expanses of the Yenisei North with numerous islands of the Arctic Ocean, sultry steppes of the south, taiga expanses, mountain peaks of the Sayan Mountains and boundless grain fields of the central regions of Krasnoyarsk. All these natural and economically diverse territories are held together by the blue ribbon of the mighty Yenisei and the system of its tributaries - the Lower and Podkamennaya Tunguska, Angara, Abakan, Kan, Tuba and others. The system of rivers of the Yenisei basin gives the territory of the region a certain compactness and acts as its original natural economic "framework".

This is one of the largest industrial and resource regions of the country with huge reserves of natural resources. Russian colonization reached the Yenisei at the beginning of the 17th century, at the same time in 1628 the administrative center of the region, the city of Krasnoyarsk, was founded, but in fact the development of the region began only at the very end of the 19th century, when the Trans-Siberian Railway passed through its territory. The modern Krasnoyarsk Territory was formed in 1934; before the revolution, the Yenisei Governorate existed on its territory, the territory of which throughout the 19th century. served as a place of reference. It was here that the exile of the future leaders of the Soviet state - Lenin and Stalin - took place.

III. Education of the city of Krasnoyarsk .

In August 1628, a prison was built near Krasny Yar. On the top of the Kum-Tigei hill, the founders of the city kept guard. There was also a watchtower from which one could see the enemy from afar. When this happened, the guards lit a fire, giving a sign that the prison was preparing for a siege. In memory of this, Krasnoyarsk residents erected a wooden chapel in 1805 on the site of the watchtower, replacing it with a stone one in 1855. And this place began to be called the Guard Mountain.

Krasnoyarsk prison - was a wooden fortress, surrounded by a moat, a rampart and walls with five towers. First of all, his task was to defend against the Mongol and Turkic tribes. Ostrog defended Yeniseisk, partly Tomsk, later - the villages of Russian settlers. The first governor of the prison was Andrei Dubensky - a skilled, far-sighted, talented ruler. The Krasnoyarsk prison was also the place of diplomatic meetings between the Krasnoyarsk governors and the ambassadors of Altyn Khan. The ambassadors of the Kyrgyz princelings also came here for negotiations. After the annexation of Siberia to Russia, Krasnoyarsk, as a military settlement, lost its significance and in the 1690s received the status of a city.

IV. Development of shipping on the Yenisei.

On May 31 (June 12), 1863, the whistle of the first steamship sounded over the river, which received the name "Yenisei" (length 25 fathoms, width 3 fathoms, power 60 hp). The ship was built in 1862 in Yeniseisk. The construction of the ship was carried out by a company of Yenisei merchants. Among them - Balandin, Gryaznov, Kalashnikov, Kytmanov, directly the builder was a self-taught mechanic - Khudyakov.

The newspaper "Yenisei Gubernskiye Vedomosti" reported this event, which became a reference in the activities of the Yenisei rivermen:

“The townspeople excitedly hurried to the embankment - to see how the miracle of technology departs on its first voyage ... The steamer sailed majestically along the smooth surface of the Yenisei, which, with its silence, seemed to welcome a new guest who violated its age-old peace ... "

During the navigation of 1863, the ship made several voyages to the lower reaches of the Yenisei, in particular, the first of them was made from Yeniseisk to Ust-Kem and back.

Andrey Pavlovich Popov was the first captain of the ship. The steamer worked on the Yenisei until 1907. By 1875, there were already 4 steamships and 7 barges on the Yenisei. They carried up to 130 thousand pounds of cargo for navigation. In 1881 and 1883, the Krasnoyarsk merchant N.G. Gadalov bought steamboats from the German company Knop in turn: the 80-horsepower Moskva and the 100-horsepower Dalman. Having quickly built a pier and a subsidiary farm, N.G. Gadalov opens his own shipping company.

His steamships run along the Krasnoyarsk-Minusinsk line. Soon the shipping company was replenished with the steamships Rossiya, Graf Ignatiev and Zealous. Having strengthened the shipping business, N.G. Gadalov lets ships through the Kazachinsky rapids to Yeniseisk.

The Gadalovsky fairway turned out to be successful, and the Yenisei artery became

fully serve Krasnoyarsk.

