Global warming causes and consequences relevance. Global warming: causes and consequences. Sulfur hexafluoride - All the sunlight reaching the Earth causes the Earth to emit infrared waves like a giant radiator

home » The long 19th century Global warming causes and consequences relevance. Global warming: causes and consequences. Sulfur hexafluoride - All the sunlight reaching the Earth causes the Earth to emit infrared waves like a giant radiator

Global warming Goals Goals 1. Show the relevance of the environmental problem at the present time 2. Consider the environmental situation in the world Work plan Work plan 1. Consequences of an environmental disaster 2. Ice drift. 3. Figures and facts on Earth’s climate change. 4. Impact of global warming on animals. 5. Environmentally hazardous industries. 6. Measures to improve the environmental situation. 7. Homework. Research methods Research methods 1. Proposing hypotheses, assumptions 2. Awareness of the problem 3. Searching for appropriate sources of necessary information 4. The process of solving problems.

The work was carried out by Spirina Marina Ivanovna, teacher of geography and biology. Spirina Marina Ivanovna, teacher of geography and biology, Municipal Educational Institution "Cherdyn evening (shift) secondary school" Perm region

Global problems of humanity are a set of socio-natural problems, the solution of which determines the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization. These problems are characterized by dynamism, arise as an objective factor in the development of society and require the united efforts of all humanity to be solved. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and affect all countries of the world. This is a set of socio-natural problems, the solution of which determines the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization. These problems are characterized by dynamism, arise as an objective factor in the development of society and require the united efforts of all humanity to be solved. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of people's lives and affect all countries of the world.

Classification of global problems Environmental Environmental Demographic Demographic Prevention of world nuclear war Prevention of world nuclear war Use of the world ocean Use of the world ocean Peaceful space exploration Peaceful space exploration Overcoming the backwardness of developing countries Overcoming the backwardness of developing countries Food Food energy and raw materials energy and raw materials

Environmental problem Environmental degradation (deforestation and soil depletion) Environmental degradation (deforestation and soil depletion) Pollution with solid, liquid and gaseous waste Pollution with solid, liquid and gaseous waste Poisoning of the environment with chemicals created in the production process Poisoning of the environment with chemicals, created during the production process

7 Most apocalypse scenarios, which come out with alarming regularity from the pens of the most authoritative scientists, involve a terrible environmental catastrophe. Ecologists trying to prevent deadly climate change constantly frighten humanity with a global flood that will result in the melting of glaciers, the movement of the poles, powerful hurricanes, terrible drought and other cataclysms that threaten enormous destruction and casualties among the population. Someone even proved that after warming there will be a severe cold snap. Recent research conducted under the auspices of the UN has completely deprived earthlings of the opportunity to escape from a global catastrophe. A new computer model has shown that global warming could exceed a critical threshold already this century and become a rapid, irreversible process. Man is no longer able to stop global warming. First of all, this means that we do not have a single way to at least somehow delay the environmental catastrophe that threatens us in the coming decades. Consequences of an environmental disaster

A giant piece the size of 11,000 football fields has broken off from an ice shelf in the Canadian Arctic.

The mass of ice began drifting 16 months ago from the coast of Ellesmere Island, which is located approximately 800 km from the North Pole, but then no one noticed it. Scientists have discovered a drifting ice island that leaves ice and ice fragments behind you in satellite images. A few days later, the floating shelf was carried away from the shore several miles. He traveled about 60 kilometers to the west, until he was frozen in sea ice and due to early winter. Ice drift

Experts fear that prevailing winds will carry the ice island uncontrollably drifting south into the Botfort Sea and into the area of offshore oil and gas fields. The Eilis Ice Shelf, with an area of approximately 106 sq km, was one of the six largest in the Canadian Arctic. According to scientists, this is the largest such event in Canada in 30 years, and clearly indicates climate change towards warming. According to scientists, the area of the remaining Canadian ice shelves has decreased by 90% compared to 1906. Canada's ice shelves are made up of ancient ice that is over 3,000 years old. They swim in the sea, but are connected to the mainland. Scientists say that glaciers are becoming more fragile every year due to rising average annual temperatures. The Arctic has many shelves much larger than the Eilis, but warming threatens that many glaciers will begin to break off from the Arctic ice mass and drift.

Let us present some figures and facts confirming the process of global warming and climate change on planet Earth. From 2002 to 2005, due to the melting of the Antarctic shelf alone, the level of the World Ocean rose by 1.5 mm; from 1996 to 2005, ice melt in Greenland doubled; the overall increase in water level is about 3 mm per year; Since the pre-industrial period of the mid-18th century, concentrations of carbon dioxide and methane have increased by 31% and 149%, respectively, about half of the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide has occurred since 1965.

Compared to the 70s. last century, the average ice thickness in the Arctic decreased from 3 m to 1 m 80 cm

Greenhouse gas emissions Changes in solar activity Observed warming is within the limits of natural climate variability Warming has been observed for too short a time, so it is impossible to say with certainty whether it is happening at all Causes

Forecasts The report of the group of the Intergovernmental Commission on Climate Change (Shanghai, 2001) presents seven models of climate change in the 21st century. The main conclusions made in the report are the continuation of global warming, accompanied by an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, an increase in greenhouse gas emissions, an increase in surface air temperature (by the end of the 21st century, an increase in surface temperature by 6 °C is possible); an increase in surface air temperature (by the end of the 21st century, an increase in surface temperature by 6 °C is possible); sea level rise (on average 0.5 m per century) sea level rise (on average 0.5 m per century) The most likely changes in weather factors include The most likely changes in weather factors include more intense precipitation; more intense precipitation; higher maximum temperatures, an increase in the number of hot days and a decrease in the number of frosty days in almost all regions of the Earth; at the same time, heat waves will become more frequent in most continental areas; higher maximum temperatures, an increase in the number of hot days and a decrease in the number of frosty days in almost all regions of the Earth; at the same time, heat waves will become more frequent in most continental areas; reduction of temperature spread. reduction of temperature spread.

