The time of foundation of Krasnoyarsk - a modern city with a million inhabitants, which is the industrial, cultural and scientific center of Eastern and Central Siberia, is considered to be 1628. But, according to scientists, it appeared much earlier. Its history is rich in interesting events closely related to the founding of Siberia and subsequent important milestones in the history of the country.

Location

In the format of this article, let's talk briefly about the founding of Krasnoyarsk, as well as the richness of the natural relief and the stunning beauty of these places. The city was founded on the banks of the great Siberian river Yenisei, at present it is located on both banks. Its geographical position can be defined as the borders of the Sayan Mountains, the West Siberian Plain and the Central Siberian Plateau. It lies in the northern spurs of the Sayan Mountains, which form a hollow here.

Since the division of the territory of Siberia into Western and Eastern is usually carried out along the Yenisei, one part of the city is located in Eastern Siberia, and the other in Western Siberia. To avoid confusion, Krasnoyarsk is conditionally referred to as Eastern Siberia, as a result of which it is the center of the East Siberian region. The borders of the city included the extreme ridge of the Sayan Mountains.

The relief of the city

Modern Krasnoyarsk, founded in such a place, has a complex hilly terrain. Districts of the city are located on its different formations. The area of ​​Academgorodok lies on the Sayan Ridge, the area of ​​the railway station - in the lowland, Oktyabrsky, as well as Sovietsky districts - on the hills, Sverdlovsky - in the foothills.

Origin of the city's name

In the earliest documents, the future city of Krasnoyarsk was called the New Kachinsky prison, this name was given by the river Kacha - the left tributary of the Yenisei, where it was located. This gave reason to assume that the Kachinsky prison existed before him. Most likely, it was founded as a point for collecting yasak, or it was just a winter hut, the estimated date of the founding of Krasnoyarsk, given these circumstances, is 1608.

The local Kachin people called this place Khyzyl Char, which in translation into Russian meant Krasny Yar (shore, cliff). In Russian, the word "red" meant beautiful. Indeed, the place that was chosen for prison had a bewitching Siberian beauty. After the settlement was given the status of a city, it became known as Krasnoyarsk.

History until the 16th century

The history of the founding of Krasnoyarsk is amazing and full of important events for Russia. He played a key role in the development of Siberia. This is the largest of the ancient ones. The history of the development of these places, as well as the city itself, began long before the appearance of Krasnoyarsk. A convenient location for living contributed to the fact that in ancient times many peoples passed through it. Excavations carried out in the vicinity of the city speak of ancient settlements, as a result of which ancient settlements were found with rich finds that speak of a developed civilization.

Neolithic excavations have been found on the territory of the city. Scientists managed to establish that the settlements were built 35 thousand years ago. Two thousand years ago, tribes of Ket-speaking peoples lived here. The territory is surprising in that it was inhabited by many peoples, constituting tribes, unions, primitive states. Many of them are unknown in history.

Land development

The territory changed radically after its annexation to Russia. The year of foundation of the city of Krasnoyarsk is questioned by many historians. There is reason to believe that the first Russians appeared in these lands at the turn of the late 16th and early 17th centuries, but they did not stay here due to their small number and great distance from the prisons, where administrative power and small detachments of archers and Cossacks were concentrated. The founding of Krasnoyarsk became possible only after the construction of the Mangazeya prison, located on the Siberian river Taz, which opened the way for further advance to the east.

These lands, in fact, were ownerless, practically uninhabited. Different tribes roamed along them, there was no statehood. The formation of settlements on the territory of Siberia dates back to earlier periods of time; at the time of the appearance of Russian pioneers in these parts, these lands were part of the Ezersky principality of the nomadic tribes of the Yenisei Kyrgyz. These places, rich in animals, in particular fur, fish, forest, berries, pine nuts, mushrooms, attracted Russian fishermen and hunters here. They appeared in these parts presumably at the end of the 16th century.

The rumor about the wealth of this region reached the Russian tsars. Expeditions of Cossacks were equipped beyond the Urals, in the formed prisons the interests of the state were represented by the governors sent here with detachments of archers. Their goal was to approve the laws of Russia here, to collect taxes and taxes, the so-called yasak.

The role of the Orthodox Church in the development of Siberia

The Russian Orthodox Church also played an important role. Priests and monks marched along with detachments of Cossacks. When the prisons were founded, churches were immediately built in which services were held. The church had two goals. The first is the spread of Orthodoxy to the East, the second is the connection with the Motherland, with native roots, spiritual support.

It was true faith that helped the pioneers endure all hardships and hardships, strengthened them spiritually, making it clear that their hardships were not in vain. The founding of the city of Krasnoyarsk was no exception. A church was built in each newly formed prison. During the development of Siberia, wild, practically uninhabited lands were squeezed into monasteries. Monastic settlements were built, which gradually overgrown with people who, voluntarily or by the will of fate, found themselves in these severe collapses.

During the development of Siberia, an indispensable law was in force, under which a settlement with several houses must have a chapel, a village - a church, a city - a monastery. It was the Orthodox ministers who marched with the first detachments of the Cossacks who helped organize a motley flow of people striving through the Urals. These were the sovereign's servants, explorers, settlers, fugitive convicts, criminals, peasants fleeing serfdom and hopelessness. Having crossed the Urals, they felt freedom in understanding permissiveness. Only one thing united them and made them one people - faith in God.

Story. 17th century

In 1623, the Yenisei voivode Y. Khripunov sent his guarantor, nobleman A. Dubensky, to the place where Krasnoyarsk is now located, and at that time there were settlements of Cossacks who had come here from the Ket prison, who were worried about the raids of local tribes. They turned to the Yenisei governor for help. Dubensky was instructed to choose a place for the construction of a prison that would guard the lands of the Cossacks. He chose a place, drew up a plan according to which Krasnoyarsk was founded, and left for Moscow to approve it.

Upon returning from Moscow with an approved plan, Dubensky led an expedition of three hundred Cossacks and went to the chosen place, where a prison was laid on the left bank of the Kacha River, called Krasny Yar. This place was located below modern Krasnoyarsk, opposite Tatyshev Island, which is now part of the city. Since then, 1628 is considered to be the year of the founding of Krasnoyarsk.

Ostrog Krasny Yar in 1631 becomes the county center. After 28 years, a large prison was built, the purpose of which was to collect yasak. Local peoples, consisting of nomadic tribes of the Kyshtyms and the Yenisei Kyrgyz, already paid tribute to the Mongol state of the Altan Khans. Therefore, they refused to pay the Russians. But these lands were already in the territory of Russia, and by law they were required to pay tax to the treasury.

Dissatisfied with this situation and incited by the Mongols, the detachments of the Kyrgyz Khan Irenek besieged the prison twice in 1667 and 1679. Already in 1690, the prison received the status of a city and its current name. The foundation of the city of Krasnoyarsk is fraught with great difficulties and trials, however, it becomes the center for the advancement of Russian explorers further to the east.

From the history of the XVIII century

At the beginning of the century, 850 people lived in the city. Mostly they were families of Cossacks. The foundation of Krasnoyarsk and its importance in the development of Siberia is great. Its development was predetermined by the laying of a link connecting the city with Cannes, Achinsk and further with other cities of the country. Despite the fact that its population increased to two thousand people, it remained a city of county significance.

