Participle is a special independent part of speech in Russian, which combines the properties of a verb and an adjective. This is manifested in the fact that the participle is formed from the verb, but answers questions characteristic of the adjective: what ?, what does ?, what did ?, what did ?. School pupils and linguistic students should be able to correctly determine the type of sacrament. This is a constant morphological feature of the sacrament, it significantly affects the interpretation of the meaning of the word. To determine the type of communion and avoid mistakes, it is important to use the advice and follow the algorithm.

Determine the type of attachment. Recommendations

1. First, determine from which verb the participle was formed. This part of speech combines the features of an adjective and a verb. View can be passive and real. Either the object performs some action, or some action is performed on the object:
   • real participle denotes the action of an object, for example: reading - someone is reading, a person is reading a book;
     
   • the passive participle describes an action performed with an object, for example: readable - something is being read, a book is being read by a person.
     
2. You can determine the type of participle by asking appropriate questions to it:
   • what did he do? doing what?- questions of real communion;
     
   • what's being done?- the question of the passive participle.
     
   Remember that this method of verification must be combined with a more academic one: by formal signs indicating the appearance. However, this method will help you initially focus on a certain type, and then check whether the participle corresponds to it by highlighting the suffix in it.
   
3. Put the participle in full or short form. Notice if the participle you are considering can have both forms. Remember an important sign of the type of this part of speech:
   • the real participle has only a full form in Russian, it cannot be put in a short form without violating language norms;
     
   • passive participle can have both forms: full and short; for example: readable - readable.
     
   If your sacrament does not have a short form, it is valid. Sometimes the short form of the passive participle may seem archaic, but you will see that it is quite consistent with the norms of the language. For example: breakable - breakable.

   Real participles are shortened only in some dialects, choosing separate words for this. You can immediately distinguish a violation of the norm of the Russian language: reading - reading.
   

4. Please note: passive participles in short form change in Russian by number and gender. For example: read - readable - readable - readable.
   
5. Sort the sacrament by composition. It is advisable to make a complete analysis of the word by composition in order to accurately find the suffix. It is this part of the sacrament that is its formal species attribute. Each type of this part of speech has specific suffixes:
   • real participles: suffixes -ash-, -usch-, -yashch-, -sh-, -vsh-;
     
   • passive participles: suffixes -em-, -nn-, -enn-.
     
6. Draw your own summary table of signs of the type of sacrament. Enter into it all the useful information about the different methods for determining the type of this part of speech: on questions, suffixes, the presence of short and full forms. Provide your table with your own examples. Then it will be much easier for you to correctly determine the species of the participle, and you will quickly remember all the information using different types of memory.
   
7. Please note that some participles have long passed into another part of speech. Outwardly, they resemble participles, but in fact they are adjectives, since they denote actions and states that have become permanent features of objects. For example, canned peas. Such words should be parsed as adjectives.
   

Algorithm for determining the species affiliation of the participle
How to determine the type of sacrament correctly? Follow the algorithm and remember the recommendations.

1. Write down on a separate sheet of communion, the type of which you need to determine.
   
2. Remember your table and begin to consider words in accordance with it. To begin, ask a question before the sacrament.
   
3. Check if this participle has a short, long form.
   
4. Disassemble the word by composition. Select the suffix and find out what form it corresponds to. Determine the type of participle.
   
5. Check yourself: write down the verb from which the participle is formed. Make up a phrase with it. Think about it: is it an action performed by an object or an action that someone performs with an object? Make final conclusions and write down the type of sacrament.
   

Follow the recommendations, determine the type of sacrament according to the algorithm, then you can do the job correctly.

Schoolchildren and students of linguistic specialties should be able to determine the type of each part of speech. Communion is no exception. To avoid mistakes, use our tips. A simple algorithm will help you quickly identify the correct species.

It is important to know that the participle consists of elements of several parts of speech - a verb and an adjective. It comes from a verb, but answers questions from an adjective. For example, take the verb "read". The sacrament in this case will answer the questions: “what?”, “what does he do?”, “what did he do?” etc. - "reading". There are several ways to determine the main types of participles: standard, by word form and by suffix. In order not to get confused, we will analyze each of them separately. At the end, we will take a closer look at other types of this part of speech (perfect and imperfect). Standard way. The main types of participles are passive (SP) and real (DP). An object can do anything, but an action can also happen to itself. DP will answer the question - "what did you do?", "what is you doing?", passive - "what is being done?". Examples:

• DP: decisive - a person who solves a problem;
• SP: solvable - the problem is solved by a person.