Global warming, illustration

Global warming is causing more and more changes in the environment. The most famous of them are the melting of glaciers, rising sea levels and associated rumors about the possibility of a new “global warming” in the future. However, there are things that are not so striking to the average person, but are visible only to a specialist. In particular, this is how warming affects the planet's wildlife. Biologists studying this problem, meanwhile, are ready to sound the alarm. Their observations showed that entire schools of cod, whiting and sole (a family of fish in the order flounder) are leaving their usual habitat and heading to northern latitudes. The same schools that still remained in this sea went to a much greater depth of habitat. Scientists came to the conclusion that the reason for the atypical behavior of the fish was the increase in water temperature in the North Sea. Impact of global warming on fish

The effects of global warming affect more than just fish behavior. Many representatives of the Earth's fauna change not only their habitat, but also their established “habits”. Researchers have found that recently brown and Himalayan bears have stopped hibernating, since due to warming they can now easily get food at any time of the year. In Africa, warming, on the contrary, makes animals starve. The increase in drylands threatens the existence of elephants, rhinoceroses, lions, leopards and buffaloes. So soon the number of animals listed in the Red Book may increase sharply. And the reason for this will not be so much unregulated shooting, as was the case in the last century, but rather the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

Criticism of the theory of global warming D. Balamy D. Colman B. Lomborg

The most environmentally hazardous industries Coal mining Production of artificial materials, military-industrial complex Concentrating them in one place Energy

Measures to improve the environmental situation Transfer of outdated production facilities to environmentally friendly technologies Use of a complex of wastewater treatment facilities Taking into account geographical features in the design and construction of enterprises Introduction of effective technologies Creation and implementation of environmental programs Elimination of environmentally harmful technological processes

Recent research conducted under the auspices of the UN has completely deprived earthlings of the opportunity to escape from a worldwide catastrophe. A new computer model has shown that global warming could exceed a critical threshold already this century and become a rapid, irreversible process. Man is no longer able to stop global warming. First of all, this means that we do not have a single way to at least somehow delay the environmental catastrophe that threatens us in the coming decades. Lesson summary List of used literature 1. shtml 2. shtml V.P. Maksakovsky. Geography textbook for grade 10 educational institutions M.: Prosveshchenie, 2007

Rationale for the chosen topic I chose the topic “Global Warming” because, in my opinion, it is relevant at the present time. Due to the accelerated growth of man-made interference in nature, man is actively interfering with the natural processes of all the layers of the Earth. As a result, uncontrolled climate change and destruction of the ozone layer of the stratosphere occurs. That is why the environmental problem has now become perhaps the main problem for the survival of mankind. Methodological recommendations for using the work This work can be used as a lesson-conference, the final lesson in studying the course “. Economic and social geography of the world". The practical significance lies in the fact that the proposed methods can promote cognitive activity and the formation in students of positive personality traits and a responsible attitude towards the environment. Can be used by teachers in various departments of the school.

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THE PROBLEM OF GLOBAL WARMING

Abramov Pavel Viktorovich

Moscow, st. Academician Anokhin 6-3-542

Tel. 336-90-58

How could states address global warming on a multilateral basis?

Currently, the problem of global warming is known to every inhabitant of the Earth. It made itself felt especially in 1996 - 1997, when the weather in various regions of the Earth presented many surprises. An already incomplete selection of information on this topic shows that in 1996, 600 different natural disasters occurred on Earth (hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, droughts, rainfalls, snowfalls). The disaster claimed 11 thousand human lives, causing material damage worth $60 billion.

The literature of recent years provides numerous data on trends in temperature changes on Earth over the past 100-150 years. In particular, it is shown that warming began at the end of the 19th century, which especially intensified in the 20s and 30s of the 20th century. In the 40s, the warming ended and a slow cooling began, which stopped in the 60s and was replaced by a new warming. No clear explanation has yet been given for this phenomenon. The presented results show that, overall, over a hundred-year period, the average annual temperature on Earth has increased by 0.5 C. For comparison, it should be noted that since the last ice age (10 thousand years ago), the temperature on the planet has increased by only 3-5 C. Warming occurs unevenly in individual areas of the Earth. There are areas where the average annual temperature increase significantly exceeds that on the entire planet, reaching 1.5 - 2.0 - 2.5C. However, against the backdrop of global warming, there are areas where the weather is changing towards cooling. Some scientists are not talking about warming, but about cooling on the planet (Kapitsa A.P.), the emergence of cold currents (a branch from the El Niño current, which runs along the Northwestern coast of the United States and brings cooling to this territory), the transformation of the Gulf Stream from a warm one in cold weather, etc. Currently, the trend towards increasing temperatures continues. According to the UN, by 2100 the average temperature on the Earth's surface will increase by 2C. An increase in temperature will cause the disappearance of the Earth's "ice caps", the destruction of the ice layer of Antarctica will begin, and, consequently, an increase in the general level of the World Ocean and, as a consequence, the flooding of large areas. An increase in temperature is a violation of the overall ecological balance on Earth (soil, water, air, flora and fauna, humans).

Thus, it is now generally accepted that climate change is taking place on Earth: in most areas towards warming, and in some towards cooling.

The problem of climate change was devoted to the International Conference in Kyoto (Japan) in 1997, organized by the UN, in which 160 countries took part. The central issue of the conference is the search for ways to slow down climate change.

Before answering the question posed in the title of the report, it is necessary to consider what may be causing global warming. It is now a well-known fact that both natural and anthropogenic climate change is constantly occurring on Earth. Natural climate change is the result of the “global climate system”, consisting of three elements: “glaciation - ocean - atmosphere”. This system works like a giant machine. A violation in one part of it causes response changes in other parts. To explain the operation of the “global climate system,” many geological, paleogeographic, and astronomical theories were put forward that tried to explain the causes of climate change on Earth.

The general conclusion that can be drawn after becoming familiar with these theories is that nature has its own laws of development, the so-called natural climate cycles (periods of warming and cooling). They are influenced by: solar energy, air and sea currents, the level of cosmic dust, vertical movements of the earth's crust, sudden descents of large parts of the Antarctic ice sheet into the ocean, changes in the axis and angle of rotation of the Earth around the sun, the full cycle of which is completed in 22 thousand years and etc. There is reason to believe that under natural conditions there is an increase in the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere. This concentration has been shown to vary at different stages of Earth's history, but the reasons for this change have not been fully revealed. It is shown that its increase could be associated with the eruption of volcanic rocks. There is reason to believe that a decrease in carbon dioxide during certain periods of the Earth’s life (Cenozoic Era) was the main cause of climate change towards cooling and the appearance of ice sheets in high latitudes. It must be said that none of the existing theories can claim to be a complete explanation of the causes of climate change on Earth, because none of them has yet found its experimental confirmation. Natural fluctuations in temperature in the modern era themselves have a relatively small impact on natural conditions and, accordingly, on human economic activity. They cannot cause a sharp increase in temperature and the cataclysms that we are witnessing. “If nature developed according to its own laws and was not subject to human influence, then it would be possible to confidently predict that the climate of the future will first experience several warming and cooling periods (the so-called Little Ice Age), and then will decisively shift towards the next glaciation” ( M. Mitchell, 1977). However, life makes its own adjustments to this natural process. Thanks to man and his activities, the development of the natural environment can take a completely different scenario. This is where the so-called anthropogenic factors, caused by human activity, come into play and have a significant impact on the climate. Back in the 40s of the 20th century, Academician V.I. Vernadsky warned that human production activity could acquire a scale comparable to geological transformations: “Man becomes a geological force capable of changing the face of the Earth.”