The city developed, enterprises appeared, in particular the Vasilevsky iron-smelting plant, schools and a public library were opened. Great changes have taken place since the founding of Krasnoyarsk. The year 1784 was marked by a strong fire. He burned almost the entire city, only 30 houses remained. Sergeant surveyor P. Moiseev sent a new linear layout of the city, Petersburg was taken as a basis. Modern Krasnoyarsk begins with it.

19th century gold rush

Gold found on the Dry Berikul River (Kemerovo region) stirred up the whole of Siberia. After the mines of the merchants A. Ya. and F. I. Popovs on the rivers Sukhoi Berikul, Wet Berikul and small tributaries of the Kiya began to produce 16 pounds a year, miners were drawn into the taiga. By the way, gold mining is not a cheap pleasure at all. The merchants Popovs spent more than 2 million rubles on exploration of deposits alone, money unprecedented at that time.

Gold-bearing regions were practically throughout the entire territory of Western and Eastern Siberia. Gold was looked for everywhere. Krasnoyarsk was no exception. He was washed on the Bugach River, Afontova Gora, not far from the railway station, on Pillars. Krasnoyarsk shone with luxury for show, incredible revelry, fights, theft and cards. Nevertheless, gold mining gave a good income to hundreds of people. The taxes levied made it possible to develop the social sphere and infrastructure of the city. But most of the capital left Krasnoyarsk.

A huge role in the development of the city, in addition to gold mining, was played by the railway. Rails for her were purchased in England. From Scotland through the Arctic Ocean, the Kara Sea, they were delivered to Krasnoyarsk. In 1913, the first power station was built in Krasnoyarsk, and water supply was installed. The city was reputed to be the most beautiful and comfortable in Siberia.

During the years of the Soviet Union, Krasnoyarsk was one of the largest cities in Siberia and the whole country. In 1931 it became the center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Schools, institutes, technical schools, hospitals, kindergartens, stadiums are being built and opened. Much attention is paid to housing construction. During the Great Patriotic War, many enterprises from central Russia were evacuated here. They will serve as the basis for the development of the region's industry.

For the most part, these are mechanical engineering and metalworking, the chemical industry, pharmaceuticals, metallurgy, mining, woodworking, the food industry, the production of building materials, and light industry. In Krasnoyarsk there are 29 higher educational institutions, dozens of various schools, technical schools and colleges. Nine research institutes 11 research institutes of other departments.

present tense

The post-Soviet period is characterized by a reduction in industrial production and the development of trade and the service sector. Hundreds of shops, supermarkets are being built and operated in the city, and you can buy almost everything here, including orthopedic bases. Krasnoyarsk has noticeably changed and become more beautiful. In recent years, new buildings, cultural and entertainment facilities have been built. Hundreds of cafes and restaurants are open.

But it is still a working city. And Krasnoyarsk is also a city of students, there are more than 150 thousand of them here, 124 thousand schoolchildren should be added to them. There are all types of transport in the city: rail, road (roads R 255 "Siberia", M 54 "Yenisei", R 409 "Yenisei tract"), water, air (airports "Emelyanovo", "Cheremshanka"), metro.

The idea of ​​exile, prison and penal servitude in the historical memory of a Russian (and not only a Russian) person has always been associated with Siberia. The infamous great Siberian hard labor road - the Moscow tract, stretching for many thousands of kilometers from the capital to the Far East - passed through the modern territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory back in the 18th century. But long before that, many future large cities and Siberian settlements became the place of Russian exile. In particular, in Krasnoyarsk back in the 17th century, the military garrison of the prison was actively replenished at the expense of punished "service people" from European Russia, for whom hard labor, or even the death penalty, was often replaced by exile in remote fortresses. It is known that according to the 1897 census, exiles in Krasnoyarsk made up 23% of the population.

One of the first who were convicted under non-criminal articles and exiled to Siberia were the Old Believers, who were expelled from Central Russia after the split of the Russian Orthodox Church in the middle of the 17th century. Then the Decembrists turned up here: ten of them lived in Krasnoyarsk. Behind them are activists of the first socialist circles, participants in the Polish uprisings of 1830-1831, and later, members of the People's Will, Marxists. In the spring of 1897, Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) was transferred to exile in Krasnoyarsk. Many of his colleagues, including Dzerzhinsky and Dzhugashvili (Stalin), also visited here against their will. These comrades continued the "hard labor" history of Siberia, creating here one of the centers of the Gulag archipelago. Since then, in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, there are several times more prisoners per capita of the "free" population than the average for Russia.

Historically, the hard labor system of the Krasnoyarsk Territory as a whole was formed in the first years of Soviet power. Hundreds of colonies opened and closed, names changed, the system was continually transferred from department to department. The vast majority of institutions in the Soviet period were created where cheap labor was needed - in the construction of large factories and logging. These are the Minderlinskaya, Minusinskaya, Shirinskaya and Abakanskaya agricultural colonies organized in different years; Usinskaya, Chernogorskaya, Bazaiskaya and Zykovskaya colonies of mass labor. For logging work, separate camp points were opened - Artyomovsky, Balakhchinsky, Borodinsky. Later, entire departments of forest correctional institutions were created on the territory of the Kezhemsky and Yenisei regions of the region, the main ones being Norillag, Kraslag and the so-called Stroyka No. 503.

These "lagupravleniya" were only part of the camp system of the region. Many more camp administrations and separate camp centers (OLPs) functioned on its territory. Here are just a few of them:

In April 1949, the Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs for the exploration and exploitation of deposits and the construction of enterprises of non-ferrous and rare metals in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Yeniseystroy) was organized. It included: the taiga mining department and a corrective labor camp (ITL); southwestern mining department and ITL (carried out, among other things, the construction of the Sorsk molybdenum plant); a special mechanical bureau (OTB-1, now SibtsvetmetNIIproekt) with a camp department in Krasnoyarsk and branches in Shilinka and Razdolny, where exiles worked.

In the region functioned: Yenisei ITL, SGU; ITL "DS" Yeniseystroy; ITL and the construction of the railway Krasnoyarsk - Yeniseisk; ITL and construction of iron mines (Zhelezlag); Polyansky ITL (Polyanlag); Khakass camp department (LO); Montenegrin ITL (Chernogorlag); a separate camp site (OLP) "Rybak" with two "business trips": the Taimyr Peninsula and the upper reaches of the Leningradskaya River; OLP of the Main Directorate of Airfield Construction of the NKVD of the USSR and others.

Norillag

The Stalinist program for the development of the resources of Taimyr by the hands of prisoners was expressed in the decision of the SNK of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of March 20 and the decision of the SNK of the USSR of June 23, 1935 "On the construction of the Norilsk nickel plant." They determined the volume of construction, the timing of the launch of facilities, and the circle of performers was established. So the history of the Norillag of the NKVD of the USSR, created in pursuance of these decrees, turned out to be closely connected with the now flourishing Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine and the entire Norilsk industrial region.