By form. The joint venture can get two forms of the word - full and abbreviated, for example, "readable - readable." DP can only have a full form, such as "running". This word cannot be shortened due to violation of the rules of language norms. It simply does not exist in Russian.

By suffix. DP and SP are endowed with specific suffixes. These examples will help you understand which suffixes correspond to which species:

• DP of the present tense - ush, yusch, ash, box (going, influencing, building, trembling);
• DP past tense - wsh, sh (who wrote, came, came in);
• SP of the present tense - eat, om, im (studied, movable, carried);
• Joint venture of the past tense - n, t (employed, educated).

Other types of communion. In addition to the main types, this part of speech can be perfect and imperfect. Perfect Communion denotes a complete and complete act, no matter what time it takes place. Answers the question “What have you done?”. The imperfect participle denotes repeated, subsequent, or preceding incomplete actions. Answers the questions “what are you doing?”, “what are you doing?”. You can identify these types of participles by verbs as well. Separate the verb from the participle. If he answers the question "what to do?" - this is an imperfect view, but if on “what to do?” - perfect. Please note that in the first case, the letter “c” is missing at the beginning of the question, in the second case it is present.

• Perfect form: read - a person who has read a book;
• Imperfect form: reading - a person who read a book.

Addition. To test yourself, use the simplest method. First identify the verb the participle came from and write it down. Then come up with any suitable phrase with this verb. Now think, is the object doing something or is someone doing something with it? When you find the correct answer, write down the correct participle. You can use the entire algorithm if you feel more comfortable.

To quickly remember the rules, create a table with ways to determine the participle. Find your own examples and write them in the table. Then it will be much easier for you to navigate. In addition, while writing down the rules, there is a good memorization. Later, you will learn to determine the correct kind of participle automatically.

It is a storehouse of various rules and parts of speech. Of course, studying them is not a problem for local residents, but foreign citizens sometimes have to work hard to understand what this or that part of speech, this or that rule means. In most cases, a serious difficulty occurs just at the stage of learning the sacrament. Of course, not only foreign citizens do not understand what it is. Many Russian speakers quite often confuse the participle, for example, with adjectives.

So what is a sacrament? In the rules of the Russian language, participle is defined as a special participle that has the features of both a verb and an adjective. Apparently, the difficulties that we talked about earlier come from here. So, what signs does the participle receive from the verb, and which from the adjective?

Let's start with the verb. First of all, teachers always say that the participle received temporary categories from the verb. According to the rules of the Russian language, the participle can be both present and past, but never future. Types of participles were also obtained from the most powerful part of speech - the verb. Well, return.

Now let's turn to the adjective. Here everything is somewhat simpler than with the verb. The ability to change by gender, numbers was obtained precisely from this part of speech. In addition to these important properties, participles can also be inclined according to the principle of adjectives.

Types of participles are, in principle, a simple topic, but it can also cause a lot of trouble, so let's talk about them a little. So, earlier we mentioned that participles are formed from a verb. In this regard, some features of the verb were transferred to the participle, in particular the aspect. If we turn to the rules associated with the verb, we will see that its types are divided into perfect and imperfect.

Types of participles can be determined by asking a question. If the participle is formed from a verb that answers the question “what to do?”, Then it should be attributed to the imperfect form. The perfect participle is formed from a verb that answers the question "what to do?". As you can see, there may not be any problems with determining the type of sacrament. But it should be remembered that, for example, it is possible to form only present participles from it and As for the perfect, you will get only the past participle from it.

What else should Russian language learners know about? Of course, that participles can be passive and real. Here it will be somewhat more difficult than with such a concept as types of participles.

Under is understood as a sign of an object that itself produced an action. If it is indicated that an action was performed on someone, then this is already passive for each of them, by which one can determine belonging.

So, the suffixes of the real participle include -usch, -yushch, -ashch, -yashch, as well as -vsh and -sh. Passive participles can be formed thanks to such suffixes as -em, -im, -nn-, -enn, -t.