Until a certain stage in the development of human society, in particular industry, there was an ecological balance in nature, i.e. human activity did not disrupt basic natural processes. It lasted until the end of the 19th century. The 20th century has gone down in history as a century of unprecedented technological progress, rapid development of science, energy, and agriculture. At the same time, the harmful impact of human industrial activity on the environment began to grow. As a result, unpredictable changes occur in ecosystems and the entire appearance of planet Earth. And the threat of a global disruption of natural balance arose over the world.

Thus, the Earth is constantly under natural and anthropogenic influences. Their effect on the Earth is different. Natural impacts ensure a change in climate cycles, while anthropogenic impacts disrupt the natural balance and natural ecosystems, which leads to climate change.

In the 70s of the 20th century, works were published that substantiated the concept of climate change towards warming and pointed to the accumulation of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as the main reason for this process. The main source of CO 2 formation is the combustion of fossil fuels (coal, oil), as well as its derivatives (fuel oil, kerosene, gasoline, methane, natural gas). CO 2 enters the atmosphere from industrial enterprises (metallurgical, chemical, thermal power plants, etc.), domestic facilities (boiler rooms, residential buildings, waste burning, etc.), as well as from transport (land, air, water). It is generally accepted that increased CO 2 content creates the so-called greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide does not prevent solar radiation from reaching the Earth, but it does not allow long-wave radiation to pass through, which leads to an increase in the temperature of the lower layer of air, and, consequently, a warming of the Earth's climate. It has now been shown that the content of other gases (nitrous oxide, methane) has also increased in the atmosphere. These gas impurities, just like CO 2, are capable of influencing the climate, and they can also be called greenhouse gases. An additional source of carbon dioxide for the atmosphere is a decrease in the Earth's vegetation cover - deforestation, which is a powerful absorber of CO 2 from the atmosphere. In addition, the destruction of vegetation leads to strong heating of the Earth's surface and air and an increase in temperature. The level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is influenced by the temperature of the ocean, which determines the dissolution of CO 2 in water, as well as photosynthesis in the ocean. To stop the process of global warming on the planet, it is necessary to reduce the overall level of CO 2 emissions by 70% by 2050, compared to the 1990 level. Economic calculations show that if urgent measures are not taken and the rate of use of carbon fuel is not reduced, the concentration of CO 2 in the atmosphere will increase to 0.04% at the beginning of the 21st century, and by 2030 it will be 0.05-0.07 %, i.e. will double compared to the pre-industrial period. Further calculations showed that after 2030, the concentration of carbon dioxide will continue to increase over the course of one to two centuries, and only after reaching values 5-10 times higher than its pre-industrial level will it begin to slowly decline.

Thus, in the foreseeable future, our Earth will continue to be influenced by increased CO 2 levels, experiencing global warming. All this can lead to unpredictable climate changes on Earth, which may border on disaster. The violations that man has caused to the Earth will naturally take thousands of years to correct.

In this regard, it is necessary to develop a system of measures that will first sharply reduce and then stop the flow of CO 2 into the atmosphere. These activities can be effective only if they are based on scientific data on the state of the external environment, on knowledge of the laws of interaction of various environmental factors, on new modern research methods, on scientific approaches to eliminating the causes that give rise to environmental problems.

Scientific developments, as well as the experience of a number of countries, show that reducing CO 2 in the atmosphere can be achieved by:

reducing the use of natural fuel in industry and replacing it with new types of energy (nuclear, solar, wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal sources);

creating less energy-intensive processes;

creating waste-free production and closed-cycle production lines (it has now been shown that in some processes waste constitutes 80-90% of the feedstock).

All of the above shows that global warming has become a pressing international problem. It is carried out by organizations and institutions in almost all countries of the world, as well as such international organizations as the UN, UNESCO, WHO, World Meteorological Organization (WMO), World Weather Watch (WWW), International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCNR), World Charter nature, etc. International public organizations (Green Peace) play a major role. Such a wide public and international response made it possible to attract attention to this problem, both from the governments of different countries and from the entire population of the Earth. This allows us to hope for success in solving the problem of global warming.

Thus, the UN program addresses environmental problems in various territories, problems of human health and well-being, protection of terrestrial ecosystems, the World Ocean, vegetation, wild animals, environmental energy issues, as well as environmental education and information, trade, economic and technological aspects. The WHO program includes a special section on research on environmental protection and its impact on human health. Much attention is paid to the possibility of increasing the incidence of already known infections (malaria and other natural focal infections), as well as the possibility of the emergence of new infections. The WMO program provides for the development of methods for long-term forecasting of possible climate changes and its impact on humans, as well as the influence of various factors on the climate. The practical significance of the program is that it will help people use climate data in planning and regulating all aspects of human activity. The IUCNPR program summarizes the experience of all countries in the field of nature conservation, identifies the main environmental problems of our time and proposes a system of rational methods for managing biosphere resources. The WWW program coordinates the activities of all interested countries in the field of collection and exchange of meteorological information and has three world centers - in Moscow, Washington and Melbourne.

In general, the programs of these organizations are aimed at solving a single problem. Each program reflects one or another aspect of the global warming problem. Probably now is the time to create a single large-scale international program - “Global Warming”, with the participation of all countries.

Currently, the global warming program must be resolved on an international platform, in accordance with a single international program drawn up with the participation of the governments of all countries and the world community, under a single international leadership. It should provide for fundamental scientific and theoretical developments (for example, the causes of natural climate change), as well as applied problems resulting from warming that has already begun. Since the implementation of this program will be designed for many years, it is necessary to outline the stages of its implementation, their timing, and provide for a control and reporting system.