If in 1929-1934. problems of the development of the Norilsk mineral resources were dealt with by the Glavsevmorput and the Soyuzzoloto trust, then since 1935 this direction was transferred to the jurisdiction of the NKVD. And this is understandable: the Gulag archipelago grew and expanded every year. Successes were achieved by forced labor of hundreds of thousands of repressed. The first director of the plant under construction was the senior lieutenant of the MGB Vladimir Matveev, who was subsequently repressed and sentenced to death for "sabotage". This name is less known than the one that the plant bears today - Avraamy Pavlovich Zavenyagin, under which the construction of the plant was "given acceleration."

Along the Northern Sea Route and the Yenisei, in the holds of steamboats and barges, almost without food and water, prisoners condemned under the notorious Article 58 as enemies of the people followed to the construction of the northern “outpost of civilization”. These "enemies" occupied a considerable place in the Norillag contingent - in different years from 50 to 70%. In total, about half a million people passed through the Norillag during the 21 years of its existence.

In the early years, the death rate among the Norillags was the lowest in comparison with other Gulag zones of the USSR. People were planted in the bare tundra. They themselves pulled barbed wire, knocked together barracks. They were taken under escort to unload the wagons. With the arrival of Zavenyagin in Norilsk, the situation worsened. Prisoners dug pits, cut tunnels, worked in mines. The work got harder and harder. The food was minimal, not corresponding to the expended forces. People suffered from hunger, and many were overtaken by a terrible hunger disease - pellagra, when a person rotted alive and the skin fell off in scabs from his bones. The death rate was on the rise.

In the late 30s, a large convoy of prisoners from Solovki arrived in Norilsk. Among them are specialists in geology, chemistry, mineralogy - engineers, scientists. By order of Zavenyagin, they were removed from general hard work, given more satisfying rations, and slightly improved living conditions. There were so-called "sharashki" - institutions where the repressed intelligentsia in the position of slaves were engaged in mental labor for the benefit of the great socialist construction site. Engineering and scientific projects were developed in the Norillag "sharashkas", which made it possible to create a miracle city and a plant in the Arctic.

In connection with the transfer of additional stages of prisoners from other camps to Norilsk, overcrowding in the camp zones increased significantly, and the level of morbidity and mortality rose. In no other period did Norillag prisoners experience such a critical situation as during the war years. The problem of nutrition, and, consequently, elementary survival, has acquired the character of a catastrophe. This state of affairs was the result of not only the planned reduction in food rations for providing campers as a forced laborer and home front workers, but also a general breakdown in the supply system of Norilsk.

Due to the lack of organization and negligence of carriers and suppliers, even what stood out from meager reserves was not delivered to the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in full. So, in the navigation of 1941, the plan for the delivery of food cargoes to Norilsk was only 68% fulfilled. Almost a third of all shipped cargo wintered en route. As a result, of the total amount of food and industrial goods in 1941, 69% of the 1940 level was imported, and in 1942 only 51%. At the same time, both the general civilian and the camp population of the Norilsk region increased markedly. The main increase in the population of the city occurred as a result of the evacuation here in the summer of 1941 of the Monchegorsk plant "Severonickel" and its employees with families totaling about four thousand people.

Thus, the main trend in the development of the Norillag during the war years was an unprecedented deterioration in the living conditions of its prisoners, with a general increase in their number. It is important to take into account that in this period there was also a significant increase in the volume of lager production. Norillag turned out to be practically the only camp in the USSR where the number of prisoners and the volume of camp production did not decrease, but, on the contrary, constantly increased. The huge gap between the norms for the provision of prisoners and the norms for their exploitation was the main feature of camp existence in the war era.

During the first ten years of industrial development of the Norilsk mining region, amazing results were achieved. In this desert tundra zone of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in conditions of permafrost and a polar climate, tens of thousands of prisoners managed to create one of the world's largest metallurgical plants of a complete cycle - the flagship of the Soviet industry for the extraction and processing of non-ferrous metals, form a wide transport infrastructure of the region and create a new center urbanization of the North - the city of Norilsk.

Building No. 503

More than 60 years have passed since the start of one of the "great construction projects" in the north of Tyumen and the Krasnoyarsk Territory - the Salekhard-Yermakovo-Igarka railway with a length of 1300 km, popularly known as "Stalinka", and later "Dead Road". The construction site with a length of 700 km from Salekhard to the Pur River in the Tyumen region was carried out by construction department No. 501 of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs, and the section of the river. Pur-Ermakovo-Igarka (600 km.) - construction department No. 503. The number of builders was up to 100 thousand people, and mostly they were prisoners.

The construction was personally controlled by Stalin, carried out at an accelerated pace, in the absence of project documentation. The prisoners had to work in very unfavorable conditions: in winter frosts down to -40 degrees, in summer mosquitoes, midges, horseflies: a significant part of the route passed through swamps and wetlands. The maximum number of prisoners is 29126 people on January 1, 1950.

Igarka at that time was divided into the old city, in which the timber processing plant was located and mainly the workers of this plant lived, and the new city, where the party and Soviet leadership, the polar aviation department, the river port, the technical department and other organizations were located. The management of construction site No. 503 was allocated a building in the city center. The construction was headed by Major-General of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Barabanov, who previously, according to rumors, led the construction of the Sakhalin-Mainland oil pipeline.

The prisoners did not add any special flavor to the life of Igarka, since already most of the local population were exiles and were under the supervision of the commandant's office - these are Volga Germans, Latvians, Lithuanians, Kalmyks, Finns, as well as former builders of Igarka in the 30s and dispossessed peasants and their descendants in the first generation.

In the spring of 1950, the management of the construction of road No. 503 was transferred to the village of Ermakovo, which then consisted of several houses where the exiled Germans of the Volga region lived, and the construction of the main base and the "capital" of the construction site began intensively. In the winter from 1949 to 1950, several houses were built for the leadership, and the entire civilian staff - prisoners and guards - lived in tents. It was a fairly large tent city. Construction was carried out at a very high pace. A large sawmill, a power station, shops, schools, housing were built. And two years later there was already a large city, by northern standards, larger than Igarka: in terms of total population, it exceeded Igarka at least twice. In Ermakovo there was a passenger pier, moorings, on the right bank - an airfield. Along the entire route of the railway from Igarka to Ermakovo and further to Salekhard and Moscow, a wired telephone line was installed, which existed for many years after construction.

In the Ermakovo area, the project provided for a ferry railway crossing, for which three ferries were built in Finland. They were supposed to provide a railway crossing until the freeze-up and for some period after the ice-up of the Yenisei. And in winter, on the ice of the Yenisei, it was planned to freeze an ice "mound" and lay rails on it.

The construction of the railway was to be completed in 1953 to Igarka and after that continue to Norilsk. A railway embankment was built on the Igarka-Yermakovo section and rails were laid for 65 km. The section Ermakovo - Yanov Stan - the Pur River was almost completely ready, there was already a working train traffic, however, the through traffic was slowed down by an unfinished railway bridge over the Turukhan River, its supports were fully erected, but the installation of trusses was not completed.

March 1953 came, Stalin died. Some time later, a large amnesty was announced for the prisoners. People got freedom, but it was impossible to leave the North before the opening of navigation, and there was nowhere to let people out of the zone, since they simply had nowhere to live. Only with the beginning of navigation, the former prisoners were taken from the Yenisei North by the same fleet that was brought to the North. These were barges for the transport of prisoners, passenger ships overcrowded to the limit, while there was almost no passenger aviation at that time.