In 1888, a small steamer "Sibiryachka" climbed Podkamennaya Tunguska, visited Velmo and Teya. The following year, the same ship sailed along the Nizhnyaya Tunguska and Bolshoy Kas. The main type of non-self-propelled vessel on the Yenisei was a barge. The dimensions of the barges were: 14-30 sazhens in length, 1.4-6.7 sazhens in width, and draft with cargo - no more than 10 quarters. The carrying capacity of barges did not exceed 40,000 pounds.

Steamboats on the Yenisei usually made voyages with carts, towing up two barges, and down - no more than three. The speed of movement with barges upstream above Krasnoyarsk was seven, and downstream - 19 miles per hour. The largest number of vessels worked on the section from Minusinsk to Krasnoyarsk. Others were engaged in the transportation of goods mainly in the lower section from Yeniseisk to the mouth, as well as from Krasnoyarsk to Yeniseisk. With the advent of steam ships, an increase in their number, an increase in carrying capacity, the range of goods transported is significantly expanding: bread, firewood, salt, timber, coal, etc. The number of cargo transportation along the river routes of Siberia in 1913 amounted to 6.2% of the total volume of cargo transported along the rivers of Siberia. In the Yenisei basin in the mentioned year, 145 thousand tons of various cargoes were transported. Trade developed rapidly in the province, and this required the transportation of a large number of goods and passengers along the Yenisei.

Despite the busy schedule of work, in their free time, steamers often performed an unusual, charitable mission. On July 3, 1882, the Yenisei Provincial Gazette reported that N.G. Gadalov arranged festivities on his steamboat Moskva, and transferred the proceeds - 256 rubles - to the benefit of the orphanage for children under arrest. The Gadalovs treated this tradition with care.

The same newspaper reported on June 7, 1902. That N.N. Gadalov allocated the steamship "Sibiryak" for free for walking along the Yenisei, and transferred the collected money to the needs of the Krasnoyarsk women's gymnasium.

In 1893, the Lieutenant Malygin steamer arrived on the Yenisei.

The ship is famous for the fact that Vice Admiral Makarov followed from Yeniseisk to Krasnoyarsk on board in 1897. Subsequently, the ship was transferred to Lake Baikal, where he remained for a permanent job.

In 1887, steamboats “St. Nikolai" with a capacity of 560 hp, "St. Inokentii (240 hp) and Ilim (120 hp), as well as several barges. The steamships were purchased by a large gold miner Sibiryakov A.M. Since the ship "St. Inokentii" was equipped with a winch, in 1903 it was delivered to the Kazachinsky rapids, where it worked until 1968.

In 1890, the Gadalovs, having teamed up with the merchant E. Zhernakov, established the Siberian Joint Stock Company of an urgent towing and passenger shipping company along the Yenisei, Ob and Irtysh rivers with a fixed capital of 1 million 250 thousand rubles.

By this time, the Gadalovs had 8 steamships and several barges. The shipping company gave a tangible increase to the Siberian economy. Especially popular was the Gadal Shipping Company after the summer of 1891

heir to the throne, future tsar of Russia visited Krasnoyarsk

Nicholas II. The heir to Krasnoyarsk drove up on the steamer "St. Nikolai", escorted by the Gadalovsky steamer "Count Ignatiev" ...

After the October Socialist Revolution, the role of river transport also changed significantly. It is becoming an important component of the unified transport system of the country. River transport is entrusted with the solution of the most important state tasks. So it was on

the construction of numerous power plants in the basins of Siberia, when the river fleet provided construction sites with the necessary materials, as it was when in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory they began to develop the richest deposits of non-ferrous metals, they built the Norilsk mining and smelting plant.

In 1918, a decree of the Council of People's Commissars was issued on the creation of the first Soviet central body for managing the nationalized fleet and shipping, which three months later was renamed the Main Directorate of Water Resources (Glavvod).

Revolutionary events and the civil war had an impact on Siberian shipping. The fleet of the Yenisei basin actively participated in military operations with intervention and the White Guard. After the restoration of Soviet power in Siberia (1920), Glavvod was transferred to the People's Commissariat of Railways (NKPS) and the departments of inland water and river state shipping companies were created. In 1923, the West Siberian and Amur Administrations were organized. In the early 1930s, the Department of River Transport was formed.

In 1931, the Yenisei and Irtysh shipping companies were separated from the West Siberian Shipping Company. From 1947 to 1954, the Main Directorate of the River Fleet of the Eastern Basins (Glavvostok), created in the city of Novosibirsk, became the central body of river transport in Siberia.