Global warming has economic, political and social aspects. The economic aspect of the problem lies, first of all, in the need to create environmentally friendly production. Next, it is necessary to determine the further direction of economic development in a particular country. As you know, the economy is closely related to climatic conditions. Therefore, noticeable and long-term climate changes will require large investments to adapt economic activities to new conditions. This may require a change in economic orientation in some territories, the creation of new sectors of the economy, etc. The economic costs necessary to implement the program must also include the costs of restoring the damage caused to nature. In addition, the economic aspect of the program is determined by the fact that its implementation requires large financial costs. Naturally, the program should be financed at the state level within each country, as well as through international funding. Large economic costs must be combined with the need for strict control, including sanctions against those who do not comply with mandatory requirements.

Already, many highly developed industrial countries have strict environmental laws in place: requirements for the purification of emissions have been established, new technologies are being developed to prevent air pollution, standards for vehicle exhaust gas emissions have been tightened, etc. In some countries (USA, Canada) a central environmental management body has been created. Its goal is to develop national environmental standards that ensure improvement of the environmental situation and control over their implementation. The specifics of Japanese culture (the cult of housing, people, health) make it possible to solve all problems not at the level of government agencies, but at the level of the city or district, which gives good results. In general, it must be said that in Europe, air emissions controls are not as strict as in the United States.

The political aspect of the program is based on the need to understand that global warming threatens the entire world equally. Humanity must fully understand that ecology is a global, not a regional science, and therefore there must be sincerity and complete openness in its solution. The implementation of programs should be under the control of heads of government, who will also take part in a stage-by-stage discussion of the results obtained. Now, when one cannot help but think about the possible adverse consequences of climate change for all people, we need to forget about interregional conflicts, open wars, political disagreements that are occurring in the world, and unite all material and human values in order to protect the Earth from disaster. You need to think not about confrontation, but about your future life. It is important that the internal needs of any state do not conflict with International requirements.

The social aspect of this program is also great. Climate change will affect the interests of everyone on the planet. Moreover, this can continue for a long period. A possible change in the economy of the state can lead to a change in the entire way of life of people in a particular territory. In addition, the predicted rise in the level of the world's oceans and, in connection with this, the flooding of large land areas will require not only the construction of protective structures, but also the resettlement of entire peoples, which can cause social upheaval. The big problem of this plan will be the impact of climate change on human health, and, above all, the need to adapt to new climatic conditions. It is possible that new diseases will appear and the level of existing diseases will increase. All the changes that occur on Earth do not pass without leaving a trace on our body. Our barbaric attitude towards the Earth has made it aggressive for us. The ecological tragedy of the Earth has turned into a physical and moral tragedy of man.

The problem of global warming should be solved only on an international platform. If the integration of economics, trade, space and ocean exploration for all countries is the requirement of the present time, then the solution to the problem caused by human activity must be solved through joint efforts. In the modern era, humanity has come into conflict with nature. Americans joke: “At last we have met the enemy, and this enemy is ourselves.” Unlimited use of natural resources and free disposal of waste into the environment have led to the fact that there are no natural undisturbed ecosystems left in nature capable of performing their environment-forming functions. The sustainable development of human society is hampered by global environmental problems: population explosion, famine, environmental pollution, reduction of forests, arable land, etc. Among these problems is global warming.

The people of the Earth are united not only by political, economic, and cultural ties, but also by a single air and water ocean, a single earth's surface. Air masses do not know state borders, and man has not yet learned to control them. The creation of good weather in limited areas is a matter of the near future. Therefore, Earth, Air, and Water are universal human values; all humanity must protect and save them from disaster.

International organizations created in the 40s - the UN, UNESCO - set as their goal to create a world without wars. To a large extent this was successful. Now these organizations must set a goal - to protect the world from environmental disasters. If an environmental disaster occurs, there will be no winners or losers. Man must not contradict the laws of nature; in order to conquer nature, he must obey it.

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Causes of global warming

Around the world, experts identify many reasons that cause global warming. In essence, they can be generalized to anthropogenic, that is, caused by man, and natural.

Greenhouse effect

The main reason that leads to an increase in the average temperature of the planet can be called industrialization. An increase in production intensity, the number of factories, cars, and the planet's population affects the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. These are methane, water vapor, nitrogen oxide, carbon dioxide and others. As a result of their accumulation, the density of the lower layers of the atmosphere increases. Greenhouse gases allow solar energy to pass through them, which heats the Earth, but the heat that the Earth itself gives off is retained by these gases and not released into space. This process is called the greenhouse effect. It was first discovered and described in the first half of the 19th century.

The greenhouse effect is considered the main cause of global warming, since greenhouse gases are released in one form or another by almost any production. Most emissions come from carbon dioxide, which is released as a result of the combustion of petroleum products, coal, and natural gas. Vehicles emit exhaust fumes. Large amounts of emissions are released into the atmosphere from conventional waste incineration.

Another factor increasing the greenhouse effect is deforestation and forest fires. All this reduces the number of plants that produce oxygen, which reduces the density of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Greenhouse gases are emitted not only by industrial enterprises, but also by agricultural ones. For example, cattle farms. Conventional barns are sources of another greenhouse gas - methane. This is due to the fact that ruminant cattle consume a huge amount of plants per day and, when digesting it, produce gases. This is called "ruminant flatulence." Methane accounts for less than 25% of greenhouse gases, however, than carbon dioxide.

Another anthropogenic factor in the increase in the average temperature of the Earth is a large number of small particles of dust and soot. Being in the atmosphere, they absorb solar energy, heating the air and preventing the warming of the planet's surface. If they fall out, they transfer the accumulated temperature to the earth. For example, this effect has a negative impact on the snow of Antarctica. Warm particles of dust and soot when they fall heat the snow and cause it to melt.

Natural causes

Some scientists suggest that global warming is also influenced by factors to which humans have nothing to do. So, along with the greenhouse effect, solar activity is called the cause. However, this theory is subject to numerous criticisms. In particular, a number of experts argue that solar activity over the past 2000 years has been stable and therefore the reason for the change in average temperature lies in something else. In addition, even if solar activity did heat the Earth's atmosphere, this would affect all layers, not just the bottom.