The construction of the railway was stopped. Soon it was, as they said at that time, mothballed, but in fact it was abandoned, because not only prisoners, but also civilians, and the guards were unbearable to be there. A liquidation commission was created, whose task was to organize the removal of valuables from the construction site. Something was taken out, but the road itself, stations, locomotives, wagons - everything remained along the highway in the tundra and eventually fell into disrepair.

This is how this abandoned road, paid for by many lives of prisoners, stands. Until now, in those parts there are camp zones scattered across the forest-tundra, steam locomotives, wagons, platforms; traffic lights stick out like candles and camp posts hide in the polar bushes.

On the section Yanov stan - the river Pur, the Norilsk plant was allowed to remove the railroad tracks. The plant at that time received a second wind thanks to Talnakh and the Nadezhda plant, and there were not enough rails in the country. In this way, by 1964, rails were removed from a section of the road with a length of 300 km. Three railway ferries were transferred to the Black Sea, and they began to work in the Kerch Strait.

18 km from Turukhansk, up the Nizhnyaya Tunguska, the Death Rock rises vertically above the water. A modern legend connects such a gloomy name of the cliff with the massacre of the White Guards over the Bolsheviks in July 1918. In the days of the fall of Soviet power in Krasnoyarsk, most of the local party members fled to the North, taking documents and gold reserves of the State Bank branch. There were 500 people in the red detachment, including Tikhon Markovsky, Ada Lebedeva, Grigory Weinbaum and other Bolsheviks, whose names Krasnoyarsk streets now bear. The chase overtook them in the village of Monastyrsky (now Turukhansk). The party members divided into detachments and went into the taiga. They say that when they were caught, many were thrown off Death Rock. That's why she got that name.

There is another version of the name of the cliff. Once upon a time, settlers floated down the Tunguska on rafts to the Yenisei. And many did not reach - the current threw them onto the Death-Rock, near which several whirlpools rage. There was no chance of salvation for people ....

Many have heard that the Turukhansk region is a place of exile. But not everyone knows that they began to exile there in the 17th century. Archpriest Avvakum, associates of Stenka Razin and Emelka Pugachev, Decembrists, Socialist-Revolutionaries, anarchists, Social Democrats, Bolsheviks - Stalin, Sverdlov, Spandaryan, Kamenev and others - lived (and died) here against their will.

Future leaders, having come to power, continued the "exiled tradition". Back in 1923-24. they sent Archbishop Luka (Voino-Yasenetsky) to Turukhansk. It was from Turukhansk that the historian Lev Gumilyov, the son of Anna Akhmatova and Nikolai Gumilyov, was called to the front. The daughter of Marina Tsvetaeva and Sergei Efron, Ariadna Efron, also did not escape the Turukhansk exile. Thousands of repressed special settlers from the Baltic States, Kalmykia, from the Volga region, Kuban died here. Zeks from 1949 until Stalin's death built the Salekhard-Igarka railway here. And they built it - for several months steam locomotives went along the polar route. But the price turned out to be high - each kilometer of "construction No. 503" was paid for by dozens of lives.

The death of the leader put an end not only to the murderous construction in the swamps and permafrost. In Kureika, where Stalin was exiled, in 1950-1952. erected a pavilion-museum of Stalin, better known as the pantheon of the Leader of the peoples. Built to last - from reinforced concrete and larch. Two historical monuments associated with the name of the same person were created almost simultaneously at a distance of 80 km from each other. One was created for him, already almost a man-god, the other was created by him himself - a terrible mechanism that destroyed tens of thousands of people - "503 construction" of the "dead road" Salekhard-Igarka.

Kraslag

The history of the development of the system of punishments on the territory of Kansk is closely connected with the history of the development of a separate Krasnoyarsk ITL (Kraslag). Kraslag (not to be confused with the Kraslag of Yeniseystroy) is a typical logging camp, formed by order of the NKVD dated 02/05/1938, during the peak of mass repressions, which was subordinate to the Gulag. Initially, it was deployed in the city of Kansk (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Kansk, p / box 235) simultaneously with such similar camps as Unzhlag, Vyatlag, Usollag, Sevurallag.

From the order dated January 23, 1938: “The Administration of the Krasnoyarsk Correctional Labor Camp of the NKVD of the USSR with a residence in Kansk is considered formed ... Temporary duties of the head of the KRASLAG Administration, in accordance with the existing authority, assumed. Art. lieutenant of state security Shishmarev A.P. "

Let no one be embarrassed by the low rank of Andrei Shishmarev. Firstly, the starley in the then "organs" is like an army major. Secondly, Shishmarev was a specialist with experience and experience. Participated in the defense of Tsaritsyn, fought against Kolchak. After the civil war, he was commissioner of the Cheka, assistant to the head of the Special Department of the Primorsky Army, and then became a specialist in organizing camps. The Far East, Central Asia, Western Siberia ... And everywhere - the head of the camps Shishmarev. The senior lieutenant created the Kraslag in less than a month, and on February 17 he left for Moscow "to be promoted." Here his traces are lost - in those years the words "raise" and "tower" were the same root ...

Kraslag united departments and camp points in several districts in the southeast of the region. They were small (600-800, rarely more than a thousand prisoners), but multiplied at an astonishing rate. All in the same January 1938, 23 camps were already operating in the Ilan, Achinsk, and Irbei regions. In April, five more appeared as part of the Sayan branch.

The administration of the Kraslag was located in Kansk, and in 1946 it was officially (actually in 1948) transferred to st. Reshots - pos. Lower Poima, where it is still located as the Office of the U-235 post box. In addition to logging, the prisoners were involved in various kinds of work throughout the region, including the construction of the Kansk hydrolysis plant. The number of the contingent for almost the entire period of the existence of the camp exceeded 10 thousand people.

The first stages came from the prisons of Primorye, Khabarovsk, Chita and from Ukraine, and by April 1, 1938, the number of "contingent" reached 9,924 people, by January 1, 1939 - already 28 thousand, and on 01/01/1953 - 30,546 people . Only in 1938 they harvested 1 million 312 thousand cubic meters of timber. With the help of 2074 horses, 84 tractors, fifty cars and, in the words of Solzhenitsyn, "fart steam".

Then the people went from Alma-Ata and Semipalatinsk. Later, in 1939-1940, stages from Leningrad and central Russia. By January 1941, there were 17,829 "lumberjacks". The "enemies of the people" prevailed. They felled the forest, and they were brought down by hunger, pellagra and dysentery. According to the Memorial society, the mortality rate in those years could reach 7-8%, which is not surprising if you combine the hardest physical labor with the daily allowance per person: bread - 400 grams, cereals - 70, meat (8 times a month ) - 90 grams, fish (22 days a month) - 150, vegetables and potatoes - 600 grams.

Japanese prisoners also worked in Reshots. A few years ago, their ashes from all burials were solemnly sent home.

In 1949-1950. the bulk of the political prisoners were sent from the Kraslag to "special camps": Peschanlag and Steplag (in Kazakhstan). However, even after that, new political prisoners ended up in the Kraslag. Even after 1956, political prisoners remained there. The Kraslag operated until 1960.