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On the pages of our site, we have already written about and considered in more detail. Today we will take a closer look at the Present Participle. The imperfective participle in English, which is familiar to most due to its “–ing” ending, is much easier for students to perceive than the perfective participle, and is one of the few rules of English grammar that applies equally to all verbs from which this participle can be form (which cannot be said about the perfect participle). An easy and standard education of one form for all persons is definitely in his favour.

Recall that English verbs have five basic forms: infinitive / initial form (Infinitive), present simple / indefinite tense (Simple / indefinite Present), simple / indefinite past tense (Simple / indefinite Past), perfect participle (Past Participle) and participle of an imperfect form (Present Participle).

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The perfect participle (Past participle) takes on different forms, and the imperfect participle always ends in "-ing".

In combination with auxiliary verbs, imperfect participle forms are used in the formation of continuous tenses:

• I’m reading a newspaper at the moment (present continuous) - I am currently reading a newspaper.
• She’s been studying for three hours (present perfect continuous) - she has been studying for three hours.
• I will be flying to Paris tomorrow morning (future continuous) - tomorrow morning I will fly to Paris.

Used without an auxiliary verb, the participle with the ending “-ing” acts in various roles, including as an adjective, participle, participle, and most often this happens in the following cases, for which we give illustrative examples:

1. Before a noun
We nearly choked because of that disgusting smell - we almost suffocated from this terrible smell.
He has a forgiving nature - he is condescending.
Tomorrow is Thanksgiving day - thanksgiving day tomorrow.
I like the falling leaves - I like falling leaves.

2. After the verb of perception
I heard the parrot speaking. I heard the parrot talking.
He watched the dog barking at the cat. He watched as the dog barked at the cat.

3. With the verbs spend and waste
You are just wasting the time trying to deceive me. You are just wasting your time trying to fool me.
I spent the whole evening playing computer games. I spent the whole evening playing computer games.
He often wastes money on the lottery trying to win. He often spends money on the lottery trying to win.

4. At the beginning of the sacramental turnover
Preparing breakfast for the children I broke a plate. While preparing breakfast for the children, I broke a plate.
Typing something on the computer she was speaking on the phone. – typing something on the computer, she spoke on the phone.

Try to come up with your own examples of the use of the imperfect participle, using the examples provided as a model.

Participle- part of speech, which is a special form of the verb, which denotes signs of action. Answers questions such as “what?”, “what?”, “what?”, “what?”.

As a verb form, participles have the following grammatical features:

• Type: perfect and imperfect (for example: evening (what?) slumbering(what to do? - doze off); jumping cat(what to do? - jump off);
• Time: present and past (grandfather (what?) Dozing, cat (what?) Escaped);
• Returnability: returnable and non-refundable.

Morphological and syntactic signs of participles

There are scientists who believe that the participle is an independent part of speech, because it has features that are not characteristic of the verb. In particular, participles have some of the characteristics of adjectives, such as

• object attribute designation
• and agreement with the noun (that is, the same gender, number, and case).

Participles are real and passive, some have full and short forms. The short form of the participle in the sentence plays the role of the nominal part of the compound predicates. For example: Textbook disclosed on the tenth page.

Participles are able to decline in cases, numbers and gender, like adjectives. Even though participles have verb features, in a sentence they are definitions. For example: The book is lost, the briefcase is lost, the panel is lost.

Participles have an initial form, but only participles that are formed from imperfective verbs have it. Participles real and passive are formed with the help of suffixes.

Types of participles and their examples.

Passive participles.

Passive participles- these are the participles that denote a sign that is created in one object under the action of another. Passive participles are formed only from transitive verbs. For example: A picture (what?) Drawn or drawn by a student.

They are formed from the stems of the verb in the present and past tenses with the help of suffixes:

• -om- (-em-) - for verbs of I conjugation
• -im- for verbs of II conjugation
• -nn-, -enn-, -t- – from the stems of verbs in the past tense

Examples: read, carried, kindled, divided, heard, sown, broken, baked. trimmed, beaten, split

Real participles.

Real Communion- this is a participle, which denotes a sign produced by the subject / object itself. For example: Boy painting a picture.

Real participles are formed from verbs in the present and past tense with the help of suffixes