Another natural cause is volcanic activity. As a result of eruptions, lava flows are released, which, in contact with water, contribute to the release of large amounts of water vapor. In addition, volcanic ash enters the atmosphere, particles of which can absorb solar energy and trap it in the air.

Consequences of global warming

The harm caused by global warming can already be traced. Over the past hundred years, the level of the world's seas has risen by 20 centimeters due to the melting of Arctic ice. Over the past 50 years, their number has decreased by 13%. Over the past year, there have been several large icebergs from the main ice mass. Also, due to global warming, heat waves in summer now cover 100 times more area than 40 years ago. In the 80s, extremely hot summers occurred on 0.1% of the Earth's surface - now it is 10%.

Dangers of global warming

If no measures are taken to combat global warming, the consequences will become much more noticeable in the foreseeable future. According to ecologists, if the average temperature of the Earth continues to rise and exceeds 17-18 degrees Celsius, this will lead to the melting of glaciers (according to some sources, this is in the year 2100), as a result, the sea level will rise, which will lead to floods and other climate disasters. Thus, according to some forecasts, almost half of all land will fall into the flood zone. Changing water levels and ocean acidity will change the flora and reduce the number of animal species.

The most significant danger of global warming is the lack of fresh water and the associated changes in people’s lifestyles, savings, all kinds of crises, and changes in consumption patterns.

Another consequence of such warming could be a serious crisis in agriculture. Due to climate change within continents, it will no longer be possible to carry out the usual types of agricultural industry in one territory or another. Adapting the industry to new conditions will require a long time and a huge amount of resources. According to experts, due to global warming in Africa, food problems may begin as early as 2030.

Warming Island

A clear example of warming is the island of the same name in Greenland. Until 2005, it was considered a peninsula, but it turned out that it was connected to the mainland by ice. Having melted, it turned out that instead of a connection there was a strait. The island was renamed "Warming Island".

Fighting global warming

The main direction of the fight against global warming is the attempt to limit the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. Thus, the largest environmental organizations, for example, Greenpeace or WWF, advocate abandoning investments in fossil fuels. Also, various types of actions are carried out in almost every country, but given the scale of the problem, the main mechanisms to combat it are international in nature.

Thus, within the framework of the UN Framework Convention in 1997, the Kyoto Agreement on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions was concluded. It was signed by 192 countries around the world. Some have committed to reducing emissions by a specific percentage. For example, by 8% in the EU countries. Russia and Ukraine pledged to keep emissions in the 2000s at 1990s levels.

In 2015, the Paris Agreement that replaced the Kyoto Agreement was concluded in France; it was ratified by 96 countries. The agreement also commits countries to take action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to limit the rate of increase in the planet's average temperature to 2 degrees Celsius compared with pre-industrialization eras. The agreement commits countries to moving towards a green, carbon-free economy by 2020, reducing emissions and contributing money to a climate fund. Russia signed the agreement, but did not ratify it. The US withdrew from it.

Introduction

As a result of studying materials from meteorological observations carried out in all regions of the globe, it was established that the climate is not constant, but is subject to certain changes. Began at the end of the 19th century. warming especially intensified in the 1920s and 30s, but then a slow cooling began, which stopped in the 1960s.

Geologists' studies of sedimentary deposits of the earth's crust have shown that great climate changes occurred in past eras. Since these changes were caused by natural processes, they are called natural.

Along with natural factors, global climate conditions are increasingly influenced by human economic activity .

The purpose of this work is to study climate change on planet Earth.

To achieve this goal, several tasks must be completed:

)Study the factors influencing climate change.

)Study the effects of climate change.

)Study climate change on the territory of the Russian Federation.

)Consider how climate change can affect people.

1. Climate and factors influencing climate change

Climate change is long-term (over 10 years) directed or rhythmic changes in climatic conditions on Earth as a whole or in its large regions. Climate change is caused directly or indirectly by human activities causing changes in the composition of the global atmosphere.

Climatic changes can, with some degree of convention, be divided into long-term, short-term and rapid, occurring in a very short period of time compared to the characteristic time of changes in the socio-economic sphere. Each of them has its own reasons, regarding which there are a number of hypotheses.

Some of the existing hypotheses are based on the possible influence of extraterrestrial factors on the climate system: changes in the activity of the Sun, features of the Earth’s orbital motion, the fall of meteorites, changes in the position of the Earth’s magnetic poles. Others try to explain the instability of the climate system by the action of internal causes, such as: an increase in volcanic activity, changes in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, shifts in the system of ocean currents, and natural fluctuations in atmospheric circulation.

The sun is the main force driving the climate system, and even the smallest changes in the amount of solar energy can have serious consequences for the earth's climate. For many years, scientists believed that solar activity remained constant. However, satellite observations have cast doubt on the truth of this hypothesis.

Solar activity waxes and wanes every eleven years (or, as some experts believe, every twenty-two years) of the solar cycle. There may be other important solar cycles. In order to assess their impact, it is necessary to carry out continuous measurements of solar activity and study traces of the interaction between solar activity and climate over the past centuries and millennia.

Astronomical factors: In the middle of the 20th century, scientists found that for millions of years, periodic changes in its orbit had the strongest influence on the Earth’s climate. Over the past 3 million years, regular fluctuations in the amount of sunlight falling on the planet's surface have caused a series of ice ages, punctuated by short, warm interglacial intervals.

One of the most famous and generally accepted theories of periodic icing of the Earth is the astronomical model proposed in 1920 by Serbian geophysicist Milutin Milankovic. According to Milankovitch's hypothesis, the Earth's hemispheres may receive less or more solar radiation as a result of changes in its motion, which is reflected in global temperature.

Over millions of years, many climate cycles have changed. At the end of the last ice age, the ice cover that had bound northern Europe and North America for 100 thousand years began to decrease and disappeared 6 thousand years ago. Many scientists believe that the development of civilization occurs mainly during the warm period between ice ages.

The atmosphere heats up, absorbing both solar radiation and the earth's own radiation. The heated atmosphere radiates itself. Just like the earth's surface, it emits infrared radiation in the range of long waves invisible to the eye. A significant part (about 70%) of atmospheric radiation reaches the earth's surface, which almost completely absorbs it (95-99%). This radiation is called “counter radiation”, since it is directed towards the earth’s surface’s own radiation. The main substance in the atmosphere that absorbs terrestrial radiation and sends counter radiation is water vapor.