The first memorial sign in the region to the victims of Stalinist repressions was installed in Revuchy near Reshot. Here was one of the largest camps - No. 7, in which about three and a half thousand people deported from Lithuania in the 40-50s were imprisoned. The sign was erected by a group of members of the Vilnius city and Moletai district society of former Lithuanian exiles. Now, at the civil cemetery of the former village of Revuchy, which is located on the territory of the Kanifolninsky village council of the Nizhneingashsky district, you can read the inscription in Lithuanian and Russian: “To the citizens of Lithuania who innocently died here in camps and exile in 1941-1956. Peace be upon them. Compatriots".

The northernmost island of the Gulag

A few years ago, as a result of comparing various archival data, it was possible to confirm the existence of the northernmost of the authentically known “islands” of the Gulag. Prior to this, information about the camp, more precisely, the Separate Camp Point (OLP) "Rybak" in Taimyr, existed as unconfirmed stories of possible witnesses or their descendants. There was a circulating figure of 5,000 prisoners, most of whom allegedly died while mining uranium ore.

Documentary evidence of the existence of a Gulag unit in the north of the Taimyr Peninsula, on Cape Chelyuskin, was revealed by one of the authors of the reference book “The ITL system in the USSR”, an employee of the Research and Development Center “Memorial” S.P. Sigachev. In the state archive of the Russian Federation, he found references to the existence of an order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of 1951 (without an exact date) on the organization of the GPU (mining and industrial administration) No. 21 “for the development of the Taimyr lead deposit” (radioactive ores were encrypted under lead in those years). The order was probably issued in pursuance of the Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of December 1949 No. 5745/2163 ss / op “on the immediate organization of industrial lead mining” in Taimyr.

The prehistory of "Fisherman" is as follows. In the first post-war years, one of the main problems of the Soviet leadership was the organization of the search for uranium ores - raw materials for the atomic weapons created in the USSR. Such searches were also carried out in the northwestern Taimyr. Back in 1944, the unescorted prisoner N.N. Urvantsev, the discoverer of the Norilsk deposits and the chief geologist of the Norilsk Combine, undertook a reconnaissance survey of the Minin skerries off the western coast of Taimyr. In 1946, he continued his search on the Rybny Peninsula and in the Khutuda Bay.

The results were so interesting that in 1947 an expedition was organized to the Minin skerries on the boats "Diorit" and "Pegmatit". The main task of the expedition was to search for ores of rare earth and radioactive elements. Having explored the islands near the Minin Peninsula, north of the mouth of the Pyasina, and having found uranium ore occurrences, Urvantsev returned to Norilsk. Systematic geological surveys in northwestern Taimyr (on the northernmost section of the continental landmass of Eurasia - on the Chelyuskin Peninsula) began in 1946-47. by the forces of the Central Taimyr and Chelyuskin expeditions of the Arktikrazvedka trust of the Mining and Geological Department of the GUSMP, and continued in 1947-48 by the East Taimyr expedition (expedition No. 22), transferred in 1948 to the Research Institute of Geology of the Arctic (NIIGA).

A large team of geologists, topographers, geophysicists, collectors, workers, more than 50 people, participated in the work. Apparently, during this survey, promising ore occurrences were found, for further exploration of which in 1948-50. a large expedition of the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs was organized. The base of the expedition was located on the right bank of the Zhdanov River, the right tributary of the Leningradskaya River, south of the Oktyabrskaya Mountain, on the southern periphery of the Lodochnikov Plateau. In 1950, the surveyors of the expedition determined the coordinates of the base: 76 degrees. 40 min. NL and 103 deg. 40 min. o.d. The distance from the Arctic Circle is 1,100 km, to Cape Chelyuskin, the northernmost point of the Eurasian continent, 150 km.

The forces of the expedition built two runways (their location, however, often changed) - winter and summer, which received aircraft from the Igarsk air group of the GUSMP Polar Aviation Administration and the air squadron of the Norilsk Combine. An expeditionary meteorological station has been operating since 1950 to serve aviation. In the village, called Rybak, several residential and industrial premises were built. According to the head of the polar station L.A. Kaimuka, fish in the river. Zhdanov was not found, and it was possible to catch her only in the river. Leningradskaya, 15 kilometers from Rybak.

Heavy cargo was brought to Rybak along a 100-kilometer winter road from Zimovochnaya Bay on the northern shore of the Faddei Gulf, where the ships were unloaded. A transshipment base was built here from three residential panel and log houses and several storage facilities.

Whether unescorted prisoners were used to work on the expedition is unknown, but in 1951 in the village. Rybak appears OLP Norillag, staffed by those convicted under criminal and "household" articles, but we can assume the presence of a certain number of "political" as qualified specialists - the then head of the plant and both ITL - Norilsk and Gorny - engineer-colonel V.S. Zverev, preserving the traditions of the long-term "owner" of Norilsk A.P. Zavenyagin, often violated the instructions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, which prohibited the use of convicts under Article 58 in qualified (not general) work. The prisoners, apparently, were brought on a steamboat from Dudinka to Zimovochnaya Bay (more than 700 km), from where they were transported (on foot or on a tractor sleigh) along an almost lifeless, hilly tundra cut by gullies and shallow river valleys. However, long-distance delivery by steamships (if necessary, their adaptation for transporting prisoners) and the absence of any buildings for overnight stays between Zimovochnaya and Rybak does not exclude (taking into account the importance of the object) the delivery of prisoners by aircraft from Norilsk (Li-2 could take on board 20- 25 people).

The reports of the Rybak polar station found in the archive contain visual plans of the surroundings drawn up by its chiefs. Compiling them was included in the mandatory program of scientific work of all polar stations of the GUSMP. On both plans (1953 and 1954) at a scale of 1:5,000, next to the village of Rybak, to the southeast of it, behind a shallow beam, there is a group of buildings, with a signature next to it - "camp" (the meaning of this word in relation to those times obvious).

In the camp in 1953 there were 11 buildings - four barracks measuring 100 × 25 m, one building measuring 35 × 15 m, one building measuring 25 × 20 m, and five small, probably movable beams standing randomly between large buildings. If we take into account the arrangement of an ordinary camp, the presence in any of them of a canteen, food and clothing warehouses, a headquarters (office), a convoy barracks, and other small premises for domestic and industrial purposes, it can be assumed that three, maximum four barracks were intended for prisoners. Barracks of this size usually housed 200-250 people, which, given the full "load" of the premises, allows us to estimate the planned number of prisoners in the OLP "Rybak" to 1000 people.

Probably, the decision to create OLP "Rybak" to serve the expedition (GPU-21 in the terminology of the Ministry of Internal Affairs) was made when the prospects for the discovered ore occurrence of radioactive raw materials seemed very bright. This is evidenced by an attempt to import an ammonia plant here (probably, it was supposed to be used for the flotation enrichment of industrial ore samples). It seems very plausible that the OLP was built "for the future", since the scope of work for the local prisoners in 1951-1952. was small: they built new residential and industrial premises for the expedition and were employed in mining (digging pits and ditches - there were no underground mine workings here), and were also used for household work. In the main settlement of the expedition in March 1953, there were 16 buildings (8 residential buildings, an office, a canteen, a radio station with two 15-meter antenna towers, a garage, a power plant, warehouses), an open fuel and lubricants warehouse, a weather platform, as well as several beams and tents.