During the war years, part of the steamers of the Yenisei Shipping Company was converted for combat operations. They were equipped with cannons and machine guns.

Basically, these vessels worked at the mouth of the Yenisei and the Kara Sea. In the spring of 1942, the Nazi naval command in Norway developed a plan for Operation Wunderland (Wonderland), the main goal

which consisted in disrupting our navigation along the Northern Sea Route, striking at Soviet Arctic convoys.

Surface and submarine ships of the German fleet were supposed to penetrate unnoticed into the Kara Sea to act on communications passing along the northern coast.

08/16/42 the raider "Admiral Scheer" left Narvik, accompanied by 4 destroyers and a squadron of aircraft. From Bear Island, he walked independently around Cape Zhelaniya, bypassing Novaya Zemlya. After unsuccessful attempts to detect Soviet caravans, the Admiral Scheer attacked an icebreaker near Belukha Island.

"A.Sibiryakov" (named after the famous Irkutsk merchant Anatoly Sibiryakov) with 104 passengers on board. The captain of the "A. Sibiryakov" Anatoly Alekseevich Kacharava tried to take the ship away for about. Belukha, where there were many shoals, but because of the low speed, he could not do this and was forced to accept an unequal battle. "A. Sibiryakov" was armed with only 2 cannons and one coaxial machine gun. During the fight, after the next volley of "Admiral Scheer" (which was armed with 28 large-caliber guns), a fire started on "A. Sibiryakov". The motor ship died, having managed to notify ships in the Arctic and Dikson, where the headquarters of naval operations was located, of the appearance of a fascist ship in our waters.

Since then, "A. Sibiryakov" went down in history under the name

"Northern Varyag".

“Admiral Scheer”, having sunk “A. Sibiryakov”, went to Dikson, but in bad weather, having fired several volleys at the radio station, he was forced to leave under fire from the guns of the patrol boat SKR-19 (converted from the icebreaking steamer “Dezhnev”). Subsequently, the Admiral Scheer was sunk by the British off the coast of Norway.

According to the headquarters of naval operations on the western coast of Novaya Zemlya, there was a temporary base for German submarines near Beluga Guba.

At present, the main role in the material and technical base of the river transport of the Krasnoyarsk Territory belongs to the transport fleet. All types of transport vessels operate here: passenger and cargo-passenger, cargo self-propelled dry-cargo (cargo ships) and tankers (tankers), cargo non-self-propelled dry-cargo and tankers, as well as towing.

The fleet of the Yenisei Basin carries out the transportation of a large number of cargoes of various nomenclature, operates in different navigation conditions: from extreme shallow water to areas with lacustrine and sea navigation conditions. In this regard, the shipping company has a variety of types of transport vessels designed for operation in various areas. In connection with the country's transition to a market economy and the decline in passenger and cargo traffic along the Yenisei, the leadership of the Yenisei River Shipping Company in 1994 decided to use the fleet for overseas transportation. In the period from 1994 to 1999, 19 fleet units were re-equipped and ferried to work in the basins of the Black, Mediterranean and Baltic Seas. Vessels carry out cargo transportation under the charter of foreign firms and companies.

v. The passenger fleet of the Yenisei.

The passenger fleet of the Yenisei until 2000 was one of the best in the basins of Siberia and the Far East.

The pride of the passenger fleet was the ship "Anton Chekhov", which made trips, mainly with foreign tourists, along the route "Krasnoyarsk-Dikson". It was built in Austria in 1978 and has a high level of comfort.

In 1953-54 at the shipyard. Mathias Tezen in Wismar built passenger motor ships "Alexander Matrosov", "Valery Chkalov" with a passenger capacity of 343 people, which were used on the tourist route "Krasnoyarsk-Dudinka".

A prominent place was occupied by the diesel-electric ships "Anton Rubinshtein", "Baikal"(renamed in 1993 "Captain Rodin"), "Borodin"(renamed in 1997 "Godenko"), "Prokofiev", "Composer Kalinnikov",

“M.Yu. Lermontov, Lithuania , "Latvia"(renamed in 1991 "Godenko" after decommissioning, it costs like a float. hotel "Lighthouse"), "Ippolitov Ivanov". The ships were built in 1955-1956. at the Komarno CSR plant, have a passenger capacity of 247 people and a speed of up to 20 km / h.

Transportation of passengers and tourists was carried out from the upper reaches of the Yenisei in the southern regions of the region to Dikson - in the North.