In addition to water vapor, the atmosphere includes carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases that absorb energy in the wavelength range of 7-15 microns, i.e. where the energy of terrestrial radiation is close to maximum. Relatively small changes in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere can affect the temperature of the earth's surface. By analogy with the processes occurring in greenhouses, when radiation penetrating through a protective film heats the ground, the radiation of which is delayed by the film, providing additional heating, this process of interaction of the earth’s surface with the atmosphere is called the “greenhouse effect.”

The greenhouse effect allows us to maintain a temperature on the surface of the Earth at which the emergence and development of life is possible. If there were no greenhouse effect, the average surface temperature of the globe would be much lower than it is now.

The influence of external factors on global air temperature is studied using simulations. Most work in this area suggests that over the past 50 years, the estimated rate and extent of warming due to increased greenhouse gas emissions is quite comparable to or greater than the rate and extent of observed warming.

Changes in the concentration of greenhouse gases and aerosols in the atmosphere, changes in solar radiation and the properties of the earth's surface change the energy balance of the climate system. These changes are expressed by the term radiative forcing, which is used to compare how a range of human and natural factors have warming or cooling effects on the global climate.

Another obvious cause of climate change is volcanic eruptions. This possibility was discussed back in the 17th century by Benjamin Franklin. The idea was that clouds of small particles (aerosols) formed during a volcanic eruption can noticeably weaken the flow of short-wave radiation arriving at the earth's surface, while almost without changing the long-wave radiation escaping into outer space. Further studies showed that the main influence on the radiation and thermal regime of the Earth is exerted by a layer of sulfuric acid aerosol, formed in the stratosphere from sulfur-containing gases emitted by the volcano. Of greatest interest is the effect of volcanic eruptions on air temperature. As a general rule, experts expect temperatures to drop for some time.

Oceans also play an important role in the global climate system. The atmosphere shares a common boundary with the ocean over 72% of the Earth's surface and responds to all changes occurring in the ocean. It should also be taken into account that at any moment of time the amount of heat stored in a vertical column of the atmosphere with a height from the surface of the Earth to the boundaries of outer space is approximately the same as that contained in a column of ocean water 3 m high, counting from the surface. Therefore, it is the ocean that is the main accumulator and storer of the energy of solar radiation entering the Earth, which is subsequently released into the atmosphere.

Possessing enormous heat capacity, the oceans have a stabilizing effect on the atmosphere, making it more stable. At the same time, the main parameters of the oceans experience long-term and short-term changes, and some of them, in their time characteristics, are comparable to the changes occurring in the atmosphere.

Current climatic conditions are largely due to the influence of the ocean. The heat reserves in the ocean are distributed unevenly and are constantly moved by ocean currents.

In addition to the constant transfer of heat by surface currents, the ocean undergoes regular mixing of waters at depth, known as “thermohaline circulation,” depending both on the temperature of the water and on the salt content in it, or salinity; salt water freezes at a lower temperature.

According to a study by Danish scientists, the Earth's magnetic field also greatly influences the climate, which could lead to a reconsideration of the long-held view that greenhouse gases are primarily responsible for global warming.

According to the 2007 IPCC assessment report, there is a 90% chance of observed climate change being caused by human activity. A similar hypothesis was put forward back in 1992 at the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.

The anthropogenic origin of modern climate change, in particular, is confirmed by paleoclimatic studies based on the analysis of the content of greenhouse gases in air bubbles frozen into ice. They show that there has not been such a concentration of CO2 as it is now over the past 650 thousand years. Moreover, compared to the pre-industrial era (1750), the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased by a third. Current global concentrations of methane and nitrous oxide have also significantly exceeded pre-industrial values.

The increase in the concentration of these three main greenhouse gases since the mid-18th century, according to scientists, is very likely associated with human economic activity, primarily the combustion of carbon-based fossil fuels (oil, gas, coal, etc.), industrial processes, and also by clearing forests - natural absorbers of CO2 from the atmosphere.

Global climate change involves a restructuring of all geosystems. Observational data indicate a rise in the level of the World Ocean, melting of glaciers and permafrost, increased unevenness of precipitation, changes in river flow regimes and other global changes associated with climate instability.

The consequences of climate change are already manifesting themselves, including in the form of an increase in the frequency and intensity of hazardous weather events and the spread of infectious diseases. They cause significant economic damage and threaten the stable existence of ecosystems, as well as the health and life of people. Scientists' findings suggest that ongoing climate change may lead to even more dangerous consequences in the future if humanity does not take appropriate preventive measures.

2. Consequences of climate change

climate precipitation ecosystem glacier

In the second half of the 20th century. Due to the rapid development of industry and the growth of energy availability, the threat of climate change has arisen throughout the planet. Modern scientific research has established that the influence of anthropogenic activities on the global climate is associated with the action of several factors, of which the most important are:

· an increase in the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide, as well as some other gases entering the atmosphere during economic activities, which enhances the greenhouse effect in the atmosphere;

· increase in the mass of atmospheric aerosols;

· an increase in the amount of thermal energy generated in the process of economic activity and entering the atmosphere.

The first of these causes of anthropogenic climate change is of greatest importance. Essence « greenhouse effect<#"201" src="doc_zip1.jpg" />

Figure 2.1 Change in average annual air temperature in the Earth’s surface layer (1860-2000)

The following consequences of global warming are predicted:

· an increase in the level of the world's oceans due to the melting of glaciers and polar ice (over the last 100 years by 10-25 cm), which, in turn, results in flooding of territories, displacement of the boundaries of swamps and low-lying areas, increased salinity of water at river mouths, as well as potential loss of people's places of residence;

· changes in precipitation (precipitation increases in northern Europe and decreases in southern Europe);

· changes in the hydrological regime, quantity and quality of water resources;

· impact on ecological systems, agriculture (mixing of climatic zones to the north and migration of wild fauna species, changes in seasonality of growth and productivity of land in agriculture and forestry).

All of the above factors can have a catastrophic impact on human health, the economy and society as a whole. The increasing frequency of droughts and the subsequent agricultural crisis are increasing the threat of hunger and social stability in some regions of the world. Difficulties with water supply in countries with warm climates stimulate the spread of tropical and subtropical diseases. As warming trends accelerate, weather patterns become more variable and climate-related disasters become more destructive. The damage caused by natural disasters to the global economy is increasing (Fig. 2.2). In 1998 alone, it exceeded the damage caused by natural disasters in the entire 1980s, tens of thousands of people died and about 25 million “environmental refugees” were forced to leave their homes.