By 1952 the situation had changed. In the USSR, as well as in the GDR, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, significant deposits of radioactive raw materials were discovered in places much more convenient for development than Taimyr, located in the Far North. The preservation of the expedition and the camp in Rybak became inexpedient both because of the low prospects for ore occurrence, and because of the difficulties in the regular supply of equipment, food, construction and fuel and lubricants. The decision to mothball the work of the expedition was made by the leadership of the Norilsk MMC in March-April 1952, and on October 24, an order was signed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs to liquidate GPU-21.

Already in the summer of 1952, the Arktiksnab conservation group was working in Rybak, accepting valuables from the former expedition, i.e. in fact, the work was completed earlier than the order was issued to terminate the activities of the expedition.

The conservation group worked for two whole years, which indicates that equipment, food, clothing, building materials, fuel and lubricants were brought to Rybak with a large supply - they spared no funds for the search for radioactive raw materials. In the spring of 1952, the expedition’s weather station was transferred to the Directorate of Polar Stations and Communications of the GUSMP, and on July 28, meteorologist L.A. Kaymuk (the compiler of the first plan of the village and camp), and on May 20, 1953 he was replaced by N.G. Nikolaev (drafter of the second plan, 1954). The Rybak polar station was closed on May 15, 1954. On the plan of 1954, N.G. Nikolaev made a note: "The camp is currently empty."

Conservation and transportation of property continued until the summer of 1954, when Rybak was abandoned by people forever. The conservation group finished its work, the airport and the already unnecessary polar station stopped functioning. Pilots from Dikson and Khatanga, occasionally flying to these places to this day, talk about 7-8 dilapidated wooden buildings.

Thus, OLP "Rybak" as part of the Norilsk ITL, 850 km away from it to the northeast, functioned on the Chelyuskin Peninsula in 1951-1952. The number of prisoners in it is from 200-300 to 600-800 people, and the first figure seems closer to the truth - this party was brought mainly for the construction of a large camp. Geological work was accompanied by associated mining in small volumes of radioactive ores. For today's level of knowledge about the geography of the Gulag, this is the northernmost of the islands of its archipelago, the existence and nature of the work of which are documented.

According to geologists and a participant in these events, L.D. Miroshnikov, there are sufficient grounds to assert that a peculiar, little-studied uranium-bearing province is located in northern Taimyr, which is waiting for its researchers.

December 2004 release. Number 3

KRASNOYARSK REGION 70 YEARS!

December 7, 2004 marks the 70th anniversary of the formation of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Seventy years is not an age for the history of any region, especially such a huge one as the Krasnoyarsk Territory. But even this short period of time contained a huge number of important events. Being an integral part of the state, the region experienced all the processes that were going on in the country as a whole. The war, the rapid economic, social and cultural upsurge in the years, the period of perestroika ... These and other significant events undoubtedly left their mark on the development of the region, predetermined its stable, despite today's difficulties, present and great future.

The Krasnoyarsk Territory occupies a vast territory of two and a half million square kilometers, stretching from the southern to northern borders of Russia and absorbing the beauty of 26 geographical zones. However, our region impresses not only with its expanses. Its fauna and flora are rich and diverse, and significant reserves of coal and brown coal, oil and gas, nickel, gold, copper, zinc, graphite, manganese and iron ores are concentrated in the bowels. The Krasnoyarsk Territory is a large timber industry region of the country. Every fifth tree in Russia grows in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. All this and much more is a reliable basis for the further development of the region's economy for many years to come.

But not only natural resources make the Krasnoyarsk Territory great. The main treasure of our land is human and spiritual wealth. V. Astafiev, A. Cherkasov, N. Ustinovich, D. Hvorostovsky, V. Efimov, I. Shpiller, M. Godenko, I. Yarygin, D. Mindiashvili, S. Kamarchakov, S. Lomanov, E. Naimushina and many others glorified the Krasnoyarsk Territory far beyond its borders.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/256/images/image004_123.jpg" width="311" height="159">The coat of arms of the region is depicted in the center of the flag. The color of the flag is red. This color in Russia is a symbol of courage , courage, fearlessness.

The emblem depicts a golden lion on a scarlet shield with a golden spade and a sickle. The lion symbolizes power, courage, bravery and generosity. Tools on the paws of a lion indicate the historically main occupations of the population of the region: a shovel symbolizes mining, and a sickle is a symbol of agriculture.

The shield is surrounded by golden oak and cedar branches intertwined with a blue ribbon. Above the shield is a golden pedestal with three small shields - two gold and one silver - with the image of order ribbons.

Two gold shields depict ribbons of the Orders of Lenin, which the Krasnoyarsk Territory was awarded in 1956 and 1970. On the left silver shield there is a ribbon of the Order of the October Revolution, which the region was awarded in 1984. The azure pillar on the shield symbolizes the Yenisei River.

History of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The history of the Yenisei region goes back to ancient times. The first people settled here about 200 thousand years ago. Over the past centuries, waves of several great migrations of mankind have swept through the territory. Before the arrival of the Russians, a few Turkic, Samoyed, Tungus and Yenisei tribes lived here, possessing an original ancient culture and a special way of life. The first fragmentary information about the appearance of Russians on the Yenisei dates back to those distant times when the brave Pomors - the descendants of the Novgorod ushkuins - traveled here along the "icy" sea along the northern coasts of the continent. However, the widespread settlement of the Yenisei region took place against the background of the annexation of Eastern Siberia to the Russian state in the early 15th - first third of the 17th centuries. The main goal of the exploration movement to Siberia was "soft junk" (furs) - the most important currency item of income for the Muscovite state in the 16th - 17th centuries.

Russian explorers entered the Yenisei basin at the turn of the 16th-17th centuries. The advance of the Russians went by water-and-drag routes. Making their way from the north from the side of the "gold-boiling Mangazeya", the Cossacks in 1607 founded the first permanent settlement in the region at the mouth of Turukhan - a winter hut "near Nikola on Turukhan". So the first of the "celestials" to the banks of the Yenisei came Nikolai the Wonderworker - the most popular "patron" of merchants and sailors in Russian settlements. The settlement subsequently became known as New Mangazeya (the current village of Staroturukhansk).

With the development of the Makovsky portage, the active advance of the Russians into Eastern Siberia along the system of rivers: the Ob - Ket - Kem - Yenisei - Angara - Lena was laid. At the end of the portage at the entrance to the Angara in 1619, the Yenisei prison was erected, which for more than 150 years was the main commodity distribution and craft center of Eastern Siberia. To protect the approaches to Yeniseisk and the waterway from the south, Krasnoyarsk (1628), Kansky (1628), Achinsk (1641) prisons were founded, which received the names of the Krasnoyarsk notch line. The territories to the south of it were annexed only at the beginning of the 18th century, when, with the establishment of the Abakan (1707) and Sayan (1718) prisons on the banks of the Yenisei, Russian power was finally established. A certain role in the settlement of the south of the region began to play the Yanovsky portage, which connected the basins of the Upper Chulym and the Yenisei in the territory of the present Novoselovsky district.