Since 2005 on the Krasnoyarsk-Dudinka line, passengers are transported by passenger motor ships Alexander Matrosov, Valery Chkalov with a passenger capacity of 343 people, diesel electric ship M.Yu. Lermontov" passenger capacity is 247 people, motor ship "Bliznyak" passenger capacity is 200 people.

In areas with limited navigation conditions, hovercraft of the Zarya type with a passenger capacity of 66 people and

speed of 43 km/h. Also, high-speed hydrofoils of the Meteor type with a passenger capacity of 150 people and a speed of up to 70 km/h, the Voskhod type based on the Raketa motor ship with a passenger capacity of 71 people and a speed of up to 60 km/h.

All vessels associated with passenger transportation are on the balance (since 2006)

"Passenger Rechtrans".

VI. Conclusion.

In conclusion, I would like to give an approximate chronology of historical dates associated with the development of the shipping company:

1862- the first steamship "Yenisei" appeared on the Yenisei,

1882-1891- the Ob-Yenisei Canal was built,

1909– the beginning of the construction of the Krasnoyarsk repair and maintenance base of the fleet,

1918- a decision was made at the general meeting of the rivermen to nationalize the joint-stock company of the shipping company on the Yenisei River,

1922. – The Council of Labor and Defense approved the regulation “On the rules of river transport”,

1923– Krasnoyarsk shipyard produced the first products – pontoons and motor boats,

1929- The Soviet government decided to build the city of Igarka and the Igarsk river port,

1931- By a joint resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, 15 river shipping companies were created. including the Yenisei

1931– the first marine expedition was carried out to ferry river vessels along the Northern Sea Route,

1934– the Krasnoyarsk river port was formed; the Minusinsk and Pavlovsk repair and maintenance bases of the fleet were organized,

1935- the Kononovskaya EW of the fleet was founded,

1936- Podtesovskaya EW of the fleet was founded,

1946- the Achinsk river port was founded on the Chulym River,

1950– the Verkhneeniseysky district administration was formed (Abakan) 1952- the Ermolaevskaya EW of the fleet was founded,

1971- The Yenisei River Shipping Company was awarded the Order of Lenin, the Maklakovskiy river port was established,

1973– Taimyr (Dudinka) and Angarsk (Strelka village) district administrations were formed,

1974- the Kyzyl regional administration was formed (Kyzyl),

1976- The Krasnoyarsk ship lift was put into operation.

VI . Bibliography:

1. P. N. Pavlov, V. A. Stepynin, and V. K. Logvinov, Russ. "History of the Krasnoyarsk Territory"

Textbook on local history. Krasnoyarsk book publishing house

2. Kozachenko V.A. "Chronicle of the Yenisei". Krasnoyarsk book publishing house

3. E. Nifantiev "City on the Yenisei". Krasnoyarsk book publishing house

4. V.I. Chumachenko "Watch on the Yenisei". Krasnoyarsk book publishing house

5. G.Yu. Simkin "Yenisei acceleration". Krasnoyarsk bookstore

publishing house 1978.

6. L. Kiselev "Siberiad of the Gadalovs". "History without torn pages".

7. L. Kiselev "Spirit interrupted flight." "Pages of History".

8. History of Siberia "From ancient times to the present day" in five volumes.

History of Siberia "Siberia as a part of feudal Russia", V.2, Leningrad:

Publishing house "Science", 2002.

9. Zuev A. S., Siberia - milestones of history (XVI - XIX centuries), Novosibirsk: Izd-vo

"INFOLIO-press", 1999.

11. Krasnoyarsk Territory - O.A. Khonina, R.L. Ivanova. 1984.

12. Encyclopedia "Cities of Russia" Scientific publishing house; 2002

I. Exploration of Siberia.………………………………………………….………………..1

II. Formation of the city of Krasnoyarsk ………………………………………4

III. Development of shipping on the Yenisei…………………………………………..5

IV. Passenger fleet of the Yenisei . ………………………………………………..11

V. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….13

VI. References…………………………………………………………………15

Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency of Sea and River Transport

Yenisei branch

State educational institution of higher professional education

"Novosibirsk State Academy of Water Transport"

(Krasnoyarsk)

Test

HISTORY

Topic: Development of shipping on the Yenisei.

Completed: Art. 21gr. OP

Goncharov A.I.

Checked by: teacher

Plotnikov V.P.