Figure 2.2Economic damage caused to the world economy, 1960-2000 (billion US dollars, annually)

At the end of the 20th century. humanity came to understand the need to solve one of the most complex and extremely dangerous environmental problems associated with climate change, and in the mid-1970s. Active work has begun in this direction. At the World Climate Conference in Geneva (1979), the foundations of the World Climate Program were laid. In accordance with the resolution of the UN General Assembly on the protection of the global climate in the interests of present and future generations, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992) was adopted. The goal of the convention is to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level that will not have a dangerous impact on the global climate system. Moreover, the solution to this problem is expected to be carried out in a time period sufficient for the natural adaptation of ecosystems to climate change and to avoid threats to food production, as well as ensuring further economic development on a sustainable basis.

To reduce the threat of global warming, carbon dioxide emissions must first be reduced. Most of these emissions come from burning fossil fuels, which still provide more than 75% of the world's energy. The rapidly increasing number of cars on the planet increases the risk of further emissions. Stabilization of CO in the atmosphere at a safe level is possible with a general reduction (by approximately 60%) in the volume of greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming. This can be helped by the further development of energy-saving technologies and the wider use of renewable energy sources.

2.1 Changes in the frequency and amount of precipitation

In general, the planet's climate will become wetter. But the amount of precipitation will not spread evenly across the Earth. In regions that already receive sufficient precipitation today, their precipitation will become more intense. And in regions with insufficient moisture, dry periods will become more frequent. Figure 2.1.1 shows how the amount of precipitation will change.

Figure 2.1.1 Map of precipitation distribution around the globe.

2.2 Rising sea levels

During the 20th century, the average sea level increased by 0.1-0.2 m. According to scientists' forecasts, over the 21st century, sea level rise will be up to 1 m. In this case, coastal areas and small islands will be the most vulnerable. Countries such as the Netherlands, Great Britain, and the small island states of Oceania and the Caribbean will be the first to be at risk of flooding. In addition, high tides will become more frequent and coastal erosion will increase. Figure 2.2.1 shows that the water level is constantly rising.

Figure 2.2.1 Graph of increasing water levels on earth.

2.3 Threats to ecosystems and biodiversity

Species and ecosystems have already begun to respond to climate change. Migratory bird species began to arrive earlier in the spring and fly away later in the fall.

There are predictions that up to 30-40% of plant and animal species will disappear because their habitats will change faster than they can adapt to these changes.

With an increase in temperature of 1 °C, a change in the species composition of the forest is predicted. Forests are a natural store of carbon (80% of all carbon in terrestrial vegetation and about 40% of carbon in soil). The transition from one type of forest to another will be accompanied by the release of large amounts of carbon.

2.4 Melting glaciers

Modern glaciation of the Earth can be considered one of the most sensitive indicators of ongoing global changes. Satellite data show that snow cover has decreased by about 10% since the 1960s. Since the 1950s in the Northern Hemisphere, sea ice extent has decreased by almost 10-15%, and thickness has decreased by 40%. According to the forecasts of experts from the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (St. Petersburg), within 30 years the Arctic Ocean will completely break out from under the ice during the warm period of the year.

The thickness of the Himalayan ice is melting at a rate of 10-15 m per year. At the current rate of these processes, two thirds of China's glaciers will disappear by 2060, and by 2100 all glaciers will completely melt.

Accelerating glacier melt poses a number of immediate threats to human development. For densely populated mountain and foothill areas, avalanches, flooding or, conversely, a decrease in the full flow of rivers, and as a result, a decrease in fresh water supplies, pose a particular danger. A clear example of glacier melting can be seen in the Himalayas (Fig. 2.2.4).

Figure 2.2.4 Himalayas melting ice

2.5 Agriculture

The impact of warming on agricultural productivity is controversial. In some temperate areas, yields may increase with small increases in temperature, but will decrease with large temperature changes. In tropical and subtropical regions, yields are generally projected to decline.

The biggest blow could be to the poorest countries, those least prepared to adapt to climate change. According to the IPCC, the number of people facing hunger could increase by 600 million by 2080, double the number of people currently living in poverty in sub-Saharan Africa.

2.6 Water consumption and water supply

One of the consequences of climate change may be a shortage of drinking water. In regions with arid climates (Central Asia, the Mediterranean, South Africa, Australia, etc.), the situation will become even worse due to a decrease in precipitation levels.

Due to the melting of glaciers, the flow of the largest waterways of Asia - the Brahmaputra, Ganges, Yellow River, Indus, Mekong, Saluan and Yangtze - will significantly decrease. A lack of fresh water will not only affect human health and agricultural development, but will also increase the risk of political divisions and conflicts over access to water resources.

3. Global climate change in Russia

In Russian society, it is generally accepted that since Russia is a cold country, global warming will only benefit it. The expected benefits are usually expected in agriculture and in reducing heating costs for residential and industrial buildings during the cold season. However, due to the extent of the country’s territory and the diversity of its natural and climatic features, the consequences of climate change manifest themselves differently in different regions of Russia and can be both positive and negative.

Indeed, according to Roshydromet estimates, which are given in the “Strategic forecast of climate change in the Russian Federation for the period up to 2010-2015. and their impact on sectors of the Russian economy"<#"232" src="doc_zip6.jpg" />.

Figure 3.1 Total number of dangerous hydrometeorological phenomena in Russia, 1991-2006.

It should be added to the above that global warming threatens to create or is already creating such additional socio-economic threats as ground subsidence due to thawing of permafrost (such changes can be dangerous for buildings, engineering and transport structures); increased load on underwater pipelines and the likelihood of their emergency damage and ruptures, as well as obstacles to navigation due to increased channel processes on rivers; expansion of the range of infectious diseases (for example, encephalitis, malaria) and others.

In Russia and Alaska, global warming is occurring twice as fast as in the rest of the world. This is reported by ITAR-TASS<#"justify">4. Impact of climate change on human health

A warming climate may bring some local benefits: in some areas, the fertile season is lengthening and food production is increasing. However, at the same time, other areas are experiencing drought, desert encroaching on once fertile lands, leading to famine, population discontent and redistribution of resources. Experts predict that by 2090, climate change could lead to an expansion of areas suffering from drought, a doubling of the number of extreme droughts and a sixfold increase in their average duration.