In the 17th century On the territory of the region, the Yenisei agricultural region, second in importance in Siberia, after Verkhotursko-Tobolsk, was formed, supplying bread to all the eastern outlying lands of Russia.

He was appointed governor of the Yenisei province. But, without taking office, he retired due to illness.

- Lieutenant Governor.

Acting Governor of the Yenisei Governorate

December 1

With the introduction of martial law in December 1905, he was a temporary governor general.

- vice-governor

Acting Governor of the Yenisei province.

- vice-governor

Acting Governor of the Yenisei province.

Acting Governor of the Yenisei province.

Chairmen of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Executive Committee	The first secretaries of the regional committee of the CPSU (b), the regional committee of the CPSU
			First Secretary of the Regional Committee of the CPSU (b)
	Chairman of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Executive Committee		Chairman of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Executive Committee		Chairman of the Industrial Regional Executive Committee		Chairman of the Regional Council

Governors of the Krasnoyarsk Territory	Chairmen of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory
			More than 100 books of the writer were published abroad: in France, Germany, Japan, USA, China. Based on the works, films were shot, performances and ballets were staged. On the initiative of the writer, a prize was established to support the creative youth of the region (1994), a library was built in Ovsyanka, which since 1996 has become the venue for the traditional All-Russian conference "Literary meetings in the Russian provinces", the Literary Museum in Krasnoyarsk was opened (1997).
Konstantin Mikhailovich Skoptsov Famous Krasnoyarsk choirmaster and folklorist. Honored Worker of Culture, holder of the Order of Honor. For more than half a century he has been collecting folklore and doing research. The name of Konstantin Mikhailovich Skoptsov became famous after the performance of the folk choir of the village of Brazhnoy, Kansk region, at the first Youth Festival in 1957. In 1960 he became the choirmaster of the Krasnoyarsk Regional House of Folk Art. Who do you love more mom or dad? I am Pavlik Morozov, I love the truth!	It was getting dark… It was getting dark and getting dark. Once fate deprived them of their freedom, they are all the same and all of the same height. And now, shoulder to shoulder, they await the Day of Judgment. They are sprats.
Young people, what are we celebrating?	My horoscope friend is earth, and I am water ... Yeah, and together you are dirt!

A Brief History of the Krasnoyarsk Territory “The history of the Prienisei Territory goes back to ancient times. The first people settled here about 200 thousand years ago. Over the past centuries, waves of several great migrations of mankind have swept through the territory. Before the arrival of the Russians, a few Turkic, Samoyedic, Tungus and Yenisei tribes lived here, possessing a distinctive ancient culture and a special way of life ”(Yenisei Encyclopedic Dictionary. Krasnoyarsk: Russian Encyclopedia, 1998. P. 9). The first Russians appeared in the Yenisei region from the north in a place that they called the Turukhansk region. In 1619, the Yenisei prison was founded, which played a large role in the Russian development of Siberia. Until 1629, the territory of the modern Krasnoyarsk Territory was part of a vast region with the center in the city of Tobolsk. Later, the prisons of Yeniseisk, Krasnoyarsk and Kansk with adjacent lands were assigned to the Tomsk category. In 1676, the Yenisei prison received the status of a city, under which all the settlements along the Yenisei and the right-bank territories stretching to Transbaikalia were transferred. Peter I in 1708 carried out territorial and administrative transformations to streamline the administration of the state. The main administrative unit of the Russian Empire was the province, which included provinces, divided into counties. According to the Decree of December 18, 1708, the entire territory of the Russian Empire was divided into eight provinces. Siberia and part of the Urals became part of the Siberian province with the center in the city of Tobolsk. Due to the long distances, the lack of means of communication, the administration of the territories of the Siberian province was extremely difficult. There was a need for territorial transformations. In 1719, three provinces were established as part of the Siberian province: Vyatka, Solikamsk and Tobolsk, and five years later two more - Irkutsk and Yenisei with a center in the city of Yeniseisk. The Yenisei province included the counties: Mangazeisky, Yenisei, Krasnoyarsk, Tomsk, Kuznetsk, Narymsky and Ketsky. In 1764, by decree of Catherine II, the territory of Siberia was subjected to another administrative-territorial reform: a second province was established - Irkutsk, which included the Yenisei province. Two decades later, the Yenisei province was liquidated, its counties were included in three provinces: Tobolsk (Yeniseisk and Achinsk), Irkutsk and Kolyvan (Krasnoyarsk). In 1797, all territories of the Yenisei River basin were assigned to the Tobolsk province (until 1804; then, until 1822, they were part of the Tomsk province). In order to centralize management in 1803, the Siberian Governor General was created with the center in the city of Irkutsk, which absorbed the territories of Tobolsk, Irkutsk and Tomsk provinces. In 1822, this system of territorial subordination was abolished, and instead the West Siberian (the center of Tobolsk) and the East Siberian (the center of Irkutsk) general governments were created. At the same time, at the suggestion of M. M. Speransky, who was conducting an audit of the Siberian possessions, Emperor Alexander I signed a decree on the formation of the Yenisei province as part of five districts: Krasnoyarsk, Yenisei (with Turukhansk Territory), Achinsk, Minusinsk and Kansk. The city of Krasnoyarsk was approved as the administrative center of the newly formed province. On February 26, 1831, the Senate issued a decree "On the organization of the post office in the Yenisei province." A provincial post office was established in Krasnoyarsk, postal expeditions were established in Yeniseisk and Achinsk, and post offices were opened in Kansk, Minusinsk and Turukhansk. For 50 years after the creation of the Yenisei province, minor changes took place in the administrative structure of the Russian Empire: in 1879, the districts were renamed counties. The territory of the Yenisei province did not undergo any changes and basically coincided with the borders of the modern Krasnoyarsk Territory. Since 1913, the Yenisei Governorate has been part of the Irkutsk Governor General. In April 1914, the Russian government establishes a protectorate over Tuva, which, under the name of the Uryankhai region, became part of the Yenisei province. A similar administrative-territorial division persisted until the early 1920s. Since 1923, work began on the zoning of Siberia, which marked the beginning of the administrative reorganization of the territory of the region. Volosts were abolished, enlarged districts were created. By the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 25, 1925, all provinces and regions in Siberia are abolished, their territories are merged into a single Siberian Territory, with the center in Novosibirsk. By the Decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of December 7, 1934, as a result of the disaggregation of the West Siberian and East Siberian regions, the Krasnoyarsk Territory was formed. The Achinsk, Birilyussky, Bogotolsky, Karatuzsky, Kuraginsky, Minusinsky, Ermakovsky, Nazarovsky, Usinsky and Uzhursky regions, as well as the Khakass Autonomous Region, consisting of six regions, moved away from the West Siberian to the new region. From the East Siberian - the entire Yenisei and Kansk districts as part of 21 districts, as well as the Evenk and Taimyr national districts. In total, there were 52 districts in the region. The Krasnoyarsk Territory was formed practically within the former borders of the former Yenisei Governorate. The administrative-territorial division in 1935-1936 underwent significant changes. New districts were formed: Berezovsky, Daursky, Idrinsky, Ilansky, Igarsky, Kozulsky, Krasnoturansky and Tyukhtetsky, in 1936 - Yemelyanovsky district. In 1991, the Khakass Autonomous Region seceded from the territory and was transformed into a republic. On January 1, 2007, the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug and the Evenk Autonomous Okrug merged into a new subject of the Russian Federation - the Krasnoyarsk Territory within the borders of the three previously existing subjects, the Autonomous Okrugs became part of the Territory as Taimyrsky Dolgano-Nenetsky and Evenki areas.

Quiz #1:

1 The Cossacks, under the leadership of Andrey Dubensky, set up the Krasny Yar prison in almost one month. It was ready by August 19, 1628. And to protect against attack, “ditches were dug near the prison ..”, and “garlic” was installed along the bottom of the ditch. What is "garlic"?

Correct answer: The Russian name "garlic" is a distorted derivative of the word "chastik", which means a fence of rows of pointed stakes. Modern analogues of garlic (also referred to as "hedgehogs") are used as an anti-vehicle barrier - to puncture tires.

2 In 1957, in Krasnoyarsk, at the Yenisei factory, they began to produce a musical instrument, which was called the Yenisei. Name it.

Correct answer: Pianos were produced in Krasnoyarsk until 1997, it was the only enterprise in the regional center that produced keyboard musical instruments. Then for some time furniture was produced here, and since 2005 the production was closed. Now a residential complex is being built on the site of the factory on Dudinskaya Street.

3 She worked at the Krasnoyarsk Museum of Local Lore, collecting folklore. In 1937 she published the collection Tales of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in 1940 - Tales of Our Territory. Say her name.

Correct answer: Maria Vasilievna Krasnozhenova (1871–1942), graduate and later teacher of the Krasnoyarsk women's gymnasium, ethnographer, folklorist, local historian, employee of the Krasnoyarsk Museum of Local Lore. In 2014, her book "Life of the Great Siberian Highway" was published, which contains the memories of the inhabitants of the Yenisei province.

4 This enterprise in Krasnoyarsk was founded in the middle of the last century. At first, artificial flowers were made here, then papier-mâché toys, and now it is the only enterprise from the Urals to the Far East that produces Christmas tree decorations. What is it called and where is it located?

Correct answer: Now Biryusinka is one of the leading enterprises in the industry, which produces soft-stuffed toys, carnival costumes for children and adults, PVC plastisol toys, glass Christmas tree decorations and toy packaging for New Year's gifts. "Biryusinka" continues the traditions of folk art that originated at the beginning of the 20th century.

5 In September 1955, a boat with the State Commission set off upstream from the river station in Krasnoyarsk. The commission liked the high rocky shores near the small village of Shumikha. Since that time, the place has become famous. What is here?

Correct answer: Krasnoyarsk hydroelectric power station is the "visiting card" of the region. The station was built on the Yenisei River in 1955-1972. In terms of installed capacity (6,000 MW), it ranks second in Russia and is among the ten largest hydroelectric power plants in the world.

6 Often, villages in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (and not only) are named after their founders. Vasilievka, Ivanovka, Bochkarevka, Bogdanovka, Vanino and others. Three villages in the Krasnoyarsk Territory are named after women - Tatyanovka, Olgino, Maryevka.

Correct answer: Three villages in the Krasnoyarsk Territory are named after the three daughters of the last Tsar of Russia Nicholas II - Tatyanovka, Olgino, Maryevka.

7 There is a riddle in "Ergaki" near the Lake of Mountain Spirits. Experts cannot explain the appearance of a perfectly flat sloping surface by ordinary tectonic processes or the result of rock weathering. This rock is also called the rock of the Brothers, as if they joined hands. What is it called?

Correct answer: Ergaki is a very “compact” area, you can get around it in a few days. And some of the natural attractions have become iconic for these places. It is they who form the unique image of Ergakov and are the “centers of attraction” for tens of thousands of tourists. Among them is the rock formation Brothers (the second name is Parabola).

8 The hero of an Evenki tale went fishing, left his wife, children and a herd of deer. He returned to the camp, his wife was crying: "The enemies have stolen all the deer." The husband says: “Oh, how you scared me. I thought you lost.... What could a woman lose and why was this item so expensive?

Correct answer: In ancient times, Evenk families especially valued those items that could not be made on their own. One of these items was a needle. It cost a lot and was alone. If they lost it, then there was nothing to sew clothes on, and the whole family could die from the cold.

9 This photo paper factory was evacuated to Krasnoyarsk from Leningrad in October 1941. This is how it looked during the Great Patriotic War. Now only the name of this factory has been preserved; a shopping center is located in the factory buildings. Name it.

Correct answer: In June 1942, the installation of the second stage equipment was completed at the factory, and photographic paper began to be produced here. In 1945, the production of X-ray film was mastered here. And since 1952, they completely switched to photographic paper. The plant was called "Quantum", now this name has passed to the shopping center.

10 Photo taken in 1941. The train with the evacuated plant goes to Siberia, to Krasnoyarsk. On which shore were the evacuated factories located?

Photo: from the funds of the children's library of Kassil

Correct answer: The equipment of the evacuated factories was unloaded as close as possible to the railway, there were more suitable sites on the right bank, it was there that even before the war they planned to build the first thermal power plant. Most of the factories were located on the right bank, although there was no automobile bridge across the Yenisei at that time, there was only one, a railway one.

11 The northernmost forest in the world is located in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. It is noteworthy that it consists of one tree species. Where is it located and what breed does it consist of?

Correct answer: The northernmost forest in the world is a branch of the Ary-Mas Taimyr Reserve. It consists of Daurian larch.

12 What places in the Krasnoyarsk Territory should a traveler visit in order to get closer to the center of the Earth?

Correct answer: To get closer to the center of the Earth, you need to visit the northernmost point of the edge, and to move away from it, you need to visit the southernmost point. The fact is that the polar radius of the Earth is 22 km shorter than the equatorial one.

13 Solve the puzzle and name the city of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Rebus

Correct answer: Kansk was founded in 1628 as the Kansky small prison near the Komarovsky rapids on the Kan River, 43 km below the modern city. Like Krasnoyarsk, the city was built as a fortress against the raids of the Yenisei Kirghiz. Now about 89 thousand people live here, this is the center of the Kansk region.

14 This enterprise was founded in 1898 and became the first truly large enterprise in Krasnoyarsk. It works to this day. Name this plant.

Correct answer: The first name of this plant is "Main Railway Workshops of the Siberian Road". He entered the history of the city and the region not only for his production successes. The workers took part in strikes and revolutions, and in the winter of 1905-1906, when a republic existed in Krasnoyarsk, they actively supported it.

15 There is a legend that, setting out to storm Azov, Peter the Great stopped for a halt near the village of Cherkassk. He was sitting by the fire, surrounded by his companions. The Cossacks came up and threw something into the fire. Everyone felt an unbearable heat. What mineral are we talking about, is it in the Krasnoyarsk Territory?

Correct Answer: It is coal. The Krasnoyarsk Territory is rich in coal and is one of the leading coal-mining regions of modern Russia.

YOUR RESULT:
Are you apparently from another region?

YOUR RESULT:
Not bad, but there is no limit to perfection.