Globally, climate change impacts the essentials for health: clean air, safe drinking water, adequate food supply and secure shelter.

4.1 Extreme heat

The recent increase in extreme high temperatures in Moscow is also a consequence of global warming. During the hot period of last summer, when the capital was also covered in smog from peat fires, deaths from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases increased, especially among older people. Hot, windless weather increases levels of pollutants in the air, which worsens cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Around 1.2 million deaths occur annually in cities due to air pollution. Also, during hot weather, the concentration of pollen and other allergens increases, which worsens the health of people suffering from allergies, especially asthma. That is why it is advisable to spend the summer outside the metropolis.

4.2 Natural disasters

Since the 1960s, the number of reported weather-related disasters has tripled.

Disasters associated with the sea (tsunamis, hurricanes, floods) lead to especially devastating consequences, but more than half the world's population lives within 60 km of the sea.

The frequency and intensification of disasters leads to a decrease in the supply of fresh water suitable for drinking. During any natural disaster, sanitation conditions deteriorate, increasing the risk of diarrheal diseases, which kill 2.2 million people every year. Floods contaminate fresh water supplies, increase the risk of water-borne diseases, and create favorable conditions for the breeding of disease-carrying insects such as mosquitoes. And this is not counting the direct impact on life and health: drowning, injuries, destruction of houses.

Until now, about a billion people suffer from hunger in the world, and 3.5 million die every year. The looming drought is likely to reduce staple food production in many of the poorest regions - up to 50% by 2020 in some African countries. This will further increase the prevalence of malnutrition.

4.3 Infections

Diseases transmitted through water and by insects are especially dependent on climatic conditions. As a result of warming, deaths from intestinal infections, malaria and dengue fever - these diseases are extremely sensitive to climate - will increase.

Global warming is leading to longer transmission seasons for vector-borne (vector-borne) diseases and an expansion of their geographic areas. Simply put, tropical diseases can appear in areas where they have never been recorded. For example, according to WHO, dengue fever, which is spread by Aedes mosquitoes, can currently infect 2.5 billion people, and by 2080, climate change will put 4.5 billion at risk of contracting the disease.

4.4 Health effects

Assessing the exact health damage that global warming has already caused is problematic. However, according to indirect data, WHO experts were able to do this, and they estimate the contribution of warming to the mortality structure as 140 thousand deaths annually since 1970.

4.5 Group of people most at risk

The greatest impact of climate change will be on people living in small island states, coastal areas, megacities, and mountainous and polar regions.

Countries with poorly developed health systems will be the worst positioned to face changing environmental conditions. And the most vulnerable category of people are children, especially those living in poor countries, the elderly and those who already have any illnesses or health conditions.

Conclusion

This course work examined global climate change. It has been noted that the main factor in climate change on earth is anthropogenic.

It was also studied how global changes will affect the development of the planet as a whole, and climate change was examined in particular for the territory of the Russian Federation.

It was examined how climate change can affect humans, and what harm climate change can cause to humans.

List of sources used

Eye of the Planet [Electronic resource] access is free.

Science and technology [Electronic resource] access is free.

Earth climate changes [Electronic resource] access is free.

Climate [Electronic resource] access is free.

Russia info [Electronic resource] access is free.

Vita portal [Electronic resource] access is free.

Studying the causes of climate change allows us to delve deeper into the essence of regional and global problems of our time, to trace the future consequences caused by these changes and, ultimately, to draw up a geographical forecast for a particular territory or the planet as a whole for the next 5, 10, 50 and even 100 years.

The relevance of this work is undeniable today, since in the context of the development of the technosphere, environmental pollution increases, which in turn leads to global climate change. Man-made climate changes, in turn, negatively affect the formation of both local and planetary natural complexes, as well as the health and livelihoods of the population.

The choice of this topic for writing a course work is due to the fact that the problem of climate in various aspects of its manifestation is one of the main ones in modern geographical science. There is practically not a single scientific direction in the field of geography that would not consider this problem to one degree or another.

Object regional and global climate features are studied.

Subject studying are changes in global and regional climate and their determining causes.

Scientific The significance of the work lies in the fact that climate plays a leading role in shaping the appearance of the planet.

The exceptional social relevance of this work is confirmed by the close interaction between nature and society, in which the latter plays an important role.

The practical relevance of the work comes from the fact that climate influences the economic activities of the population, which, in turn, through its economic activities contributes to climate change. This can be traced according to the scheme: “From landscape - to climate, from climate - to civilization, from civilization - to climate.”

Goal of the work - study the causes of changes in global and regional climate and predict the consequences caused by these changes.

· reveal the essence of the concept of “climate”;
· study the factors influencing climate formation;
· study the causes of climate change and the consequences caused by these causes.

Hypothesis:

· humans have a negative impact on the environment, which leads to global climate change;
· climate, as one of the components of the environment, affects human health;

Theoretical basis for The writing of the work was inspired by developments in the field of climatology outlined in the works of V.F. Loginov. "Causes and consequences of climate change", Kondratyeva K.Ya. "Global climate and its changes", Pogosyan Kh.P. "Atmosphere, weather, climate", Vitvitsky G.N. “Zonality of the earth’s climate”, Budyko M.I. "Climate. Natural and anthropogenic changes", Galai E.I. "Anthropogenic factors of climate change."

The famous Russian climatologist A.I. Voeikov showed at the end of the 19th century that only from a geographical position does the physical essence of climatological processes and phenomena become clear and that only on a geographical basis is a strict scientific substantiation of the most important provisions of climate possible [13, 172].

Another equally famous climatologist B.P. Alisov wrote in the 50s of the twentieth century that climatology is unthinkable without merging with geography. Climatic characteristics that are not linked to the general physical and geographical situation lose their specific meaning and practical significance.

Theoretical significance of the work The point is that as a result of a detailed study of relevant scientific and geographical sources, valuable information was obtained that helps broaden our horizons about the peculiarities of the development of natural processes and phenomena, in particular climate, in modern civilized society.

The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results and conclusions obtained can serve as a scientific basis for the practical activities of meteorological services and environmental organizations. Also, the results of the work may be useful to students of geographical specialties at universities, geography teachers and secondary school students.

When writing the work, methods such as analytical, comparative, statistical, empirical, and the method of geographical forecasts were used.

The work consists of an introduction, four chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and an appendix. The work contains 7 tables and 16 figures.

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